Featuring Articles On
Marie Curie’s Life at a Glance
Synthetic Biology
The Gravitational Waves of Black Holes
Read Inside for More
Advisor: Mrs. Ashley Moore
President: Khushee Goel
Vice President: Peyton Thai
Secretary: Tanisi Chauhan
Editorial Designer: Ivanka Deshpande
“Curiosityisprobablyoneofthemost importantcharacteristics...andengineeringis aboutsolvingproblemsandcreativity.”
-EllenOchoa
FirstHispanicWomaninSpace
by Chaitanya Gupta
Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie, the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize, the only woman to have won the Nobel Prize twice (alongside the only one to do so in two separate fields), was born in Warsaw, Poland on the 7th of November, 1867. As the youngest of five children to the well-respected teachers Bronisława, née Boguska and Władysław Skłodowski, struggled for success - the fortunes of both the paternal and maternal sides had been lost through patriotic involvement. Despite this, and having to be affiliated with the Floating University (an underground hub of higher education for women) after being unable to enroll in a regular institution, Marie Curie eventually enrolled in the University of Paris in 1891 In 1894, after having received two degrees (alongside meeting her future husband, Pierre Curie), applied for a place in Kraków University After being rejected, and being probed by Pierre, Marie eventually pursued a doctorate in Paris.
Following the research of Willhelm Röntgen (in his discovery of X-rays), and Henri Bequerel’s discovery of uranium salts emitting light with a similar capability of penetration as Xrays, Curie decided to observe uranium rays. With her husband’s electrometer, Curie discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity, where the uranium rays (alongside the amount of electricity conducted) depended solely on the amount of uranium placed in the sample (or considered in the experiment)leading to her hypothesis that the atoms themselves resulted in radiation (furthering the idea that atoms were not indivisible, which would ultimately be proved by J J Thompson’s cathode ray tube experiments and the Rutherford gold-foil experiment) Following the discovery that pitchblende was much more radioactive than uranium, Marie (aided with her husband Pierre) eventually discovered an element they would name “Polonium.” These discoveries cemented her alongside her husband the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henri Becquerel, for their “joint researches on the radiation phenomena.”
Three years afterwards, Pierre Curie was struck by a horsedrawn vehicle that fractured his skull - an instant death. The University of Paris offered Marie Pierre’s role as professor, which she accepted to become the first woman professor at the university alongside to create a world-renowned laboratory bearing Pierre’s name.
Marie would eventually isolate Radium, another extremely radioactive element (so much so that such a property lends itself its name), in 1910. She would fall out with the press following a scandal with her being speculated as “jewish,” and afterwards, being in a year-long affair with Paul Langevin Her discoveries for both Polonium and Radium would allow Marie to receive the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In the Seminal Tragedy that was the First World War, Marie procured radiological centers near the front lines, aiding millions of soldiers and surgeons - even going as far as donating both of her Nobel prize gold medals for the war effort (which the French National Bank would decline).
Marie Curie would die in early 1934 as a result of the radioactive properties of the materials she devoted her life to; the saving grace of millions of soldiers (that she personally helped), and the material she owed her two Nobel Prizes to - her long term exposure to radiation had infected her bone marrow. Yet despite the challenges she constantly faced in gaining her place in academia, Marie Curie overcame barriers to create a new epoch of science fundamentally altered by her family The Curie family, her own sons and daughters would continue her legacywinning three more Nobel Prizes And her modest lifestyle was world-renowned - Albert Einstein is known to have said that she was the only person not to be corrupted by fame; constantly curious, and searching for the resolution to the greatest scientific problems of the era.
