Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway Design Guidelines

JULY 2014

DESIGN GUIDELINES

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................iv

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

01 | BACKGROUND............................................................................................01

SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL HERITAGE CORRIDOR

02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS.............................................................................07

Michelle McCollum, President + CEO

03 | FUNCTION..................................................................................................16 3.1 TRANSPORTATION..........................................................................................17 3.2 LAND USE ........................................................................................................35 3.3 ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY .................................................57

Lauren Ponder, Director of Project Development Grace Nelson, Director of Marketing Anna Joyner, Director of Creative Design

04 | AESTHETICS..............................................................................................62 4.1 ARCHITECTURE ..............................................................................................64 4.2 SIGNS ...............................................................................................................79 4.3 VIEWSHEDS ....................................................................................................96

Yuka Greer, Director of Business Operations

CHEROKEE FOOTHILLS NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAY COUNTIES

Pickens County

05 | IMPLEMENTATION....................................................................................103 5.1 INCENTIVES ..................................................................................................104 5.2 PARTNERSHIPS ............................................................................................121

Greenville County

06 | NEXT STEPS.............................................................................................127

Oconee County

Spartanburg County

APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX

Cherokee County

FAMILIAR WORKSHOP Katherine Lloyd, Founder + Project Designer Todd Stewart, Founder + Project Designer

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A B C D E F G H I

ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS...................................129 ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS ...........................134 COMMUNITY ASSETS ...................................................142 CONCEPT DIAGRAMS ...................................................152 FUTURE PLANS - OCONEE ...........................................155 FUTURE PLANS - PICKENS ...........................................156 FUTURE PLANS - GREENVILLE ....................................158 FUTURE PLANS - SPARTANBURG .................................159 FUTURE PLANS - CHEROKEE........................................160

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Highway 11 is the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway. Picture source: http:// www.journalwatchdog.com/roads/683preservation-highway

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DESIGN GUIDELINES PLANNED CHANGE VS. UNPLANNED CHANGE

“THE BEST WAY TO PREDICT YOUR FUTURE IS TO CREATE IT YOURSELF” - ABRAHAM LINCOLN

These Design Guidelines are intended to be a voluntary resource for Oconee, Pickens, Greenville, Spartanburg, and Cherokee Counties to use when creating county standards to better utilize the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway (CFNSB or the Byway).

Whether as a conversation starter or a direct guide, the Guidelines are also for the local municipalities, developers, design professionals, and property owners along the Byway to continue to preserve and protect the unique character of the Byway for future generations.

The Design Guide is organized by function, aesthetics, and implementation so as to provide a clear description of how the Byway should function, how it should look, and how communities should approach making sure that it functions and looks its best. The recommendations in this plan are descriptive, rather than prescriptive regarding

DESIGN GUIDELINES

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various

sites

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FUNCTION 3.1 TRANSPORTATION 3.2 LAND USE 3.3 ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

AESTHETICS 4.1 ARCHITECTURE 4.2 SIGNS 4.3 VIEWSHEDS

IMPLEMENTATION

and

5.1 INCENTIVES 5.2 PARTNERSHIPS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - FUNCTION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - FUNCTION

TRANSPORTATION

PROPOSED RURAL ROAD - A

LAND USE

RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1.1. APPLY COMPLETE STREETS GUIDELINES (SEE PAGE 18) 3.1.2. USE CONTEXT SENSITIVE SOLUTIONS (CSS) (SEE PAGE 23) 3.1.3. MAINTAIN TWO LANE ROADS IN RURAL AREAS (SEE PAGE 24) 3.1.4. MINIMIZE SPEED LIMITS (SEE PAGE 24)

10’ Multi-Use Paved Trail

2.5’ Shoulders

12’ Travel Lanes

The Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway (South Carolina Highway 11) is predominantly a two lane rural, of the urban areas in West Union, Chesnee and Gaffney, there are limited pedestrian facilities, though bike lanes can be found in portions of Pickens and Oconee Counties.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

12’ Travel Lanes

2.5’ Shoulders

40% of American adults drive

for pleasure.

2nd

This makes driving the favorite recreation activity of American adults, second only to walking.

-WWW.SCENIC.ORG

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

3.1.5. PROVIDE BIKE LANES OR SHARROWS (SEE PAGE 24)

the Byway are either rural single family dwellings, farms, or protected lands.

Numerous schools, restaurants, gas stations, and other businesses can also be found along the Byway. As more development occurs along the byway, as the City of Gaffney continues to grow and as the Oconee County High School nears completion, it will become increasingly important to regulate the types of land uses directly adjacent the byway.

RECOMMENDATIONS 3.2.1. INCENTIVIZE LOCALLY OWNED BUSINESSES (SEE PAGE 36) 3.2.2. SUPPORT NATURAL + AGRICULTURAL USES (SEE PAGE 36) 3.2.3. INCENTIVIZE FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRITOURISM (SEE PAGE 42 + 93)

Pumpkintown is another iconic stop along the Byway, with the characteristic wood architecture.

Travelers from out of state who drove Vermont Scenic Byways for the scenic drive or sightseeing

3.1.6. CREATE PLANTED MEDIANS AND/ OR PLANTING STRIPS IN URBAN AREAS (SEE PAGE 24) 3.1.7. REDIRECT COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC TO ALTERNATIVE ROUTES (SEE PAGE 24) 3.1.8. ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL ROW (RIGHT OF WAY) (SEE PAGE 24)

3.2.5. ENCOURAGE CONSERVATION EASEMENTS \ OVERLAYS \ BUFFERS (SEE PAGE 42)

25%

3.2.6. LOCAL DESIGN GUIDELINES (SEE PAGE 43)

spent more per day than those traveling for other reasons.

3.2.7. ZONING (SEE PAGE 43)

WWW.SCENIC.ORG

3.2.8. FORM BASED CODES (SEE PAGE 49)

3.1.9. PROVIDE CONNECTIONS TO ADJACENT ROUTES AND TRAILS (SEE PAGE 24)

Numerous farms and farm stands can be found along the Byway. Strawberry Hill is the most recognizable farm destination.

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3.2.4. LIMIT SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT DIRECTLY ADJACENT TO THE BYWAY (SEE PAGE 42) (SEE CONSERVATION SUBDIVISIONS, PAGE 114)

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3.2.9. MONITOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, WHILE ENCOURAGING ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES (SEE PAGE 50)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - FUNCTION Much of the byway is located adjacent to natural and preserved areas. It is important that the Byway does not interfere with ecological systems and wildlife movements, both for human and wildlife safety.

Show me a healthy community with a healthy economy and I will show you a community that has its green infrastructure in order and understands the relationship between the built and the unbuilt environment.

-Will Rogers, Trust for Public Land

WILDLIFE Wildlife along the Byway can provide

RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1.1. COMPLIMENT EXISTING RURAL CHARACTER (SEE PAGE 64)

RECOMMMENDATIONS 3.3.1. PROVIDE WILDLIFE CORRIDORS (SEE PAGE 57)

Pumpkintown, etc. Each County should

3.3.2. IMPROVE WATER QUALITY (SEE PAGE 57)

design guidelines for development within

4.1.2. ENCOURAGE RETROFIT OF EXISTING STRUCTURES (SEE PAGE 64)

3.3.4. PROVIDE RECYCLING FACILITIES (SEE PAGE 57)

Many of these solutions are low cost and improve motorist safety. They recommend the following strategies to provide wildlife corridors: Build strategic gaps in guardrails.

Create underpasses, bridges and culverts for safer crossing.

Reduce attractive roadside chemical deposits.

Improve land management to reduce habitat fragmentation.

Install signage to warn motorists of animal crossings.

Reduce speed limits and increase sight distances.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

ARCHITECTURE

architecture varies from county to county.

Overall rural in character, there is an abundance of iconic wooden structures

4.1.3. SUPPORT ROADSIDE FARM STANDS (SEE PAGE 64)

3.3.3. USE NATIVE PLANTS (SEE PAGE 57)

create potential safety issues. According to the National Wildlife Federation, it is best to provide pathways that wildlife can

WEBSITE: http://www.nwf.org/what-we-

ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - AESTHETICS

3.3.5. LIMIT EXCESSIVE LIGHTING AND LIGHT POLLUTION (SEE PAGE 58)

4.1.5. NO UTILITY TOWERS IN OPEN FIELDS (SEE PAGE 64)

own strengths and weaknesses, but they all share some common characteristics.

3.3.6. FOLLOW THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS DEVELOPMENT OF BICYCLE FACILITIES (SEE PAGE 59)

communities involve a broad cross-section of residents in determining and planning the future. They also capitalize on their distinctive assets — their architecture, history, natural surroundings, and home grown businesses — rather than trying to adopt a new and different identity.

-Ed McMahon, ULI WEBSITE: HTTP://PLANNERSWEB. COM/2013/07/THE-SECRETS-OF-SUCCESSFUL-COMMUNITIES-PART-1/

Native Plants along the Byway provide local character. Image Source: http://hvfarmscape.wordpress. com/2012/08/19/gardening-with-native-plants/

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

4.1.4. USE LOCAL MATERIALS (SEE PAGE 64)

SUCCESSFUL COMMUNITIES

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

Strong scenic byways programs preserve the beauty of the designated scenic corridors, which reaps rewards by protecting community character while providing economic opportunities in tourism and recreation.

4.1.6. BUFFER SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT (SEE PAGE 64) 4.1.7. USE SALVAGED/RECYCLES MATERIALS (SEE PAGE 67) 4.1.8. USE FENCING AND BERM MATERIALS THAT FIT LOCAL CHARACTER (SEE PAGE 67) 4.1.9. PROVIDE REGULATIONS TO FACILITATE APPROPRIATE INDUSTRIAL PARK DESIGN (SEE PAGE 76)

-WWW.SCENIC.ORG

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - AESTHETICS SIGNS

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4.2.3. PROVIDE CLEAR WAYFINDING SIGNAGE TO LOCAL BUSINESSES (SEE PAGE 83)

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more powerful marketing and economic development tool than an individual community An historic natural resource that is visually linked to a broader sign system will increase its visitor-ship and strengthen its role over time A systematic sign system promotes safe

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generates a sense of pride in its residents

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many of the fond memories associated with the Byway. From natural features such as Table Rock or Lake Jocassee, to

4.2.1. CONSISTENTLY USE THE CFNSB LOGO (SEE PAGE 80)

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PURPOSE OF A UNIFIED SIGN SYSTEM:

a welcoming statement for tourists

VIEWSHEDS

RECOMMENDATIONS

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system is one of the principle methods to welcome, advise, direct and educate

installation of a system of signs incorporating a new/fresh byway logo for each National Scenic Byway.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - AESTHETICS

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SOUTH CAROLINA BYWAYS

the views are a big reason why people drive the Byway.

RECOMMENDATIONS

4.2.4. LIMIT SIGNAGE CLUTTER (SEE PAGE 84)

4.3.1. CONSERVE FARM FIELDS ADJACENT TO THE BYWAY (SEE PAGE 96)

4.2.5. USE QUALITY MATERIALS (SEE PAGE 84)

4.3.2. HIGHLIGHT VIEWS OF LAKES AND MOUNTAINS (SEE PAGE 96)

4.2.6. BLEND THE BACKS OF SIGNS (SEE PAGE 84)

4.3.3. GREENBELTS (SEE PAGE 96) 4.3.4. PRESERVE SIGNIFICANT VEGETATION (SEE PAGE 98)

4.2.7. AVOID ILLUMINATED AND LED SIGNS (SEE PAGE 84) 4.2.8. OFFER INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE FOR KEY CULTURAL AND NATURAL FEATURES ALONG THE BYWAY (SEE PAGE 88)

Ensures a clear and consistent message Provides a structure for future updating and maintenance

4.2.5. ON-PREMISE SIGN RESTRICTIONS (SEE PAGE 91)

the travel experience.

WEBSITE: BYWAYS.ORG

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - IMPLEMENTATION Though each County is responsible for maintaining their respective portions ordinances that regulate development or provide incentives for priority development. It is recommended that each County take steps to regulate development along the Byway and to work with local stakeholders to do so.

Conservation means development as much as it does protection. I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land; but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after us.

INCENTIVES RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMMENDATIONS

5.1.1. TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (SEE PAGE 104) 5.1.2. CONSERVATION EASEMENTS (SEE PAGE 113) 5.1.3. LAND PURCHASE (SEE PAGE 115) 5.1.4. CONSERVATION SUBDIVISIONS (SEE PAGE 116) 5.1.5. TAX INCENTIVES AND/OR GRANTS (SEE PAGE 118)

According to the Urban Land Institute, the “most successful communities also utilize a variety of private-sector and

5.1.6. AWARDS PROGRAMS AND DESIGN REVIEW BOARDS (SEE PAGE 120)

development, instead of relying solely on government regulations.

A survey of tourism-related businesses along two scenic byways in Colorado showed that a majority of business owners estimated a 10% increase in sales due to byway designation.

-WWW.SCENIC.ORG

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PARTNERSHIPS

BUILD REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS

-Theodore Roosevelt

This document provides ordinances, or code, for many of the recommendations that can be used for implementation in each community as it stands, today, or as a foundation for further research.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - IMPLEMENTATION

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5.2.1. ENGAGE LOCAL LAND OWNERS (SEE PAGE 121)

No one person or group can manage the Byway on their own. It will take joint efforts from each county, stakeholder, land owner, and organization to work together to ensure that the Byway is protected.

5.2.2. BUILD REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS (SEE PAGE 121) 5.2.3. IDENTIFY VARIOUS FUNDING SOURCES (SEE PAGE 121)

The regional partners are the groups that can help local land owners and Counties implement strategies such as conservation easements, land purchases, or trail systems. The following are groups that already work with the Byway or that could be great partners in the future: Upstate Forever Naturaland Trust Palmetto Cycling Coalition Eat Smart, Move More SC LiveWell Greenville South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Urban Land Institute (ULI) National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Your Town Program

DESIGN GUIDELINES

5.2.4. CREATE A “FRIENDS OF THE BYWAY” GROUP (SEE PAGE 124) 5.2.5. PROVIDE BYWAY BRANDING ASSISTANCE (SEE PAGE 124) 5.2.6 PARTNER WITH SCDOT IN APPLYING FOR UNITED STATES BIKE ROUTE SYSTEM (USBRS) (SEE PAGE 124)

Advice for successful Implementation: “...publicize your efforts with an eye toward continuously expanding your base of support. Celebrate the progress as well as the completion of the action.

Success breeds support and future success.”

5.2.7. RE-ESTABLISH THE CHEROKEE FOOTHILLS NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAY COMMITTEE (SEE PAGE 125) 5.2.8. ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA SCENIC BYWAY ADVISORY COUNCIL (SBAC) (SEE PAGE 125)

-Riverwork Book, National Park Service

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01 | BACKGROUND The Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway is the longest and best known scenic byway in South Carolina, stretching 118 miles through 5 upstate counties. It is named Cherokee Foothills because it runs through the foothills found at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the ancestral home of the Cherokee Indians. Starting in Cherokee County, it runs along SC 11 all the way through Spartanburg, Greenville, Pickens and Oconee Counties to the West.

The Blue Ridge Mountains become clearly visible to the west of the Town of Chesnee in Spartanburg County and remain dominantly present until you have driven past the Town of West Union in Oconee County. This is a scenic alternative to Interstate 85. Numerous outdoor and recreational activities are available along the byway to include hiking, biking, horseback riding and numerous lake activities.

A Comprehensive Management, Branding and Marketing Strategy for South Carolina’s National Scenic Byways Prepared by: The South Carolina National Heritage Corridor In partnership with: The University of South Carolina

1.2 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

October 2013

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can be found by following the link to the right) is a comprehensive account of the Assets, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the Byway.

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In October 2013, The South Carolina National Heritage Corridor, in partnership with the University of South Carolina, produced: A Comprehensive Management, Branding and

AS H

THE BYWAY IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY!

1.1 INTRODUCTION

BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (DOT) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ONLY JUNKYARDS AND BILLBOARDS

01 | BACKGROUND

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1.3 PURPOSE OF DESIGN GUIDELINES The very nature of a National Scenic Byway requires the roadway to be of regional or

WEBSITE: HTTP://VIEWER. resources have enormous potential for growing economic development opportunities and increasing quality of life. Growth along the byways is inevitable, but only through thoughtful

EPAPERFLIP.COM/VIEWER. ASPX?DOCID=C9AB39EB-94BA4864-B5CF-A33100F03E08

protecting the scenic beauty of the byways is protecting the aesthetics of byway communities.

The iconic hills of the Blue Ridge Mountains can be seen from a majority of the Byway.

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community. People want to live, work and play someplace special. A place without good design — a place without character — has little competitive advantage.

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01 | BACKGROUND 1.4 DESTINATIONS

01 | BACKGROUND 1.5 COMMUNITY ASSETS:

This highway has history, culture, recreational opportunities, and scenery, all of which are incomparable. However, on SC Highway 11, everything comes back to the natural features.

Highlights: A deep upcountry heritage, especially Native American along with a colorful and interesting history of prohibition, an abundance of regional food, farms, and scenery. In order to siphon people off the Blue Ridge Parkway, we need to grow our local businesses such as the following:

this area the “Great Blue Hills of God.” They were also the main attraction for early settlers at the time of the Revolution. These natural features include miles of parkland trails, unique

Top Destinations off Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway Gaffney Premium Outlets between the United States and the Native American people – at Treaty Oak near Hopewell, the home of the Revolutionary War General Andrew Pickens (known by the Cherokee as Skyangusta or The Wizard Owl). The Cherokee lived in the lower villages of presentday Oconee, Pickens, Greenville and Anderson Counties. They were forcibly evacuated under the terms of the 1830 Indian Removal Act which culminated in the notorious Trail of Tears in 1838.

Prohibition & Moonshine: Of immigrant stock, settlers were subsistence farmers, many of whom supplemented their income from illegal stills brewing moonshine

Carolina Foothills Artisan Center Palmetto Trail

SCENIC 11:

City of Landrum Hagood Mill Hollywild Animal Park Jocassee Lake Tours Jocassee Outdoor Center Jocasee Keowee Rentals Perdeaux Fruit Farm

HTTP://WWW.SCENIC11.COM

boomed, the drivers began to race among themselves to see who had the fastest cars. Bootleggers raced on Sunday afternoons and then used the same car to haul in the backroads of the South. Bootlegging continued even after the end of the

Three Pines View Victoria Valley Vineyards Walhalla State Fish Hatchery The Red Horse Inn Fox Fire Mountain Cabins Laurel Mountain Inn Jocassee Gorges

Volstead Act in 1933.

National Geographic declared Jocassee Places—Destinations of a Lifetime” (2012)

Refer to Appendix C for more detailed descriptions of the Community Destinations.

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01 | BACKGROUND 1.6 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Each byway committee should conduct a visual assessment to identify assets and liabilities. Because many Corridor Management Plans are outdated, this assessment will provide a current foundation to guide future work of the committees.

2. Each byway committee should meet with local planning departments to compile a South Carolina currently has a Scenic Roads Act that includes provisions allowing municipalities to adopt an ordinance to preserve certain characteristics of roads designated as scenic at the federal, state or county levels.

3. Incentives should be developed to provide motivation for preserving the scenic program showcasing successful conservation efforts.

4. Byways should partner with local Land Trusts on viewshed protection projects and stakeholder/landowner education initiatives.

5. Establish design guidelines to limit the impact of development on scenic vistas and viewsheds and to assist with guiding development utilizing Smart Growth practices.

6. Counties should establish buffer zones for clear-cutting along each Scenic Byway of at least 100 feet from the road.

7. Create historic districts or neighborhood conservation districts to protect the quality of the communities and scenic nature of the byways.

8. Implement landscape designs at byway entry points as well as byway community gateways.

9. Enact billboard controls along scenic byways and within byway communities. All signs within the scenic byways should adhere to design guidelines established within the county management plan or county scenic byway ordinance.

10. Communities or counties should encourage “adopt-a-highway” programs along the national, state and county scenic roads.

11. Byway communities should adopt clear design guidelines that enforce minimum standards for development and encourage the creation of public greenspace and community walkability. Typically, people spend money when they are outside of their cars.

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01 | BACKGROUND 12. Bicycle and pedestrian routes and facilities should be included in county and

WHAT IS “SMART GROWTH?” 13. Counties should create incentives for private property owners to maintain private land abutting scenic byways. Donation of trees and services to plant them would be one way to add beauty while not placing responsibility on private property owners.

Smart growth is a better way to build and maintain our towns and cities. Smart growth means building urban, suburban and rural communities with housing and transportation choices near jobs, shops and schools. This approach supports local economies and protects the environment.

CURRENT STRUCTURE OF MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway has no current formal structure for management, as the organizing scenic byway committee responsible for the designation of the byway has interested volunteers from Greenville and Pickens Counties came together to restore the

At the heart of the American dream is the simple hope that each of us can choose to live in a neighborhood that is beautiful, safe, affordable and easy to get around.

Smart growth does just that. Smart growth creates healthy communities with strong local businesses. Smart growth creates neighborhoods with schools and shops nearby and low-cost ways to get around for all our citizens. Smart growth creates jobs that pay well and reinforces the foundations of our economy. Americans want to make their neighborhoods great, and smart growth strategies help make that dream a reality.

with funding funneled through the South Carolina Department of Transportation. Greenville County Parks and Recreation was named the Local Public Agency and was responsible for Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway, its preservation, conservation or marketing. The visitors center is open through volunteer availability and solely in peak season months. Table

SC SCENIC BYWAYS

interpretation on the byway. Discover Upcountry, a tourism organization marketing South

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.DOT.

is a destination marketing organization and does not facilitate or organize preservation, conservation, or tourism development efforts.

