VPHJ #1

One Health Workshop in UK An alternative approach to control Rabies The One Health Students’ Association of Kenya How dogs help blind people Food Safety & Food-borne diseases in Bangladesh Public Health conditions in Turkey

Explore SCOH’s first VPHJ VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

The Standing Committee on One Health

February 2014

Editorial...

Katerina Ntemka

My name is Katerina Ntemka. I am from Greece and I represent IVSA Thessaloniki. I am on the last year of my degree. I am very happy about our first edition on One Health and I hope you embrace our effort.

Enjoy your reading!!

Ilana Yablonovich

My name is Ilana Yablonovich and I am a second year student at the University of Pennsylvania, United States SAVMA. I’m very excited to be working with IVSA and the SCOH to promote One Health. The Veterinary Public Health Journal is the perfect way to introduce important global health issues to a large audience, and I encourage your involvement!

Mangesh Nakade

My name is Theofanis Liatis and I am a final year undergraduate student of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece), former Secretary General 2011/2012 and Vice-President (with debts Scientific Events Director) 2012/2013 of IVSA Thessaloniki.

I am very glad to present to IVSA members our new project; The newborn Veterinary Public Health Journal or VetPubHealthJournal (VPHJ) is a publication of SCOH where vets or other public health related students from all over the world can write articles dedicated to One Health, Public Health or Healthcare.

Some of the major sections of interest for the VPHJ are:  Zoonoses

My Name is Mangesh Nakade. I am from India and I am the President of IVSA India . I am graduate student. I am very happy about our first edition on One Health and I hope One Health (formerly called One Medicine) is dedicated to improve the lives of all species- human and animal-through the integration of human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental science. Enjoy your reading!!

Sirjan Bastola

 Food Safety, Food-borne Diseases &Water-borne Diseases  Vector-borne Diseases  Wildlife Diseases and Environmental health  Interdisciplinary collaboration between vets and other

public health related scientists

I am Sirjan Bastola, studying B.V.Sc & A.H-9th semester at IAAS,Nepal. I am the Exchange Officer 2013-14 at IVSA Nepal. It is a matter of great pleasure to be a part of the first SCOH and also the 1st issue of the journal. I hope it will benefit everyone in understanding and appreciating One Health issues.

The VetPubHealth Journal (VPHJ) Edition Editors Team: Bastola Sirjan, Nakade Mangesh, Ntemka Katerina, Yablonovich Ilana Designer & Chief Editor: Liatis Theofanis A publication of the Standing Committee on One Health (SCOH) of International Veterinary Students’ Association (IVSA)

Our goal is to make an interesting magazine for vet students worldwide, which will provide innovative information for new activities on one health, info about science, events reports and give every student the opportunity to write and share articles on one health on a global level.

Please entertain yourself and let us know if you liked it!

Theofanis Liatis Chief Editor of VPHJ 2013/2014 Veterinary Public Health Director, IVSA ExCo 2013/2014 Chairman of the Standing Committee on One Health (SCOH) 2013/2014

https://www.facebook.com/thescoh publichealth@ivsa.org ©2014 VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

The Standing Committee on One Health

February 2014

Events

ONE HEALTH WORKSHOP : DISEASE OUTBREAK

“What do Doctors, Pharmacists and Veterinarians have in common with Drugs, Chickens and Humans?”

On Thursday 13th of June 2013, Tilly Ethuin and myself, Alice ittle Whittle, organised and hosted a Disease Outbreak WorkAlice Wh ristol) shop, for Veterinary, Medical and Pharmaceutical stueland (B Ir & K U IVSA dents of Bristol University. It was entitled: What do Doctors, Pharmacists and Veterinarians have in common with Drugs, Chickens and Humans? The event happened simultaneously with an IVSA group exchange between Bristol Dr. Jo Murrell and Prof. Mark Eisler from the Vet School and and Berlin Vet School, allowing the visiting students to take Dr. Mark Evans, the Local Health Protection Director from part.