by Khushee Goel
Born in 1856 in the Austrian Empire, current day Croatia, Nikola Tesla grew up to become one of the greatest engineers and physicists of his time. As a young child, Tesla lived with his mother and father, who were priests by profession, but craftsmen by talent. Along with his four other siblings, Tesla practiced his creative abilities by tinkering with mechanical projects and by attending primary and middle school Tesla went on to attend high school at the High Real Gymnasium, where his professor imbued in him a passion for physics, especially pertaining to the topic of electricity
With his exceptional performance in school, Tesla graduated in 3 years, rather than 4 However, he was setback by cholera infections and later had to flee his hometown, in order to escape conscription in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
To embark on the next step in his education career, Tesla attended the Imperial-Royal Technical College in Graz, where he excelled and was further intrigued by electricity. After failing to graduate from the college and unable to pursue further education, Tesla worked in Budapest, Hungary, with a telegraph company, and developed the telephone repeater and amplifier. Subsequently, Tesla worked for Thomas Edison, where he was assigned to developing motors
Working on AC motors, DC motors, and arc light inventions, Tesla attempted to patent his work However, Edison took credit for the work, and Tesla's role in the development of the light bulb was undermined
Despite his setbacks, Tesla continued to theorize the fundamentals of electricity and worked on a variety of futuristic inventions. Including a particle beam, wireless technologies, and many other advanced ideas, Tesla developed ideas that were much ahead of his time, and are only beginning to be discovered today.
Upon his death in a New York hotel room, records reveal that Tesla had over 40 trucks consisting of his lifetime’s scientific findings However, the exact number of trunks are disputed and many of the trunks have not been found While the content of Nichola Tesla’s scientific findings remains a mystery, scientists are certain that Tesla had many advanced ideas in the works Though we are only beginning to accomplish the ideas proposed by Tesla, learning about his missing work could potentially revolutionize the development of technology and science, altogether.
“Ourworldisbuiltonbiologyandoncewe begintounderstandit,itthenbecomesa technology”-RyanBethencourt
Synthetic biology is a field of science that involves giving organisms new “abilities” via DNA sequencing in order to make the organisms useful for multiple purposes Although quite similar, synthetic biology is not the same as genome editing as genome editing requires directly editing an organism's DNA with tools whereas synthetic biology typically involves stitching together strands of DNA (that are either lab made or taken from another organism) and inserting them into an organism’s genome. Recently, many new advancements have been made in the field of synthetic biology regarding natural drug synthesis and synthetic antibiotics. Plaguing over 200 million people worldwide, malaria is one of the most severe parasitic diseases whose most effective treatment utilizes artemisinin, a colorless crystal compound from the Artemisia Annua plant. Due to the small amount of artemisinin in the plant and the exceedingly costly and complex production requisite for artemisinin, the need for the treatment has been outweighing the supply However, through a combination of both synthetic biology and synthetic chemistry, a group of scientists were able to figure out how to obtain artemisinin from its acid form efficiently and inexpensively and hope to industrialize their discovery. In terms of synthetic antibiotics, a compound named cilagicin is proving to be effective against all bacteria, specifically the bacteria that have been known to resist traditional antibiotics Cilagicin was tested in mice and attacked Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), and many other lethal pathogens Unfortunately, such synthetic antibiotics are not ready for large scale production yet. Ultimately, the field of synthetic biology holds promise and looks to produce novel, more effective, and more accessible ways to counter diseases
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
Respiratory syncytial virus, abbreviated RSV, is a disease that affects the lower respiratory tract and causes cold-like symptoms For most individuals, RSV is not serious, but for adults over the age of 60, weakened immune systems and chronic health conditions can increase the severity of the disease Infants under the age of 12 months, especially those born prematurely, with weakened immune systems, or with health complications, also face an increased risk.
An RSV vaccine has spent several years in the works but has only recently met with success. For infants especially, developing a vaccine has been a challenge because many premature infants with health complications are often antigen-naïve This means that most of their B and T immune cells, which are responsible for defending against pathogens, cannot do so because they have never encountered the pathogen before and do not recognize it.
Rapid growth around the RSV vaccine occurred with the discovery of the RSV F protein, which is necessary for the virus to fuse with the host cell. Work surrounding the RSV F protein and its pre and post-forms have helped scientists decipher how the RSV virus attacks the immune system Another important step was the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, which target the RSV F protein and prevent the fusion of the virus and the host cell More work is being done with monoclonal antibodies as scientists look to increase the effectiveness of the protection. Currently, specific monoclonal antibody treatments are available to very premature infants
Another treatment option for infants is maternal vaccination. This approach transfers antibodies from mother to baby and is used for several other infectious diseases, like pertussis, tetanus, influenza, and others.
