Master of Architecture - Graduate Studio Folio

TRANSPL ANTING THE FUTURE AND THE PAST s e a n ed i r i s i n ghe

PREFACE

The journalist, and author of The Uninhabitable

ocean ecology, in particular coral. Broaching the

Earth, David Wallace-Wells describes a polemic

impact to Australia, and foremost the world larg-

tale of grotesque disobedience to climate change,

est ecological body, the Great Barrier reef. Which

and aptly address a laundering of the climate

has been impacted by increased temperature rise,

from the depletion of fossil fuels. Society is in a

visually showing what is called coral bleaching. The

transitional zone, a balancing of political ideol-

result of the natural algae expelling from coral to

ogies and science which either revolt against/ or

find more habitable water. 2

marvel at a carbon-based economy. How can ar-

This will result in the extinction of coral, and the

chitecture provide the drape over the existential

largest ecological home for an array of other spe-

crisis facing humanity, if the timeline of events is

cies living amongst or, reliant in on coral, and the

so bleak?

reefs they live within.

In, The Uninhabitable Earth Wells outlines climate events impacting earth from 2030 to the 2. David Wallace-Wells, The Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, First edition. Ed, New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2019. 87.

next century. This outline of climate events was the initial basis of this projects brief and configuration of climate responses.1 Ocean acidification will become a global problem affecting the industry to the amount of one trillion dollars by 2030. This will affect industries such as tourism and marine commercial fishing operations, and moreover will gravely impact on 1. David Wallace-Wells, The Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, First edition. Ed, New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2019. 87.

2

Carbon dioxide emissions estimate (e) 90.0 160.0

(a) No climate policies +4.1-4.8 degree

140.0

(a)

120.0

(b) Current policies +3.1-3.7 degree

100.0

(c ) Pledged policies +2.6-3.2 degree

80.0

(d) Sustainable pathways +2 degree (b)

60.0

(c)

40.0

(e) Sustainable pathways +1.5 degrees

20.0 (d)

00.0

(e) Year

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

2100

Graph 1.1 Temporal Carbon Dioxide estimates from 2000-2100 indicating temperature increase in junction with global climate policies.

3

4

Map of Sydney’s Central Business District inundated from an average temperature rise of 1.5 degrees, resulting in three meters of increased water level rise.

5

Have we become conditioned – ‘a triumph of the

the diocese of contemporary architecture. 5 The

object over the subject.’ 3 Can technology save us

realisation of reality and simulation become in-

from the brink of extinction? Technology once

terlinked and is too far to reach for the epoch of

promised the triumph for the subject, over the

architecture and humanisation - we have now left

object. But it is now the object that controls the

Plato’s cave. 6 In the end, all architecture become a

subject. 4 As the object grows to encapsulate hu-

ruin. If dismantling Townhall is a purely aesthetic

manities existence through consumerism and our

response to contemporary architecture. The archi-

click-centric society, are we too far gone.?

tecture will fail, the architecture of the Townhall does not present deletion so simply. The Town-

The Townhall represents an assemblage of power,

hall, as an edificial object, becomes a phenological

identified throughout history as a scenographic a

connection to the city and resides as the physical

metaphor. A symbol of peace, war and solitude,

anchor connecting and providing tether-to reality.

the antiquity of Townhall, and the law of the city prose paradoxical changes, a change within the

The analogy of Plato’s is a tale of two alternatives,

functionality, and in its symbolic order.

yet corresponding realities running simultaneously, distant from each reality – hidden by the cave,

The triumph of the object; artefact, and symbol

as shown in the diagram. Therein, this project

the Townhall represents, becomes reclaimed in

attempts to bridge the gap of one’s perception and understanding of the central theme of this project

3. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, The Body in Theory, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994. xiii 4. Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, xiii.

– climate change.

5. Bernhard Siegert, “Doors: On the Materiality of the Symbolic,” Grey Room 53, no. 47 (March 2012): 20.

6. Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, xiii.

6

image

Diagram 1.1 Adaptation of Greek Philosopher Plato’s cave, including the proposed project in section format opposed to coal stacks.

7

PR EFACE 2

PART A S ITE HI S TORY 12

PART B SYDNE Y TOWN HALL 22

PART C DES I GN INTENS I ON 30

PART D DES I GN R ESP ONSE 36

APPENDI X 70

BIBLI OGRAPHY 104

8

9

e xper ience

This project address fundamental questions that present the built environment in a projected future – the year 2030.

