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ESTEBAN CHAVEZ

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GRADUATE THESIS 2025

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Multi-state Request for Information Sam.gov 2024

The RFI at the heart of the discussion. In the simplest of explanations, the government is looking for detention centers with 850 – 950 Beds, that must be located within a 2-hour drive of one of their field offices in Phoenix, AZ, El Paso, TX, Seattle, WA, and San Francisco California. The requirements for the detention centers are outlined in a 435-page document created by ICE. I mapped each of the field offices listed in the RFI as well as the detention centers that fall under the umbrella of the field office. This exercise allowed me to understand the existing capacity each field office has for detention as well as the proximity or distance between the field offices and the detention centers.

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ICE Field Office Phoenix, AZ

Florence Service Processing Center Florence, AZ |422 Beds

Central Arizona Florence Correctional Center Florence, AZ | 550 Beds

Eloy Detention Center Eloy, AZ | 1550 Beds

PHOENIX, AZ

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Cibola County Correctional Center Milan, NM | 1129 Beds

Torrance County Detention Facility Estancia, NM | 150 Beds

Otero County Processing Center Chaparral, NM | 1000 Beds

ICE Field Office and Service Processing Center El Paso, TX | 840 Beds

EL PASO, TX

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ICE Field Office Seattle, WA

Northwest ICE Processing Center Seattle, WA | 1575 Beds

SEATTLE, WA

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ICE Field Office San Francisco, CA

Golden State Annex McFarland, CA | 700 Beds

Mesa Verde ICE Processing Center Bakersfield, CA | 400 Beds

SAN FRANCISCO, CA

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Spaces of Detention Cinthya Santos-Briones 2019

The final and most provoking work I found was these series of poems, collages, and drawings created and curated by Cinthya Santos-Briones. The work focuses on exploring what detention centers look and feel like spatial through the eyes of the former detained. The hand drawn plans are particularly moving because of the number of beds that dot them. It’s time to reimagine what this space could be used for instead.

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Alternatives to Detention ICE 2025

U.S Customs and Border Protection Unveiled the new use for the CBP Home App which will now serve as a way for immigrants who reside in the US illegally to self-report and deport. This app previously served as the main way for asylum seekers to track their requests and status. The agency states that those who self-deport would be allowed to request legal entry to the US in the future vs. those detained would not have the same leniency. This development which involves using your own phone to submit your identity via pictures made me question whether there are current alternatives to detention where you can be “detained” via your phone instead of having to go to a detention center.

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CBP Home App

U.S. Customs and Border Protection 2025 U.S Customs and Border Protection Unveiled the new use for the CBP Home App which will now serve as a way for immigrants who reside in the US illegally to self-report and deport. This app previously served as the main way for asylum seekers to track their requests and status. The agency states that those who self-deport would be allowed to request legal entry to the US in the future vs. those detained would not have the same leniency. This development which involves using your own phone to submit your identity via pictures made me question whether there are current alternatives to detention where you can be “detained” via your phone instead of having to go to a detention center.

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2024 Election

The Geo Group

The Geo Group and CoreCivic Stock Prices Google Finance 2025

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The capitalistic motivations for owning and operating detention centers are clear to read. There are a couple of main players when it comes to developing, owning and operating detention centers. The players are The Geo Group, CivicGroup, and Management and Training Corporation. If you go on their websites, you can see smiling pictures of their employees, exterior views of their headquarters, and tabs of information regarding how they can help meet your detention needs. It’s clear that detention centers are a hot business right now, the stock market chart clearly shows a correlation between when Donald Trump, a vocal supporter of ICE and anti-immigration practices, won his re-election and the surge in the trading value of the stocks of The Geo Group and Civic Group.

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One Big Beautiful Bill

Speaker of the House Facebook 2025 The bill outlines the Trump administrations goals and provides the funding to back them. The bill provides an additional 135 Billion dollars in funding for ICE and Customs and Border patrol over the next 4 years, averaging over 30 billion dollars a year.

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Facebook Post

U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2025 The bragging by homeland security shows the stagger number of arrests in a single month by the Trump administrations border czar team. A 627% percent increase in monthly arrests means the demand for detention centers must be at an all time high. It makes a lot of sense as to why the government put out and RFI for west coast detention facilities that could see the number of detention center beds increase by as much as 3800.