All in all, scientists have come a long way in developing RSV vaccinations for infants. Today, both monoclonal antibodies and maternal vaccination show much promise, and perhaps other innovative vaccines are yet to come.
AhkaMajumdar
by Laiba Farooqi
CImagine a map that guides you through the incredible pathways of your own potential! This phenomenon is called mind/body maps. Understanding these can inspire you to push your limits mentally and physically. Brain/body maps, or somatotopic maps, are the brain’s way of organizing sensory and motor functions. These maps show how different parts of your brain correspond to various parts of your body. They’re vital for everything you do, from moving your fingers to feeling a breeze on your face. When you touch something hot, your sensory cortex lights up in the area linked to your hand. Similarly, when you kick a soccer ball, your motor cortex sends precise signals to your leg muscles. These maps are highly organized, with each body part represented in specific brain areas. This organization helps you understand and refine your movements and sensations. Understanding brain/body maps isn’t just scientific curiosity; it’s about unlocking your potential. It can enhance your learning by improving how you learn new skills, whether it’s playing an instrument or mastering a sport. It strengthens the connection between your mind and body for better physical health. It can aid in recovery from injuries and disabilities through targeted therapies and helps athletes and performers fine-tune their movements for higher performance. Think of athletes like Simone Biles, who refines each movement through intense practice and mental focus. Or artists like Leonardo da Vinci, whose deep understanding of anatomy allowed him to create timeless masterpieces. Your brain/body map is dynamic and capable of growth. Every time you learn a new skill or engage in mindful activities, you refine and expand this map. The incredible machinery of our bodies and brains can help us push boundaries, overcome obstacles, and pursue excellence.
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
by Anoushka Majumdar
Imagine studying molecules in individual cells and analyzing key differences between those molecules Those differences could reveal information about that specific cell, the larger cell types and their responses to stimuli, and even the overall metabolic processes within cells, organs, and larger body systems. Such is the power of singlecell metabolomics (SCM), an up-and-coming field that explores different functions and interactions on the cellular level.
SCM revolves around metabolites, a group of organic molecules that include amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, and sugars. Metabolites are fundamental to cellular metabolism- the series of chemical reactions within cells that produce energy. A variety of techniques are used to study metabolites, including mass spectrometry. Such technologies allow scientists to observe metabolites and understand their role in metabolism and living systems. The applications of SCM are innumerable. Scientists believe that SCM could be used to identify specific cancer cells that metastasize, or spread to other locations in the body. Other potential uses include in systems biology, stemcell research, aging, and drug resistance. A general area of interest in the scientific community is using SCM to understand what chemical reactions take place for cells to cope with chemical and environmental stress.
Of course, the field does have a fair share of challenges. Time intervals are usually under a second, which makes observing metabolites tricky. Additionally, making metabolites appear fluorescent, which would greatly help with seeing and understanding their function, damages them. Proper imaging and sampling are also difficult to accomplish.
Nonetheles SC i i i f f biology and medicine, m
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande Edited By: Khushee Goel
“Learnfromyesterday,livefortoday,hope fortomorrow.Theimportantthingisnotto stopquestioning.”-AlbertEinstein
by Arjun Dasgupta
Gravitational Waves are essentially ripples in spacetime that are somewhat analogous to ripples in a pool Consider spacetime the water and an object with a large mass as a buoy in the water As the buoy moves up and down, it creates ripples that emanate outward across the water, similar to how when a neutron star (with a large mass) spins in space time, it creates gravitational waves (which were defined as ripples) in spacetime. These ripples are a result of imperfections on the surface of the neutron star and are transverse waves that propagate incredibly quickly using spacetime as a medium (gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, namely 186,000 miles per second). However, the strongest gravitational waves are the result of cataclysmic space events, such as colliding black holes, exploding supernovae, and colliding neutron stars. Gravitational Waves are important for a plethora of reasons. Einstein predicted the existence and nature of gravitational waves in his Theory of General Relatively, and observed data was within 0.5% of his predictions, which further validates his theory and the current understanding of relativity. The creation of gravitational waves during the collision of black holes or the spinning of neutron stars facilitates further exploration into the nature of the two For instance, the collisions of black holes emit negligible amounts of electromagnetic radiation, yet do emit gravitational radiation (which can generate gravitational waves) that has been used by gravitational wave detectors (like Virgo and LIGO) to provide observed data on such collisions Furthermore, electromagnetic waves have typically been used to attempt to glimpse into the past of the universe (as exemplified by the James Webb Telescope which utilizes infrared sensors to detect infrared light), yet gravitational waves carry information about their sources (such as the mass, motion, and energy distribution) that are not present in electromagnetic waves As a result, gravitational waves can help physicists better understand the Big Bang and what transpired throughout the “primordial era” of the universe.