Public Health England. Our intention was that there would The aim of the workshop was to simulate a Sudanese out- be a representative from each of the medical, veterinary break of Avian Influenza and get students to work with and pharmaceutical professions. As a bonus, most had others from different disciplines, in small groups, represent- also worked some time in Africa or in the realm of veteriing parties such as the media, Sudanese Government, nary public health, which brought the session to life and international pharmaceutical companies, NGOs etc. In made it feel more relevant to us! this way, considering different ideas for tackling the out- In the large meeting room, in the geography department, break and thinking about the interests of each group - dynamic discussions took place. In each group there were which were not always harmonious!

5 students, appointed different roles such as: a chairperWe were inspired to organize a workshop like this at the son to coordinate group discussion, a spokesperson to “Vet Students as Global Citizens” Symposium, held at RVC report group discussions to the plenary session and a last November. There, we attended a workshop where scribe to document major decisions being made. All this Nick Short, Jenny Maud and Nicole Blum hosted discus- happened under the watchful eye of their facilitator, of sions on the project. They had, in fact held a “Disease course! Throughout, facilitators handed out inserts at variOutbreak Workshop” with Medical, Pharmaceutical and ous times to stimulate specific questions and debate. Students had guideline questions to provoke thought, but Veterinary students from London Universities, as these questions never had just one correct answer!

As the students quickly found out, there was no single solution to solve the Avian Influenza outbreak in Sudan. The scenarios and problems produced varying viewpoints and opened interesting discussions. The purpose of the exercise was not to come up with ‘the right answers’, but to explore complex issues involving communication, emergency response coordination, resource integration, problem identification and resolution, and inter-professional working.

One German exchange student, Sandra Stelzer, commented: “ The workshop was a great way to think about a topic like this, especially because each group had a facilitator with them, who had actually worked in Africa and knew about the situation there.”

Most importantly, the students who attended had fun; I think this made our first Disease Outbreak Workshop a great success!

Tilly and I were so happy to organize the workshop and we hope that we will be able to organize a similar event in the future. Big thanks to all the students that took part! And of course, thank you Ed Van Klink, Jo Murrell, Mark Eisler and part of the project. Nicole Blum kindly sent us her tem- Mark Evans; it would have been impossible without all your plates/notes for this, which became the foundations for help, support and enthusiasm. our very own Disease Outbreak Symposium.

We discussed the idea long and hard with Dr. Ed Van Klink, who was on board from day one, and is always very enthusiastic with all things ‘Veterinary Public Health’. After many meetings we finally formed a group with other staff:

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

The Standing Committee on One Health

February 2014

Zoonoses

CHEMICAL STERILIZATION OF STRAY DOGS; AN APPROACH TO CONTROL RABIES

Rabies is an acute and fatal encephalomyelitis, caused by rabies virus or other lyssaviruses of the family Rhabdoviridae. The disease has the highest case-fatality ratio and is almost 100% fatal, following the onset of clinical symptoms.

Although rabies occurs worldwide, in developing countries such as Asia and Africa, the disease is endemic. Transmission occurs when virusladen saliva penetrates the mucous membranes and open wounds, usually through the bite of rabid animals, most frequently stray dogs. Rabies virus spreads by centripetal movement towards the central nervous system and replicates in neurons. This is followed by centrifugal spread to the salivary glands. The average incubation period varies from 1 to 3 months. Clinical manifestations mainly include altered mental disposition, followed by paralytic seizures. Approximately 55,000 human deaths occur each year worldwide, about 56% of them in Asian countries. Rabies has been endemic in Nepal since time immemorial. In Nepal, 94% of the human cases occur due to contact with rabid dogs. National statistics show that 30,000 people receive post exposure prophylaxis annually and the number increases every year. Most of the cases have been reported in rural and semi-urban areas of the country. Hence, a suitable approach to control this fatal disease, should be sought at a national level. One important strategy could be the control of the stray dog population by castration.

hato umar Ma Manoj K pur) pal (Ram e N A S IV Another chemical, calcium chloride, which was reported in the U.S. veterinary literature as early as early as 1978, has also been tested regularly. Based on different reports and on its chemistry, calcium chloride was found to be safer, more effective and less toxic than other chemicals. Moreover, it carries less risk for skin necrosis and injection site reaction than previously-tested compounds, including zinc gluconate. Thus, this simple technique fulfils the criteria of a method for nonsurgical sterilization in male stray dogs.

