Featuring Articles On
Metallic Alloy CrCoNi
Flash Radiotherapy
The Fusion Reactor
Single Atom Catalysts
James Webb Telescope
Read inside for more
Advisor: Mrs. Ashley Moore
President: Khushee Goel
Vice President: Peyton Thai
Secretary: Tanisi Chauhan
Editorial Designer: Ivanka Deshpande
“Chemistryisnecessarilyanexperimental science:itsconclusionsaredrawnfromdata, anditsprinciplessupportedbyevidence fromfacts.”-MichaelFarady
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
Carbon dioxide comprises 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions and is unequivocally an impetus to climate change. Fortunately, chemists at the University of Chicago have discovered how to efficiently and cheaply convert carbon dioxide (CO2) to ethanol (C2H6O), which is used in alcoholic beverages, as a fuel, as an industrial solvent, as an antiseptic, and more. The catalyst for the aforementioned reaction is a specific arrangement of spread out copper atoms on a supporting carbon structure. The copper atoms grow closer as they produce ethanol and ergo have to be realigned after some time. By applying a low level of voltage, the copper atoms are able to split the carbon dioxide molecules that eventually rebond (with added hydrogen from water) into ethanol. The process’ faradaic efficiency (a percent of the produced product that can be collected) is over 90%, which is significantly higher than other reported carbon dioxide conversions. In terms of application, the University of Northern Texas plans to work with the University of Chicago to develop a device that can directly capture, break down, and transform carbon dioxide at a variety of industrial plants. The combination of the omnipresence and malignance of carbon dioxide and the eminent versatility and utility of ethanol makes this conversion all the more significant.
First promulgated on December 2, 2022 in a joint study with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the metallic alloy CrCoNi (Chromium, Cobalt, and Nickel) holds the record for the highest toughness out of any material (in terms of ductility and resistance to permanent deformation) Furthermore, arguably its salient and distinct feature, the metallic alloy’s strength and ductility augment as it gets colder When exposed to temperatures of 20 Kelvin (alias -454 degrees Fahrenheit or -253 degrees celsius), the alloy’s toughness extends to 500 megapascals square root meters (the unit for fracture toughness) For reference, diamonds have a fracture toughness of 2 MPa m^½, the airframes of planes have a toughness of around 35 MPa m^½, and very strong steels have a toughness of 100 MPa m^½ CrCoNi is considered a high entropy alloy (HEA), which are alloys with equal amounts of elements and are alloys that are typically very tensile and strong CrCoNi’s ability to strengthen in extreme cold and overall toughness gives it the potential to greatly ameliorate the aerospace and transportation sectors
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
Coined in 2011, Tao Zhang introduced the term, “Single-atom catalyst.” These catalysts soon caught the attention of multiple researchers, leading to the new, cutting-edge innovation that holds tremendous potential to solve environmental and energy-related problems. Single-atom catalysts, otherwise known as SACs, are made up of metal atoms dispersed on a support material. Once shrunken down to atomic size, they become positively charged, allowing new properties to show through, all of which increase the efficiency of the catalyst. Their small size also offers unique advantages such as high catalytic activity, selectivity, and efficiency. Normally made out of iridium or platinum, these catalysts normally consist of positively charged ions bonded to oxygen, carbon, or nitrogen atoms, thereby increasing the structural and chemical stability of the catalyst. One of the key problems currently being debated among world activists and leaders is greenhouse gas emissions. The use of SACs can effectively reduce the amount of gasses in the air through the conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals and fuels. Through the precise placement of SACs, they can promote specific chemical reactions while minimizing energy consumption and resource utilization. Moreover, SACs have the potential to revolutionize the production of fine chemicals by enabling highly selective and efficient synthesis routes. All in all, SACs offer a wide variety of solutions, ranging from greenhouse gas emissions to engendering novel pharmaceuticals, all by leveraging the unique properties of individual metal atoms to drive efficient and sustainable chemical reactions.