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
by Chaitanya Gupta
The James Webb Space Telescope, using the near-infrared (from about 700 to 2500 nanometers) region of the electromagnetic spectrum, has uncovered revolutionary images of galaxies when the universe was only nine-hundred million years old These images, having “bubbles” of transparency (alongside the plasma that was less apt at absorbing light) provide compelling evidence that the Epoch of Reionization was fueled by early galaxies (where the wavelengths of light that would have been absorbed by a neutral hydrogen atom now allow the universe to be transparent with ionized hydrogen atoms). Before the “Epoch of Reionization,” early galaxies absorbed light at certain wavelengths, as predicted by Absorption Spectroscopy, which rapidly ceased after the cosmos heated up (in one of the greatest cosmological mysteries), ionizing the gas and creating plasma. These new regions of plasma (much larger than the galaxies, with diameters of four million light-years), as noted above, allowed the universe to be more “transparent” at certain wavelengths. Furthering the expansion and creation of similar “regions” of plasma, over the course of another onehundred million years or so, the bubbles joined together to form a single “bubble,” or “region.” This region, covering the entire universe, allowed the aforementioned to become transparent The presumable explanation for the galaxies’ role in this “Epoch of Reionization” considers the stars of these galaxies; Each star released large amounts of ionizing radiation, and if some stars emitted enough ultraviolet photons they would be able, in principle, to cause the second fundamental epoch (after the Epoch of Recombination) Other possible explanations consider the genesis of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation by Hawking radiation (the result of the acceleration of objects into primordial black holes) Despite the uncertainties that still concern these explanations, the fundamental questions of cosmology (and thus, the secrets of the universe) are a large step closer to being uncovered
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
“Technology,likeart,isasoaringexerciseof thehumanimagination.”-DanielBell
by Laiba Farooqi
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has come a long way from simple computer programs to complex systems capable of performing tasks that once required human intelligence But how do we measure the intelligence of AI? AI intelligence is typically assessed through various tests and benchmarks. These tests are designed to evaluate different aspects of intelligence, such as problem-solving, understanding natural language, and learning from experience One of the most famous tests is the Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 In this test, an AI passes if a human evaluator cannot distinguish between responses from the AI and a human. While it’s a classic measure, it’s not the only way to gauge AI intelligence Modern AI testing involves more sophisticated and comprehensive benchmarks. For instance, AI systems are evaluated on their ability to understand and generate human language, as seen in natural language processing (NLP) tasks These tasks include understanding text, translating languages, and even writing essays. Additionally, AI is tested on its ability to learn and adapt, similar to how humans learn from new experiences Machine learning models, which improve their performance based on data, are a key area of focus. Another important aspect is the ethical and practical implications of AI intelligence. As AI systems become more advanced, ensuring they are safe, fair, and transparent is crucial Researchers test AI for biases and robustness to ensure they perform reliably across different scenarios and populations This aspect of testing helps build trust and ensures that AI technologies benefit everyone. Understanding how we test AI intelligence is not just about recognizing the technology’s current capabilities but also about envisioning its future As AI continues to evolve, it will play an increasingly significant role in various fields, from healthcare to education to entertainment
Kaitlyn Ly