It was early in the semester, I went to the site, and I recall a warm Saturday morning in August, perhaps warmer than I once remembered.

I didn’t remember the city with large sprawling footpaths, and the f low of pedestrians walking through the once car-friendly George Street. I slowly moved closer to the overpowering, Sydney Town Hall standing amongst modernist concrete and steel skyscrapers. Somehow, the sandstone façade provided relief; perhaps visually, I didn’t quite understand how a building could have such breath, for me to be drawn too. I could be the decorative detailing of the Corinthian columns that was providing architectural relief from the starkly mundane architecture.

10

Image 1.1 Authors own photo.

11

PAR T A S ITE history

12

Image 1.2 Native encampment at Portland Bay [Vic.]. Cold Morning and his family. Artist: G.F. Angus, 1847. Source: AA8/2/13/2, G.F. Angus Collection, South Australian Museum Archives.

13

Central to Sydney’s architectural and, perhaps

obtain the lands of Saint Andrews Cathedral and

European identity is Sydney Town Hall. Posi-

its surrounding cemetery. 8 Now within the law of

tioned within modern architectural tall buildings,

developing a new townhall, The Cathedral Close

the Townhall’s architectural heritage cites its very

Act gifted the ground of the cathedral and ceme-

nature, an edificial token to colonial Sydney. The

tery to the council. However, this was not a smooth

Town Hall design involved many authors, most

process, as a petition tried to axe the unlawful and

notably Sydney’s City Engineer and Surveyor Ed-

egregious act of obtaining the grounds. The peti-

ward Bell from 1856-70. Soon after the colonisa-

tion was denied, and the construction of the Town-

tion of Sydney, from its original inhabitants, the

hall began. By 1889 the Sydney Town Hall was

Cadigal People of the Eora Nation. Whose lands

completed and thereafter began to pay-forth to an

now lay the grounds of this project. In the period

array of programmes.9

7

after European settlement, conversations arose to develop a constitutional building in Sydney, and a permanent office spaces for newly elected council members. The only available plot of land that not already allocated for future works was an old burial ground - Sydney’s first burial ground.

Members of the council began to acquire the land

8 Russell Doust, “Would You Build a Town Hall in a Cemetery?: [the Fascinating Story of How the Site for the Sydney Town Hall Was Gained.].” National Library of Australia news 17, no. 12 (2007): 5.

9 Russell Doust, “Would You Build a Town Hall in a Cemetery?: [the Fascinating Story of How the Site for the Sydney Town Hall Was Gained.].” National Library of Australia news 17, no. 12 (2007): 5.

with the Sydney Cooperation Bill passing, in-effect allowing the local government to lawfully

7 Jennifer Preston and Naomi Stead, “Edward Bell and the Interdisciplinarity of Engineering and Architecture in Victorian Sydney,” Fabrications: the journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand 23, no. 2 (2013): 183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10331867.2013.860673.

14

Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 - 1931), Thursday 31 July 1924, page 6 |

SYDNEY'S

OLD

BURIAL

GROUND

to Hall to-day, the Sydney Town the entrance digging near While gate This photograph of Sydney old coffin. found the remains of an workmen is the site (left hand corner), which 1842 old burial shows the in ground Hall. of the Town

Image 1.3 Photograph of the Old Burial Ground, 1842.

While digging near the entrance gate to the Sydney Town Hall today, workmen found the remains of an old coffin.

15

Image 1.4 Australia, Port Jackson / surveyed by Lieut. J. Hutchison ; Messrs J.W. Smith & E. Wilds, Mastrs. ; E. Howard & F. Hixon, 2nd Mastrs ; under the direction of Captn. H.M. Denham R.N., F.R.S., 1857 ; engraved by

16

17

Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954), Friday 25 December 1868, page 2 THE THE

OLD

following

BURIAL

GROUND.

through any competent Court sue may be entitled to the said penalty or penalties.

colonist shall

is

the bill introduced into the Legislative on 17th December, by Mr. Driver: the Assembly "To authorise the appropriation of the Old Burial   Ground or Cathedral Close in Sydney to certain Municipal and other purposes.

for and

Municipal Council to embellish and lay out the land.