How and where to administer?

Calcium chloride is given as a bilateral intratesticular injection, with or without a local anaesthetic injection, using a sterile 27-28 gauge 1/2 in. needle or a tuberculin syringe directed from the ventral aspect of each testis, approximately 0.5 cm from the epididymal tail towards the cranial aspect of that testis.

How much to administer?

Sterility can be rendered when calcium chloride is administered at the dosage of 10-20mg/kg per testis.

How does it sterilize male dogs?

Calcium chloride causes degeneration of the germ cells and Leydig cells, leading to testicular atrophy.

Testicular enzymes, such as ∆5,3h-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (∆5,3h-HSD) and 17h-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17h-HSD) are reduced, and there is a large reduction in sperm count, eventually leading to azoospermia (permanent sterility).

Surgical castration is the oldest method to control the male dog population. However, this method could prove inappropriate, expensive and time consuming when it applied to a large population. In such a situation, chemical sterilization might be the most effective method.

Conclusion Chemical sterilization is a non surgical method of In conclusion, chemical sterilization using calcium castration. Various chemicals, such as sliver nitrate, chloride could be an effective and economical apformalin, chlorhexidine, 95% ethanol and quinacrine proach to mass sterilization of male stray dogs as a have all been tried. In 2003, FDA approved a prod- measure of rabies control. It is free from pain and uct called NeutersolR (Zinc Gluconate) for chemochronic stress and will be a simple and alternative sterilization via intratesticular injection in male pupmethod to surgical castration. pies (Kutzler, 2006). However, reactions to zinc gluconate proved quite severe and required surgical intervention.

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

The Standing Committee on One Health

February 2014

An update of the One Health Students Association (OHSA) interinstitutional and interdisciplinary activities and future trends of the University of Nairobi

Interdisciplinary Collaboration

The One Health Students Association of the University of Nairobi collaborates with four Universities (Colorado State University, Moi University, the Agha Khan University and Sokoine University of Agriculture) and three colleges within the University of Nairobi (College of Health Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences and College of Humanities and Social Sciences) bringing together veterinary students, medical students, environmental science students and social science students in one platform, in a collaborative effort to advance the understanding of interactions between humans, animals and the environment so as to sustainably improve public health, animals health and environmental health.

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d. Educational presentations in primary and secondary schools in Nairobi municipality Presentations are provided by the members of the association to selected schools within the municipality.

The success trends of the associations are as follows: 

The association has a diverse network locally, regionally and internationally. Locally (in Kenya), the association’s networks are Zoonotic Disease Unit (ZDU), Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and Centre for Sustainable Dryland Ecosystem Societies  (CSDES), while regionally its networks are One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Southern Africa Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and internationally with HESONA-VetNet and International Livestock Research Institute.

Under the HESONA-VetNet, four members of the association underwent an intensive training titled “From Farm to Table” in Tanzania.

During the training, the participants were trained on the entire production system with emphasis on potential areas of contamination in Kenya, Tanzania and Finland Participation in organized tree planting sessions at Kibwezi, Kanyariri farm and Ngong forest within Kenya in collaboration with various students groups such as Upper Kabete Environmental Forum, Runaway Environmentalists, and Scouts club-UoN

The association employs several strategies in ensur Submission of a joint project proposal between ing that opinions, attitudes and peoples’ practices Colorado State University and University of Naiare positively changed towards embracing the One robi under the One Health theme of the Bill Health Concept and Initiative. This is achieved and Melinda Gates Foundation funding through a variety of mechanisms:  Establishment of a student exchange program a. Workshops between the One Health Club of Colorado Various speakers are invited to train and empower State University and the One Health Student the students on various aspects of the animalAssociation of the University of Nairobi. human interphase (e.g. Prof. Bowen and Prof. Sue from Colorado State University presenting to the as- The future planned activities for the One Health Students Association are as follows: sociation members).  b. Community Outreach programs Programs geared towards community outreach are delivered, as are services such as tree planting, vac cination programs, deworming programs, public health education, visitations to children homes, sanitation programs, etc.  c. Mentorship sessions Weekly sessions are held during which various speakers of different areas of specialization related to One  Health are invited to give key presentations.