“Ourworldisbuiltonbiologyandoncewe begintounderstandit,itthenbecomesa technology”-RyanBethencourt
Considering that approximately 40% of the population will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime (according to the National Cancer Institute), cancer immunotherapy and chemotherapy are becoming more and more paramount. Recently, a new form of immunotherapy that utilizes spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) has been discovered SNAs are a type of nanostructure that can deliver both peptide antigens (short chains of amino acids) and nucleic acid adjuvants (such as DNA or RNA). Antigens induce immune responses from the body to produce antibodies, while adjuvants enhance the body’s response to the antigens and make the vaccine more effective In an experiment with mice that had TC-1 tumors from humanpapillomavirus-associated cancers, the most effective SNA structure used dendritic cells to present the antigens to the CD8+ T cells (cross-priming) in addition to manipulating the cells’ costimulatory proteins. The experiment worked beyond expected, ameliorating the mice’s survival chances, completely eradicating 30% of the tumors in the mice, and helping prevent further tumor development. The aforementioned results display the potential of SNA structures in rational cancer vaccines and the evolution of cancer treatments as a whole
CellHint; a new tool which can categorize cell types by using single-cell data CellHint was developed by researchers from the University of Cambridge, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute, and other collaborators. The power of CellHint was publicly shown when researchers used CellHint to make a cross-tissue database with a count of 3.7 million cells (each annotated) from only 38 datasets. Researchers also applied CellHint to modern data, and found out that there were 8 different diseases concerning relationships between diseased and healthy lung cells that were underexplored. CellHint is available worldwide, and was created as a part of the Human Cell Atlas project, a project that aims to map and describe every cell type in the human body. Researchers are excited over the potential advancements CellHint will make. With multiple researchers uploading and sharing single-cell data through CellHint, research communities globally will be able to assist or benefit from ongoing research There are currently no other unified systems that can name and organize single-cell data
by Jim Yang
Consciousness has long been a popular leitmotif in the domain of philosophy, but has recently also garnered serious attention in the realm of the natural sciences, namely biology. The big question still lingers: how do we discriminate conscious reality from mere thought? It has to do partly with the reality threshold, a breakthrough discovery made by researchers last year. Building upon the Perky Effect - named after female neuroscientist Cheves Perky and the “Banana Experiment” in 1910 where participants were asked to imagine a fruit while staring at a blank wall with a very faint silhouette of a banana - Dykstra and her team of scientists devised a similar experiment where participants were asked to imagine diagonal lines while staring at a static screen. The results, which came as a shock to Dykstra herself, seemed to disprove the Perky Effect; instead, participants whose screens did not show faint animations of diagonal lines still reported on their visual presence. According to Dykstra, the results strongly suggested that when imagination becomes extremely vivid (the degree of which depends on the prefrontal and visual cortices), it can get convoluted with reality - another way of saying that it has passed the “reality threshold” Ultimately, one definitive finding regarding the essence of consciousness was resolved in 2023: the bet made between Christof Koch of the Allen Institute for Brain Science and the philosopher David Chalmers of New York University 25 years ago that the mechanism of how the brain’s neurons create consciousness would have be solved by now has been officially conceded: philosophy has triumphed
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
by Jim Yang
The microbiome describes the collective set of microorganisms unique to each individual Over the last decade, increasingly advanced tools have allowed for a more in-depth analysis of these organisms and the subtle ways in which they affect one’s health, including how they are spread from one person to another. Traditionally, it has been established that the prototype for one’s microbiome is inherited at birth. However, it was discovered last year that the mother not only passes her microbial organisms to the child but also transmits free-flowing snippets of DNA known as mobile genetic elements, which continuously reassemble with and modify the preexisting microorganisms throughout one’s lifetimes to create distinct microbiomes Furthermore, the largest analysis of human microbiome transmission published last year gave many revelatory insights into how microbiomes intermix and recombine over generations and how these microorganisms spread through social interactions, especially among those who spend a lot of time together The study has also broached the plausibility that diseases previously considered non-infectious could eventually turn out to be transmissible through ways such as gut microbiota. Furthermore, the causes of immunodeficiency disorders such as various types of cancers, diabetes, and irritable bowel syndrome are linked to the microorganisms found in the gut. Thus, future studies of these biological communities would allow us to understand the roots and find the cures for these long-standing ailments
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
by Arjun Dasgupta
Radiation therapy was invented in 1895, although the notion of maximizing the ratio between tissue harm to tumor reduction continues to plague clinicians today. Currently, the common practice is called fractioning, in which radiation is delivered across the span of a couple of minutes several times However, in the past decade, the results of many studies have engendered the rise of a potential replacement for fractioning - Flash Radiotherapy. In flash radiation therapy, a tumor is exposed to the same amount of radiation per blast as in fractioning, yet in less than a second (as opposed to a few minutes). In addition to being more convenient for the patient (shorter and fewer visits), flash radiation therapy causes the sparing effect, which “spares” and protects the tumor’s surrounding tissue from the levels of damage caused by fractionation As a result, flash radiotherapy also increases the ceiling for the maximum dosage of radiation possible and enables more effective treatment. Furthermore, some studies suggest that flash radiation therapy strengthens the immune system’s response to cancer Because of the bolstering of the immune system and the lower tissue (and therefore lower immune cell) damage that flash radiotherapy causes, flash radiation therapy could be used simultaneously with cancer immunotherapy treatments and could revolutionize cancer treatments.