The Municipal Council of Sydney shall within twelve months after the passing of this Act enclose the land so to be granted as aforesaid subject to the provisions hereinafter contained with a dwarf stone wall and iron first day of   and entrances and shall on or before the thousand eight hundred ana soventy January in the year one not set apart as herein embellish the portion of the same Hall with such walks ornamental before provided for a Town the   of the as and trees recommend Gardens for and the time being shall the   shall said Municipal Council preserve maintain and keep in a cleanly and orderly state and condition the said land and the said walls palisading gates entrances walks the   if shrubberies thereto belonging. trees and said walls palisading and gates are not completed to the time being satisfaction of the Colonial Architect for the and the trees shrubberies and walks laid out and planted to of the Director of the Botanical Gardens the satisfaction and further if the said improvements are not kept in good of tho said two order and condition to the satisfaction public officers the said Municipal Council shall be subject 4.

palisading gates

Preamble.

Whereas the ground commonly called the Old Burial Ground or Cathedral Close in the city of Sydney bounded on the east by George-street on the south by land attached to the Church of England Cathedral on the north by Druitt-street and on the west by sundry allotments in the occupation of private individuals was by proclamation bearing date the sixteenth day of January in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six duly issued under eighteenth Victoria number the provisions of the Act thirty-three dedicated and set apart for the recreation and use of the inhabitants of the city of Sydney and certain persons were by the same proclamation in pursuance of the said Act appointed trustees of the ground for the purpose aforesaid but the said ground has never been made available for that purpose and the trustees have no funds applicable for its improvement in any way. And whereas the convenience interested city   the others and of in property and the traffic of the city would be materially promoted and that portion of the city be much improved and beautified if the ground so dedicated be resumed by the Crown and a portion thereof dedicated to the enlargement another the   portion thereof to of and connection of the several parts of Clarence-street on either side thereof and the residue thereof granted in the manner hereinafter specified.

And whereas the Municipal Council of Sydney are desirous of obtaining a portion of the said Hall on the ground for the purpose of erecting a Town and are willing in consideration of obtaining such same aforesaid for the to portion expend in the erection purpose Hall not less than twenty-five thousand of the said Town and embellish and to pounds improve the residue of said so embellished and improved ground and to keep the same for the recreation and use of the inhabitants of the said city.

Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council New South and Wales   Assembly of in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same as follows

Botanical

Director

shrubberies

And

inhabitants

a penally of twenty pounds and one pound per diem for each and every day that the said improvements may so

to

remain incompleted or not be kept in good may order and condition after being so completed and any colonist may through any competent Court sue for and shall be entitled to the said penalty or penalties.

Provided also that the said Municipal Council shall so soon shall be as practicable construct way a for street extending in from and prolongation of Clarence street to Bathurst-street and shall erect a wicket-gate or at each end gates of such footway which shall be kept for the accommodation of the public from open overy day till five o'clock before noon ten o'clock after noon.

Municipal Council to make rules and regulations.

5. The Municipal Council of Sydney make such may rules and regulations for the protection of the walls palisading entrances gates trees and walks belonging   use and to the suchsaid land and forpublic the   the of land by the for and of trespassers thereon and other persons causing annoyance or fit inconvenience thereon as to them shall seen and for the enforcement of such rules and regulations may impose fines not in any case to exceed the sum of five pounds for the breaches thereof respectively.

Provided always that no such rules or regulations shall be in force until the same shall have been approved of by the Governor and Executive the containing And a Gazette of   be such rules and evidence   shall of the validity thereof.

George-street

foot-passengers from Druitt

Caption: The following is the bill introduced into the Legislative Assembly on the 17th December, by Mr. Driver: “To authorise the appropriation of the Old Burial Ground or Cathedral Close in Sydney to certain Municipal and other purposes. Preamble: Whereas the ground commonly called the Old Burial Ground or Cathedral Close in the city of Sydney bounded on the east

by George-street on the south by land attached to the Church of England Cathedral on the north

by Druitt-street and on the west by sundry allotments in the occupation of private individuals[....] shrubberies

Legislativo

regulating

enjoyment

removal

Image 1.5 “The Old Burial Ground.” Sydney Morning Herald (NSW Old Burial Ground, &c., to revert to the Crown. : 1842 - 1954), 25 December 1868 1868, 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-arti1. The land commonly called the Old Burial Ground cle13177873.

Cathedral Close in the city of Sydney shall revert to her :

The

or

Majesty as fully and to all intents and purposes been dedicated as aforesaid. same had never The

Governor

to grant the

same

to

if

as

the

the Corporation.