STATE.SC.US/GETTING/SCENIC_BYWAYS/INDEX.ASPX

Oconee County, anchoring the west end of Cherokee Foothills NSB, has recently established a county scenic byway committee. Designated through ordinance of Oconee County Council, they are in place to monitor the scenic standards along the NSB, as well as designated local scenic roads. With no authority to enforce policy related to view shed protection and design standards, the efforts of the committee are limited. This committee has no marketing, promotional responsibility, or focus.

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.SMARTGROWTHAMERICA.ORG/WHAT-ISSMART-GROWTH

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01 | BACKGROUND

02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS 2.1 HOW HAVE OTHER COMMUNITIES USED DESIGN GUIDELINES TO BENEFIT THEIR SCENIC LANDS?

RESULT OF DESIGNATION Although the 1996 designation of Highway 11 as the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway established a foundation for present day work, most efforts have been abandoned. Counties

tourism dollars, and community enhancement, while specifying how your community wants the development to look and function. The rules are different for all communities, however policy statements, incentive ordinances or code should complement the inherent qualities of a community to encourage wanted growth and discourage unwanted development.

the South Carolina Department of Transportation only encompass regulation of billboards and junkyards along National Scenic Byways. Further, this responsibility was only made known to SCDOT three years ago, causing much blithe to occur since byway designation. Cherokee County has lost all DOT byway signage identifying it as a scenic drive. Politically unpopular to de-designate a segment of scenic byway, SCDOT has simply removed all signs within Cherokee County as their portion of the National Scenic Byway has become four lanes of gas stations, chain restaurants and retail establishments.

The Blue Ridge Parkway leveraged scenic land into a $2 billion revenue source. They did it through partnerships, incentives, regulation, and code. Even though much of the Parkway is already well protected, a Design Guide was written to encourage Neighbors to continue to protect the parkway as development inevitably encroaches towards the roadway. Similarly, the Pennsylvania Wilds program recognized its assets and created a Voluntary Guide that gave each local community the tools and the guidance to protect natural and scenic resources.

Additional details for both of these Guides can be found on the following pages. (pages 8-17)

1.7 DESIGN GUIDELINES WORKSHOP On May 22, 2014, stakeholders from Oconee, Pickens, Greenville, Spartanburg, and Cherokee Counties were invited to participate in a visioning meeting to discuss potential Design Guideline for the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway.

The current state of the Byway in Cherokee County, SC.

The best places to live, work, and visit are those places that are willing to uphold their standards in the face of pressure to allow lowest common denominator development‌ Successful communities understand that when they say no to development that is contrary to the long-term health of their community, they will almost always get better development in its place.

-Ed McMahon, Conservation Fund

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02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY 2.2 BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

Visitation to the Blue Ridge Parkway is more than twice the combined visitation to Yellowstone, Yosemite, and the Grand Canyon; while the annual operating budget of the Blue Ridge Parkway is approximately only half of each.

The Blue Ridge Parkway is

, and just 30 miles

from the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway. It is the most visited unit in the National Park System, receives over 18 million visitors a year and has an economic impact of over $2 Billion a year Parkway� (A how-to manual for building along the Parkway) is a local example of how

-Blue Ridge Parkway Foundation

to manage scenic roadways to preserve local character and landscapes.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES - AGREE TO THREE STRUCTURES - MAKE THEM BLEND. Use building materials that blend with the environment (wood over brick, for instance) and choose your color palette from the surrounding landscape.

NEIGHBORS GUIDE WEBSITE:

outward, to eliminate or reduce light pollution which obscures your ability to view the stars.

HTTP://BRPFOUNDATION.ORG/ CONTENT/AGREE-3

VEGETATION - STAY NATIVE AND NATURAL Do not remove any vegetation from Parkway property, including felled trees.

Help views stay natural by not mowing property adjacent to the Parkway.

Leave all trimming of vegetation on Parkway property to our maintenance staff.

on average stay 4.7 days Other visitors, 3.3 days

AMENITIES - KEEP THEM HIDDEN. Follow state laws for placement of all signs visible from the Parkway.

Do not dispose of ANY items or material (including leaves or grass clippings) on or

spend

$994 per trip

Other visitors, $611 per trip The Blue Ridge Parkway, Picture Source: http://kimbopolo.blogspot.com/2013/09/fall-trip-planning.html

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02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - PA WILDS

GUIDELINES KEEPING SUBDIVISIONS SUBTLE Land-conservation techniques and thoughtful placement of house lots are the most important decisions in the design of subdivisions along the Parkway. By clustering houses together with plenty of natural buffer between the Parkway and the building site, developers can establish a sense of community through shared open green spaces and neighborhood walking paths while preserving the overall visual integrity of the countryside. Conservation design is also economically advantageous to a developer, providing lower infrastructure costs, a variety of

CONSIDER THE LANDSCAPE When building on or making changes to your property, the most important thing to keep in mind

is essential to protecting vistas, and a few simple strategies can make a huge difference. For screens rather than as building locations. Houses placed lower on slopes and away from sight

Using building materials and color schemes that blend with the landscape, keeping gardens and storage structures out of view, and positioning driveways to have minimal impact on the Parkway are other helpful design decisions you can make—improving the value of your property while preserving the rural character and panorama of the Blue Ridge Parkway (A

Conservation Trust for North Carolina (CTNC) has partnered with landowners, land trusts and government agencies to protect more than 30,000 acres of natural open spaces along the Blue Ridge Parkway. CTNC and other mountain land trusts are constantly searching for and negotiating to protect more high priority properties. Our efforts are guided by a sophisticated GIS-based conservation plan and map that ensure we focus our limited resources to conserve. These protection efforts are saving dramatic mountain vistas, acreage, working farms, wildlife habitat, and drinking water sources along this fragile ribbon of parkland in North Carolina.

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.CTNC.ORG/ ABOUT/PROTECTING-THE-BLUE-RIDGEPARKWAY/MAP-OF-PROTECTED-PLACES/

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

The PA Wilds has many charming local communities that the Design Guidelines serve to protect and enhance. Source: http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Renovo,_Pennsylvania

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02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - PA WILDS 2.3 PA WILDS The Pennsylvania Wilds Design Guide (A Design Guide for Community Character Stewardship) is an impressive example of a holistic approach to the management

PennsylvaniaWilds

02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - PA WILDS centers, and franchises.

Design Guide

DEVELOPED AREAS/TOWN CENTERS information, from the Design Guide, shows the comprehensive approach to the

A Design Guide for Community Character Stewardship

voluntary guide. More information can be found at: http://www.pawildsresources.org/

ground utilities, parking lots, abandoned vehicles, and discarded items).

designgguide

Support creative design concepts and prevent a homogenized appearance.

Support locally owned businesses, especially those that enhance community character.

Assure that traditional town centers remain community focal points.

Provide elements that encourage pedestrian activity (sidewalks, trails, lighting, and benches).

Coordinate streetscape elements such as signage, lighting, and street furniture.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES Pennsylvania Wilds. When considered collectively, these 38 principles integrate community character, design, and natural resource conservation considerations into the planning and land use decision process. These Guiding Principles also provide a framework for considering

PA WILDS WEBSITE:

Principles and the information provided throughout this Design Guide will assist communities in making better decisions about the use of land and its impact on regional character.

HTTP://WWW.PAWILDSRESOURCES.ORG/DESIGNGGUIDE

NATURAL RESOURCES Protect the scenic quality of natural resources.

Ensure that public views to scenic resources are not obstructed or negatively affected.

Improve public access to scenic views and viewsheds.

REGION-WIDE

skies.

Protect sensitive resources from human intrusion.

Invoke a welcoming atmosphere and inviting character for residents and visitors. elements.

Eliminate blight in the form of deteriorating or poorly maintained properties.

Encourage clustered development and discourage sprawl.

Ensure that wireless towers and wind energy facilities are not visually offensive and are located on appropriate sites.

Encourage large-scale development of regional impact to be placed only in appropriate locations.

Avoid confusing patterns of development and circulation.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

Retain, enhance, and rehabilitate historic resources and sites.

landforms, and historic sites.

Support environmentally sensitive development.

Encourage the remediation of degraded natural resources.

RURAL AREAS Maintain a rural character along primary roadways.

Encourage the maintenance of private property visible from primary roadways.

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

Community pride has been shown to increase volunteerism, participation in community events, use of public recreation facilities, and patronage of locally-owned businesses.

It also fosters smallscale economic growth, entrepreneur investment, and a lower emigration of young professionals as youth begin to feel a sense of attachment to their communities.

Balancing the forces of economic development with community pride and values is extremely important to achieve desired goals.

- PA WILDS

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02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

02 | PRECEDENT PROJECTS - PA WILDS Regional Tourism Statistics: At a Glance

Limit the construction of street lights, sidewalks, curbs and gutters in rural areas Discourage uses that are detrimental to a rural character.

Properly buffer industrial/manufacturing activities from public views and adjacent incompatible land uses.

Estimated Overnight Leisure Visitor Volume to PA Wilds

Working Together: Economic Impact of Lumber Heritage Region

(in Millions of Person-Days):

All 12 of the Pennsylvania Wilds’ counties fall inside the Lumber Heritage Region’s boundaries, making the PA Wilds and LHR natural partners in the effort to promote tourism in the region. In 2008, eight of Pennsylvania’s 12 heritage areas conducted surveys to gather more information about their visitors. Who are LHR’s visitors – our visitors?

Below is a snapshot of what LHR’s survey revealed.

1.8 Million More Visitors from 2003 to 2007

AGRICULTURAL AREAS Preserve farmland and discourage the conversion of farms to nonagricultural uses.

Prevent changes in the surrounding environment which, due to their location or nature, could place pressure on farms to convert to other uses.

Discourage incompatible land uses from locating adjacent to operating farms.

Preserve agricultural character and heritage.

Recognize the importance of local food production and support the efforts of farmers to remain economically viable.

Consider land uses that support increased opportunity for the agricultural economy, such as

14.7% - Day Visitors: NonLocal Residents 41.4 % Overnight Visitors: Staying in Campground or with Family or Friends 22.0 % Overnight Visitors: Staying in Motels, Hotels, B&B, etc.

processing.

PA WILDS SUCCESS In 2008, county commissioners from across the Pennsylvania Wilds passed a resolution in support of the Initiative in the hopes of seeing it continue into the next state administration. “A branding effort of any type needs some consistency and the term of one governor is just not long enough for that to happen,” said Forest County Commissioner Basil Huffman, who spearheaded the CCAP resolution. Huffman said the Initiative is the right approach to tourism development in the region. “The economic development portion of the PA Wilds is the vital part.” County Commissioners Association of PA Executive Director Doug Hill echoed that sentiment: “The Pennsylvania Wilds is a singular success story, with county, state, and municipal governments demonstrating foresight, leadership, and cooperative effort in developing and promoting this exemplary regional recreation and heritage-based tourism initiative,” he said.

Website: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/ public/documents/document/dcnr_001654.pdf

DESIGN GUIDELINES

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Other LHR Survey Results

21.8 % - Day Visitors: Local Residents

Visitors from out of state: 25.3% First-time visitors to LHR Region: 44.2% Average party size: 3.16 people Parties traveling with children: 18.3% Total estimated visitor spending: $30.4 million Source: DK Shifflet & Associates (2008), Econsult Corporation (2009)

The PA Wilds Artisan Development Initiative has proven to increase sales and visibility for artisans and arts-related businesses in the PA Wilds Region. Source: http:// www.pawildsresources.org/oldnews/may2012-e-update_copy

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Source: Economic Impact of Pennsylvania’s Heritage Areas, 2008 (released 2010).

Source: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_001654.pdf

Did you know ...

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic

Stories about the Pennsylvania Wilds have been featured in national media on several occasions. In 2007, the New York Byway Times published this full-page story in its “Escapes” section.

They wrote: “The observation field at Cherry Springs, in remote Potter County, a 275-mile drive from New York City, has become a magnet in recent years for passionate astronomers, as well as

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION THE CURRENT STATE OF THE BYWAY

RECOMMENDATIONS FUNCTION 3.1 TRANSPORTATION 3.2 LAND USE 3.3 ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

AESTHETICS

IMPLEMENTATION Sections of the Byway already accommodate cyclists, though typically on narrow shoulders. It is recommended that the entire Byway be improved to provide more safe opportunities for cyclists and pedestrians to enjoy the scenic roadway.

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

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3.1 TRANSPORTATION TRAVEL LANES / BIKE LANES

SEE APPENDIX A: FINDINGS

The Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway (South Carolina Highway 11) is predominantly a two lane rural, state owned road. Currently, portions of the Byway include an increased shoulder to accommodate bicycle transit. This is primarily found in Pickens and Oconee are limited pedestrian facilities. need for the ordinance in the particular community.

RECOMMENDATIONS

NOW THEREFORE, it is the intent of the [ Adopting body (e.g., city council) ] in enacting this ordinance to encourage

3.1.1. APPLY COMPLETE STREETS GUIDELINES According to Smart Growth American, Complete Streets are streets for everyone. They are designed and operated to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders of all ages and abilities. Complete Streets make it easy to cross the street, walk to shops, and bicycle to work. They allow buses to run on time and make it safe for people to walk to and from train stations (http://www. smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/complete-streets-faq).

Creating Complete Streets means transportation agencies must change their approach to community roads. By adopting a Complete Streets policy, communities direct their transportation planners and engineers to routinely design and operate the entire right of way to enable safe access for all users, regardless of age, ability, or mode of transportation. This means that every transportation project will make the street network better and safer for drivers, transit users, pedestrians, and bicyclists – making your town a better place to live (http://www.smartgrowthamerica.

Resources: Smart Growth America Rural Complete Streets Fact Sheet: http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/cs/factsheets/csrural-2.pdf

Municipality ] by providing safe, convenient, and comfortable routes for walking, bicycling, and public transportation.

SECTION II. [ Article / Chapter ] of the [ Municipality ] Municipal Code is hereby amended to read as follows: Sec. [ ____ (*1) ]. PURPOSE. The purpose of this [ article / chapter ] is to enable the streets of [ Municipality ] to provide safe, convenient, and comfortable routes for walking, bicycling, and public transportation that encourage increased use of these modes of transportation, enable convenient travel as part of daily activities, improve the public welfare by addressing a wide array of health and environmental problems, and meet the needs of all users of the streets, including children, older adults, and people with disabilities.

Sec. [ ____ (*2) ]. DEFINITIONS. The following words and phrases, whenever used in this [ article / chapter ], shall have the (a) “Complete Streets Infrastructure” means design features that contribute to a safe, convenient, or comfortable travel experience for Users, including but not limited to features such as: sidewalks; shared use paths; bicycle lanes; automobile lanes; paved shoulders; street trees and landscaping; planting strips; curbs; accessible curb ramps; bulb

COMPLETE STREETS MODEL ORDINANCE An Ordinance of the [ Municipality (E.G. City Of _____) ] Providing for Complete Streets and Amending the [ Municipality ] Municipal Code

and concrete; narrow vehicle lanes; raised medians; and dedicated transit lanes [, as well as other features such as Bicycle Master Plan if it exists].

The [ Adopting body ] does ordain as follows:

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

(d) If the safety and convenience of Users can be improved within the scope of pavement resurfacing, restriping, or signalization operations on public [or private] Streets, such projects shall implement Complete Streets Infrastructure to increase safety for Users. (e) [Insert appropriate agencies, such as Department of Transportation, Department of Public Works, Department of Planning] shall review and either revise or develop proposed revisions to all appropriate plans, zoning and subdivision codes, laws, procedures, rules, regulations, guidelines, programs, templates, and design manuals,

(b) “Street” means any right of way, public or private, including arterials, connectors, alleys, ways, lanes, and roadways by any other designation, as well as bridges, tunnels, and any other portions of the transportation network. repair of any Street, and includes the planning, design, approval, and implementation processes [ , except that “Street Project” does not include minor routine upkeep such as cleaning, sweeping, mowing, spot repair, or interim measures on detour routes] [and does not include projects with a total cost of less than $[___] ]. (d) “Users” mean individuals that use Streets, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motor vehicle

to integrate, accommodate, and balance the needs of all Users in all Street Projects on public [and private] Streets. them to include Complete Streets Infrastructure, such as bicycle lanes, sidewalks, street crossings, and planting strips. (g) Trainings in how to integrate, accommodate, and balance the needs of each category of Users shall be provided for

drivers of agricultural vehicles, emergency vehicles, or freight] and people of all ages and abilities, including children, youth, families, older adults, and individuals with disabilities.

Sec. [ ____ (*3) ]. REQUIREMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE ENSURING SAFE TRAVEL. (a) [ Insert appropriate agencies, such as Department of Transportation, Department of Public Works, Department of Planning ] shall make Complete Streets practices a routine part of everyday operations, shall approach every transportation project and program as an opportunity to improve public [ and private ] Streets and the transportation network for all Users, and shall work in coordination with other departments, agencies, and jurisdictions to achieve Complete Streets. (b) Every Street Project on public [ or private ] Streets shall incorporate Complete Streets

for the design and construction of Streets.

Sec. [ ____ (*4) ]. DATA COLLECTION, STANDARDS, AND PUBLIC INPUT. (a) [Insert appropriate agency or agencies] shall collect data measuring how well the Streets of [Municipality] are serving each category of Users. (b) [Insert appropriate agency or agencies] shall put into place performance standards with measurable benchmarks (c) [Insert appropriate agency or agencies] shall establish procedures to allow full public participation in policy decisions and transparency in individual determinations concerning the design and use of Streets.

category of Users; provided, however, that such infrastructure may be excluded, upon written approval by [ insert senior manager, such as City Manager or the head of an appropriate agency ], where documentation and data indicate that: (1) Use by non-motorized Users is prohibited by law; (2) The cost would be excessively disproportionate to the need or probable future use over the long term; (3) There is an absence of current or future need; or (4) Inclusion of such infrastructure would be unreasonable or inappropriate in light of the scope of the project. (c) As feasible, [Municipality] shall incorporate Complete Streets Infrastructure into existing public [and private] Streets to improve the safety and convenience of Users, construct and enhance the transportation network for each category of Users, and create employment.

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

[Agency] is hereby authorized to issue all rules and regulations consistent with this [ article / chapter ] and shall have all necessary powers to carry out the purpose of and enforce this [ article / chapter ]. (e) All initial planning and design studies, health impact assessments, environmental reviews, and other project project on safe travel by all Users, and (2) identify measures to mitigate any adverse impacts on such travel that are Sec. [ ____ (*5) ]. FURTHER STEPS. (a) The head of each affected agency or department shall report back to the [Adopting body] [annually / within one year of the date of passage of this Ordinance] regarding: the steps taken to implement this Ordinance; additional

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION 3.1.2. USE CONTEXT SENSITIVE SOLUTIONS (CSS)

steps planned; and any desired actions that would need to be taken by [Adopting body] or other agencies or departments to implement the steps taken or planned. (b) A committee is hereby created, to be composed of [insert desired committee composition] and appointed by practices by: (i) addressing short-term and long-term steps and planning necessary to create a comprehensive and integrated transportation network serving the needs of all Users; (ii) assessing potential obstacles to implementing Complete Streets practices in [Municipality]; (iii) if useful, recommending adoption of an [ordinance / internal policy

transportation projects.

and balance the needs of all Users in all Street Projects. The committee shall report on the matters within its purview to the [Adopting body] within one year following the date of passage of this Ordinance.

[Municipality] to: (1) evaluate the effect of the proposed project on safe travel by all Users, and (2) identify measures to

CONTEXT SENSITIVE SOLUTIONS: Context Sensitive Solutions provide an opportunity to use local knowledge and stakeholders to arrive at the best solution for a given transportation problem.

CORE PRINCIPLES OF CSS municipal authority established by federal or state law at the time such agency action is taken. (b) In the event that a court or agency of competent jurisdiction holds that a federal or state law, rule, or regulation invalidates any clause, sentence, paragraph, or section of this Ordinance or the application thereof to any person or circumstances, it is the intent of the Ordinance that the court or agency sever such clause, sentence, paragraph, or section so that the remainder of this Ordinance remains in effect. (c) In undertaking the enforcement of this Ordinance, [Municipality] is assuming only an undertaking to promote the

These core CSS principles apply to transportation processes, outcomes, and decision-making.

Strive towards a shared stakeholder vision to provide a basis for decisions.

Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of contexts.

Foster continuing communication and collaboration to achieve consensus.

incur liability in monetary damages to any person who claims that a breach proximately caused injury.

WEBSITE: HTTP://CONTEXTSENSITIVESOLUTIONS.ORG/

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and natural environments. (See Appendix D for Context Sensitive Solutions Diagram)

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

3.1.3. MAINTAIN TWO LANE ROADS IN RURAL AREAS

ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS + AMENITIES

the rural agricultural landscape to remain aesthetically dominant.

3.1.4. MINIMIZE SPEED LIMITS -

25 miles per hour. Currently, the Byway is 50 miles per hour along the majority of the road.