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DOCUMENT 1/22/25, 12:00 PM

Study says undocumented immigrants paid almost $100 billion in taxes • Alabama Reflector

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ECONOMY

1/22/25, 12:00 PM

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GOVERNMENT & POLITICS

The study was released in the backdrop of a political climate where states have passed laws to arrest people who they suspect of entering the U.S. illegally, which has been a federal power, the Biden administration announced an executive action to allow for the deportation of many asylum seekers without processing their claims, and the 2024 Republican Party platform promises the “largest deportation operation in American history” if former President Donald Trump is reelected over presumptive Democratic nominee Kamala Harris. Tax policy will also be front and center for Congress and the White House next year as provisions of Trump’s tax law, passed in 2017, are set to expire.

Study says undocumented immigrants paid almost $100 billion in taxes BY: CASEY QUINLAN - AUGUST 2, 2024

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Study says undocumented immigrants paid almost $100 billion in taxes • Alabama Reflector

“This means hundreds of thousands of everyday people are contributing more than their share to public services they cannot even access meanwhile those with the most to give and the most to beneift contribute the least,” Tsoukalas said.

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Aside from the human cost of deportations on families, policy experts and researchers are making the case that undocumented immigrants are a boon to the economy, making it an economic cost as well. Immigration and economic experts who spoke about the signiifcance of the report on Monday highlighted the Congressional Budget Oiffce’s July report on the rise in immigration and its effects on the economy and budget, which found that this increase in immigration would add $1.2 trillion in federal revenue from 2024 to 2034.

Carl Davis, research director at the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, said there are economic ripple effects to consider in the deportation of undocumented immigrants in the U.S. beyond taxes.

 Texas National Guard soldiers stand on patrol near the bank of the Rio Grande on April 2, 2024 in El Paso, Texas. A new study shows that undocumented immigrants paid nearly $100 billion in federal, state, and local tax revenue in 2022. The findings run counter to anti-immigrant rhetoric that immigrants who inter the U.S. illegally hurt social programs. (Brandon Bell/Getty Images)

“If you deported someone and they’re no longer making taxable purchases in their community, that number would relfect a reduction in their sales tax payments to the community but it wouldn’t capture that second ripple effect of the business has less proifts because they have fewer customers,” Davis said in a media call on the study.

A new study shows that undocumented immigrants paid nearly $100 billion in federal, state and local tax revenue in 2022 while many are shut out of the programs their taxes fund. The ifndings run counter to anti-immigrant rhetoric that undocumented immigrants are “destroying” social programs.

Auxier said that researchers have found children in an undocumented immigrant household are receiving education beneifts that could be larger than the tax payments of the lower income working adults, but that this is more of an income issue than a speciifc immigration issue. The other side of that coin, Auxier

In 40 states, undocumented immigrants paid higher tax rates than the top 1% of the income scale in those states, according to a study released Tuesday from the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, a left-leaning, nonproift think tank. https://alabamareflector.com/2024/08/02/study-says-undocumented-immigrants-paid-almost-100-billion-in-taxes/ 1/22/25, 12:00 PM Study says undocumented immigrants paid almost $100 billion in taxes • Alabama Reflector

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notes, is that in the future, undocumented households may in fact give back more than they received.

The report also shed further light on the tax revenue provided by undocumented immigrants on the state and local level.

Undocumented immigrants are paying 46% of their state and local tax payments through sales and excise taxes. Six states — New Jersey, New York, California, Florida, Texas, and Illinois — were able to raise more than $1 billion each in tax revenue from undocumented immigrants, the nonproift said.

Policy experts also pointed to a labor shortage — 8.1 million job openings and 6.8 million unemployed workers — as a reason to embrace the economic contributions of undocumented immigrants.

South Dakota, North Dakota, Maryland, Vermont, Maine, and South Carolina are some of the states facing the greatest labor shortages, according to a Washington Post analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics data.

Undocumented immigrants pay property taxes and sales taxes, and federal payroll taxes taken from their wages, as well as income tax returns using Individual Taxpayer Identiifcation numbers. Despite those payroll taxes funding Medicare, Social Security, and Unemployment Insurance, undocumented immigrants are not eligible to enroll in and receive regular beneifts from these social programs. They can also face barriers to getting tax refunds, including getting scammed by unscrupulous tax preparers who target immigrant communities, said Jackie Vimo, senior analyst of economic justice policy at the National Immigration Law Center, a group that focuses on racial, economic and social justice for lowincome immigrants, in a media call on the report.