Bionic humans, chips implemented into brains, and controlling things with human minds: this breathes an air of science fiction. It works off of movies that dream about the future, thousands of years from now, where cars are pods that zoom through the air, and all cities have become booming metropolises covered in silver and white The stories, movies, and mere works of imagination had once purely been about the future, but with today’s current innovations, they’re slowly becoming about the now. Neuralink, a neurotechnology company, owned by Elon Musk, is developing an implantable, brain-computer interface The interface intends to change lives by allowing individual’s thoughts to execute into action on the computer and their mobile devices. Primarily, the company is focused on providing this interface to patients with quadriplegia, a condition characterized by the paralysis of all four limbs This would very much allow for these patients to hold more autonomy over their actions, being able to really act upon their thoughts The implant is inserted by Neuralink’s surgical robot, as the threads are too fine to be inserted by human hand. Once implanted, the brain-computer interface, the BCI, records and decodes neural signals from individual neurons
After decoding these neural signals, the BCI sends the signals back to the brain through electrical stimulation, allowing users to control their devices entirely through their thoughts The first Neuralink implant recipient, Noland Arbaugh, successfully underwent his implantation back in January 2024. Arbaugh had been paralyzed from the neck down due to a diving accident, rendering him eligible for the implant Just two months ago, in March 2024, Neuralink livestreamed Arbaugh playing chess on his laptop, utilizing the BCI to move the cursor around! However, despite the current success of this surgery, many experts warn that the implantation is still in its “early days”, noting that though this surgery functions as a beginning draft, it is certainly not the completed product. Though this invention does open more doors for all sorts of future possibilities, it is good to note that this sort of scientific innovation won’t exactly immediately shove today’s society to the future. But though it won’t function like Doc’s time machine in Back to the Future, that doesn’t mean it’s not building the bridge to future society “Look out!” and get ready for the slow shift to the future!
First of all, it’s a blast. It’s fun figuring out new ways to teach students...I love science, especially biology, it’s definitely my passion,” Mrs fowler speaks about her love for teaching and her approach towards helping students learn. Heading into summer, Mrs. Fowler encourages students to “do something fun this summer Something that you’re passionate, interested, and curious about ” She suggests, “Be well rested for the school year. The school year’s long, it’s a lot of work...and so coming in well rested really helps”
Learn how to manage your time, and learn how you study. There’s a lot of things you can try: talk to your teachers about it, talk to your friends about it, go to peer tutoring, there’s a lot of different ways to study, and not everyone studies best the same way. Make sure you vary your studying [approach] Don’t loose your passion, because then you’re going to get upset and you won’t be as productive. People who do something they like to do and then go home and study are actually more productive So really, really continue your passions be ok with if you fail a test, it’s ok, and it’s a really good learning experience...Work well with other people, and ask questions...we’re here to help you,” Mrs Fowler says as she gives words of wisdom to her future students
I’ve been teaching for 38 years and I’ve taught a lot of different subjects, and there’s one underlying that I’ve loved about all my science teaching...[it’s when] you present problems or chalegees to kids, that are evidence based, and by solving those problems, they develop confidence over the course of the year,” Mr. Lavine says as he speaks about his teach experiance. In terms of next year, he adds, “I expect everyone will have a lot of fun, lots of challenges, and lots of laughs “
Department , Of Health and Human Services “RSV Vaccine Information Statement ” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 Oct 2023, www cdc gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rsv html
M Costello, Heather, et al “Targeting RSV with vaccines and small molecule drugs ” Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, vol 12, no 2, 1 Mar 2012, pp 110–128, https://doi org/10 2174/187152612800100143
Ruckwardt, Tracy J The Road to Approved Vaccines for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 25 Sept 2023, www nature com/articles/s41541-023-00734-7