Foothills National Scenic Byway. As part of a regional ecotourism initiative, these adjacent amenities can encourage visitors to stay on and/or around the byway for a longer period of time. This generates more positive experiences associated with the Byway and increased tourism spending. Additionally, advertising efforts can be

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY Website: www.blueridgeparkway.org

3.1.5. PROVIDE BIKE LANES OR SHARROWS Refer to the cross-sections on the following pages. Creating opportunities for bicyclists along the entire Byway creates additional opportunities for tourism and planned events, while providing safe recreational opportunities for cyclists.

3.1.6. CREATE PLANTED MEDIANS +/OR PLANTING STRIPS IN URBAN AREAS Refer to the cross-sections on the following pages. Currently, the urban sections of the Byway lack unique character and consistent quality with other preserved sections of the Byway. By adding vegetation and decreasing the amount of travel lanes, the urban sections of the Byway can become as enjoyable and distinctive as the rest of the route.

CAROLINA THREAD TRAIL Website: www.carolinathreadtrail.org

OVERMOUNTAIN VICTORY TRAIL Website: http://www.nps.gov/ovvi

FOOTHILLS TRAIL

3.1.7. REDIRECT COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC TO ALTERNATIVE ROUTES

Website: http://www.foothillstrail.org/

less incentive to further urbanize the rural street sections. DOT currently wants to use Hwy. 11 as an alternate route to 26 and 85.

PALMETTO TRAIL Website: http://www.palmettoconservation.org/aboutthetrail.asp

3.1.8. ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL ROW (RIGHT OF WAY) If necessary, acquire additional land for pedestrian facilities, increased shoulders, and/or to preserve priority viewsheds and potential trails off of roadway. Acquisition could occur through land purchase or through other methods approved by each municipality.

3.1.9. PROVIDE CONNECTIONS TO ADJACENT ROUTES AND TRAILS

JOCASSEE GORGES SCENIC DRIVING TOUR Website: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/managed/wild/jocassee/

GREEN CRESCENT Watch this video for more information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfSQ2u69Ue8 Website: https://sites.google.com/a/g.clemson.edu/green-crescent-trail/

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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Refer to Appendices A+B for more information and maps of these amenities.

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION EXISTING RURAL ROAD - A

bike touring route, one of 6 SCDOT recognized state touring routes. These 6 routes are

SPARTANBURG COUNTY NO BIKE LANES This cross-section, commonly found along rural sections of Greenville, Spartanburg, and Cherokee Counties, accommodates two lanes of automobile travel. There is

access. In order to provide an adequate level of bicycle access on scenic byways, local United States Bike Route System (USBRS). Currently, the USBRS national bike corridor network, in collaboration with The American Association of State Highway and Transportation

safe pedestrian crossing. signage, which will link it to the rest of the growing national bike corridor network. Forty states are currently working on developing their USBRS network, and while South Carolina has yet

The following section offers opportunities accommodate Complete Streets.

2.5’ Shoulders

12’ Travel Lanes

12’ Travel Lanes

2.5’ Shoulders

For more information, contact the Palmetto Cycling Coalition http://pccsc.net 2500 Devine Street Columbia, SC 29205 Tel: 803-445-1099

NTS

Planted streets beautify the corridor while providing shade for pedestrians and cyclists. Currently, planted medians are not found anywhere along the Byway.

Image Source: http://depts.washington. edu/hhwb/Thm_SafeStreets.html

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STRAWBERRY HILL COOLEY FARM

Map Source: Google Earth

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION PROPOSED RURAL ROAD - A

03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION

SPARTANBURG COUNTY WITH MULTI-USE TRAIL This cross-section, found in Travelers Rest, SC along the Swamp Rabbit Trail, would be an ideal way to provide safe multi-modal travel for pedestrians and bicyclists along the byway. The buffered trail should follow the

EXISTING RURAL ROAD - B PROPOSED RURAL ROAD - B

PICKENS COUNTY WITH BIKE LANES This cross-section, commonly found along rural sections of Greenville, Spartanburg, and Cherokee Counties, accommodates two lanes of automobile travel and limited bike

Additional Right of Way should be acquired if necessary.

10’ Multi-Use Paved Trail

2.5’ Shoulders

12’ Travel Lanes

12’ Travel Lanes

2.5’ Shoulders

Wherever possible, this cross-section should be applied to rural roads without bike lanes.

4-6’ Bike Lanes/ Shoulders

11-12’ Travel Lanes

11-12’ Travel Lanes

TO TABLE ROCK STATE PARK

NTS

4-6’ Bike Lanes/ Shoulders

shoulders.

NTS

STRAWBERRY HILL COOLEY FARM tos/completestreets/4565462399/ Map Source: Google Earth

Map Source: Google Earth

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION EXISTING URBAN ROAD - A

03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION PROPOSED URBAN ROAD - A

CHEROKEE COUNTY

CHEROKEE COUNTY

NO BIKE LANES

WITH BIKE LANES

This cross-section, from the City of Gaffney, accommodates 4 lanes of automobile travel and one dedicated turning lane. There is

This proposed cross-section, for the City of Gaffney, accommodates 2 lanes of automobile travel and one dedicated turning lane. The two outer lanes have been replaced

and there are numerous curb cuts for businesses along this section of highway.

sidewalk remains. Where practical, curb cuts should be removed to limit automobile and

character to compliment the Byway or the City of Gaffney. The following pages offer 5’ Sidewalk

13’ Travel Lane

12’ Travel Lane

12’ Turn Lane

12’ Travel Lane

13’ Travel Lane

5’ Sidewalk

5’ Sidewalk

section to allow for Complete Streets.

5’ 6’ Bike Planting Lane Strip

12’ Travel Lane

12’ Turn Lane

12’ Travel Lane

6’ 5’ Planting Bike Strip Lane

5’ Sidewalk

In appropriate sections where turning movements are not necessary, median tree planting should also occur.

and preserved.

NTS

NTS

TO DOWNTOWN GAFFNEY

TO DOWNTOWN GAFFNEY Map Source: Google Earth

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Incorporate Pedestrian and Bicycle Signage to alert drivers of increased pedestrian activity for safety.

Map Source: Google Earth

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03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION PROPOSED URBAN ROAD - B

03 | FUNCTION - TRANSPORTATION HOW CAN YOUR COMMUNITY IMPROVE TRANSPORTATION?

CHEROKEE COUNTY WITH SHARED USE PATH This proposed cross-section, for the City of Gaffney, accommodates 2 lanes of automobile travel and one dedicated turning lane. The two outer lanes have been replaced with a buffered shared use pedestrian and bicycle trail. Where practical, curb cuts should be removed to limit automobile and

page). Use the previous street cross sections as guidelines to seek additional design and engineering services for implementation along the Byway.

POTENTIAL FUNDING Projects improving bicycle and pedestrian facilities and streetscaping are eligible for any of

10’ 8’ Shared Planting Use Path Strip

12’ Travel Lane

12’ Turn Lane

12’ Travel Lane

8’ 10’ Planting Shared Strip Use Path

In appropriate sections where turning movements are not necessary, median tree planting should also occur.

and preserved.

NTS

The City of Gaffney should work on becoming A Tree City USA can be found at: h t t p : / / w w w. a r b o r d a y. o r g / programs/treeCityUSA/

proposed project: C-funds, administered by the County Transportation Committee Funding from the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) or Council of Government (COG), such as funds from: the Surface Transportation Program (STP), also known as “Guideshare” Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP), if in areas with a high rate of automobile crashes (bike/ped zones are less likely to be funded with this program money in SC, but it is possible)

Sharrows. Image Source: http://www. cyclelicio.us/2010/advocacy-how-to-roaddesign-review/

Local government agency funds Public/private/grants partnerships

TO DOWNTOWN GAFFNEY Map Source: Google Earth

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE

POTENTIAL FUNDING: FHWA TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES

POTENTIAL FUNDING:

The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) authorized the Transportation Alternatives Program (TAP) to provide funding

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.PED-

transportation alternatives, including on- and off-road pedestrian and bicycle facilities, infrastructure projects for improving non-driver access to public transportation and enhanced mobility, community improvement activities, and environmental mitigation; recreational trail projects; safe routes to school projects; and projects for planning, designing, or constructing boulevards and other roadways largely in the rightof-way of former divided highways.

The TAP replaced the funding from pre-MAP-21 programs including the Transportation Enhancement Activities, Recreational Trails Program, Safe Routes to School Program.

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW. FHWA.DOT.GOV/ENVIRONMENT/ TRANSPORTATION_ALTERNATIVES/

DESIGN GUIDELINES

BIKEINFO.ORG/PLANNING/FUNDING. CFM

POTENTIAL FUNDING: RECREATIONAL TRAILS

POTENTIAL FUNDING: EPA SMART GROWTH PROGRAM EPA helps communities grow in ways that

The Recreational Trails Program (RTP) provides funds to the States to develop and maintain recreational trails and trailrelated facilities for both nonmotorized and motorized recreational trail uses.

The RTP is an assistance program of eral Highway Administration (FHWA).

public health and the environment, and create and enhance the places that people love. Through research, tools, partnerships, case studies, grants, and technical munities turn their visions of the future into reality.

recreation including hiking, bicycling, in-line skating, equestrian use, crosscountry skiing, snowmobiling, off-road motorcycling, all-terrain vehicle riding, four-wheel driving, or using other offroad motorized vehicles.

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/

DOT.GOV/ENVIRONMENT/RECREATIONAL_TRAILS/

LIVABILITY/INDEX.HTM

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

Numerous restaurants can be found along the Byway. Some architecture is more temporary such as this Grill.

Pumpkintown is another iconic stop along the Byway, with the characteristic wood architecture.

A landmark for visitors of Table Rock State Park and the entire

Numerous farms and farm stands can be found along the Byway.

Strawberry Hill is the most recognizable farm destination.

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.FHWA.

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE

03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE

3.2 LAND USE As more development (schools, restaurants, gas stations, and other businesses) occurs along the byway, as the City of Gaffney continues to grow, and as the Oconee County High School nears completion, it will become increasingly important to regulate the types of land uses directly adjacent the byway.

the transfer; B.

Family Farm Support Divisions. Where permitted, family farm support divisions shall meet the following criteria: 1. The minimum size of a family farm support lot shall be the minimum required by the Chelan-Douglas health district to provide domestic water and sewage disposal.

RECOMMENDATIONS 3.2.1. INCENTIVIZE LOCALLY OWNED BUSINESSES By encouraging locally owned businesses, the Byway will further promote local charm and character. This should increases visitor satisfaction and return visits. Additionally, local business owners should take pride in the Byway and further help to manage its development.

physical or natural features that act as obstacles to farming. calculated for the entire parent parcel of record. All lots within the short plat, including any remainder parcels, and prior family

3.2.2. SUPPORT NATURAL + AGRICULTURAL USES

creation of the family farm support lot(s):

EXAMPLE CODE FOR SUPPORTING AGRICULTURAL LAND USES :

manager of the agricultural operation.

agricultural use, and family support divisions

operations conducted on the parent parcel. ii. Manager. Documentation must be submitted verifying the manager is actively engaged in managing agricultural

18.16.220 Agricultural support.

operations require an on-site manager who devotes not less than one thousand hours per year to operations management.

Agricultural support activities shall meet the minimum provisions of the DCC and the following provisions: A. Ag-to-Ag Transfers. Where permitted, Ag-to-Ag transfers shall meet the following criteria: 1. The transfer of land area is solely for agricultural purposes; 2. Additional residential building sites are not created; 3. The Ag-to-Ag transfer shall be processed on forms provided by the department and is subject to limited administrative review pursuant to DCC Section 14.10.020;

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this requirement.

a single-family residence or for a historic farmstead site established prior to December 16, 1997, so long as such farmstead

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE within the ownership of the agricultural operator;

site is not in active agricultural use. Where a historic farmstead site no longer contains a residence, the applicant shall provide

worker housing under Chapter 246-359 WAC, dependant care housing units established under DCC Section 18.80.160, accessory agricultural worker housing established under subsection C of this section, and accessory dwelling units established under DCC Section 18.16.170 do not qualify under this subsection.

7. Building sites on family farm support lots must be located where such development has the least impact to agricultural operations. Building sites shall be located in soils not categorized as prime and unique or in areas that are separated by natural barriers from agricultural operations. Location within prime or unique soils may be permitted if building elsewhere on the lot would create greater impacts to the agricultural operations. The department may require that the applicant provide a written evaluation 8. All building sites must meet the requirements of DCC Section 18.16.080(F), Agricultural Buffer, unless a written, notarized waiver is obtained from all adjoining property owners conducting agricultural operations.

providing permanent or temporary housing for agricultural labor; 5. Agricultural accessory housing shall not be rented, leased or sold to the general public.

D. Limited Land Segregation. Where permitted, limited land segregations shall meet the following criteria: 1. One limited land segregation may be granted through the short subdivision process in those limited situations when the the property has not been involved in a cluster division process under DCC Section 18.16.044 or 18.16.046; no other land division methods including cluster divisions are available and the establishment of a residence on that land will not affect neighboring agricultural operations. Limited land segregations may be allowed where the applicant can demonstrate that the proposal will not adversely impact or interfere with accepted resource management practices on adjacent or nearby resource lands, given the type of resource production that is in the area and its relative susceptibility to nuisance complaints due to accepted resource operations

operations. Mitigation measures may include landscape buffers; special setbacks; screening; site design using physical features

not eligible for redivision under the provisions of subsection D of this section, Limited Lot Segregations, DCC Section 18.16.044,

lots permitted, DCC Section 18.16.046, Cluster divisions, or subsection D of this section, Limited Lot Segregations, shall not be further divided under the provisions of this section. Lands previously divided pursuant to this section may be considered for further division under the provisions of DCC Section 18.16.046, Cluster divisions. All lots created from the parent parcel of the family farm support division shall be included in the density calculations for the cluster division.

11. The county engineer may defer road frontage improvements for county roads, where consistent with the provisions of DCC Title 12, Roads and Bridges. Deferral of road frontage improvements shall be conditioned upon the deferred frontage improvements being required to be constructed along the entire parent parcel upon further division or commercial or industrial development of any C.

03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE

nonagricultural buildings.

2. Limited land segregations create two lots: a. One lot that is intended for the establishment of a residence. The lot size for the new lot intended for the establishment of a residence shall be the minimum required by the Chelan-Douglas health district to address provisions for domestic water and two acres. b. One lot that is the remainder of the original parcel. Remainder lots must be at least equal in size to seventy percent of the

Accessory Agricultural Housing. Where permitted, agricultural accessory housing shall meet the following criteria:

3. No lot, including the residential and remainder lots, created through the limited land segregation process or the cluster division process shall be further divided through the limited land segregation process.

2. Sanitary and health requirements of the Department of Labor and Industries, the Department of Health and the Chelan-Douglas health district shall apply; 3. The agricultural worker to be housed in the dwelling shall be employed in farming or agricultural operations on the premises or

5. The lot intended for the establishment of a residence shall not be created within Airport Protection Zones 1 through 3 and 5 of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) when underlying Federal Aviation Part 77 transitional and horizontal surfaces of a general aviation airport.

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE 6. The notice of application shall be mailed to twenty owners of property nearest to the parent parcel or all owners of property within one thousand feet of the parent parcel boundaries, whichever number of owners is greater.

7. The residential lot shall be owned and occupied by a relative related by blood, marriage, or adoption of the owner of the remainder parcel, the former owner of the remainder parcel, or a person employed on a full-time permanent basis by an agricultural operation that engages in agriculture on the remainder parcel. A condition on the approved short plat shall limit the ownership and occupancy of the residential lot as required by this subsection. A notice to title, acknowledged by the property owner and limiting ownership of the residential lot as required by this subsection, shall be recorded with the county auditor.

8. Lots created under this subsection shall not be used to support a de-designation of agricultural lands of long-term commercial

03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE districts. the property has not been involved in a cluster division process under DCC Section 18.16.044 or 18.16.046, or a division under subsection B or D of this section.

improvements. included with an urban growth area.

property is greater than three acres, contains land that is unusable for agricultural purposes and establishment of a residence on that land will not affect neighboring agricultural operations, according to the following review criteria: a. The applicant shall submit documentation that the proposed lot does not have soils meeting the following requirements, unless the lot is separated from other agricultural lands by buildings, roads or topographical features that function as barriers to agriculture:

18.16.080(F), unless a written notarized waiver is obtained from all adjoining owners conducting agricultural operations.

6. The notice of application shall be mailed to twenty owners of property nearest to the parent parcel or all owners of property within one thousand feet of the parent parcel boundaries, whichever number of owners is greater.

18.16.230 HOME FRUIT STANDS. Home fruit stands are permitted uses within all agricultural and rural zoning districts provided the following criteria are met: b. In areas where irrigated agriculture is typical, the proposed lot is located in an area without irrigation water, as demonstrated by the unavailability of irrigation shares or rights, and the documented inability to acquire or to use them; provided, that this

area;

otherwise eliminated within ten years prior to the date of application. c. The proposal will not adversely impact or interfere with the use of adjacent or nearby agricultural land for the production of food or agricultural products.

be of an incidental, accessory nature to the primary products offered for sale; C. Ingress and egress to the site shall be approved by the county engineer and/or WSDOT if appropriate; D. Off-street parking shall be required in accordance with DCC Chapter 20.42; and

such as: landscape buffers; special setbacks; screening; site design using physical features such as rock outcrops, ravines, Source: http://www.codepublishing.com/WA/DouglasCounty/html/DouglasCounty18/DouglasCounty1816.html#18.16.220

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE 3.2.3. INCENTIVIZE FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRITOURISM

03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE What are the typical costs associated with placing a Conservation Easement on property, even when the easement is donated?

people about where their food comes from.

3.2.4. LIMIT SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT DIRECTLY ADJACENT TO THE BYWAY This provide increased opportunity for tourism. See Conservation Subdivisions, page 116.

Source: https://glcp.georgia.gov/conservation-easement-faqs

3.2.5. ENCOURAGE CONSERVATION EASEMENTS \ OVERLAYS Permanent conservation measures offer guaranteed protect for adjacent lands. By encouraging local residents to enter into Voluntary Conservation Easements, the landscape can be protected for many generations to come. Overlay zones can target key areas for conservation and can provide incentive for preservation.

GEORGIA CONSERVATION ON CONSERVATION EASEMENTS:

3.2.6. LOCAL DESIGN GUIDELINES Establish and adopt local, enforceable design guidelines and design review that limit the impact of development on scenic vistas and viewsheds. Clear design guidelines and a local design review process gives communities a chance to decide how development will affect their neighborhoods and countryside on a case by case basis, within the parameters of predetermined community preferences. (Scenic America: http://www.scenic.org/issues/scenic-easements-a-view-protection/strategies-for-protecting-scenic-views-and-vistas). These local design guides should be assembles into Appendices E-I in this document.

3.2.7. ZONING

the General Assembly and signed by Governor Perdue. Donations of land or conservation easements meeting state conservation

Implement zoning and land use ordinances for agricultural and sccenic protection. Zoning laws that limit the height of buildings based on their and the creation of view corridors. Overlay zoning places additional restrictions on zoned areas and is often used to control density, grading, ridgeline development, and vegetation. View corridors are planned openings in the built environment that allow views of scenic vistas and viewsheds (Scenic America: http://www.scenic.org/issues/scenic-easements-a-view-protection/strategies-for-protecting-scenic-views-andvistas).

AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION ZONING Agricultural Protection Zoning (APZ) is used by municipalities to preserve the availability of agricultural lands for farming and provide stability to the farming economy. The local government designates areas where agriculture is intended to be the principal use.

Regulations are established for these agricultural zoning districts to constrain non-agricultural development and uses. APZ regulations can help to:

assessed value of property may be reduced by a conservation easement, but may not due to varying approaches to assessment

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Strengthen and preserve strong agricultural activity where farming is a viable component of the local economy.

Promote agricultural land uses and activities and other uses and activities, which act in direct support of agriculture.

maintain a critical mass of farmland that keeps businesses and organizations that support farms, such as farm suppliers and granges, viable; protect prime agricultural soils, which, if developed, are irretrievable; keep land affordable for farmers; protect the character of the community.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD APZ CANDIDATES Areas that typically make good candidates for APZ have the following characteristics: The municipality has adopted a comprehensive plan in which the protection of the agricultural industry in the community is a stated goal. The plan should support this goal with designation of agricultural areas on the future land use map and recommend

There are contiguous farming areas of substantial size. These farmed areas should contain a high percentage of productive agricultural soils and have a demonstrated record of productivity. Contiguous areas of farming will have fewer opportunities for

Keep separate agricultural land use and activities from incompatible residential, commercial and industrial development, and public facilities.

Lessen the likelihood of non-agricultural uses interfering with the effective operation of agricultural operations.

Increase the viability of agricultural service industries, such as farm suppliers.

Retain rural character.

Foster infrastructure for the food industry and value-added agricultural enterprises.

Can be implemented relatively easily Can be readily combined with other conservation tools such as Transferable Development Rights and conservation easements.

Is easily understood by the public

PURPOSES OF APZ DISTRICTS Local governments must state the intent of the APZ district in their zoning ordinance. The intent might include many of the following potential purposes or variations: Protect and promote the continuation of agriculture in areas with primary agricultural lands, such as preserved farmland; farmland in Agricultural Security Areas; farmland enrolled in Act 319 of 1974, as Amended (Clean and Green) or Act 515 of

Disadvantages include that APZ: Can easily be undone by a change in the zoning ordinance. (A simple amendment to the zoning can irreversibly undo years or decades of zoning-based protection.)