2 It shall be lawful for the Governor with the advice of the Executive Council to grant to the Municipal Council of Sydney that part of the land commonly called the Old Burial Ground or Cathedral Close in the city of Sydney which is described in the first Schedule hereto and in like to grant to the Bishop of Sydney and his successors manner for the purposes in trust of the Cathedral the land described in the second Schedule to this Act on condition that a portion of the same not being more than half an acre

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Council.

 

Government

copy

regulations

sufficient

Recovery of penalties.

All fines imposed under any rule or regulation made in pursuance of this Act may be recovered before any Justice of tho Peace in a summary way and in case of non-payment may be enforced by a levy and distress upon the offender's goods.

6.

 

 

 

 

  

Image 1.6 Plan of Old Burial Ground and Cathedral Close, George Street Sydney [Cartographic Material] : With Proposed and Actual Town Halls / Compiled by N.S. 1865. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-229945348.

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The Town Hall’s edificial facade backdrop to cultural events of the 20th century. Pictured ( Image 1.7) Looking west from George Street across to Sydney Town Hall. Showing large crowds and decorations for celebration after World War. A quilted banner hanging from the Town Hall balcony reads “Sydney Municipal Staff and Employees. Enlistments, K illed in Action, Munitions Workers”.

Another sign belong at street level says “Cannots Coogee Cabaret”.

Image 1.7 World War 1 victory celebrations at Town Hall, George Street Sydney, 1920 (01/01/1920 - 31/12/1920), [A-00017074]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 26 Nov 2020, https://cosaprod. recollect.net.au/nodes/view/574744

City of Sydney Archives World War 1 victory celebrations at Town Hall, George Street Sydney, 1920

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Image 1.8 Crowds outside the Town Hall on Belgium Day during the Great War, Sydney, 14 May 1915 [picture] / Herbert H. Fishwick Fishwick. Herbert H & Fairfax Corporation. (1915). Crowds outside the Town Hall on Belgium Day during the Great War, Sydney, 14 May 1915 Retrieved November 26, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-163341560

nla.obj-163341560 National Library of Australia

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PART B SYDNE Y TOWN HALL

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Image 1.9 Decorative columns

Image 1.9-13

Image 1.10 Main entrance door from George Street

Authors own photo.

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Image 1.11 Lantern hanging from ceiling

Image 1.12 Decorative ornament

Image 1.13 Four column arrangement and intersection

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1.14 View towards Park and George Street showing Town Hall and site of excavation of former Simmons building. Street.

1.15 View looking toward rear of Town Hall showing workmen with pneumatic drills, generator (Ingersoll-Rand Hire) and surveyors tripod. One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers Department as a record of the

1.16 View of ground and first floors at southwest corner of Town Hall showing balconies and part of building where demolition has been done. One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers Department as a record

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Sydney Townhall is mostly comprised of brickwork and sandstone blocks; moreover, the clock tower, colonnades and decorative ornamentation is Sydney’s yellow block sandstone.10 The roof is constructed of heavy iron girders and iron beams.

10 https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5051902.

1.17 Shows crack in foundations of Town Hall adjacent to building site. One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers Department as a record of the excavation and construction of Town Hall House.

1.18 View towards Sydney City Council Electric Light Department building and Kent St. shows beginning of tower crane & work in progress with construction underway.

One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers

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1.19 View easterly towards St Andrews Cathedral showing progress in construction of southern section of Town Hall House. One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers Department as a record of the excava-

1.20 View from lift shafts showing progress in construction of southeastern section of Town Hall House.

One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers Department as a record of the excavation and construction of Town Hall House.

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1.21 View towards St Andrews Cathedral shows men working with bulldozer and pneumatic drills near southwest corner of Town Hall. One of a series of photographs taken by the City Engineers Department as a record of the excavation and construction of Town Hall House.