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
by Khushee Goel
Elon Musk’s neurotechnology startup from 2017, Neuralink, is developing a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) chip that can be inserted into the human brain to process human thoughts. Made of a microchip with electrode arrays that span the vertebral cortex, the chip can measure the brain activity occurring between neurons Using highly sophisticated materials, like polyimide, gold, and platinum, the chip uses a conductor through which electric signals of the brain can be processed Ultimately, the goal of the Neuralink chip is to translate human thoughts into execution/function. Most recently, a surgical robot implanted the chip into a test subject’s brain, and the individual was able to control a computer cursor with their thoughts In the future, this chip is intended to become mainstream, to further advance technology, and to optimize human capabilities While a single implant is approximated to cost over 10,000 dollars, the surgical procedure is speculated to cost another $40,000+ amount. Thus, Neuralink is still in the developmental phase and has not become regularly integrated into daily life However, once it becomes more affordable and mainstream, ethical questions arise Is the chip intrusive to one’s privacy? Can the chip be replaced/extracted after being implanted into the patient's brain?
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
“Learnfromyesterday,livefortoday,hope fortomorrow.Theimportantthingisnotto stopquestioning.”-AlbertEinstein
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
In Greifswald, Germany, on February 15, 2023, an energy breakthrough was achieved utilizing an invention capable of changing history: a fusion reactor. Known as the Wendelstein 7-X reactor, the machine was a stellarator reactor(instead of a tokamak like the ITER) created in the Greifswald branch of IPP (Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics) It utilized magnetic coils outside the main engine to control the plasma inside the primary sections The objective of the Wendelstein reactor was to prove its ability for industrial usage in power plants The Wendelstein 7-X harnessed the power of fusion, a process in which atoms fuse while in a plasma state of matter induced by extreme heat(around 100 million degrees Celsius) The first goal was for the reactor to produce an energy output higher than 1 gigajoule(GJ) They would achieve this goal when, on February 15, the Wendelstein 7-X produced 1 3 gigajoules of energy while running at a maximum time of 100 seconds Their accomplishments and successful experiments prove the capabilities of fusion energy, and with enough time, the nuclear process would become integral to a new generation of technology.
The Law of the Conservation of Energy states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed”...but energy (technically quantum information) can be teleported. In early 2022, a quantum experiment was conducted where (using nuclear magnetic resonance) two carbon atoms were put into a specific ground energy state combination (where one atom was in the lowest state of energy it could be in) and became entangled (when the properties of two particles become connected even despite long distances) due to the manipulation of radio pulses The physicists took measurements of each of the atoms and sent messages to each of the atoms by firing a radio pulse to one of the atoms (the non-ground energy state atom) and an intermediary atom (whose purpose is to stabilize the quantum entanglement and message transferring) and then firing another radio pulse to the other atom (the ground energy state atom) and the intermediary atom repeatedly The result of this 37-millisecond experiment was that the second atom to receive the radio pulse experienced a decrease in energy levels on average, even though it started in its ground energy state, which means that the second atom had to have received energy during those 37 milliseconds. The time it would have taken for energy to travel from the first atom to the second would have approached one second, which exemplifies the peculiarities of quantum energy dynamics and the existence of faster (than classical) energy transfer
“Technology,likeart,isasoaringexerciseof thehumanimagination.”-DanielBell
by Tanisi Chauhan, Navya Pannala
At the Quantum Summit of 2023, the International Business Machines Corporation’s (IBM) ‘Heron’ processor made its debut The invention, formally known as the IBM Quantum Heron, is the first of a quantum processor series that will appear in the years to come. Architecturally engineered for the past four years, the processor is currently being made available to users via the cloud The system can serve as a “scientific tool” to explore and compute in the area of chemistry, physics, and the vast world outside that of quantum mechanics The invention is an overall breakthrough in the area of quantum research and is being praised and contributed to by many veritable organizations such as the U S Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory, various Universities, and the Donostia International Physics Center.