Depending on the situation, APZ can potentially reduce land values. However, APZ can also increase values. See the discussion

Resources Conservation Service.

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uses. (i.e., curb sprawl) Improve food security and product diversity.

Provide for fresh local farm products for the community.

Maintain, protect and stabilize agriculture as an on-going economic activity by permitting only those land uses and activities which are either agricultural in nature or act in direct support of agriculture.

Maintain the land resource base, consisting of farms or land that could be farmed, in large contiguous blocks that will permit

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES There are advantages and disadvantages to APZ. Advantages include that APZ: Can be used to protect many large tracts of land for agriculture all at once Protects large tracts of land at a relatively low cost

Farmers in the municipality should generally be in support of the APZ and be optimistic about the future of farming in the community.

The governing body has to have the will to enact APZ when some people in the community voice opposition to the APZ.

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE under the heading “APZ and Land Values”.

Implementation of APZ

03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE BASIC APPROACHES TO APZ Historically, municipalities have taken several different approaches to crafting the permitted uses and restrictions for lands within an Agricultural Preservation Zoning District.

UPDATING THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND ZONING ORDINANCE

vision, goals and objectives of the community set forth in the comprehensive plan.

Also during the planning process, data to support the creation of an agricultural zoning district is collected, such as mapping of present land use, parcel ownership, soils, farmland preservation activities and natural features. Using this information, areas

Large Lot Zoning

The planning process can foster public support for establishment of the APZ district through the public participation opportunities

soil from production.

Area Based Allocation

residential development. Such a lot size may or may not be large enough to support the needs of a working farm. Also,

public meetings and public hearings held prior to adoption of the plan.

After the comprehensive plan is adopted, the municipal zoning ordinance should be updated to be consistent with the comprehensive plan. The mapping of the agricultural district should be based on the future land use plan and the public participation process during the zoning ordinance preparation process. This participation typically includes zoning committee a 90/10 ratio of protected farmland to land suitable for residential subdivision.

Sliding-Scale Zoning Sliding-scale zoning is now the most commonly used version of area based allocation. The number of residential lots permitted is based on the size of the farm. As the size of a parcel increases, the number of dwellings allowed in relation to the total farm area decreases (e.g., a 40-acre parcel might be allowed three dwelling units, while a 200-acre farm might be allowed eight

restrictions will result from the process of reviewing the comprehensive plan, discussing the alternative approaches to agricultural zoning, and involving the public in crafting of the district. The public, particularly the farm community, should be made aware of the zoning effort and the advantages and disadvantages of various agricultural zoning approaches, and given an opportunity to participate in the zoning process. Workshops, newsletters and websites can be used as a tool to inform and educate the community.

Writing, adoption, and enactment of the ordinance provisions typically occur with the assistance of a land use planner and/or other municipal consultants (e.g., municipal planner, engineer, solicitor).

The proposed zoning mapping and district regulations must be sent to the county planning commission for review. The municipal planning commission holds a public meeting. Ideally, this meeting is held after receipt of county comments, but the municipal planning commission does not have to wait for county comments. The municipal planning commission reviews any comments received from the public, makes revisions as appropriate, and then recommends the zoning ordinance to the governing body.

purposes. Many ordinances require residential units to be located on the least productive soils and located to minimize interference with agricultural production.

Combination of Approaches

ratio – i.e., 10 percent of the total tract area subdivided into single-family residential lots (as small as ½ acre, or as on-lot sewer and water will allow] provided the other 90 percent is permanently retained in agriculture; or, subdivide all or some of the entire

can be taken by the governing body until the county comments are received or 45 days pass after submission to the county.

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE 3.2.8. FORM BASED CODES

tract into 10-acre or larger “estate” lots; or, using a sliding scale method, subdivide smaller lots from the larger tract based on a permitted number of lots per original tract size [again, with new lots as small as ½ acre, or as on-lot sewer and water will allow).

Traditional or conventional zoning is based on segregated uses, while form-based code, or transect zoning, is about structure (not the use or what is in the building). A form-based code is a land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form (rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle for the code. A form-based code is a regulation, not a mere guideline, adopted into city, town, or county law. A form-based code offers a powerful alternative to conventional zoning and is used primarily for new development.

SUPPLEMENTAL ITEM: REQUIRED NOTE Future subdivision plans may be required by the agricultural protection zoning to contain a note such as the following from the Agricultural District in the Southwestern Berks County Zoning Ordinance.

“All lands within the Agricultural Preservation District are located in an area where land is used for commercial agricultural production. Owners, residents and other users of this property or neighboring property owners may be subjected to occasional inconvenience, discomfort and the possibility of injury to property and health arising from normal and accepted local agricultural practices and operations, including but not limited to noise, odors, dust, the operation of machinery of any kind, including aircraft, the storage and disposal of manure, the application of fertilizer, soils amendments, herbicides and pesticides. Owners, occupants and users of this property should be prepared to accept such conditions and inconveniences, discomfort and possibility of injury from from obtaining a legal judgment against such normal agricultural operations."

The requirement for the note would be established within the zoning ordinance initially. The subdivision and land development ordinance could then contain a requirement that such a provision be shown on the subdivision plan when required by the zoning ordinance.

Permitted Uses.

Subdivision Area, Yard, Coverage and Height Restrictions Other Issues

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Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. The regulations and standards in form-based codes are presented in both words and clearly drawn diagrams and other visuals. They are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form and scale (and therefore, character) of development, rather than only distinctions in land-use types.

of an integrated built form. Not to be confused with design guidelines or general statements of policy, form-based codes are regulatory, not advisory. They are drafted to implement a community plan. They try to achieve a community vision based on time-tested forms of urbanism.

Ultimately, a form-based code is a tool; the quality of development outcomes depends on the quality and objectives of the community plan that a code implements.

Five Main Elements of Form-Based Codes

SPECIFICS TO ADDRESS IN APZ DISTRICTS The following items need to be addressed in the zoning ordinance: Intent of the District.

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1. REGULATING PLAN

2. PUBLIC STANDARDS 3. BUILDING STANDARDS 4. ADMINISTRATION 5. DEFINITIONS

A plan or map of the regulated area designating the locations where different building form standards apply.

public realm: sidewalk, travel lanes, on-street parking, street trees and furniture, etc.

Regulations controlling the and functions of buildings public realm.

and streamlined application and project review process.

A glossary to ensure the precise use of technical terms.

Website: http://formbasedcodes.org/codes

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE 3.2.9. MONITOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, WHILE ENCOURAGING ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES When new industrial development is proposed along the Byway, each municipality should have a process for reviewing and approving

03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE as the public hearing required before approval of a Type III permit and before adoption of a development agreement via ordinance

be considered an adopted amendment to the Comprehensive Plan designating the major industrial development site on the Land Use Map as an urban growth area. If an application for a major industrial development in Jefferson County is approved as a conditional

aesthetic and functional prospectives.

EXAMPLE ORDINANCE: JEFFERSON COUNTY, WA

Comprehensive Plan Land Use Map. Final approval of an application for a major industrial development and the corresponding amendment to the Land Use Map shall not be considered an amendment to the Comprehensive Plan for the purposes of RCW 36.70A.130(2) and may be considered at any time. JCC 18.45.040, the standard process for amending the Comprehensive Plan, does

Article VIII. Major Industrial Development 18.15.600 Purpose and intent.

The purpose and intent of this article is to establish a process for reviewing and approving

18.15.610 Approval criteria.

A major industrial development may be approved outside an urban growth area in Jefferson County under this section if the following

pursuant to RCW 36.70A.365 and the Jefferson County Comprehensive Plan. “Major industrial (1) The proposal must require for operation 40 or more acres, including acreage for required buffers; commercial business that: (1) Requires a parcel of land so large that no suitable parcels are available within an urban growth area; or (2) Is a natural resource-based industry requiring a location near agricultural land, forest land, or mineral resource land upon which it is dependent.

The major industrial development shall not be for the purpose of retail commercial development or

18.15.605 Application requirements and approval process.

Major industrial development applications shall be processed as Type III conditional use permits development agreement between the county and the applicant (and other parties, as necessary) is a mandatory element of a major industrial development application and shall be processed per Article XI of Chapter 18.40 JCC (Development Agreements). The open record public hearing

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Eco Industrial Park. Image Source: http://www.gopixpic.com/1024/ new-industrial-park-was-builtbetween-future-interstate-74-&us-/http:%7C%7Cwww*aaroa ds*com%7Csoutheast%7Cnor th_carolina074%7Ci-074_us-074_ wb_exit_316_02*jpg/

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to the number of jobs created. The number of jobs per net acre of development, not including the required buffers, shall be typical for the type of industry proposed; (b) When analyzing the potential “negative effects” and “cumulative effects of similar actions in the area,” per JCC18.40.530(1)(l), consideration shall be given to the number and relative locations of major industrial developments permitted in Jefferson County and their subsequent or anticipated impacts; (3) A development agreement is included in the application pursuant to Article XI of Chapter 18.40 JCC (Development Agreements); (4) New infrastructure is provided for and/or applicable impact fees are paid;

(6) Buffers are provided between the major industrial development and adjacent nonurban areas and managed according to an feet of Screen-B landscaping for road frontages and 100 feet of Screen-A landscaping for interior lot lines along any portion adjacent to

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE to the permit (JCC 18.40.570), the validity of the permit when there is change in ownership of the land (JCC 18.40.580), permit suspension or revocation (JCC 18.40.590), and the requirement of an assurance device and/or additional conditions at county discretion

JCC 18.30.130(2)(b); 18.30.050; (8) Environmental protection including noise, air and water quality has been addressed and provided for, per requirements of this code (Article VI-D of Chapter 18.15 JCC (Environmentally Sensitive Areas District (ESA)) and other applicable sections) and other mitigative measures as appropriate through review under the State Environmental Policy Act per Chapter 43.21C RCW and Article X of Chapter 18.40 JCC, (State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) Implementation); (9) Provision is made to mitigate adverse impacts on designated agricultural lands, forest lands, and mineral resource lands via interior Policy Act review; (10) The plan for the major industrial development is consistent with the provisions to protect environmentally sensitive areas as presented in Article VI-D of Chapter 18.15 JCC (Environmentally Sensitive Areas District (ESA)); (11) Appropriate and suitable measures are established for the environmental remediation and/or restoration of the site in the case of future abandonment of the industrial or commercial operation, as determined through environmental review of the application and

18.15.620 Final approval. amendment to the Comprehensive Plan designating the major industrial development site on the Land Use Map as an urban growth area. The urban growth area associated with a major industrial development shall be a limited urban growth area intended for the

for a major industrial development shall not be considered an amendment to the Comprehensive Plan for the purposes of RCW

(1) The county recognizes that economic and other considerations may necessitate that business plans for a major industrial

(12) If phasing of development (per JCC 18.15.625(1)) is contemplated by the applicant, the overall project plan, including general timelines for construction but illustrating building footprints and projected uses in lieu of design details to be submitted with future building permit applications, must be presented in the original application such that the overall plan is established through the conditional use permit and a development agreement; and (13) For major industrial development applications made pursuant to JCC 18.15.600(1), the county has determined, and entered

growth area established in the original application process would delineate the overall site plan. For phasing of development to be approvable, the overall project plan, including general timelines for construction but illustrating building footprints and projected uses in lieu of design details to be submitted with future building permit applications, must be presented in the original application. Per JCC

inventory of developable land within urban growth areas. Priority shall be given to applications for sites that are adjacent to or in close within three years of the effective date of the conditional use permit, unless the permit approval provides for a greater period of time.

18.15.615 Conditional use requirements.

Major industrial developments shall comply with Article VIII of Chapter 18.40 JCC (Conditional Uses), including provisions on the use of

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would require the full permit approval process described in this section of the code.

(3) Future use of the land is determined and bound by the original application and development agreement. Per JCC 18.40.580, no other use is allowed without approval of an additional conditional use permit. A future application for a major industrial development that utilizes the same land area within the previously established urban growth area is approvable if the required code and statutory criteria are met. Final legislative approval following conditional use approval would be unnecessary in this case, as the urban growth area is

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03 | FUNCTION - LAND USE CURRENT STRUCTURES ALONG THE BYWAY

process would be undertaken pursuant to JCC 18.45.040.

(4) The owners of land zoned and used for major industrial development and/or the conditional use permittee and/or other entity as appropriate for particular circumstances shall be responsible for appropriate and suitable environmental remediation and/or restoration development agreement and/or conditional use permit. The responsibility for appropriate and suitable environmental remediation and/ permitted. An environmental remediation and/or restoration plan shall be established in the development agreement and conditional use permit approval.

(5) Under certain circumstances, it may be deemed appropriate by the county that the major industrial development urban growth area, or a portion thereof, revert to the previous land use district, or in rare cases change to another land use district. A change to the Comprehensive Plan Land Use Map shall be considered as a Comprehensive Plan amendment application during the annual

18.15.630 Urban growth in adjacent nonurban areas.

Chapter 36.70A RCW requires that development regulations are established to ensure that urban growth will not occur in nonurban areas adjacent to major industrial developments. Jefferson County rural land use districts are characterized by rural densities (i.e.,

Hotel Domestique in Travelers Rest, SC. Image Source: http:// www.hoteldomestique.com/

Calyx Farms is one of the many local businesses along highway

Cherokee Foothills Visitors Center which is only open seasonally.

Hollywild. Image Source: https://awalkabout.wordpress.com/ tag/hollywild/

infrastructure shall not provide a basis for a Comprehensive Plan amendment to change the land use district for property adjacent to a

18.15.635 Re-authorization of article after initial period of implementation.

In order to ensure that the standards contained in this article, as applied to applications for major industrial developments, result in acceptable and desirable impacts to the physical and cultural landscape of Jefferson County, the county commissioners shall, upon

the UDC proposed by the county commissioners as a result of that public hearing shall be processed pursuant to Chapter 18.45 JCC.

Source: http://www.codepublishing.com/WA/JeffersonCounty/html/JeffersonCounty18/JeffersonCounty1815.html#18.15.600

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03 | FUNCTION - ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY 3.3 ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

CASE STUDY COMMUNITY: LANCASTER, CA: MANAGEMENT METHODS Sliding scale zoning wherein larger parcels have much lower development densities than small tracts Smaller minimum lot sizes Rural residential clusters Mixed use agricultural or rural zones that permit professional, business, commercial uses within limits of scale and impact Designate village or hamlet areas with very small lot minimums, multi- and single-family housing, business zoning, and multi-use buildings Establish preservation overlay zones where protective regulations also apply (i.e., those related to sensitive natural environments, cultural heritage) Emphasize design standards rather than use standards and combine with low density in very rural areas

Much of the byway is located adjacent to natural and preserved areas. It is important that the Byway does not interfere with ecological systems and wildlife movements, both for human and wildlife safety.

RECOMMMENDATIONS 3.3.1. PROVIDE WILDLIFE CORRIDORS

town The Urban Structure Program (USP) shifts the costs of new public facilities and services to the developments that

Many of these solutions are low cost and improve motorist safety. They recommend the following strategies to provide wildlife corridors: Build strategic gaps in guardrails.

Create underpasses, bridges and culverts for safer crossing.

Reduce attractive roadside chemical deposits.

Improve land management to reduce habitat fragmentation.

Install signage to warn motorists of animal crossings.

A computer model assesses impact fees, including a “distance surcharge�

The USP calculates development impact fees for 3 types of public expenditures:

3.3.2. IMPROVE WATER QUALITY With many protected lands and agricultural areas adjacent to the Byway, it is important to prevent pollutants from entering the local water bodies.

recreation and community development programs Projects located far from existing services pay an additional fee based on the actual distance between the new development and the nearest existing facility/service Lancaster CA also established measurable performance objectives for public facilities and services (e.g., 3 acres of

3.3.3. USE NATIVE PLANTS Native plants along the Byway provide more local/regional character and use less resources to maintain, due to compatibility with local climates. These plants should be planted by both DOT and local property owners when landscaping improvements are necessary. Resources

3.3.4. PROVIDE RECYCLING FACILITIES In addition to trash facilities, recycling facilities should be offered at stops along the Byway to reduce litter and to provide ecological waste management options.

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03 | FUNCTION - ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

03 | FUNCTION - ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

3.3.5. LIMIT EXCESSIVE LIGHTING AND LIGHT POLLUTION

3.3.6. FOLLOW THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS (AASHTO) GUIDE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BICYCLE FACILITIES

complying with Building Code.

In order to provide an adequate level of safe access for bicyclists on scenic byways, the following designs guidelines should apply (unless

MODEL ORDINANCE: COUNTY OF NAPA, CA Lighting

Surfaces:

Policy Community Character-

where practical avoid this surfacing, and if not then reduce the impact to bicyclists

nighttime lighting associated with new developments shall be designed

Paved Shoulders: For the highest level of rural facility access for bicyclists, and motion sensors shall be used wherever feasible.

They are different in that bike lanes have a distinctive pavement marking indicating they are a space dedicated for bicycles with restrictions for parking motorists.

Therefore, paved shoulders are recommended in rural areas, and bike lanes are recommended in urban and suburban areas.) If constraints exist to enable only one side of the roadway to have a shoulder, then place the shoulder on the uphill side of the roadway, or the inside of curves. (4.5) Rural bike crashes can best be reduced through this safety countermeasure. (Ch. 3)

Napa County Code 18.106.040 The project lighting, including site lighting, has been designed to minimize off-site visibility and glare.

Standard Conditions of Approval All exterior lighting, including landscape lighting, shall be shielded and directed downward, shall be located as low to the ground as possible, and shall be the minimum necessary for security, safety, or operations and shall incorporate the use of

Rumble Strips : Rumble Strips, a mitigation measure for motorist Run-off-theRoad crashes, can be placed on these roadways, but are only recommended when

lighting of the building is permitted, including architectural highlighting and spotting.

Low-level lighting shall be utilized in parking areas as opposed to elevated highintensity light standards. Prior to issuance of any building permit for construction,

and approval. All lighting shall comply with the Uniform Building Code (UBC).

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Light Pollution Diagram. Image Source: http://www.penny4nasa.org/2013/07/09/ light-pollution-and-nasa-combating-thedark-side-of-light/

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applied to mitigate a motorist safety problem by placing it under the painted line and reducing the width of the RS. Additionally, if Rumble Strips must be applied

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03 | FUNCTION - ECOLOGICAL BEST PRACTICES + SAFETY

Shared Use Paths: To supplement on-road bicycle networks, Shared Use Paths Adjacent to Roadways (Sidepaths) can be utilized (Ch. 5.2.2). A Sidepath is built for the dual use by pedestrians and bicyclists, and this should not be confused with the

vehicles per day, or the roadway has poor sight lines; separated bicycle facilities, (NACTO) If excessive cost prevents separated bicycle facilities to be provided in these situations, shared-lanes or “share the road� signage should be provided at

level of facility access for bicyclists and pedestrians on scenic byways, because it broadens the user base because children on bicycles prefer this accommodation to widened shoulders, it has many operational concerns that should be considered before placed in plans. In sum, it is recommended that Sidepaths only be implemented in short sections or along long sections with few street/driveway crossings, given there is appropriate separation between facilities and attention to reducing crashes at junctions.)

total roadway project cost. (FHWA)

should be paid to the construction of the shoulder so that a rough joint is not bicycle facilities without road widening, it is recommended to:

of 14 feet in areas of high use (especially pedestrians). A width of 8 feet is allowed only if pedestrian use is expected to be negligible, if bicycle usage is expected to be low even on peak days, or if a temporary obstruction exists.

Image Source: http://fabb-bikes.blogspot. com/2012_05_01_archive.html

Reduce the number of travel lanes (4 to 3 lane conversion, especially if Average

It is undesirable to mix use of Sidepaths with mopeds, motorcycles, snowmobiles, and horses. In cases where mixing these users in the same Sidepath space is desired, consult with the 2012 AASHTO Guide for additional width and signage recommendations.

the fewest businesses, or on the uphill section of the roadway)

Bike Lane:

For a high level of facility access for bicyclists in urban suburban areas, provide a bike lane, which has 5 feet of clearance, including the gutter pan

The following design features are recommended: bike-compatible drainage grates, bridge expansion joints, railroad crossings, and increased sensitivity signal timing and detection devices and other accommodations at intersections (4.12).

motorists that this is a dedicated space for bicyclists only (4.6) See the AASHTO markings. (4.7, 4.8) Image Source: https://wiki.scgov.net/ordinances/BPT/SitePages/Home.aspx

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04 | AESTHETICS

RECOMMENDATIONS

“WE TAKE STOCK OF A CITY LIKE WE TAKE STOCK OF A MAN. THE CLOTHES OR APPEARANCE ARE THE EXTERNALS BY WHICH WE JUDGE.”

FUNCTION

- MARK TWAIN

AESTHETICS 4.1 ARCHITECTURE 4.2 SIGNS 4.3 VIEWSHEDS

IMPLEMENTATION

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE 4.1 ARCHITECTURE

04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE STANDS PROJECT

EXISTING CHARACTER

The South Carolina Department of Commerce in conjunction with the South Carolina Department of Agriculture and the South Carolina Department of Corrections initiated professionally designed and constructed produce stands to be established throughout South Carolina. The purpose of this project is to advance rural communities by providing uniform, visually appealing produce stands which set to improve current roadside stands occurring in a variety of forms. The produce stands will also provide more permanent places for farmers, local citizens, and produce sellers to conduct business; this will enhance both their economic

in character, there is an abundance of iconic wooden structures in Pickens County, including

jurisdiction.

RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1.1. COMPLIMENT EXISTING RURAL CHARACTER Through increased agricultural activity along the Byway, more farm stands, barns, greenhouse, and other rural-based architectural elements should be encouraged through incentive based planning.

4.1.2. ENCOURAGE RETROFIT OF EXISTING STRUCTURES

Carolina grown produce.

It is the intention that the stands operate year round and be placed along the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway. The Department of Agriculture will work directly with farmers, as well stands won the Palmetto Partnership Award from Governor Nikki Haley, the AIA/Columbia Design Award and the AIA/South Carolina Design Award.

historical structures, but it is the most environmentally friendly option.

4.1.3. SUPPORT ROADSIDE FARM STANDS

Local materials, such as stone and timber, provide genuine local character and encourage economic growth for local materials businesses.

Current Protocol for Produce Stands: The Produce Stand Program is designed to provide assistance to farmers and markets in rural areas with a uniform Roadside Marketing facility to conduct agricultural commerce on the farm or other approved locations. The ultimate goal is to enhance rural economic development at the farm level. Through an application process, farmers, community-based farmers markets, and townships are eligible to apply to participate in the program.

4.1.5. NO UTILITY TOWERS IN OPEN FIELDS

Produce Stands Program applicants must meet certain criteria to be able to participate.

4.1.4. USE LOCAL MATERIALS

Utility towers are an eye sore for residents and visitors, alike. The towers should be restricted from direct view of the Byway. The Blue Ridge

4.1.6. BUFFER SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

annual lease so long as applicant demonstrates he/she is utilizing the building as outlined in the program criteria.

with the rural character of the Byway.

Question may be directed to arast@scda.sc.gov or 803-734-2207.

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FOOD PRODUCTION RESOURCE: CAROLINA FARM STEWARDSHIP ASSOCIATION organization that advocates for fair farm and food policies, builds the systems that organic family farms need to thrive, and educates communities about local, organic farming.

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW. CAROLINAFARMSTEWARDS.ORG/

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE 4.1.7. USE SALVAGED/RECYCLES MATERIALS 4.1.8. USE FENCING AND BERM MATERIALS THAT FIT LOCAL CHARACTER

Post and peg rail fence common along the Blue Ridge Parkeway, National Park Service 1943. (Blue Ridge Parkway Archives.)

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

Existing farm fencing along the Byway which should be continued wherever a physical barrier is appropriate.

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE WANTED DEVELOPMENT + SIGNAGE THAT HAS LOCAL CHARACTER

04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE GUIDELINES - PA WILDS PARKING 3.30 Do not allow large asphalt paved parking areas to dominate the landscape of any rural view.

3.31 Where large parking lots are necessary, screen or soften them with grade separation and/or landscaping. Alternatively, consider permeable and more rural-looking paving materials such as gravel, rock, decomposed granite, paving stones, permeable interlocking concrete pavement, unmortared brick or stone, or geo-grid with grass.

3.32 Where wheel stops are desired in parking spaces, use stops constructed of stone, wood, or tree trunks. Typical curb and gutter or concrete wheel stops are discouraged.

UTILITIES

Pumpkintown is an iconic stop, with characteristic wood architecture that creates memorable tourist experiences.

character of the Byway.

availability of public services may induce other properties along the new lines to develop quicker and at higher densities that would otherwise occur.

3.34 Consider the use of alternative sewer systems like on-lot systems or pressurized grinder pump systems that are safer than septic systems and can be used in varied types of terrain. the drainage system, and replenish groundwater.

FENCING 3.36 Select fencing types that complement a rural character.

3.37 Front yard fencing is discouraged in order to retain the open feeling of the area. In instances where front yard fencing occurs, do not build solid fences unless the fence is being used to hide an unattractive view.

3.38 If physical separation is needed along roadways between the public and private space, consider the use of open rail wood fencing.

3.39 Limit the use of barbed wire or wire mesh fencing in locations with high visibility from public roads and other public viewing areas, unless such fencing serves a practical function wherein other barrier options are not practical or are cost prohibitive.

A combination of salvaged materials with color can be used in through use of wood elements and rural architecture.

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE

04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE UNWANTED DEVELOPMENT ON THE BYWAY

HOMES AND BUILDINGS 3.40 In new construction, use the traditional architectural styles described in this Design Guide (refer to Chapter 2 of PA Wilds Design Guide).

3.41 If feasible, construct outbuildings in the same architectural style as that of the primary structure or to mimic the look of a traditional barn. Quaint outbuilding designs are encouraged.

3.42 Hide or buffer unattractive pre-fabricated sheds and other unappealing prefabricated structures from primary public viewing areas.

3.43 If a new residential subdivision is proposed in a rural community, build new housing off of side roads or shared drives, rather than lining scenic rural roads with new homes. Lining roads with residential lots can completely block scenic views.

3.44 A variety of pre-fabricated homes and buildings are available in the marketplace. Encourage property owners to select prefabricated structures that or simulated wood, brick, or stone, or composition or other similar materials.

Smooth, ribbed, or corrugated metal and plastic panels are not preferred.

3.45 Make pre-fabricated mobile homes appear permanent by using a continuous masonry or concrete foundation or curtain wall. Remove the running

used to address the abundance of asphalt and a lack of trees along the Byway.

wood construction, natural colors, and a lake theme), however

Gas stations and new development are found all along the byway, which include large signs with little distinctive character. (See limit signage clutter, page 82)

Without County standards, there is no way to ensure that new

3.46 If new commercial development is proposed in a rural community, consult Guide.

3.47 At the edges of rural communities where more intense development may be occurring, ensure that adjoining development blends into and is sensitive to The Allegheny Highlands, in northwestern Pennsylvania is in the heart of the state’s rural elk country Source: http://www.roadrunner.travel/magazine/read/septemberoctober-2011/page/16/

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE MODEL ORDINANCE WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOWER

04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE Readers should also note that at least two states, Connecticut and Kentucky, decide tower siting issues at the state level. Accordingly, municipalities in those states must tailor their ordinances as needed.

Website: www.scenic.org

SECTION 101.1. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND FINDINGS: The City Council of the City of Our Town, West Missouri, hereby declares that the purposes of this section are to: A. establish standards for the siting of telecommunications towers and antennas;

This model ordinance combines the best of several ordinances that Scenic America reviewed in the process of assembling our publication Taming Wireless Telecommunications Towers.

This constitutes a bare-bones ordinance, rather than the sort of comprehensive policy document that should accompany every ordinance. Scenic America recommends that each community develop a thorough understanding of its communications needs and visual environment and develop a policy and ordinance to meet the former without compromising the latter.

C. encourage the joint use of towers; D. encourage the design and construction of towers and antennae which minimize adverse visual impacts; E. ensure compliance of all telecommunications facilities with current federal, state, and local regulations; F. facilitate the provision of wireless telecommunications services; and G. prevent harm to the health, welfare, and visual environment of Our Town and its citizens.

The Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 places some restrictions on the ability of communities to regulate wireless telecommunications facilities. Fortunately, the 1996 Act retains local control over many aspects of wireless facilities. [Section 601(c) of the

SECTION 101.2. REQUIREMENTS FOR FACILITY PERMIT SUBMISSIONS In addition to any other materials required for a standard permit under this section or any other ordinance of the City of Ourtown, all applicants for permits to construct a telecommunications tower or antenna shall submit visual impact demonstrations using photo simulations of the proposed facility as it would be seen from residential areas, public rights of way, and public parks and other sites as deemed appropriate by the Planning Department.

(1) cannot enact a blanket ban on all wireless facilities, but can place reasonable restrictions on facilities in certain zones or areas; (2) cannot unreasonably discriminate among equivalent

SECTION 101.3. LOCATION OF FACILITIES ON OR NEAR HISTORIC STRUCTURES, HISTORIC DISTRICTS, AND SCENIC CORRIDORS

facilities on the basis of environmental effects, provided the facility complies with FCC emissions regulations. [Some courts have interpreted the Act to also preempt local regulation of health

and only if so concealed as to be substantially invisible. The views of, and vistas from, such structures, districts, and corridors shall not be impaired or diminished by the placement of telecommunications towers and antennae. including height restrictions, co-location, setbacks, and other design issues, and safety.

SECTION 101.4. HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS public safety and welfare, ensure the continued quality of telecommunications services, and Methods for concealing cell towers.

Source: Blue Ridge Parkway

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1,000 feet of the proposed facility.

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE

04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE SECTION 101.7 EQUIPMENT SHELTERS. screened with vegetation or other aesthetically pleasing materials. Furthermore, all such sheds shall be secured with approved fencing and a locked gate.

undisguised facility.

SECTION 101.8 SIGNS which the structure is located, whichever is less. placed on any tower or facility.

SECTION 101.5. CO-LOCATION SECTION 101.9 ELECTRONIC EMISSIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION the facility and that no reasonable combination of locations, techniques, or technologies will obviate the need. The applicant must further current Federal Communications Commission regulations concerning electromagnetic radiation and other electronic emissions applicable to the facility.

B. All facility operators and owners must sign an agreement, to be maintained by the city, agreeing to bring facilities into compliance with any new federal, state, or local laws or regulations concerning electromagnetic radiation and other electronic emissions applicable to the facility within 120 days of the effective date of the regulations.

Prior to the issuance of a permit for a new tower, the applicant shall demonstrate commitment to joint use as follows.

1. The applicant requesting the permit shall submit evidence to the city demonstrating that a genuine effort has been made to solicit additional users for the proposed new tower. Evidence of this shall include, at a minimum, copies of notices sent by registered mail, return receipt requested, to all other providers of cellular and wireless communications services within Bent County and adjacent counties, advising of the intent to construct a new tower, identifying the location, inviting the joint use and sharing

SECTION 101.10 REMOVAL OF FACILITIES

2. The applicant shall sign an instrument, maintained by the city, agreeing to encourage and promote the joint use of telecommuni-

offered for such use.

NOTES 3. For more information on regulating wireless facilities, see the Scenic America publication Taming Wireless Telecommunications Towers, available via our web site at www.scenic.org.

4. One of the best local wireless policies and ordinances is that of Albemarle County, Virginia. The entire policy is available on the

SECTION 101.6 SETBACK and at least 2.5 times the tower height to the nearest property line.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

The owner of a facility shall establish a $10,000 cash security fund or provide the City with an irrevocable letter of credit in the same amount to secure the cost of removing an antenna, antenna array, or tower that has been abandoned. In the event of a transfer of ownership, the seller shall be responsible for notifying the buyer of this requirement and for notifying the City of the transfer.

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE

4.1.9. PROVIDE REGULATIONS TO FACILITATE APPROPRIATE INDUSTRIAL PARK DESIGN Industrial parks can provide fantastic economic and job opportunities for the region, however the development of such parks along the Byway

4. Buffer adjacent sensitive land uses from undesirable impacts that may originate from the site; buffers may be landscape and/or architectural in character.

Building Design

MODEL ORDINANCE Black Diamond Design Guidelines for Business Park/Industrial Areas

Industrial Park and Industrial Zones. Details on site design and building design are included in these guidelines to promote sensitive site

Read more at: http://www.ci.blackdiamond.wa.us/Depts/CommDev/planning/FINAL%20REV%20BUSINESS%20 INDUSTRIAL%20AREA.pdf

Site Design

through the arrangement of buildings and landscape.

A. Integrated Site Planning Intent Each component of a business park and industrial campus should contribute to a coherent sense of the whole, including:

service access, and pedestrian areas.

Guidelines

2. Establish clear pedestrian connections on site that are well-marked and ADA-compliant. Pedestrian paths or walkways should connect to all businesses and building entries, and through parking lots to direct pedestrians to buildings, streets and public spaces.

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04 | AESTHETICS - ARCHITECTURE UNWANTED DEVELOPMENT + SIGNAGE THAT LACKS LOCAL CHARACTER

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS 4.2 SIGNS EXISTING SIGNAGE: directional markers, brown historic areas of interest, SC National Heritage Corridor signs,

is through the installation of a system of signs incorporating a new/fresh byway logo for each National Scenic Byway.

MOVING FORWARD

Gas stations and new development are found all along the byway, which include large signs with little distinctive character.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

On premise signs are not prohibited in any way along the NSB. hibited along NSBs.

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C HE

1. Coordinate with South Carolina Parks, Recreation & Tourism and South Carolina Department of Agriculture as TODS is implemented to ensure continuity as Scenic Byway signage is designed and installed.

2. Encourage municipalities along the byways to work collectively and systematically to incorporate the overall byway brand into all community based signage. Discourage signage that incorporates LED lighting or detracts from the character of the region.

3. Seek approval from SCDOT for all sign design along byways and within byway communities.

4. Counties along the byway should design and install county gateway signage that mirrors the overall byway brand.

5. Design and install state entry signage that mirrors the feel of overall statewide sce-

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AY

AL

YW

N

IO

A planted median, bike lanes, signs made from local materials, and pedestrian scale street lights could improve the aesthetics of areas such as this along the Byway.

S

NAT

tourism industry.

Signage clutter is large gas station signage detract from the natural features along the Byway. (See limit signage clutter, page 82)

T IL L

decades old with little interpretation, direction or meaning. The diversity of attitudes towards signs and the responsibility for determining signage policies intended to assist the visitor,

FOO

H

R

along Cherokee Foothills NSB.

EE K O

S C E NIC

B

SOUTH CAROLINA BYWAYS Scenic Byway logo.

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS nic byway signage and creates a welcoming statement to visitors coming into South Carolina.

6. Encourage SCDOT to have uniform installation practices, especially along Scenic Byways.

7. Encourage and enforce policy which discourages sign proliferation along National, State and County Scenic Byways.

8. could potentially serve as a marketing opportunity as visitors begin or complete their drive.

9. Identify statewide sources of funding for newly designated National and State Scenic Byway signage.

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS COMMUNITY GATEWAY DESIGN PRECEDENT EXAMPLES

Example: PA Wilds consistently uses their ing signage.

RECOMMENDATIONS 4.2.1. CONSISTENTLY USE THE CFNSB LOGO Though it is important not to overuse the logo, it should appear often along the Byway and at local businesses to solidify public awareness and to provide a cohesive brand.

4.2.2. CREATE A SENSE OF ARRIVAL As visitors approach key destinations, signage should alert them of their impending arrival.

Community gateways should be a key element of creating a sense of arrival and should be constructed of local, high quality materials.

GATEWAY SIGNAGE Gateways welcome visitors to a site by creating a sense of arrival. Unique artistic elements for enriching and long-lasting memories for visitors.

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS COMMUNITY GATEWAY DESIGN PRECEDENT EXAMPLES

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS 4.2.3. PROVIDE CLEAR WAYFINDING SIGNAGE TO LOCAL BUSINESSES

TOURISM ORIENTED DIRECTIONAL SIGNAGE

Paid for by private businesses.

Initiative of Dof Ag and PRT

Many states around the country have implemented a Tourism Oriented Directional Signage (TODS) program. South Carolina recently passed TODS legislation in 2012 (S. 105). This coordinated effort between South Carolina Department of Agriculture and South Carolina Parks, Recreation & Tourism allows private businesses in rural areas of South Carolina to systematic approach to signage across the state which is inclusive of both public and private destinations within municipal boundaries, byway communities could adopt signage programs mirroring the design of TODS.

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS OUTDATED AND CLUTTERED SIGNAGE

4.2.4. LIMIT SIGNAGE CLUTTER Consolidate signage where possible, using one sign for multiple destinations.

4.2.5. USE QUALITY MATERIALS Community gateways, interpretive signage kiosks, and local business signage should also be constructed of high quality materials to increase perception of the byway and of the Byway brand.

4.2.6. BLEND THE BACKS OF SIGNS Dark green, brown, or black coverings should be added to the backs of signs to make the sign blend into the surrounding vegetation for opposite travel lanes.

4.2.7. AVOID ILLUMINATED AND LED SIGNS Encourage the use of signs made from natural materials that blend into the landscape, instead of illuminated signs that pull too much attention away from the scenic nature of the Byway.

Illuminated signs are discouraged along the Byway because they can be distracting to drivers and to the character of the place. Image Sources: http://www.kapsigns.com/churchsigns.htm http://www.petroledsigns.com/digital-gas-price-sign/

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Access to the Byway from Interstate 26. Image Source: http:// www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=i0026wfsc

ter and interfering signage.

The existing Byway signage is outdated and often shown in a cluster of other highway signs.

The existing Byway signage is inconsistently placed in relation to other roadway signage.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

-

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS EXISTING INTERPRETIVE KIOSK/SIGNAGE

MODEL ORDINANCE PA Wilds Signs

of traditional sign makers, and these materials, along with other natural materials, are recommended.

3.143 Prohibit plastic, internally illuminated signs, particularly those that contain large bold lettering. a street, a balance needs to be achieved between signage for vehicles and signage that is friendly to pedestrians.

3.145 Do not overbear or obscure architectural details of buildings by signs.

3.146 Do not allow multiple freestanding signs unless they are absolutely necessary, due to their ability to cause visual clutter.

3.147 Allow the placement of temporary “sandwich board� signs on the sidewalk so long as they do not impede or interrupt

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS

4.2.8. OFFER INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE FOR KEY CULTURAL AND NATURAL FEATURES ALONG THE BYWAY

INFORMATION KIOSK DESIGN PRECEDENT EXAMPLES

Provide kiosks along the Byway, targeted at both drivers, bicyclists, and pedestrians along the Byway. Use local materials and local artisans to

KEY HUBS FOR INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE 1. Cherokee County Visitors Center 2. Blythe Hagood Visitors Center 3.

4. Proposed Pickens County Pull-Off 5. Strawberry Hill: Cooley Farms 6. Existing Kiosk shown on the next page 7. Downtown Gaffney, SC (at end of Byway) 8. Exist 1 of Interstate 85 in Oconee County, SC (at end of Byway) 9. Additional areas determined

by County staff

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS INFORMATION KIOSK DESIGN PRECEDENT EXAMPLES

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS 4.2.9. ON PREMISE SIGN RESTRICTIONS Enact strict on premise signage controls. Signage on private property is not currently regulated along scenic byways, whereas off-premise signage (Billboards) is already prohibited along the Byway.

MODEL REGULATORY DESIGN GUIDELINES: ON PREMISE SIGNAGE SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.THESIGNAGEFOUNDATION.ORG Section 100. Purpose of the Regulations 1. To promote the creation of an attractive visual environment that promotes a healthy economy by: a. Permitting businesses to inform, identify, and communicate effectively; and b. Directing the general public through the use of signs while maintaining attractive and harmonious application of signs on the buildings and sites.

2. To protect and enhance the physical appearance of the community in a lawful manner that recognizes the rights of property owners by: a. Encouraging the appropriate design, scale, and placement of signs. in a series are monotonously uniform. c. Assuring that the information displayed on a sign is clearly visible, conspicuous, legible and readable so that the sign achieves the intended purpose.

3. To foster public safety along public and private streets within the community by assuring that all signs are in safe and appropriate locations.

4. To have administrative review procedures that are the minimum necessary to: businesses. b. Allow for consistent enforcement of the Sign Code. c. Minimize the time required to review a sign application.

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Section 101. Measurement Standards 101.01. Determining Sign Area and Dimensions.

1. For a wall sign which is framed, outlined, painted or otherwise prepared and intended to provide a background for a sign display, the area and dimensions shall include the en- tire portion within such background or frame.

dimensions of the sign shall encompass a regular geometric shape (rectangle, circle, trapezoid, triangle, etc.), or a combination of regular is not part of the architecture of the building. When separate elements are organized to form a single sign, but are separated by open space, the sign area and dimensions shall be calculated by determining the geometric form, or combination of forms, which comprises all of the display areas, including the space between different elements. Minor appendages to a particular regular shape, as determined by

3. For a freestanding sign, the sign area shall include the frame, if any, but shall not include: a. A pole or other structural support unless such pole or structural support is internally illuminated or otherwise so designed to constitute a display device, or a part of a display device. b. Architectural features that are either part of the building or part of a freestanding structure, and not an integral part of the sign, and which may consist of landscaping, building or structural forms complementing the site in general.

04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS 101.02. Determining Sign Height.

1. The height of a freestanding sign shall be measured from the base of the sign or supportive structure at its point of attachment to the ground, to the highest point of the sign. A freestanding sign on a man-made base, including a graded earth mound, shall be measured from the grade of the nearest pavement or top of any pavement curb.

lowest point of the sign, including any framework or other embellishments.

101.03. Determining Building Frontages and Frontage Lengths. determining the permissible sign area for wall signs.

2. Primary and Secondary Frontage - The frontage of any building unit shall include the elevation(s) facing a public street, facing a primary parking area for the building or tenants, or containing the public entrance(s) to the building or building units. a. The primary frontage shall be considered the portion of any frontage containing the primary public entrance(s) to the building or building units. b. The secondary frontage shall include those frontages containing secondary public entrances to the building or building units, and all building walls facing a public street or primary parking area that are not designated as the primary building frontage by subsection “a� above.

More code can be found at: http://www.thesignagefoundation.org/Portals/0/OnPremiseSignRegulations.pdf

4. When two identical sign faces are placed back to back so that both faces cannot be viewed from any point at the same time, and are part of the same sign structure, the sign area shall be computed as the measurement of one of the two faces. When the sign has more than two display sur- faces, the area of the sign shall be the area of largest display surfaces that are visible from any single direction.