“Immigrants are already iflling that [labor] gap and if we have mass deportations where millions of immigrants are torn from their family members and the country they have made home, we will not only have the human impact of this but we’ll have a severe effect on the economy and available workforce,” said Vimo of the National Immigration Law Center.

Sam.gov 2024 3/6

Not only are undocumented immigrants constantly exploited for their labor and used as political pawns by politicians reaching for power, they also pay taxes and help fund benefits that they will never be able to access.

“Those same studies tend to note that if the children go to school and they then go get jobs, now the American household is giving more than it got because the parents came here, worked, paid into Social Security, Medicare, and didn’t get any beneifts,” he said. “The kid went to school and then they got a job and then they started earning enough money that they were a net contributor.”

YOU MAKE OUR WORK POSSIBLE. SUPPORT

“There are tons of laws that prevent undocumented workers from getting beneifts…” said Richard C. Auxier, a principal policy associate at the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, a nonpartisan think tank that was not involved in the study. “…They get a lot of political attention. At the end of the day, they’re just normal people paying normal taxes.”

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Alexis Tsoukalas, senior policy analyst at Florida Policy Institute, a nonproift focused on economic mobility for Floridians, told reporters on Monday that she was struck by how much the state collected from undocumented immigrants in taxes compared to the wealthiest in the state. The current tax rate for undocumented immigrants in Florida is 8% compared to the top 1% of the state at 2.7%.

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https://alabamareflector.com/2024/08/02/study-says-undocumented-immigrants-paid-almost-100-billion-in-taxes/ 1/22/25, 12:00 PM Study says undocumented immigrants paid almost $100 billion in taxes • Alabama Reflector

The study, which uses estimates of undocumented immigrants’ tax contributions as of 2022, shows those totaled $96.7 billion that year. Study authors also found that undocumented immigrants would contribute $40.2 billion more per year in federal, state and local taxes if all of the undocumented population had access to work authorization. The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy reasoned that this boost would come from higher wages associated with employment authorization and easier compliance with income tax laws.

https://alabamareflector.com/2024/08/02/study-says-undocumented-immigrants-paid-almost-100-billion-in-taxes/

Study says undocumented immigrants paid almost $100 billion in taxes

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https://alabamareflector.com/2024/08/02/study-says-undocumented-immigrants-paid-almost-100-billion-in-taxes/

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LA ICE Protests Reuters 2025

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Abusive Practices in Florida Detention Centers Human Rights Watch / The Guardian 2025

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TRUMP VIA FOX NEWS RE: ALLIGATOR ALCATRAZ FOX 2025

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THESIS STATEMENT A tremendous number of resources and space are allocated to the detention of undocumented immigrants with the vast majority not having criminal backgrounds. This thesis aims to first explore and research detention centers and their economic and societal cost to set up an argument for mass amnesty in the United States. The thesis speculates on a future in which amnesty is offered to the non-criminal undocumented immigrants residing in the United States and what new civic building would be required to help facilitate this transition.

A new civic building typology would be required to help facilitate the transition to citizenship of all these individuals as well as to help build trust between the formerly undocumented and their new government.

The resources previously allocated to the building, maintaining, and detaining of undocumented immigrants would be reallocated to support, strengthen, and uplift communities and citizens of the United States. This new typology would house a diverse set of programs that all center around services that would be provided to help in the transition to citizenship. Programmatically, the new typology would focus on housing programs related to administrative and legal assistance, healthcare services, and educational and workforce training. The aim of the project is to be a one stop civic building were one visit could cover multiple programmatic functions. While the inside of the project focuses on services, the exterior focuses on welcomeness and outward education.

The project aims to combat the existing dynamic of civic buildings that tend to showcase unrelenting strength, power, and order and instead create a sense of welcomeness, transparency, and be uplifting in its form. The most important formal move is the sinking of the building into the ground to alleviate power dynamics created by elevated buildings on plinths. The skin of the building consists partially of a digital screen meant to inform and educate citizens to destigmatize immigrants and immigration. The rest of the skin is a combination of translucent and transparent, helping provide required privacy, however, never attempting to hide what it contains or what awaits it’s occupants.

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