In the vast expanse of space exploration, NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission stands as a beacon of scientific achievement Launched in 2016, this spacecraft recently achieved a momentous milestone by successfully collecting samples from the near-Earth asteroid Bennu This ambitious endeavor was NASA's first attempt at retrieving samples from an asteroid and holds the promise of unraveling the mysteries of our solar system's formation OSIRIS-REx is an acronym for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, and Regolith Explorer which not only showcases the technological capabilities of the current generation but also exemplifies the importance and spirit of human curiosity. Beyond its historic sample collection from the past 7 years, the mission entails a comprehensive study of Bennu's composition, structure, and history, contributing to our understanding of the early solar system As we celebrate the return of the spacecraft to Earth with its precious cargo in September of 2023, OSIRIS-REx stands as a testament to our unending quest for knowledge about our solar system and its future.
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
Navya Pannala
Launched on December 25, 2021, and costing 10 billion USD, the James Webb Telescope is located in a Lagrange point (a point at which the gravitational pull between two orbiting bodies balances out) between Earth and the sun, one million miles from Earth. The James Webb Telescope aims to examine nearby exoplanets, study the earliest stars, observe black holes, and reveal how stars and galaxies form. The James Webb Telescope can detect light emitted around 200 million years after the Big Bang using infrared detectors since the waves of light originally emitted as ultraviolet or visible light slowly elongates over time into infrared light. Additionally, the James Webb Telescope has 6 25 times more surface area to collect light than the Hubble Space Telescope, allowing it to peer even further back into history than previously achievable. So far, the James Webb Telescope has taken pictures of exoplanets, observed galaxies that appeared 13 4 billion years ago, revealed insights into how stars are formed, and more.
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande
Edited By: Khushee Goel
by Arjun Dasgupta | Jim Yang
Known as the prehistoric Chicxulub impact or Cretaceous-Palogene extinction event, an asteroid is believed to have hit the Gulf of Mexico 66 million years ago and has killed 70% of all species on Earth To prevent a repeat of that predicament, NASA developed the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) in which a spacecraft hit and redirected an asteroid. On impact, the spacecraft had a speed of 14,000 mph (around 22,500 kph) and a mass of 540 kilograms, while the asteroid, Dimorphos, had a mass of approximately 4.8 billion kilograms. Dimorphos revolves around its partner asteroid, Didymos, and NASA defined a successful test as altering Dimorphos’ period by at least 73 seconds. In the end, Dimorphos’ orbit was shortened by 33 minutes (with an uncertainty of ±1 minutes) and it lost between 1 to 9 million kilograms of matter as a result of the collision. Furthermore, DART required extreme precision, as Dimorphos’ diameter is around 170 meters, the colliding spacecraft was only 2.6 meters long, and the spacecraft was launched into space nearly a year before the impact The extremely successful result of DART demonstrates that humans can defend against major existential crises