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS THE ENDS OF THE BYWAY

and in Oconee County, at exit 1 on Interstate 85 (right). The anticlimactic feeling of arriving at these points could be enhanced by creating a park, landscape feature, and/or interpretive kiosk and signage.

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04 | AESTHETICS - SIGNS POTENTIAL BYWAY TERMINUS IMPROVEMENTS: GAFFNEY, SC

architect to design permanent gateway enhancements, while installing temporary signage in the interim.

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4.3 VIEWSHEDS EXISTING VIEWSHEDS and fruit orchards, the views are a big reason why people drive the Byway.

RECOMMENDATIONS 4.3.1. RETAIN AND HIGHLIGHT VIEWS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND Being able to see farmland, further emphasizes the local agricultural character of the Byway and provides advertising for local farm businesses.

4.3.2. HIGHLIGHT VIEWS OF LAKES AND MOUNTAINS As the Byway crosses a lake, use vegetation, architectural elements, and signage to frame the view of the water and to provide some education about the local watersheds.

(5) development shall avoid having a rear facade oriented towards the road but, if that is unavoidable, the structure shall be set back as far as possible from the road; (6) utilities, storm water management facilities, drainage structures, bridges, lighting, fences, and walls shall be located and designed to have the least impact, be unobtrusive, and harmonize with the surroundings and character of the road; (7) the primary access or entrance to new development shall not be located on a scenic or historic road if any reasonable alternative access is available and, if unavailable, the primary access or entrance shall be located in an area that has the least impact to the scenic or historic qualities of the road; (8) entrance features shall be low, open, and in keeping with the scenic or historic character of the surrounding area; be limited to those minimal improvements required for purposes of safety;

road, reforestation or landscaping shall be required to create a buffer; (Bill No. 3-05)

4.3.3. GREENBELTS Pass legislation to establish a greenbelt. Greenbelts are open tracts of land that create a scenic buffer between developed areas and the surrounding countryside. Most greenbelt ordinances allow only agricultural activities on designated lands - eliminating land speculation and development pressure (Scenic America: http://www.scenic.org/issues/scenic-easements-a-view-protection/strategies-for-protecting-scenicviews-and-vistas).

SAMPLE CODE ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, MD Development along a scenic or historic road shall preserve, maintain, and enhance the scenic or historic character of the landscape historic road. Development along a scenic or historic road shall occur in accordance with the following: (1) structures and roads shall be designed to retain the open character of the site and to minimize the impact of the development on views from the road;

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04 | AESTHETICS - VIEWSHEDS 4.3.4. PRESERVE SIGNIFICANT VEGETATION, + REPLANT WITH NATIVES

04 | AESTHETICS - VIEWSHEDS and information about where the trees are in relation to other resources, such as watersheds. Second, where the ordinance protects trees on private

along the byway. Larger trees can also help to frame views of the landscape and to provide shade along the Byway. Replant with natives to mimic natural succession

MODEL ORDINANCE: PRESERVING VEGETATION SOURCE: WWW.SCENIC.ORG

and general condition. Some communities also promote the protection of durable or aesthetically pleasing trees while offering less protection to trees unusually prone to breakage during wind or ice storms or trees that drop messy fruit (such as Bradford Pears).

KEY ELEMENTS Since every community is different, every ordinance will be different as well. Communities and activists should treat these elements as a guide.

Furthermore, every community should seek the advice of its legal advisors to ensure that the ordinance is within the powers granted to communities under state law.

comply with it. Some communities do not require tree preservation measures if only small parcels are affected or if small numbers of trees are involved.

any one year. disturbing activities . . ."? [1] Or is it to protect historic trees? From a legal standpoint, it is most important that communities clearly state what they want If someone challenges the ordinance in court, the courts will look very closely at this section to determine whether or not subsequent sections serve this purpose.

2. Authority: It is also useful to cite the state enabling legislation that allows communities to protect trees. In doing so, the community acknowledges that

results in the removal of main lateral branches, leaving the trunk of the tree in a stub appearance." [5]

the job to one of four types of agencies: planning and zoning; parks and recreation; public works; or environmental resources. Many communities also have shade tree commissions that, in addition to reviewing and updating the ordinance and related guidelines, may also review applications for permits.

At some point or at some level of discussion, communities will need a professional arborist or forester to assess compliance and provide technical

Landscape Ordinances: An Annotated Reference Handbook, by Buck Abbey.

4. Inventory/Information Requirements: There are two elements to this section. First, communities can and should, regardless of whether they are

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8. Standards: Somewhere, either in the ordinance or in related regulations, the community should make some reference to the standards to which they intend to hold developers and property owners. Communities may either adopt comprehensive standards on their own or refer to accepted professional

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9. Enforcement: Ultimately, after all the decisions of what to protect and how to protect it have been made, to be of any value the ordinance must contain penalties to the actual value of trees destroyed, considering each tree damaged or removed a separate violation, and invoking penalties for each day

With careful planning, with an ordinance containing all of the above ordinances, and most important of all, with vigorous enforcement and implementation,

REFERENCES The most comprehensive review of individual landscaping ordinances is U.S. Landscape Ordinances: An Annotated Reference Handbook, by Buck Abbey. This book can be ordered directly from the publisher, John Wiley & Sons, www.wiley.com.

Several organizations also concern themselves with community tree preservation and landscaping. National organizations include the American Society of Landscape Architects, the National Arbor Day Foundation, the National Tree Trust, and the Society of Municipal Arborists.

4 Chesapeake, Virginia, Land Use Code, Section 22.20-520.

5 San Juan Capistrano, California, City Code, Section 9-3.625.

6 Alachua County, Florida, Ordinance, 91-14, Section 4 (1991).

7 Duerksen, Christopher J. and Richman, Suzanne, Tree Conservation Ordinances, American Planning Association and Scenic America, Washington, DC 1993.

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RECOMMENDATIONS FUNCTION

AESTHETICS

IMPLEMENTATION 5.1 INCENTIVES 5.2 PARTNERSHIPS

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5.1 INCENTIVES

This diagram outlines how Transfer of

Though each County is responsible for maintaining their respective portions of the byway, Picture source: http://www. jamescitycountyva.gov/jccplans/tdr.html

development. It is recommended that each County take steps to regulate development along the Byway and to work with local stakeholders to do so.

According to the Urban Land Institute, the “most successful communities also utilize a variety on government regulations.

Not every successful community displays all of the following characteristics, but most have made use of at least three or four: 1. Have a vision for the future 2. Inventory community assets 4. Use education and incentives, not just regulation 5. Pick and choose among development projects 7. Pay attention to community aesthetics 8. Have strong leaders and committed citizens” (http://plannersweb.com/2013/07/thesecrets-of-successful-communities-part-1/).

sell and bequeath it; borrow money using it as security; construct buildings on it; and mine it; subject to reasonable local land use regulations.

When a landowner sells property, generally all the rights transfer to the buyer. TDR programs allow landowners to separate from their other property rights, and to sell, the right to develop land.

RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1.1. TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS Transfer of development rights (TDR) programs enable the transfer of development potential from one parcel of land to another. TDR programs agricultural land to designated growth zones located closer to municipal services. TDR is also known as transfer of development credits (TDC) and transferable development units (TDU).

The parcel of land where the development rights originate is called the “sending” parcel. When the rights are transferred from the sending parcel, the land is typically protected with a permanent conservation easement. A few localities record transfer documents to track the number protection than a conservation easement because changes in local land use regulations—even if such changes require a comprehensive plan update—could alter the rules for determining the remaining development potential on sites in sending areas.

TDR programs are based on the concept that landowners have a bundle of different property rights, including the right to use the land; lease,

The parcel of land to which the rights are transferred is called the “receiving” parcel. Transferred rights generally allow the purchaser of the rights to build at a higher density than ordinarily permitted by the base zoning on the receiving parcel.

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TDR is most suitable in places where large blocks of land remain in agricultural use. In communities with a fragmented agricultural land development potential to be transferred. Well-planned receiving areas have the infrastructure needed to absorb additional density. They

developed areas to accommodate transferred development potential. Other communities have authorized, or are considering, alternate

protected land or received payments in lieu of transfers. This activity is summarized in the accompanying table. Seventeen programs had not protected any agricultural land to date. Nine programs had been discontinued. As of January 2008, 12 programs had each protected more than 1,000 acres of agricultural land, compared to eight programs during our previous survey. Since 1980, Montgomery County, Maryland, has protected 51,489 acres using TDR, or 40 percent of the agricultural land protected by the programs that responded to our survey (129,810 of the 2000 survey.

requirements and even decreases in residential density.

The most effective TDR programs help facilitate transactions between private landowners and developers. A few programs allow developers to make payments in lieu of actual transfers. The locality then buys conservation easements on land in the sending area, sometimes in partnership with established purchase of agricultural conservation easement (PACE) programs and/or local land trusts. Other programs maintain public lists of TDR sellers and buyers. Some buy and retire rights to stimulate the market and/or reduce overall building potential.

Lastly, at least a dozen communities have established TDR banks that buy development rights with public funds and sell the rights to

Jersey Legislature enacted the State Transfer of Development Rights Act. The State TDR Act authorizes municipalities to develop and participate in intra-municipal and inter-municipal programs. This law also established a formal planning process to enact a TDR ordinance and authorized the State TDR Bank Board to provide planning grants to communities.

TDR programs are distinct from PACE (Purchase of Agricultural Conservation Easement) programs because TDR programs harness private dollars to achieve permanent land protection. TDR programs also differ from PACE programs in that they permit development potential to be transferred to a more appropriate location while PACE programs permanently retire development potential.

Two programs that permit payments in lieu of transfers have received a combined total of more than $1.4 million for agricultural land protection.

FUNCTIONS & PURPOSES TDR programs can be designed to accomplish multiple goals including farmland protection, conservation of environmentally sensitive areas help keep farmland affordable and provide farmland owners with liquid capital that can be used to enhance farm viability.

TDR programs also offer a potential solution to the political and legal problems that many communities face when they try to restrict development of farmland. Landowners may oppose agricultural protection zoning (APZ) and other land use regulations because of their concern that such controls will reduce the value of their land. When more restrictive land use regulations are enacted in conjunction with a TDR program, prior zoning. Selling development rights enables landowners to recapture the equity available under the previous zoning. When downzoning is combined with a TDR program, however, landowners can retain their equity by selling development rights.

HISTORY TDR is used predominantly by counties, towns and townships. The 1981 National Agricultural Lands Study reported that 12 localities had enacted TDR programs to protect farmland and open space, but very few of these programs had been implemented. In the 1980s and 1990s, many local governments adopted TDR ordinances. An American Farmland Trust (AFT) Farmland Information Center (FIC) survey

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05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES ISSUES TO ADDRESS

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES DRAWBACKS

In developing a TDR program, planners must address a variety of technical issues. These issues include: Which agricultural areas should be protected?

What type of transfers should be permitted?

How should development rights be allocated?

Where should development potential be transferred, how should rights be applied, and at what densities?

Should the zoning in the sending area be changed to create more of an incentive for landowners to sell development rights?

Should the zoning in the receiving area be changed to create more of an incentive for developers to buy development rights?

Should the local government buy and sell development rights through a TDR bank?

The pace of transactions depends on the private market for development rights. If the real estate market is depressed, few rights will be sold, and little land will be protected (American Farmland Trust Fact Sheet: http://www.farmland.org/programs/states/wa/ documents/APPENDIXH-Transferofdevelopmentrights.pdf).

EXAMPLE CODE: ISSAQUAH, WA Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) 18.10.2005 Purpose and intent of the transfer of development rights program.

The intent of the TDR program is to transfer density from eligible sending sites to eligible receiving sites through a voluntary process that will: A. Decrease development pressure on critical areas by providing property owners with the opportunity for a reasonable economic return by transferring development rights from parcels with these critical areas to land more suited for urban

Thus, local governments must predict the likely supply of, and demand for, development rights in the real estate market, which determines the price. TDR programs are sometimes created in conjunction with APZ: New construction is restricted in the agricultural zone, and farmers

participation. The process of developing a community vision may help build understanding of TDR and support for farmland protection.

B. Increase the opportunities for providing parks.

D. Allow the transfer of development rights:

BENEFITS OF TDR

receiving site property owner; and 2. Between the City and a sending or receiving site property owner where the City may act as a TDR bank for development

Most TDR programs protect farmland permanently, while keeping it in private ownership.

receiving site.; and, TDR programs are market-driven—private parties pay to protect farmland, and more land is protected when development pressure is high.

TDR programs can accomplish multiple goals, including farmland protection, protection of environmentally sensitive areas, the development of compact urban areas, the promotion of downtown commercial growth and the preservation of historic landmarks.

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18.10.2010 State enabling legislation.

bonuses, cluster housing, planned unit developments, and the transfer of development rights.�

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05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES 18.10.2030 Designation of sending and receiving sites.

Sending sites and receiving sites are established based on their ability to meet the purpose and intent and designation criteria of the TDR program.

A. TDR Sending and Receiving Sites Map: TDR sending and receiving sites are designated by the City on the TDR Sending and Receiving Sites Map.

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES 3. The parcel is a CBD or multifamily zoned property within the Olde Town Design Standards area or located within the 4. The parcel is within the existing development area or established expansion areas of an urban village. Transfer of

agreement.

1. Inside City Limits: The site is privately or publicly owned, and not zoned Tradition PlateauNatural Resource Conservation Area (TP-NRCA), Conservancy-Recreation (C-Rec), Community Facilities-Facilities (CF-F), Community Facilities-Recreation (CF-R), Community Facilities-Open Space (CF-OS), Conservancy-Residential (C-Res) and meets one (1) or more of the following criteria:

to handle the maximum density as set forth in the development agreement. c. The property owner seeking the TDRs shall, as determined by the Master Developer, reimburse the Master

b. The site is contiguous with existing public open space; or c. Retention of all or part of the site in permanent open space will achieve one (1) or more of the goals and policies adopted in the Comprehensive Plan; or d. The site has limited access for vehicular ingress/egress due to critical areas, excessive grade or adjacent

rata share of the costs for entitlement allocation. d. The property owner seeking the TDRs shall mitigate all other increased adverse environmental and other impacts of the additional TDRs D. TDR Map Amendments: 1. Adding a Sending Site: A proposal to add a sending site to the TDR Sending and Receiving Sites Map shall be reviewed as a land use code amendment, Level 1 Review (IMC 18.04.330-360). Review and decisions shall be made

e. The site is located adjacent to a creek side restoration site; or 2. Outside City Limits: Through an interlocal agreement with King County, the City will set criteria for privately owned TDR sending sites outside the City limits, consistent with the provisions of an Interlocal TDR Agreement.

2. Adding a Receiving Site: a proposal to add a receiving site to the TDR Sending and Receiving Sites Map shall be reviewed as a land use code amendment, Level 3 Review (IMC 18.04.410-450). Reviews and decisions shall be made

NW Sammamish Road, NW Maple Street, East Lake Sammamish Parkway (ELSP), SE 56th Street to one thousand two

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05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES 5.1.2. CONSERVATION EASEMENTS

HOW HAVE OTHER COMMUNITIES IMPLEMENTED TDR?

The most traditional tool for conserving private land, a “conservation easement” (also known as a conservation restriction) is a legal agreement between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that permanently limits uses of the land in order to protect its conservation values.

It allows landowners to continue to own and use their land, and they can also sell it or pass it on to heirs (Land Trust Alliance: http://www. landtrustalliance.org/conservation/landowners/conservation-easements).

CASE STUDY: HIGHLANDS, NJ Development of the Highlands TDR program has been framed by the TDR provision of the Highlands Act, the applicable requirements of the State TDR legal precedents addressing relevant aspects of any potential TDR program, and, of course, public input. Within this frame of reference, the Highlands Council has undertaken a number of activities to gather and analyze information for development of the Highlands TDR Program. These activities include: Reviewing all relevant statutory provisions and outlining statutory requirements;

trust (Land Trust Alliance: http://www.landtrustalliance.org/conservation/landowners/conservation-easements).

or a portion of the property, and need not require public access (Land Trust Alliance: http://www.landtrustalliance.org/conservation/landowners/ conservation-easements).

QUALIFYING FOR A TAX DEDUCTION

both within and without New Jersey for

charitable donation. Easement values vary greatly; in general, the highest easement values result from very restrictive conservation easements on tracts of developable open space under intense development pressure. In some jurisdictions, placing an easement on your property may

TDR program purposes and goals; Utilizing stakeholder groups and Technical Advisory Committee (“TAC”) meetings to

REDUCING ESTATE TAXES

opportunities; and Holding TDR Committee meetings open to the public to discuss proposed program elements.

Website: http://www.highlands.state.nj.us/ njhighlands/master/tdr/#5

Trust Alliance: http://www.landtrustalliance.org/conservation/landowners/conservation-easements).

http://photos.nj.com/photogallery/2011/04/highlands_nj.html

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05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES CONSERVATION ISSUES

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - INCENTIVES SC is not alone on this issue. Our sister states have recognized that we all share in this matter and they have taken steps to try to get back

diversity. The Upstate, Piedmont, and Lowcountry make South Carolina a very unique and special place. This high quality of life and distinct natural beauty attracts millions of visitors and new residents alike every year. It is no wonder that the face of our state is rapidly changing.

productivity, and inventory of open lands. Quality of life ranks high among the reasons people choose to invest in moving to South Carolina, yet the land on which this quality of life depends is a limited commodity.

South Carolina is one of the fastest growing states in the United States and in the Southeast. A report by Rutgers University indicated that over 100,000 acres per year were converted to urban use. The same report shows that the growth Rate from 1982 to 1992 was only 40,000 acres per year. Consider just a few of the following facts:

Florida has spent $300 million per year since 1990 on land.

North Carolina is spending $30 million per year on land.

Georgia is spending $30 million per year on land.

New Jersey is spending $98 million per year on land.

Maryland is spending $140 million over 5 years on land.

Conservation of our natural and historical resources is no longer an option if we are to continue to be a special place. In the face of dramatic challenge, we must have a shared vision and clear objectives. To enhance quality of life and to maintain our South Carolina heritage, we must sustain a land base consisting of areas that are publicly owned and managed, as well as private farms and forests where strategies allow natural resources to be managed and conserved while maintaining the cultural and economic values that are important to us all.

Locally, Upstate Forever is an organization that addresses conservation needs in the Upstate and is a great partner for the Byway.

5.1.3. LAND PURCHASE

SC is growing by 130 people per day.

Farmland acreage has dropped by 34% since 1954.

SC ranks 14th nationally in trip destinations.

29 million visitors come to SC annually.

Tourists spend $1.9 billion annually in SC.

permanently protect scenic vistas and viewsheds from development. One method of accomplishing this is to establish a land trust. Land trusts

www.scenic.org/issues/scenic-easements-a-view-protection/strategies-for-protecting-scenic-views-and-vistas). The Naturaland Trust is one local partner that uses land purchases.

SC currently has 4.5 million acres of wetlands.

Since 1978, the amount of corporate WMA land has decreased by over 50%.

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5.1.4. CONSERVATION SUBDIVISIONS According to the Smart Communities Network: Conservation Subdivision Design (CSD) is a green development strategy that can help communities preserve open space and natural areas in residential housing developments. By reformulating the approach to conventional subdivision design, CSD strategically concentrates home construction on the development site in order to protect sensitive and valuable open space, habitat, and other environmental resources. A study

Protected wildlife habitat Reduced infrastructure construction costs Reduced maintenance costs Reduced demand for publicly funded greenspace Means for expanding public trails and greenways

trail before development.

Conservation Subdivision (14 lots >14% preservation)

Resource: http://www.mass.gov/envir/smart_growth_toolkit/pages/mod-osrd.html

The following resources provide access to articles and research papers, project examples, and model ordinances that are designed to help communities modify zoning laws in order to

Concentrate Development and Mix Uses By following the guidelines, and keeping subdivisions subtle, new development can compliment rather than detract from the Parkway. Existing topography and vegetation play a key role in siting new development. (A Neighbor’s Guide to the Blue Ridge Parkway)

http://www.smartcommunities. ncat.org/greendev/subdivision. shtml

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Two-acre zoning; conventional subdivision (34 lots, no preservation)

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Protect Land and Ecosystems Plan Regionally Expand Housing Opportunities

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5.1.5. TAX INCENTIVES AND/OR GRANTS credit.

the Byway. Grants for signage, planting, and/or architecture elements could also encourage wanted development.

FEDERAL PRESERVATION PROGRAM NOTES

programs. The program fosters private sector rehabilitation of historic buildings and promotes economic revitalization. It also provides a are available for buildings that are National Historic Landmarks, are listed in the National Register, and that contribute to National Register Historic Districts and certain state or local historic districts. Properties must be income-producing and must be rehabilitated according to standards set by the Secretary of the Interior.

Jointly managed by the National Park Service (NPS) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in partnership with State Historic Preservation

individually or as a contributing building in a National Register historic district, or as a contributing building within a local historic district

by the NPS as being consistent with the historic character of the property and, where applicable, the historic district in which it is located.

buildings rehabilitated for non-residential uses. Rental housing would thus not qualify. Hotels, however, do qualify, as they are considered to be in commercial use, not residential.

became aligned with national historic preservation policy to encourage voluntary, private sector investment in preserving historic buildings. historic properties, including the creation of nearly 185,000 housing units, of which over 75,000 are low and moderate-income units.