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part c design intent

In the end, the fundamental question is prosed:

As the link between simulation and reality draws

can architecture prompt climate action? It would

closer, the need for cities and moreover, cen-

be hard-pressed to find architectural examples

tral business districts have to adapt to change.

not inclined to formulate in-some-part sus-

The projects aim, is to combine education and

tainable principals in the design. In this brief,

research in the impacts of ocean acidification

however, formulations of sustainably-directed

resulting in sea temperature rise, leading to coral

components combine together to construct the

reefs dying. The larger gesture is the growth

architectural intent. The architecture of 2030

and development of coral to be transplanted to a

should consider fundamental prompts of sustain-

continental reef. As average water temperatures

able design, this project, however, practices in

increase, a change in natural ecological habitats

the medium of the architecture itself directing

emerges, presenting Sydney the opportunity to

the sustainable outcome. One way in which this

harbour a natural continental coral reef.12 This

is achieved is through the directed journey the

will be archived part by growing coral in a lab-

user is subjected too, for instance, the adjacent

based environment, for the transplantation into

newly proposed Civic Squares,’ metal blade walls,

dying wild/natural reefs around Sydney. There-

and transparent roof canopy direct the user to the

in, a closed-loop symbiotic system is needed to

next phases of the journey. Another aspect is the

sustain the development of nursey coral to wild

f low of seawater from the estuary into the Civic

coral. The edificial presence of the Sydney Town

Square, which zones the square in-a-matter of in-

Hall presents the opportunity for a didactic ap-

troduction to one of the conditions of the project

proach to public awareness and education, whilst

needed to compile the overall architecture. It’s more than a decorative encumbrance of style.11

11 Susan Sontag. Against Interpretation and Other Essays.

Great Britain Penguin Books 1966.

12 Rob Roggema, “Towards Sustainable Cities: About Redundancy, Voids and the Potentials of the Land,” Smart and sustainable built environment 9, no. 3 (2020): 299. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-07-2019-0092.

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providing the architectural bones for the coral nursery. A natural estuary f lowing along George Street allows the funnelling of seawater into the nursery, limiting the environmental impact of transplantation.

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TOWN HALL DEMOLITION PLAN

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Diagram 1.2 Existing conditions of Town Hall architectural elements.

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Diagram 1.3 Centennial Hall decoration and detailing.

Diagram 1.4 Centennial Hall Corinthian column.

Initial studies on the architectural construction of the Townhall indicated the basement level is comprised of iron beams and iron girders. Cased in decorative ornamentation, in some instances Corinthian columns to give the illusion of reality (Diagram 1.2).

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PAR T d design response

This speculative project attempts to provide an

also acting as the catchment for the transplanted

expanded narrative, broaching, in some sense of

George Street Estuary. Moving to the ‘Museum of

the phrase, a changing climate –noted through

Dead Coral Artefacts’ presents the user with a di-

David Wallace-Wells Uninhabitable Earth.

lemma, in the fact-of the museum primarily show-

13

Expands on the idea of combatting the concerns

cases dead coral, whilst window reveals position

of climate change, whilst providing a visual

the user to look into the coral nursery, broaching

representation in combination too, developing a

the users field of view.

platform for Architecture to become an educational tool. In this speculated, yet realistic future, sea-level rise from a global average temperature increase of 1.6 degrees by the year 2030. Sydney’s coastal waters temperature will rise to 21 degrees; providing habitable environmental conditions for reefing coral.14 The Town Hall adopts a educational and research program, while combining the subterranean coral nursery underneath the ‘old centennial hall.’ The adjacent Civic Square allows people to f low through into the subterranean spaces through underground passages, while

13 David Wallace-Wells, The Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, First edition. Ed, New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2019. 87.

14 Rob Roggema, “Towards Sustainable Cities: About Redundancy, Voids and the Potentials of the Land,” Smart and sustainable built environment 9, no. 3 (2020): 299. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-07-2019-0092.

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SITE PLAN

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SCALE 4M SECTION BB 47

1:700

1m

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2m

3m

4m

5m

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1:400

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SCALE 4M SECTION AA 53

1:700

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TOWN HALL PROPOSED GROUND

FLOOR PLAN 55

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MUSEUM FLOOR PLAN LEVEL 1 - SHEET 1 57

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MUSEUM FLOOR PLAN LEVEL 1 - SHEET 2 61

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MUSEUM FLOOR PLAN LEVEL 3 ENTRANCE 67

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MUSEUM FLOOR PLAN LEVEL 1 - SHEET 1 69

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CONTINENTAL SHELF & CORAL TRANSPLANT SCHEME 71

appendi x

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The following archival information was obtained by the author in the development and building section https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/495002

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pr esentati on panels

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SYDNEY TOWN HALL C. 1886

GEORGE ST. ESTUARY

MUSEUM OF DEAD CORAL ARTEFACTS

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CIVIC SQUARE

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DRUITT ST DARLING HARBOUR ~540m

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KENT ST BATHURST ST

88 MARC5001 GRADUATION STUDIO

CENT SEMESTER T WO

HYDE PARK ~350m PARK ST

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PITT ST

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BATHURST ST

TRAL STATION ~1.06km

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SITE PLAN

P.9

MUSEUM ENTRANCE

LIGHT WELLS IN THE CORRIDOR SPACE, BEFORE THE MUSEUM ENTRANCE

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ENTRACE FROM

M DRUTT ST.