Orca, the world’s largest commercial-scale carbon removal plant and a wondrous feat of engineering was recently constructed by Climeworks in partnership with Carbfix in the outskirts of Iceland on September 21, 2021. Being a successor to the company’s first storage plant, Arctic Fox, Orca directly captures carbon dioxide from the ambient air and processes it until it petrifies, permanently and sustainable expelling the gas from the atmosphere. According to Climeworks, the facility consists of eight large containers with an annual capacity of 500 tons each situated around a central processing hall that accommodates the electronics that allow for remote operation Skillfully integrated into the surrounding Icelandic landscape, the plant is located 50 kilometers outside Reykjavík next to the Hellisheiði Power Station, which is operated by Reykjavík Energy Microsoft founder Bill Gates and reinsurance company Swiss Re are current clients and major investors in the plant, which cost between 10 to 15 million USD to build and utilizes state-of-the-art carbon-capture technology that, if widely implemented, could potentially serve as a plausible remedy to the critical state of the current global climate
Designed By: Ivanka Deshpande Edited
By: Khushee Goel
akovner Say Hello to the Toughest Material on Earth News Center, 8 Dec 2022, newscenter lbl gov/2022/12/08/say-hello-to-the-toughest-material-on-earth/ Theresa, Deena The Toughest Material on Earth Has Just Been Found and the Structure Is Just Grains ” Interestingengineering com, 9 Dec 2022, interestingengineering com/science/toughest-material-structure-grain Accessed 28 Dec 2023
Montay‐Gruel, Pierre, et al “FLASH Radiotherapy with Photon Beams ” Medical Physics, 14 Sept 2021, https://doi org/10 1002/mp 15222 Matuszak, Natalia, et al “FLASH Radiotherapy: An Emerging Approach in Radiation Therapy Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, vol 27, no 2, 19 May 2022, pp 343–351, https://doi org/10 5603/rpor a2022 0038
Otto, Frank “Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, Penns Historic Mrna Vaccine Research Team, WIN 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine ” Penn Today, 21 Nov 1970, penntoday upenn edu/news/katalin-kariko-and-drewweissman-penns-historic-mrna-vaccine-research-team-win-2023-nobel#: :text=After%20a%20chance%20meeting%20in,the%20bodys%20protective%20immune%20system
Doe explains stellarators Energy gov (n d ) https://www energy gov/science/doe-explainsstellarators Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) (1970, March 6) Fusion world: Wendelstein 7-X surpasses target ITER https://www iter org/newsline/-/3848 Wendelstein 7-X Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik (n d ) https://www ipp mpg de/w7x
NASA What Is the James Webb Space Telescope? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids Spaceplace nasa gov, 4 Jan 2022, spaceplace nasa gov/james-webb-space-telescope/en/ Beall, Abigail The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ” New Scientist, www newscientist com/definition/james-webb-space-telescope-jwst/
“The Biggest Discoveries in Biology in 2023 ” Quanta Magazine, 19 Dec 2023, https://www quantamagazine org/the-biggest-discoveries-in-biology-in-2023-20231219/ “Microbiome ” National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, https://www niehs nih gov/health/topics/science/microbiome Accessed 7 Jan 2024
Delbert, Caroline “The Department of Energy Learned How to Turn Carbon Dioxide into Liquid Fuel ” Popular Mechanics, 12 Aug 2020, www popularmechanics com/science/a33573417/carbon-dioxide-ethanolcatalyst/ “Project Launched to Create Prototype That Converts Carbon Dioxide to Ethanol | Argonne National Laboratory ” Www anl gov, www anl gov/article/project-launched-to-create-prototype-that-convertscarbon-dioxide-to-ethanol
IBM Debuts Next-Generation Quantum Processor & IBM Quantum System Two, Extends Roadmap to Advance Era of Quantum Utility IBM Newsroom, newsroom ibm com/2023-12-04-IBM-Debuts-Next-GenerationQuantum-Processor-IBM-Quantum-System-Two,-Extends-Roadmap-to-Advance-Era-of-Quantum-Utility Accessed 6 Jan 2024 Law, Marcus “Top 10: Biggest Innovations of 2023 ” Technology Magazine, BizClik Media Ltd , 13 Dec 2023, technologymagazine com/top10/top-10-biggest-innovations-of-2023
Wang, Shuya, et al “Rational Vaccinology with Spherical Nucleic Acids ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol 116, no 21, 8 May 2019, pp 10473–10481, www ncbi nlm nih gov/pmc/articles/PMC6535021/, https://doi org/10 1073/pnas 1902805116 Accessed 26 Apr 2023 kwm107 “Transforming the Way Cancer Vaccines Are Designed and Made ” News Center, 30 Jan 2023, news feinberg northwestern edu/2023/01/30/transforming-the-way-cancer-vaccines-are-designed-and-made/ Accessed 28 Dec 2023