The implementation of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) 2005 presents an opportunity for developers to convert historic military

only one applies to a given project and the two cannot be combined to be used on the same project. Which credit applies depends on the

non-residential buildings built before 1936.

For both credits, the rehabilitation must be substantial and must involve a depreciable building. The substantial rehabilitation test means

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5.1.6. AWARDS PROGRAM / DESIGN REVIEW BOARD

5.2 PARTNERSHIPS

businesses and developers to understand the impact of their choices on the entire Byway network. These Review Boards should be made up of local residents, business owners, and representatives from partner organizations and municipalities.

No one person or group can manage the Byway on their own. It will take joint efforts from each county, stakeholder, land owner, and organization to work together to ensure that the Byway is protected.

As an incentive to participate in a Design Review process, businesses and land owners can compete for prizes or cash rewards for implementing best practices adjacent to the Byway as they relate to preservation, viewsheds, wildlife management, water quality, etc.

RECOMMENDATIONS 5.2.1. ENGAGE LOCAL LAND OWNERS The local land owners are the most important stakeholders for the Byway, because they live along the Byway, travel the Byway daily, and make choices the affect how others interact with the Byway. Each County and associated group should work with land owners to implement

PRECEDENT REVIEW BOARD: ALBEMARLE COUNTY, VIRGINIA

5.2.2. BUILD REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS HOW THE ARB CONDUCTS REVIEWS The ARB process typically consists of a Preliminary Review and a Final Review. The Board conducts both reviews in the following manner: 1. Application form: Applicants submit an application form, checklist, and submittal materials. Forms and checklists can be found online. (See the back of this brochure for on-line help.)

2. Schedule: The ARB follows a standard submission and review schedule, which is available on-line. After a complete application has 3. Review period: There is a review period of approximately 6 weeks between submittal day and meeting day. During this period, staff prepares a report and recommendations based on the EC Design Guidelines. The report is emailed to the applicant one week prior to the meeting.

4.

McIntire Road. Tentative agendas are available approximately one week prior to meeting day.

5. Board review and action: The Board provides comments and recommendations or issues an approval or denial at the meeting. The action depends on the type of review conducted and the particulars of the proposal.

6.

7. *Some projects can be reviewed by staff without review by the ARB. Go to www.albemarle.org for more information.

Source: http://www.albemarle.org/upload/images/Forms_Center/Departments/Community_Development/Forms/ARB_Applications/ARB_ Brochure_June_2010.pdf

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The regional partners are the groups that can help local land owners and Counties implement strategies such as conservation easements, land purchases, or trail systems and bikeways. The following are groups that already work with the Byway or that could be great partners in the future: Upstate Forever Naturaland Trust Palmetto Cycling Coalition Eat Smart, Move More SC LiveWell Greenville South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Urban Land Institute (ULI) National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Your Town Program

5.2.3. IDENTIFY VARIOUS FUNDING SOURCES Each County and stakeholder should seek out funding sources for implementation of these Design Guidelines, including National, State, and local funding streams. This funding may include private conservation grants, small business grants, and/or healthy living grants for trails and bikeways. See Funding Sources, page 123.

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121

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - PARTNERSHIPS

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - PARTNERSHIPS POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES:

WEBSITE: HTTP://SCCBANK.

STATEFOREVER.ORG/

SC.GOV/

South Carolina State Conservation Bank

THE SC RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AUTHORITY (RIA) WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.RIA.

WEBSITE: HTTP://EATSMARTWEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.UP-

CONSERVATION RESOURCES:

MOVEMORESC.ORG/

http://sccbank.sc.gov

Upstate Forever http://www.upstateforever.org/

SC.GOV/WHAT-WE-DO/

Naturaland Trust

FHWA TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.FHWA.

http://www.naturalandtrust.org/

Department of Natural Resources

DOT.GOV/ENVIRONMENT/TRANSPORTATION_ALTERNATIVES/

WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.NATURALANDTRUST.ORG/

WEBSITE: HTTP://ULI.ORG/

WEBSITE: HTTP://LIVEWELL-

http://www.dnr.sc.gov/conservation. html

RECREATIONAL TRAILS WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.FHWA.

GREENVILLE.ORG/

DOT.GOV/ENVIRONMENT/RECREATIONAL_TRAILS/

EPA SMART GROWTH PROGRAM WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/ LIVABILITY/INDEX.HTM

WEBSITE: HTTP://PCCSC.NET/

DESIGN GUIDELINES

WEBSITE: HTTP://ARTS.GOV/ GRANTS-ORGANIZATIONS/OURTOWN

Communities along the Byway can leverage

WEBSITE: HTTP://SCDNR.COM

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

together to protect the future of the Byway.

122

DESIGN GUIDELINES

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123

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - PARTNERSHIPS 5.2.4. CREATE A “FRIENDS OF THE BYWAY� GROUP

05 | IMPLEMENTATION - PARTNERSHIPS 5.2.7. RE-ESTABLISH THE CHEROKEE FOOTHILLS NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAY COMMITTEE

A Friends of the Byway organization should also be established to manage funds, websites, and overall Byway initiatives.

is meant to be open, inclusive and representative of byway communities, residents and businesses. To ensure a variety of skill sets, the committee should include the following foundational representatives:

Every spring the Pennsylvania Wilds Planning Team recognizes individuals, groups, organizations, communities or businesses that have helped the area.

Representative from each county planning department within the byway Representative from each municipality along the byway Representative from a local destination marketing organization Representative from a local chamber Interested citizens, businesses and support organizations

5.2.5. PROVIDE BYWAY BRANDING ASSISTANCE

Role of Committees:

instance, businesses that adopt part of the byway to keep it clean can receive signage design or funding assistance.

Serve as the leadership group of the individual byway

5.2.6 PARTNER WITH SCDOT IN APPLYING FOR USBRS

Promote continuity of standards across county boundaries In order to provide an adequate level of bicycle access on scenic byways, local municipalities should work with SCDOT to apply for recognition Periodically evaluate the work of the committee Elect a representative annually to serve on the South Carolina Byway Advisory Council (explanation below) it to the rest of the growing national bike corridor network.

5.2.8. ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA SCENIC BYWAY ADVISORY COUNCIL (SBAC) This body will ensure that stakeholders, landowners, resource managers and local decision-makers at the state and local level have greater ability to guide decisions important to the health and vitality of byways. After thoughtful collaboration, the SBAC will speak with one voice on agreed upon issues relevant to statewide byway protection and promotion.

The SBAC will be committed to working together in a systematic and multi-layered approach. Although this plan only calls for the establishment of four National Scenic Byway Committees, designated State Scenic Byways are encouraged to follow the recommendations of committee roles and responsibilities to establish their own State Scenic Byway Committees (one per byway). Those who choose to follow this model may elect a representative to sit on the SBAC.

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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05 | IMPLEMENTATION - PARTNERSHIPS

06 | NEXT STEPS

The composition of the SBAC ensures representation of individual byways as well as the vital support industries of preservation, conservation, tourism and economic development, and includes the following: An elected representative from each of the four national scenic byways An elected representative from each active state scenic byway committee Chairman of the Scenic Byways Committee SC Secretary of Transportation or his designee Two (2) representatives of environmental organizations (i.e. Coastal Conservation League, Upstate Forever, SC Wildlife Federation) Two (2) representatives of state-wide tourism organizations (i.e. SC National Heritage Corridor, SC Restaurant and Lodging Association, SC Nature-Based Tourism Association) Two (2) representatives of historic and cultural organizations (i.e., Historic Charleston Foundation, the Cherokee Nation, Palmetto Trust for Historic Preservation) Role of Advisory Council: Advance policy to protect and promote SC National and State Scenic Byways Establish an integrated and systematic approach to SC Scenic Byway development and promotion

Here is your country Do not let anyone take it or its glory away from you

Provide a collective voice for issues relevant to the sustainability of SC Byways Elect a chair or co-chairs annually to guide the work of the Council

Your country of its beauty, its riches or its romance.

The world and the future and your very children shall Judge you according as you deal with this sacred trust.

For this structure to be of value, open communication and coordination between individual Scenic Byway Committees and the Scenic Byway Council is vital. The potential support of the SBAC will only be as strong as the individual Byway Committees and their willingness to work collaboratively and systematically through their elected representative to the SBAC. Once a system is established, it is recommended that the SBAC create a standard annual reporting process for all SC Byway Committees to the SBAC. This will encourage timely and consistent communication for the work of the SBAC. Although the committees can function without a state managed Scenic Byway Coordinator, it is recommended that SCDOT establish this position to support the investment of time and resources from countless volunteers and local governments. This position will bridge the work of all local communities and the state and also provide a cohesive and coordinated approach

-Theodore Roosevelt

Aunt Sue’s is one example of a local stakeholder that should be engaged as part of a public involvement and feedback process.

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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06 | NEXT STEPS RAISE AWARENESS

APPENDIX A - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS

Install updated signage with the Byway logo; distribute this Guide as well as the Corridor

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

the stakeholders so that they can begin to take charge of the future of the Byway.

INCREASE PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

connecting the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina to the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia; stunning views, abundant hiking trails, picnic areas, campsites,

stakeholders know the most about each section of the Byway and can, therefore, provide insight into the potential for collaboration and advancement.

blueridgeparkway.org/v.php?pg=7).

Website: www.blueridgeparkway.org

FUNDING

CAROLINA THREAD TRAIL

Create a “Friends of the Byway” organization to raise funding and apply for grants that can be used to provide signage for local businesses, fund land purchases, and to build greenways along the Byway.

network of greenways, trails and blueways that reaches 15 counties, 2 states and 2.3 million people. There are 223 miles of The Thread open to the public – linking people, places, cities, towns and attractions. The Thread preserves our natural areas and is a place for

COUNTY GUIDELINES Using this guide as a conversation starter, each County should work with local stake holders (through workshops and meetings) to create suggested design regulations that match the character of the local environment. Proposed code should be presented to County Council

a community and conservation legacy that will give so much, to so many, for so long (http:// www.carolinathreadtrail.org/).

recommendations should be added to these Guidelines to be used as a reference for neighboring Counties.

The Overmountain Victory Trail and the Foothills Trail are two examples of associated destination routes that can share tourism

Website: www.carolinathreadtrail.org

OVERMOUNTAIN VICTORY TRAIL The Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail commemorates the campaign leading to the battle of Kings Mountain by following the Revolutionary War route of Patriot militia men from Keowee-Toxaway State Park. Image Source: http://ctrinkley.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/ keowee-toxaway-state-park/

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Kings Mountain National Military Park in South Carolina.

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APPENDIX A - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS

APPENDIX A - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS PALMETTO TRAIL Imagine more than 425 miles of hiking and bicycling paths beside lakes, across mountain

are established through agreements with current landowners, and often have overlapping beauty and local color of South Carolina? historic-trail).

project and will run from the mountains to the sea.This federally designated Millennium Legacy Trail is the signature project of the Palmetto Conservation Foundation. It is one of only 16 cross-state trails in the United States.

Sections of the foot trail are being developed, but you can drive the South Carolina part of the route by using the highways and county roads of Spartanburg, Cherokee, and York counties. Start from the North Carolina/South Carolina border at the junction of Spartanburg County, Parris Bridge Road (S-42-58) and Mahaffey Cooley Rd. (S-42-215) near Chesnee, letters/numbers. County maps, which show all county roads are not necessary, but helpful if you were to get lost.

The Palmetto Trail is two-thirds complete with nearly 290 miles open to the public.The trail is being built as a series of “passages.� Each of the passages open are accessible for single-day or multi-day trips. Eventually the trail will form a spine for a network of trails and bikeways in South Carolina. The Pickens County portion of the trail can be accessed at Table Rock State Park (Pickens County).

Website: http://www.nps.gov/ovvi

Website: http://www.palmettoconservation.org/aboutthetrail.asp

FOOTHILLS TRAIL Oconee State Park in the west. Its route takes the hiker through the heart of the Jocassee Gorges tract, to mountain crests with scenic views, to shady gorges and coves with special botanical features. Along its route the Foothills Trail crosses or follows most of the major streams and rivers of the Jocassee Gorges and adjacent conservation lands including Eastatoe Creek,

JOCASSEE GORGES SCENIC DRIVING TOUR The Jocassee Gorges tract is a large and rugged forested area characterized by various forest community types, swift mountain streams, waterfall settings, rare plant habitats, dry rocky ridges, and moist dripping rock faces that combine to give the area its unique biological character and scenic beauty. Much of this area is wild and has limited access for the casual visitor. The SC Department of Natural Resources will send you a brochure describing a driving tour of the Jocassee Gorges area. Space does not permit detailed directions in this article, but the following will give you an idea of the 70-mile drive. The tour begins and ends in Pickens County and crosses into North Carolina, and will take a full day if you make every stop. If

Whitewater River, East Fork Creek, and Chattooga River, among others. The Foothills Trail Conference coordinates activities associated with the Foothills Trail. For information about the trail, purchasing a guidebook, and/ or membership in the Conference, write to The Foothills 467-9537 (Pickens County).

Website: http://www.foothillstrail.org/

DESIGN GUIDELINES

cross into North Carolina, you can park at different locations and walk short distances to view

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APPENDIX A - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS

APPENDIX A - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAILS The City of Clemson and Clemson University are intimately linked by their history, a history that should be voiced and shared through the community by its citizens. The Pickens, Oconee, and Anderson areas are naturally interconnected by the Clemson campus. The Green Crescent Trail can help further tie the community together and promote cultural awareness. The Green Crescent Trail brings together the surrounding communities by offering different avenues of common interests in the Upstate of South Carolina. It encourages interaction and socialization

Carolina, including Pinnacle Mountain.

Lake Jocassee, Lower Whitewater Falls, and another stunning view of the Jocassee Gorges.

Continue to Devils Fork State Park on the banks of Lake Jocassee. Then visit Keowee-

trail will offer multiple means of sustainable transportation and recreation that will appeal to

Webiste: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/managed/wild/jocassee/

GREEN CRESCENT different physical activities by location, but will also tie a multicultural society together. It offers a hub of connectivity that will be available for the entire community to embrace. (https://sites. google.com/a/g.clemson.edu/green-crescent-trail/connectivity).

Watch this video for more information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfSQ2u69Ue8 Website: https://sites.google.com/a/g.clemson.edu/green-crescent-trail/

The Green Crescent trail connects Clemson University to the Northern and Southern sections of the experimental forest and beyond. Image Source: https://sites.google. com/a/g.clemson.edu/green-crescent-trail/ connectivity Image Source: (http://www.jocasseelaketours.com/index.php/adventures-top-menu/ mountain-tours).

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

UPCOUNTRY SOUTH CAROLINA

HIGHWAY 11

To Asheville

Brevard B LU

K E RIDG E PAR

N O R T H

WAY

Hendersonville

Tryon

To Charlotte

C A R O L I N A

85

Landrum MOUNTAIN BRIDGE WILDERNESS AREA UD MIDDLE SAL A

Cashiers

RIVE NA R TI ON AL

an

IL D

CHA U

NAT I

CHATT OO GA

FOREST CH E

RIVER

EA S A TO

E

H

32

Pendleton

85

LAKE HARTWELL SAV ANNAH

GEORGIA

11

SC E NIC

182

Y

RI VER NA HI GHW TIO A NA

178

187

Fair Play

11

0

Scale

1 4

243

28 21

19

CROFT

Pacolet

56 STATE PARK

221

146

Simpsonville

215

E

Woodruff

Boston

(980 miles)

Fountain Inn

56 26

New York

IV ER

Chicago

(750 miles)

Cleveland

(710 miles)

Philadelphia

(610 miles)

(650 miles)

Washington (515 miles)

146 Richmond (405 miles)

Pelzer

418

MUSGROVE MILL STATE 56 HISTORIC SITE

Greenville

Approximate Mileages from Greenville, SC

81 25

Jacksonville

29

14

Belton

28

(400 miles)

247

N

76

24

4

8 Miles

Roebuck

Williamston

L

24 11

211 176

27

76

59 LAKE HARTWELL STATE PARK

West Pelzer

105

SO

14

385

D OA BR

SC BOTANICAL GARDEN

59

185

Piedmont

34

R VE RI

Seneca

24

35

81

18

9

417

30

T LE CO PA

123

88

276

150

22

146

Mauldin Toll

20 86

Clemson

123

81

8

123

46B

25

Cowpens

R

Central

SOUTH COVE PARK

44

40

5 RIV ER

Spartanburg

290

296

51 35

48

Gaffney

R

11

Westminster

42

Norris

46A

85

KINGS MOUNTAIN NATIONAL MILITARY PARK KINGS MOUNTAIN STATE PARK

Blacksburg

G

93

185

R RIV E

CHAU RAM PARK

153

60

95

92

21

63

102 29

329

29

2A/B

101

56

85

150

110

78

6

4 5A/B

TY

137

133

28 76

385

146

Liberty

85

85

585

105

H UT

130

Walhalla

Six Mile

72 18

66 BMW Zentrum

GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG INT’ L AIRPORT

Greenville

123 DUKE ENERGY'S WORLD OF ENERGY

70 R

Wellford 14

29

25

R GE TY

28

Easley

8

276

H

183

MILE CREEK PARK

11 OCONEE STATION STATE PARK LAKE KEOWEE ISSAQUEENA 183 HIGH FALLS FALLS PARK

183

STUMPHOUSE TUNNEL

ER RIV

Dacusville 135

Pickens

75

RI VE

BUS.

R

253

221

292

Lyman

Greer

290

PARIS MOUNTAIN STATE PARK

Travelers Rest

186

133

Salem

188

TER SUM

8

9

26

198

11

COWPENS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD

LAKE BLALOCK

Inman

LAKE CUNNINGHAM

LAKE ROBINSON

EE

176

18

221 ALTERNATE

Chesnee

LAKE BOWEN

VE RI

HILLS FOOT

E

276

R IV ER

GA

E KE RO

Sunset

11

25

Pumpkintown

KEOWEE TOXAWAY STATE PARK

130

OCONEE STATE PARK

28 193

N

L ONA TI

101

221

11

Campobello

Gowensville

14

Marietta

288

ER

CAMPBELL’S COVERED BRIDGE

414

EDY RE

Long Creek

Mountain Rest

TA

AY HW IG

DA

196

R VE RI

178

ENIC SC

Cleveland

TABLE ROCK STATE PARK 11

SASSAFRAS MTN

SA LU

W

AL ON

d

IC EN SC

LAKE JOCASSEE

DEVILS FORK STATE PARK

107

Clayton

FOOTHILLS TRAIL

R NO

BAD CREEK

CAESARS HEAD STATE PARK

MIDDLE TY G

11

RT NO

WALHALLA FISH HATCHERY

PLEASANT RIDGE PARK

ER

UPPER WHITEWATER FALLS LOWER WHITEWATER FALLS

JONES GAP STATE PARK

R IV

Highlands

POINSETT BRIDGE

25

RAVEN CLIFF FALLS

New 9 Prospect

178

Anderson

178

187

76

Orlando

(550 miles)

Copyright © 2009 Map Center Services

Honea Path 76

To Columbia

26

www.mapcenterservices.com

Miami

(760 miles)

29

MAP LEGEND

To Atlanta

Parks 85

Waterfalls

54

SC Welcome Centers Interstate Highways US Highways State Roads Toll Road Foothills Trail Interstate Exits

SADLER’S CREEK STATE PARK

81 28

412 181

413

85

77

385 Anderson

North Augusta

Iva 184

Spartanburg

Greenville

Starr

Florence

26

Columbia

501

20 Myrtle Beach

81

301

95

Please visit the South Carolina Welcome Centers for traveler assistance.