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

Develop a virtual inter-learning network between universities in its network Develop inter-institutional and interdisciplinary short-term academic and training programs in the One Health platform for its members Initiate joint teaching arrangements and/or supervision of undergraduate and postgraduate programs within its network Initiate joint application for funding including donor funds, research grants, contributions or subscriptions

The Standing Committee on One Health .

February 2014

Pet Therapy

Guide dogs help blind people in many ways, beginning with giving unsighted people independence. Many blind Vaidya Giridhar people can't get around without the help of a well-trained ur) guide dog. Guide dogs go through extensive training. It ia (Nagp takes between 2 and 5 years for a guide dog to be ready IVSA Ind to be matched with a disabled person. Training includes basic obedience and service dog training. Providing pro- Instructions tection and companionship are other ways these dogs Understand that seeing eye dogs are specially bred for help blind people. qualifying characteristics. Three types of dogs are usually Training chosen to be seeing eye dogs: German shepherds, LabraService dog training takes a minimum of 2 years to com- dor retrievers and golden retrievers. Volunteer "puppy raisplete. The dog learns how to move forward and to turn ers" care for and provide obedience training and socialiright and left on command. More advanced commands zation for the dogs until they are 18 months old. include learning how to stop before crossing a street, leading its blindfolded handler around overhangs or other obstacles safely, and retrieving dropped objects. Also, during this time the dog learns only to guard its handler.

After successful completion of training, the dog is matched with a blind person.

Know that formal training for the dog begins after 18 months old. A sighted instructor works with the seeing eye dog candidate, teaching him to follow three basic commands: forward, right and left. Using a harness with a lease and handle as a guide, the dog's instinct to pull the harness forward automatically kicks in. Teaching the dog to move "right" and "left" is accomplished by saying the word Certification while gently pulling the leash in the desired direction. With Not all states require dogs to be certified. But a certified praise and repetition, the dog learns the commands and dog has completed a state-approved course and is highly moves forward with additional training. trained, giving the blind person and his dog access to airports, restaurants, hotels and other public places. Certifi- Realize that once the dog grasps the three basic comcation eliminates hassles with officials. This allows a blind mands, he is taught how to maneuver curbs, clearance person independence so he can go places without the and traffic. Curbs are vital to master for two reasons: the safety of the blind individual and orientation--counting help of another human being. curbs is the way blind people know where they are and Types how close they are to their destination. Dogs are led to a curb and taught to sit down with their paws resting on the Any well-trained dog can become a guide dog, although curb. Clearance deals with the dog's ability to maneuver Labrador retrievers and German shepherds are the most between objects while walking. Objects are placed in the popular breeds. This is mainly because they have a strong dog's path and he is shown how to safely move between instinct to assist their owners. The most important requirethem. Traffic safety is taught through simulation exercises. ment for a guide dog is that it be large enough to be fitThe dog learns to be cautious in traffic situations without ted with a harness and leash. The blind person must be being afraid of the activity and noise. Ample praise and able to reach the harness comfortably. practice are key to mastering curb, clearance and traffic.

Good Human Candidates Pair a seeing eye dog with a blind individual to create a Blind people too must be trained. Much to the surprise of working relationship. Under the tutelage of a sighted inmany of them, they have to learn how to walk again, as structor, the seeing eye dog and new master are taught oftentimes, blind persons will shuffle along and not move how to work together using the dog's knowledge of basic at a speed that a dog can comfortably walk. Blind people commands and maneuverability. sometimes don't walk enough to keep their dog happy Realize that seeing eye dogs are trained to guide the and healthy initially. They must attend a training school as blind in many different environments. If the blind person well and pass competency tests. gives a command and the dog knows it's not safe to folHistory low that command, the dog won't comply. This is referred to as "intelligent disobedience."

Writers from the mid-16th century wrote about guide dogs.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning in "Aurora Leigh" relates a con- Meet the qualifications to be a seeversation saying, "The blind man walks wherever the dog ing eye dog trainer. Trainers must be pulls / And so I answered." physically, mentally and emotionally fit. You must complete an average of Germany established the first guide dog schools during three years of hands-on training and World War I to assist returning veterans. In 1929, the United pass a written exam.