“The Biggest Discoveries in Biology in 2023 ” Quanta Magazine, 19 Dec 2023, https://www quantamagazine org/the-biggest-discoveries-in-biology-in-2023-20231219/ “Perky Effect - The Behavioral Scientist ” Https://Www Thebehavioralscientist Com, https://www thebehavioralscientist com/glossary/perky-effect Accessed 7 Jan 2024 Lenharo, Mariana “Decades-Long Bet on Consciousness Ends and Its Philosopher 1, Neuroscientist 0 ” Nature, vol 619, no 7968, June 2023, pp 14–15 www nature com, https://doi org/10 1038/d41586-023-02120-8
Wood, Charlie “Physicists Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing ” Quanta Magazine, 22 Feb 2023, www quantamagazine org/physicists-use-quantum-mechanics-to-pull-energy-out-of-nothing20230222/ “First Demonstration of Energy Teleportation ” Discover Magazine, www discovermagazine com/the-sciences/first-demonstration-of-energy-teleportation “Scientists Defy Physics, Basically Pull Energy out of Thin Air ” Popular Mechanics, 24 Feb 2023, www popularmechanics com/science/energy/a43027420/scientists-pull-energy-out-of-thin-air/
Rao, Rahul “The Most Awesome Aerospace Innovations of 2022 ” Popular Science, 1 Dec 2022, www popsci com/technology/best-aerospace-innovations-2022/ Accessed 28 Dec 2023 NASA Confirms DART Mission Impact Changed Asteroids Motion in Space - NASA www nasa gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroids-motion-in-space/ Walsh Bryan “The Universe Is a Dangerous Place NASA Just Showed Its Possible to Defend Earth against It Vox, 27 Sept 2022, www vox com/future-perfect/2022/9/27/23374653/nasa-asteroids-dart-existential-risk-extinction-planetary-defensedidymos
“Orca Is Climeworks New Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal Plant ” Climeworks, https://climeworks com/plant-orca Accessed 7 Jan 2024 France-Presse, Agence “World’s Biggest Machine Capturing Carbon from Air Turned on in Iceland ” The Guardian, 9 Sept 2021 The Guardian, https://www theguardian com/environment/2021/sep/09/worlds-biggest-plant-to-turn-carbon-dioxide-into-rock-opens-in-iceland-orca “The Worlds Biggest Carbon-Removal Plant Switches On ” The Economist The Economist, https://www economist com/science-and-technology/2021/09/18/the-worlds-biggest-carbon-removal-plant-switches-on Accessed 7 Jan 2024
Brubaker, Ben “An Easy-Sounding Problem Yields Numbers Too Big for Our Universe ” Quanta Magazine, 4 Dec 2023, https://www quantamagazine org/an-easy-sounding-problem-yields-numbers-too-big-for-ouruniverse-20231204/ “Explained: P vs NP ” MIT News Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 29 Oct 2009, https://news mit edu/2009/explainer-pnp Ji, Hoon Chun What Is Tetration? Ohio State University, Math Department, 17 July 2024, https://math osu edu/sites/math osu edu/files/chun tetration pdf LEROUX, JÉRÔME The General Vector Addition System Reachability Problem by Presburger Inductive Invariants Logical Methods in Computer Science, Sept 2010, https://www mimuw edu pl/ sl/teaching/18 19/ISS/LITERATURA/Jerome-lmcs10 pdf Uniwersytet Warsawski, Wydział Matematyki, Informatyki i Mechaniki P versus NP Problem | Complexity Theory & Algorithmic Solutions | Britannica https://www britannica com/science/P-versus-NP-problem Accessed 6 Jan 2024 Weisstein Eric W Ackermann Function https://mathworld wolfram com/ Accessed 6 Jan 2024 Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis: Vol 0, No 0, onlinelibrary wiley com/toc/16154169/0/0 Accessed 26 Feb 2024
Cesari, Thaddeus “James Webb Space Telescope ” NASA, NASA, 21 Dec 2023, blogs nasa gov/webb/ “Images, Stock Photos, 3D Objects, & Vectors ” Shutterstock, www shutterstock com/search Accessed 26 Feb 2024
Service, Tribune News “Musk’s Neuralink Company Aims to Soon Test Brain Implant in People ” Tribuneindia News Service, www tribuneindia com/news/science-technology/musks-neuralink-company-aims-tosoon-test-brain-implant-in-people-456992 Accessed 26 Feb 2024