17

Hilton Head

Charleston

Anderson Atlanta, GA Charleston Charlotte, NC Clemson Columbia Gaffney Greenville Hilton Head Island Myrtle Beach Pickens Spartanburg Walhalla

•

g d ch bur la ton te n ia y ille Hea Bea on ers nta rles rlot mso mb ffne env ton rtle kens rtan lhal And Atla Cha Cha Cle Colu Ga Gre Hil My Pic Spa Wa 122 217 127 18 117 81

30 223 258 32

61 35

122 • 286 241 124 215 193 145 292 354 146 170 120 217 286

•

200 235 112 209 210 108 94 234 201 252

127 241 200 • 18 124 235 122

122 92 50 •

133 81

92 262 174 112 71 138 30 241 272 19

61 16

117 215 112 92 133 •

96 101 164 143 121 93 147

81 193 209 50

81

•

51 255 215 71

20 97

30 145 210 92

30 101 51

• 260 242 20

31 46

96

223 292 108 262 241 164 255 260

•

203 280 253 257

258 354 94 174 272 143 215 242 203 • 262 223 288 32 146 234 112 19 121 71

20 280 262

61 170 201 71

93 20

31 253 223 51

•

77

35 120 252 138 16 147 97

46 257 288 26

77

•

61

•

51 26

Map Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byways/byways/2161/maps

http://www.upcountrysc.com/explore-discover/Area_Map.aspx

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

FOOTHILLS TRAIL

THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

The Foothills Trail. Map Source: http://www.foothillstrail.org/ Just over 30 miles away, the Blue Ridge Parkway and the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway can target many of the same visitors. Map Source: http://northcarolinahikes.blogspot.com/2012/05/blue-ridge-parkway.html

DESIGN GUIDELINES

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

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APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

JOCASSEE Sa

il

C liff

Footh

Raven

1600

35°4’0"N

2400

3000

T

oa

ad

24 00

e R o

g R id g

35°3’0"N

o ad

22 00

m

35°1’0"N

R Pige n G ap

1400

28 00

Gap

g

L on

12 00

1400

tt

1000

a R a ch

1200

el C r eek

C re

ory

Bi

35°0’0"N

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35°2’0"N

3000

ad R

ol

l r

or y

T o

Em

H

tt

er

00 26

Ad mp

Em

10 00

t tl

e

12 00 1200

34°59’0"N

ek

Cre ith

Sm

p

T 00 16

1600

Brown Mtn

1400

Cov

Twe

Chapman Mtn r eek e C

k lv e

1200

mile

Cree

14 00

00 14

34°58’0"N

S m ith Cre ek

oa d

R n t a in

M ou ll

we Ho 1000

14 00

1200

ll B r an ch

we Je

1600

14 00

C re e k

Br r

ha

O rc

ch

P ea

Ca

Cr C ov e

pm ha ch

an

k

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1200

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14 00

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gs

ra

1200

00

1200

Camping

00

Open

SC State Park

Seasonal

178

Road Classification

Fishing Access

NC State Park

Wildlife Management Area

1400

Reece Mtn

Fire Station

Waterfall Elevation Point Mountain1000

County Boundary

Other

Point of Interest

Report violations such as abuse, dumping, out-of-season 1000 hunting, plant thefts, vandalism, etc.. Adam s Please call 1-800-922-5431 (available 24 hours/day, everyday).1000

Heritage Preserve

No Trespassing

1200

1200

US Highway State Primary Highway Secondary Highway Road/Street

Contour Interval 200 Feet 50 Feet

Power line Water Body

10 00

Closed

Jocassee Gorges

Hiking Trail Kiosk Location Parking

1200

1400

1000

12

Access Roads

10

00

C

Carlton Mtn

Boat Ramp k

Overlook

al

s Emergency - 12911 00 Creek Local Peach Sheriff: 864-898-5500 Orchard DNR Law Mtn Enforcement: 1-800-922-5431 Forest Fire Dispatch: 1-800-777-3473 1400 Report Litter Violations: 1-877-7LITTER

1200

1400

ho

S

Br anc h re ek C alif orni a C

1400

00 12

il l

ng

r h C nc

ee

00

Cedar Creek Mtn

00

34°57’0"N

Gate/Access Allowed Gate/No Access

B

00

1600

Rocky Bald Mtn

12

Boundaries 12

Turkey Cock 1400 Mtn

Cedar Rock Meters Mtn

Property Features

34°56’0"N

3,000

00

1200

12

1,500

00

16 00

750

1200

Jim Timmerman Natural Resources Area at Jocassee Gorges

12

2

Turner Hill 1200

16 00

1

Miles 0

rk

B

1600

k

0.5

1600

s tat o e

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3000

3400 2800

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2600

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1800

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C h uck y B ra n

12

C ree

00

00

1600

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Little Pink Mtn

k

ge

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16

1200

00

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re

10 00

35°5’0"N

ls

3000

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1600

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2800

g

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Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

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Jocassee. Map Source: https://www.dnr.sc.gov/ml_images/docs/jocasseemap.pdf

local businesses. Map Source: A Comprehensive Management, Branding and Marketing Strategy for South Carolina’s National Scenic Byway:: The University of South Carolina

DESIGN GUIDELINES

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This map indicates many of the regional destinations that can be accessed from the CFNSB. The thicker brown lines indicate more travelers, and therefore more economic revenue. By increasing the scenic and recreational value of High-

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DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

139

APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

APPENDIX B - ASSOCIATED ROUTES + TRAIL MAPS

THE PALMETTO TRAIL Blue Ridge Electric Co-op Passage of the Palmetto Trail 36 000m.E

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(J o c a s s40e e G o r41g e s ) 39

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CONSERVATION AREAS

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42

43 Palmetto Trail

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44 000m.E

InformationKiosk

Pinnacle Pavilion

US Highway

TRSP Trailhead

Bridge

SC Highway

US178 Trailhead

Waterfall

Parking

Supplies

Primitive Camping

Admission

Fee Camping

Restrooms

Mile Marker

Secondary Road Unpaved Road Jocassee Gorges Table Rock SP

There are currently 60 properties (6 withdrawn) in the Piedmont Region of South Carolina.

The numbers on the map and the Tract Names below can be clicked to open more information about the corresponding property. Source: http://sccbank.sc.gov/grantspiedmont.html

Just one section of the Palmetto Trail, the Jocassee Gorges section is directly adjacent to the Byway.

Map Source: http://www.palmettoconservation.org/maps/JocasseeWebMap.pdf

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

140

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

141

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS COMMUNITY ASSETS/DESTINATIONS

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

OCONEE COUNTY

location for vacationers. There are also a couple cabin-tents available for rent that have charming views of the lake. The campsites are spread

CHATTOOGA RIVER

activities (Oconee County).

southwest forming the border between Georgia and Oconee County, South Carolina, ending at Lake Tugaloo, dropping from 3,000 feet to

MUSEUM OF THE CHEROKEE IN SOUTH CAROLINA

Savannah River.

maintained in its natural state for the use and pleasure of current and future generations since there were so few beautiful, untouched rivers left, particularly in the Southeast. Under the management of the U.S. Forest Service, the area is strictly monitored and regulated to ensure its continuance as a place of natural beauty (Oconee County).

LAKE KEOWEE Located just 45 miles from Greenville, South Carolina, Lake Keowee provides a majestic view, beautiful freshwater lakes, and mountain views.

The lake is located close to the small town of Seneca in the northwest corner of South Carolina. Lake Keowee consists of about 18,000 acres

STUMPHOUSE TUNNEL PARK AND ISSAQUEENA FALLS Located about 7 miles northwest of Walhalla on Hyw 28, the 1,617 foot long Stumphouse Tunnel is an oddity. Started in 1852 to connect

will be on view as display cases are installed. Funded through grants and donations, the Museum has been under construction for several years. Efforts of numerous volunteers have made this dream a reality. For more information, to volunteer and/or to support this project, contact Luther Lyle, director and curator by emailing: lutherlyle@bellsouth.net.

DEVILS FORK STATE PARK The mountain spring-fed Lake Jocassee encompassed by the Jocassee Gorges, waterfalls accessible only by boat and some of the best South The land around 7,500-acre Lake Jocassee remains mostly undeveloped and the only public access point to the lake is through Devils Fork.

Plus, the unusually clear water of Lake Jocassee is a haven for scuba divers and swimmers. During the spring months, hikers on the two

CALYX FARMS

various efforts by the Blue Ridge Railroad to revive the tunnel, none of them came to pass and it stands today as a monument to the efforts of hills. condensation and the tunnel is usually wet (Oconee County). Potential plans are being developed for a bike trail. farm-like setting located right along the South Carolina National Heritage Corridor route both welcomes and charms our visitors. Our tranquil

LAKE HARTWELL STATE RECREATION AREA shoreline) and most popular public recreation lakes. The Park has 680 acres with 14 miles of shoreline and is a popular destination for

THREE PINES VIEW BED AND BREAKFAST

DESIGN GUIDELINES

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

142

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

143

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

winning Three Pines View boutique lodge located in the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains in Salem, SC. We are also convenient to Jocassee Lake, Lake Keowee, Greenville SC, Clemson SC , Asheville NC, Highlands, Cashiers NC and Atlanta GA. Your Green Vacation Getaway features: healthy living, organic fresh foods from our gardens, gourmet breakfast, spectacular mountain views, and much more (http://www. threepinesview.com/).

Rock Mountain. The Cherokee Foothills Visitors Center is part of Table Rock State Part and is near the main gate along S.C. 11, the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Highway (Pickens County).

WALHALLA STATE FISH HATCHERY (WSFH)

Parlor that houses several local small businesses.

supervision of the hatchery was transferred from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.

The ice cream parlor and restaurant offers delicious soups, sandwiches, ice cream, home-made fudge and cobblers. Friday Nights we invite you to come and join us for our famous Seafood Buffet where you are bound to hear good, toe tapping, live, entertainment from local area bands. com/).

WSFH raises brown, brook and rainbow trout for stocking the public waters of South Carolina. Most of the trout are cultured to a catchable size and stocked annually by the WSFH. Very large trout (5-15 pounds) are also kept at the Hatchery on display for the public viewing enjoyment (http://hatcheries.dnr.sc.gov/walhalla/).

PICKENS COUNTY

LAUREL MOUNTAIN INN Convenient to Table Rock State Park (just across the street), this clean, comfortable motel.

LAKE KEOWEE

HAGOOD MILL + PETROGLYPHS (HISTORIC + ARCHAEOLOGICAL) The Hagood Mill features a 1845 gristmill, two restored log cabins, blacksmith shop, cotton gin, moonshine still, nature trails. The South Carolina Rock Art Center is also on the grounds and should open soon. Monthly musical performances, classes and other special events.

Plenty of parking; tour buses welcome. Gift shop.

“place of the mulberries.” With thousands of acres of cool, clear water and hundreds of miles of shoreline, the lake provides a number of

TABLE ROCK STATE PARK + VISITORS CENTER

LAKE JOCASSEE

Table Rock Mountain provides a towering backdrop for an upcountry retreat at the edge of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Table Rock State Park features two lakes, a campground, mountain cabins, meeting facilities and its historic, renovated lodge. The park has been one of South

energy and recreation in northwestern South Carolina. Jocassee is the only lake in South Carolina offering both trophy trout and smallmouth

Mile Creek Park, Warpath Landing, Gap Hill Landing (Pickens County).

Register of Historic Places (Pickens County).

Named “Place of the Lost One” because of the legend of the Indian maiden, Jocassee, who was said to have drowned herself in grief over the murder of her lover, this popular recreation area is surrounded by mountains and waterfalls. Located in Pickens and Oconee Counties.

Trail through the wilderness along the Blue Ridge Escarpment. Trails through the forested park also include one that leads to the top of Table

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

144

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

145

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

MILE CREEK COUNTY PARK and parking for cars with trailers, offering boaters convenient access to scenic Lake Keowee for water skiing, sailing and some of the best

are housed in a building rich in its own history, the former Holly Springs Baptist Church.

The center is open daily from 11 a.m. to noon and 4 p.m. to 5 p.m. For more information, contact the park at (864) 868-2605 or Greg Lucas of

lights and large grills.Numerous picnic sites, each with table and grill, throughout the park area.A choice of 4 play areas, 2 with playground equipment, 1 basketball, and volleyball court. A park store that features limited grocery and camping items (Pickens County).

SASSAFRAS MOUNTAIN EASTATOE CREEK HERITAGE PRESERVE Owned and managed by the SC Department of Natural Resources, Eastatoe Creek Heritage Preserve covers 374 acres in Pickens County.

This steep mountain gorge features some old growth hemlock, a rainbow trout stream, dramatic rock cliffs and rare ferns that are maintained Gorges Natural Area (formally called the Jim Timmerman Natural Resource Area at Jocassee Gorges.) The entire preserve falls within the Franklin Gravely Wildlife Management Area of Game Zone 1. Hunting is allowed in accordance with WMA regulations. Game species typically

Plans are currently progressing to develop this highest point in South Carolina into a very welcoming site for visitors to enjoy. Showcasing the picturesque view of four states, the continental divide, breath-taking unspoiled scenery and surrounding nature at its best. There will soon be a 360 degree viewing tower built, Picnic Shelter, Viewing platforms, multiple trails including a section of the Foothills Trail, educational signage, and restrooms.

Today, the summit is open to the public without restriction (other than having to walk 100 yards up a paved trail.) Four states can be viewed from here: Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It straddles the North Carolina border. While the peak is a drive up, if you is the highest point in South Carolina.

Fishing License.

THE ROCK AT JOCASSEE GOLF COURSE falls 600 feet in elevation to tumble across large rocks and boulders before roaring through a series of narrow channels aptly called “The

A Golf & Recreation Resort Community. Enjoy mountain golf as it should be. Streams and waterfalls interact with our 18 hole mountain Golf Course, with lush fairways, bent grass greens and beautiful scenery. The Rock at Jocassee is a model golf and recreation community located in Pickens, South Carolina near Table Rock State Park and Jocassee Gorges Management Area. Enjoy resort-style activities like golf, mountain

America. Cove and upland hardwoods, including white, red and chestnut oaks, hickories, red maples and black locusts comprise the dominant fee golfers are always welcome.

KEOWEE-TOXAWAY STATE PARK

GREENVILLE COUNTY PARIS MOUNTAIN STATE PARK (SCENIC, RECREATIONAL + NATURAL)

boating, hiking are popular here. Rental cabins available.

can still be seen in the preserved stone and timber outside of the renovated bathhouse, now known as the Park Center. Inside, the center roughly 50,000 acres of largely undisturbed, protected land where the Blue Ridge Mountains quickly fall 2,000 feet or more to the Piedmont

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

146

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway

147

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

Paris Mountain is located in the rapidly-developing city of Greenville, South Carolina, and although the park was once a rural retreat, bikers, hikers and those visiting Camp Buckhorn now keep the park bustling year round. When it comes to camping in state parks, the Paris Mountain

CAESARS HEAD STATE PARK

PLEASANT RIDGE CAMP AND RETREAT CENTER

Caesars Head connects to Jones Gap State Park in what is known as the Mountain Bridge Wilderness Area, an 11,000-acre area of pristine southern mountain forest. Hikers can take a number of loop and traverse hiking trails that connect the parks, and trailside camping is available for those who choose the longer routes.

Pleasant Ridge Camp and Retreat Center is a unique place; built to be the home of Camp Spearhead, a summer camp for children and adults with disabilities. Their mission as a camp and retreat center is tied directly to our main mission of serving people with disabilities. They are a place where people are welcomed and encouraged to be themselves in an environment that promotes self awareness while seeking to encourage growth and understanding of the communities we live in. They invite you to bring your group, family and or coworkers to come

A granitic gneiss outcropping atop the dramatic Blue Ridge Escarpment gives Caesars Head State Park its name. Every fall, from the easilyaccessible overlook atop the rocky peak of the Blue Ridge Escarpment, sight-seers are treated to the Hawk Watch program and a spectacu-

One of the most popular trails at Caesars Head is the two-mile Raven Cliff Falls trail. This hiking trail leads to 420-foot Raven Cliff Falls, where a suspension bridge offers one of the two publicly accessible overlooks to the falls as they plunge deep into the mountain cove below (http://

Pleasant Ridge Camp and Retreat Center is located in Pleasant Ridge County Park on hwy 11 between hwy 25 and hwy 276. Conveniently located, we are just 30 minutes from Greenville SC and Hendersonvile NC (Pleasant Ridge http://pleasantridgecampandretreatcenter.org/).

PERDEAUX FRUIT FARM

POINSETT BRIDGE

Muscadines, Prunes, Plums, Apricots, & Nectarines. Fresh apple cider, apple butter, applesauce, & preserves made on-site (https://www.

Poinsett Bridge is part of the 120 acre Poinsett Bridge Heritage Preserve and owned by the State of South Carolina. The Recreation District manages the preserve along with SCDNR. . Constructed in 1820, it is believed to be the oldest surviving bridge in the state. Named after Joel Charleston and Columbia with the North Carolina mountain communities into Tennessee. It is a 14 foot Gothic arch stone structure and stretches 130 feet over Little Gap Creek. Historians believe that is was designed by Robert Mills, architect of the Washington Monument (Greenville Rec: http://greenvillerec.com/parks/poinsett-bridge).

LAKE CONESTEE NATURE PARK

VICTORIA VALLEY VINEYARDS Come taste a little piece of Europe with a traditional wine tasting of our European Vinifera wines, sure to be enjoyed by any wine drinker from accessories. Please browse around, discover our upcoming events throughout the year, such as lunch on the terrace (open daily), and how you can have our beautiful facility for your own special events (http://www.victoriavalleyvineyards.com/).

FOX FIRE MOUNTAIN CABINS We are located on top of one of the tallest privately owned peaks on the NC/SC border outside of Brevard, NC. We are the PREMIER PLACE of reptiles and amphibians. Over 190 bird species have been reported by the Greenville County Bird Club. The park has been designated as

HOTEL DOMESTIQUE Former professional cyclist George Hincapie, who rode in the Tour de France an impressive 17 times, has announced plans to enter the hotel business along with his brother Rich. Their small boutique hotel, which is nestled in the Blue Ridge Mountains of South Carolina, promises

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APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS

APPENDIX C - COMMUNITY ASSETS THE RED HORSE INN

boutique-hotel-in-sou/).

This hotel offers award winning accommodations with scenic views of the Blue Ridge Mountains and rural countryside (http://www.theredhorseinn. com/).

CHEROKEE COUNTY COWPENS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD Because he had sciatica so bad that it was too painful for him to sit on a horse, Morgan retired to his home in Virginia after the Battle of Cowpens. On March 25, 1790, he received a gold medal that Congress had struck to honor him for his victory at Cowpens. Following the Revolution, Morgan organized and led a group of militia against the protesters during the Whiskey Rebellion. In 1797 he was elected and served one term in the House of Representatives. He died on July 6, 1802.

SPARTANBURG COUNTY CAROLINA FOOTHILLS ARTISAN CENTER CFAC houses a 2,000 square foot gallery to show and sell the work of our nearly 100 member-artisans. The works include pottery, jewelry, gourds, paintings, furniture, metal sculpture, glass sculpture, carved and turned wood, hand-crafted dolls, photography, fused glass, and baskets. We have been featured in Southern Living Magazine, National Geographic Traveler Magazine, and on the South Carolina ETV Roadshow. Carolina Foothills Artisan Center is a member of The Arts Partnership of Greater Spartanburg (http://carolinafoothillsartisancenter. blogspot.com/).

KINGS MOUNTAIN STATE PARK

STRAWBERRY HILL COOLEY FARM

For those who want to stay overnight at Kings Mountain, campground accommodations–including equestrian facilities–are available at the

Piedmont farm.

Strawberry Hill USA has become a destination spot for tourist across the South. It is a family farm that entertains customers with its timeless tradition of down home southern charm. Fresh fruits, homemade ice cream, and delicious café are sure to feed the body and soothe the soul (http://www.strawberryhillusa.com/our-farm).

GAFFNEY PREMIUM OUTLETS

HOLLYWILD ANIMAL PARK Organization focused on fostering a love and appreciation for all living things. An energetic Board of Directors works hard to set direction, to overcome challenges, and to achieve ambitious goals for this unique park. Hollywild is committed to providing an educational and entertaining

The Outlets are a key commercial destination for the Interstate 85 Corridor, between Greenville, SC and Charlotte, NC. Located just a few miles from the terminus of the Byway, the Outlets provide retail opportunities for tourists.

Website: http://www.outletbound.com/outlet-malls/gaffney-premium-outlets

“Hollywild continues to grow and develop better habitats for the animals and better educational opportunities for the public” (http://www. hollywild.com/hlwhistory2.html).

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APPENDIX D - CONCEPT DIAGRAMS

APPENDIX D - CONCEPT DIAGRAMS

Context Sensitve Solutions provide ideal design solutions based in local knowledge and collaboration.

Diagram Source: http://contextsensitivesolutions.org/content/case_studies/tennessee_department_of_transpo/

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APPENDIX D - CONCEPT DIAGRAMS

APPENDIX E - FUTURE PLANS - OCONEE FUTURE PLAN DEVELOPMENT

The Five Stages of Byway Travel:

This section is reserved for future plans, ordinances, and local design guidelines that will be prepared by Oconee County. It is recommended that each county engage local residents and stakeholders to create guidelines that come from the Community.

Concept and Diagram by David L. Dahlquist, with assistance from America’s Byways Resource Center

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Lake Jocassee Image Source: http://www. jocasseedesigns.com

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APPENDIX F - FUTURE PLANS - PICKENS FUTURE PLAN DEVELOPMENT

APPENDIX F - FUTURE PLANS - PICKENS PROPOSED PICKENS COUNTY PULL-OFF

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This section is reserved for future plans, ordinances, and local design guidelines that will be prepared by Pickens County. It is recommended that each county engage local residents and stakeholders to create guidelines that come from the Community.

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Table Rock State Park is a key destination for travelers along the Cherokee Foothills National Scenic Byway. The distinctive landform is also a key visual landmark for the Byway.

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APPENDIX G - FUTURE PLANS - GREENVILLE

APPENDIX H - FUTURE PLANS - SPARTANBURG

FUTURE PLAN DEVELOPMENT

FUTURE PLAN DEVELOPMENT

This section is reserved for future plans, ordinances, and local design guidelines that will be prepared by Greenville County. It is recommended that each county engage local residents and stakeholders to create guidelines that come from the Community.

This section is reserved for future plans, ordinances, and local design guidelines that will be prepared by Spartanburg County. It is recommended that each county engage local residents and stakeholders to create guidelines that come from the Community.

Cooley Peach Farms & Strawberry Hill USA Image Source:http://www.panoramio.com/ photo/10115389

Victoria Valley Vineyards Image Source: http://www.victoriavalleyvineyards.com

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APPENDIX I - FUTURE PLANS - CHEROKEE FUTURE PLAN DEVELOPMENT This section is reserved for future plans, ordinances, and local design guidelines that will be prepared by Cherokee County. It is recommended that each county engage local residents and stakeholders to create guidelines that come from the Community.

Image Source: http://www.visityorkcounty.com/partner/kings-mountain-statepark/?cat=3123

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