States followed with The Seeing Eye in Nashville, Tenn. (now in Morristown, N.J.). Founder Morris Frank was trained in Switzerland with his German shepherd, Buddy.

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

The Standing Committee on One Health

February 2014

Food Safety

Food Safety and Food-borne Diseases in Bangladesh Kushik D

narians may contribute significantly to ensure safe food as well as to secure food safety through ensuring animal health and production.

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Public Health Bulletin

Food borne diseases are one of the most wide spread health problems in the world. The epidemiology of food borne diseases has evolved and can arise from various sources such as improper handling, preparation, or food storage. The action of monitoring food to ensure that it will not cause food borne diseases is known as food safety. Veterinary services may provide livestock procedures detailing information, advice and training on how to avoid , eliminate or control food safety hazards (e.g. drug and pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and environmental contaminations ) in primary production. Animal feed producer organizations , particularly those with veterinary advisors , are in a good position to provide awareness and training as they are regularly in contact with farmers and are well placed to understand their priorities. Veterinary services also play a central role in ensuring the responsible and prudent use of biological products and veterinary drugs , including antimicrobials , in animal husbandry. This helps to minimize the risks of developing anti microbial resistance and unsafe levels of veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin.

There is no accurate estimate of the burden of food borne illness in Bangladesh because of limited surveillance. The country has in the recent past experienced an unprecedented and widespread outbreak of Salmonella and anthrax which significantly damaged the booming poultry industry and livestock sector. Salmonellosis in poultry resulted in a significant economic loss in Bangladesh. In the present world, antimicrobial resistant strain of Salmonella is a significant issue for human health. There is also evidences of Anthrax illnesses due to consumption of meat. Outbreaks occur throughout the year but more frequent on or after the religious festival of Eid-Ul-Azha.

The entry of new bulls into the herd is the most important factor for spreading the disease both in rural and urban area. Additionally, Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrheal diseases in humans worldwide and are highly prevalent in Bangladesh. Both of them are zoonotic and have life cycles suited to water borne and food borne transmission. Raw food consumption is reported to have increased as consumers are turning towards uncooked and unprocessed food in the erroneous belief that they provide greater health benefits and safety.

To combat the increase in food born illnesses, state level disaster management teams need to be established.

Food security and safety control may be achieved through implementation of the “one house one farm” concept of the present government. About 40% of our people live below poverty line. Reduction of poverty and hunger therefore is a top agenda of the nation. Veteri-

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1

Kömürc

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nbul IVSA Ista

Dear IVSA members; Within this paper I would like to inform you about Public Health issues in Turkey.

The government offices of Turkey which are interested in public health are Ankara Etlik Veterinary Control Laboratory, Foot and Mouth Disease Institute, Pendik Veterinary Research Institute and ministry’s city laboratories. Ankara Etlik Veterinary Control Laboratory is accredited by EU. Foot and Mouth Disease Institute founded in 1950. Pendik Veterinary Research Institute produces vaccines. Foot and Mouth Disease Institute make researches in Foot and Mouth Disease and produces vaccines. They are also recording the vaccinations nationally.

Foot and Mouth Disease still exists in Turkey, however it has been eradicated from Thracia region. Unfortunately illegal animal movements into the country from eastern borders cannot been blocked. The animals who come illegally are not examined.

The Standing Committee on One Health

Consequently sick animals can enter the country and this situation makes the eradication of contagious diseases harder.

Tuberculosis, Brucella, Salmonella, Listeria and Campylobacter infections are often seen in Thracia region. We have got many stray dogs and cats. Rabies is often seen in dogs but not in cats.

Many people are Toxoplasma gondii positive.

Escherichia coli contamination is usual at humans due to food hygiene. Swine flu, avian flu, Crimean-Congo Hemorrogic Fever Virus are seen also in Turkey. Rinderpest In ton usual in Turkey anymore.

Stray dog & cat vaccinations, parasites treatments and sterilizations are made by municipality's Vet Clinic.

That animals identified by their earring numbers (for dogs) or ear notches (for cats). Consequently, they are not threatening for public health.

February 2014