LEADING TOWARDS THE PASSAGE TO THE MUSEUM

PIT ST. LIGHT RAIL ENTRANCE

4M SCALE

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VERTICAL CORAL STORAGE

COLLAB. SPACE D

COLLAB. SPACE A

CLASSROOM

A

AIR LOCK RESEARCH LAB

OPERATIONS & SURVEILLANCE ROOMS

A

AA

COLLAB. SPACE B

COLLAB. SPACE C

OPERATIONS & SURVEILLANCE ROOMS

CLASSROOM

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VERTICAL CORAL STORAGE

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ARRIVAL POINTS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

North & southern existing entrances, locate centrally to the coral nursery.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CIRCULATION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ACCESSING UPPER FLOORS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The clock tower now defines access to the new proposed lab above.

AA

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

KEY SPACES PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Spaces of high importance take precedent for circulation

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The circulation is broken into two areas setting alternative programs

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P.11

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KEY SPACES LABORATORY SPACES

CLASSROOMS

LABORATORY SPACES

CIRCULATION

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HYDROLOGICAL PROCESS

MECHANICAL ROOM

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IMAGE REFERENCES Image 1.1 Authors own photograph.

Image 1.2 Native encampment at Portland Bay [ Vic.]. Cold Morning and his family. Artist: G.F. Angus, 1847. Source: AA8/2/13/2, G.F. Angus Collection, South Australian Museum Archives.

Image 1.3 Sydney’s Old Burial Ground, Evening News (Sydney, NSW: 1869 1931), 31 July 1924 1924, 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article119980508.

Image 1.5 “The Old Burial Ground.” Sydney Morning Herald ( NSW : 1842 1954), 25 December 1868 1868, 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13177873.

Image 1.4 Great Britain. Hydrographic Dept & Denham, Henry Mangles & Hutchinson, J & Washington & Potter, J. D & J. & C. Walker. (1859). Australia, Port Jackson Retrieved October 2, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj233809197.

Image 1.6 Plan of Old Burial Ground and Cathedral Close, George Street Sydney [Cartographic Material]: With Proposed and Actual Town Halls / Compiled

by N.S. 1865. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-229945348.

Image 1.7 World War 1 victory celebrations at Town Hall, George Street Sydney, 1920 (01/01/1920 - 31/12/1920), [A-00017074]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 1 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/nodes/view/574744.

Image 1.8 Crowds outside the Town Hall on Belgium Day during the Great War, Sydney, 14 May 1915 Retrieved October 1, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/ nla.obj-163341560.

Image 9-13 Authors own photograph.

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Image 1.14 Construction of Town Hall House (01/06/1972 - 31/12/1973), [A00027651]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 13 Oct , https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/nodes/view/588296 Image 1.15 Construction of Town Hall House (28/08/1972), [A-00027701]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 10 Oct , https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/nodes/ view/588346.

Image 1.16 Construction of Town Hall House (01/06/1972 - 31/12/1973), [A00027649]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 10 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod. recollect.net.au/nodes/view/588294.

Image 1.17 Construction of Town Hall House (14/09/1972), [A-00027721]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 11 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/ nodes/view/588366.

Image 1.18 Construction of Town Hall House (13/12/1972), [A-00027735]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 11 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/ nodes/view/588380.

Image 1.19 Construction of Town Hall House (01/10/1973 - 31/10/1973), [A00027857]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 11 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod. recollect.net.au/nodes/view/588502.

Image 1.20 Construction of Town Hall House (16/04/1973), [A-00027781]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 11 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/ nodes/view/588426.

Image 1.21 Construction of Town Hall House (08/09/1972), [A-00027711]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 11 Oct 2020, https://cosaprod.recollect.net.au/ nodes/view/588356.

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