Burgess, Karl, et al “Metabolomics ” Handbook of Pharmacogenomics and Stratified Medicine, 2014, pp 181–205, https://doi org/10 1016/b978-0-12-386882-4 00010-4
Conti, et al “La Molla della Terapeutica ” L’altra Pratica Clinica, 20 Dec 2023, pp 237–242, https://doi org/10 2307/jj 9992353 25 Qi, Meng, et al “Single cell neurometabolomics ” ACS Chemical Neuroscience, vol 9, no 1, 19 Oct 2017, pp 40–50, https://doi org/10 1021/acschemneuro 7b00304
Zenobi, R “Single-cell metabolomics: Analytical and biological perspectives ” Science, vol 342, no 6163, 6 Dec 2013, https://doi org/10 1126/science 1243259
НВ , et al Metabolomics and Medical Practice Semantic Scholar, 2020, https://doi org/10 14341/probl8604-1870
Tohoku University "Reinterpreting our Brains Body Maps " ScienceDaily, 21 January 2022 www sciencedaily com/releases/2022/01/220121124858 htm Accessed 23 May 2024
Kean, Sam Inside the Brains Amazing Ability to Re-Map Your Body Smithsonian Magazine, September 2014 www smithsonianmag com/science-nature/inside-brains-amazing-ability-re-map-your-body180952939/ Accessed 25 May 2024
"The Iconic Brain Map That’s Changing Neurosurgery and Gaming " Aeon Essays, 2018 aeon co/essays/the-iconic-brain-map-that-s-changing-neurosurgery-and-gaming Accessed 26 May 2024
Knight, Will "AIs Language Problem " MIT Technology Review, 11 December 2020 www technologyreview com/2020/12/11/1014635/ai-language-problem/
Marcus, Gary, and Ernest Davis GPT-3, Bloviator: OpenAIs Language Generator Has No Idea What Its Talking About MIT Technology Review, 22 August 2020 www technologyreview com/2020/08/22/1007539/gpt3-openai-language-generator-artificial-intelligence-ai-opinion/
Marr, Bernard "How Smart Is AI? The Future Of Artificial Intelligence " Forbes, 16 November 2021
Author, No “Jwst Finds smoking Gun Evidence of Early Galaxies Transforming the Universe ” Physics World, 20 July 2023, physicsworld com/a/jwst-finds-smoking-gun-evidence-of-early-galaxies-transformingthe-universe/
“Marie Curie ” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc , 30 Apr 2024, www britannica com/biography/Marie-Curie
Spencer, Diana “Global Advances in Synthetic Biology ” Drug Discovery World (DDW), 17 Nov 2022, www ddw-online com/global-advances-in-synthetic-biology-20471-202211/
Office, U S Government Accountability “Science & Tech Spotlight: Synthetic Biology | U S GAO ” Www gao gov, www gao gov/products/gao-23106648#: :text=Synthetic%20biology%20is%20a%20multidisciplinary
LIGO Caltech “What Are Gravitational Waves?” LIGO Lab Caltech, 2019, www ligo caltech edu/page/what-are-gw
“Gravitational Waves Will “Bring the Information from the Birth of the Universe to Us” | NSF - National Science Foundation ” New nsf gov, new nsf gov/science-matters/gravitational-waves-will-bring-informationbirth#: :text=The%20gravitational%20waves%20as%20we
Neuralink “Pioneering Brain Computer Interfaces ” Neuralink neuralink com/#mission Accessed 31 May 2024
“Neuralinks Brain Chip: How It Works and What It Means: Capitol Technology University ” Washington D C & Maryland Area | Capitol Technology University, www captechu edu/blog/neuralinks-brain-chip-how-itworks-and-what-it-means#: :text=By%20recording%20and%20decoding%20neural,control%20devices%20solely%20through%20thought Accessed 31 May 2024
Mullin, Emily “Neuralinks First Brain Implant Is Working Elon Musk’s Transparency Isn’t ” Wired, Conde Nast, 21 Feb 2024, www wired com/story/neuralink-brain-implant-elon-musk-transparency-first-patient-testtrial/#: :text=Neuralink%20is%20developing%20a%20brain,carried%20out%20by%20that%20device
Elon Musk Says Neuralink Has Implanted Its First Brain Chip in Human The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 30 Jan 2024, www theguardian com/technology/2024/jan/29/elon-musk-neuralink-first-humanbrain-chip-implant
“Elon Musk’s Neuralink Shows Brain-Chip Patient Playing Online Chess ” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 21 Mar 2024, www theguardian com/technology/2024/mar/20/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-chippatient-chess
Fidelity, Radio “The Shocking Life of Nikola Tesla: The Man Who Lit the World ” Medium, Medium, 30 July 2019, medium com/@radiofidelity/the-shocking-life-of-nikola-tesla-the-man-who-lit-the-worldd6793adafbbc
Nixon, Joe Fighting RSV: The Latest Vaccines and Treatments 2023
Benson , Robert Yale- New Haven Hospital Clinical Laboratory 2023
Citation: LIGO Caltech “What Are Gravitational Waves?” LIGO Lab | Caltech, 2019, www ligo caltech edu/page/what-are-gw