ROO1 Revision Booklet

ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

Aims of Unit 1 – R001 In unit R001 learners will study the computer system on which applications software sits and consider the implications of working with data to create content.

From personal computers to smartphones, computing devices are an essential feature of the modern world. Technology may be changing every day, but the knowledge and understanding of how to use computers effectively is the same regardless of the technology being used. Computers are powerful devices for the storage and manipulation of data, but how can they be used effectively and the important data they use be stored securely?

On completion of this unit, learners will have gained the knowledge and understanding to use computers more effectively in a variety of different contexts including home, school and the workplace. Their regard for their own personal data security and for the security of the data of others will be increased and, overall, learners will be more informed users of computers making them more effective participators in business and social life.

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

Unit 1 – R001 Specifications Learning Outcomes (LO Content) - Learners must be taught: I Know This: √

LO1: Understand how ICT can be used to meet business needs 1. Features and purposes of computing devices i.e. desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablets and smartphones 2. Input devices i.e. mice, keyboard, microphone, sensors, pads, specialist, etc.

3. Output devices i.e. monitor/screens, printers, speakers, headphones, projectors, etc 4. Software i.e. operating systems, utility software, applications software 5. Storage and connectivity devices i.e. optical disks, hard disk drive, Solid State Drives, memory cards, cloud 6. How the following factors can affect the choice of system cost, availability, user needs, data security 7. How peripherals can be connected to a computer device i.e. Wired methods (e.g. USB, firewire) and Wireless methods (e.g. WiFi) 8. How to connect a computing device to an existing wireless network i.e. network name, i.e. Service Set Identifier (SSID), security keys, firewall 9. How organisations can monitor employees i.e. GPS location tracking, monitoring internet use and communications LO2: Know how to work with information and data to meet business needs

I Know This: √

10.Data capture methods i.e. on-line/paper forms, automated data capture systems (barcodes, RFID) 11.How the following factors can affect the choice of method: Nature of information, cost, availability, ease of use and data security 12.How to design data capture forms to obtain specified information i.e. drop down boxes, radio buttons, examples, text blocks, etc.

13.How to code information for use in a spreadsheet or database i.e. using data validation, drop down lists and limiting input data types 14.Data Validation Data ranges such as >18 and <60 or “Male” or “Female” 15.File formats for storing data i.e. proprietary, i.e. .doc, .xls, .ppt / open formats, i.e. .rtf, .pdf, .csv 16.Data storage technologies i.e. local and removable media remote storage (e.g. cloud storage) Page 2

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

17.Security measures to be used when storing data Usernames/Passwords and Access rights/Permissions Physical security to prevent loss of data/devices (e.g. locked doors) 18.Data transferring technologies Wired and wireless, Mobile (3g, 4g), cloud, Security methods (encryption) 19.Factors affecting data transfer speed i.e. bandwidth, router technology 20.Factors affecting the appropriate optimisation of electronic files i.e. download speeds, quality of product 21.How to use back-up and recovery systems storage media, back-up frequency, archiving, automated versus manual 22.How the following factors can affect the choice of method Cost, Availability, Ease of use, Data security LO3: Know how ICT can be used to support business working practices

I Know This: √

23.How businesses communicate with employees and working remotely i.e. voice telephones, SMS, instant messaging, email, chat rooms, etc.

Appropriate use of remote communication tools i.e. for email appropriate use of subject, cc/bcc, attachments, etc.

24.How diary management software is used to organise work schedules Creating appointments/meetings, Inviting, tasks, to-do lists, reminders 25.How documents can be created and edited collaboratively Comments, editing drafts, tracking changes, accepting or rejecting I Know This: √

LO4: Legal, Ethical, Safety and Security issues affecting computer use 26.How legislation affects business computer users Data Protection Act, Copyright & Design Patents Act, Computer Misuse Act 27.How moral and ethical issues affect business computer users Use and abuse of personal and private data, Cyber Bullying 28.Implications and consequences for data loss, corruption and theft Legal implications, Impact on customers, employees, organisation 29.The main threats to data security and how to deal with them Threats to data security, i.e.: computer viruses, Trojans, worms, phishing...

Actions to minimise risks, i.e.: Protection software, i.e. firewall, anti-virus..

30.Using updating facilities for Operating Systems and security software Automatic and Manual updating facilities

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

LO1: Understand how ICT can be used to meet business needs 1. Features and purposes of computing devices Desktops

Laptops

Powerful with big monitor – but not portable

Netbooks

Portable computer Portable and small and still powerful – – but not as also has WiFi powerful as laptop

Tablets

Smartphones

Portable and has APPs but they are limited

Portable – but not powerful and limited APPs

2. Input devices Mouse

Keyboard

Specialist Keyboard

Microphone

Webcams

e.g. to click on icons

e.g. to type letters

e.g. Braille keyboard to help blind people

e.g. to record music

e.g. to use Skype in VoIP

Sensors

Touch Pads

Remote Controls

Scanner

Digital Camera

e.g. to record temperature

e.g. Laptop mouse as limited space

Touch Screens

Readers

e.g. to run APPs and to output

e.g. to read barcodes

e.g. to control air conditioners Magnetic Strip Reader e.g. to read credit cards

e.g. to scan in photographs Chip and Pin Reader e.g. to read debit cards to pay

e.g. to take photographs MIDI Instruments /Keyboard e.g. record music such as piano

3. Output devices Monitor Displays information from a computer

Touch Screen Input and output on most tablets and smartphones

Printers Inkjet for home use, cheap to buy but ink is costly; laser costly to buy, cheap to print

Headphones Allows you to listen to sounds and music from a computing device

Projectors

Plotters

Allow you to display information on large screens, e.g. for teaching

Architecture and engineers use these to print large blue prints for work

4. Software Operating Software Every computer has this software and its job is to control hardware and software so users can carry out tasks. E.g. Apple OS, Microsoft Windows 7, Linux, etc.

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Utility Software This software adds tools to help manage and maintain the OS. E.g. firewalls, backup software, managing pictures, anti-virus, defrag, etc.

Application Software This software is installed so that users can perform tasks such as Word Processing, Graphics Editing, Communication, Spreadsheets, Databases, etc.

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

Application software Word Processor

Desktop Publishing

This can be used by staff to type letters or reports meetings, e.g.

Microsoft Word

Used to create flyers and posters for business advertising, e.g.

Microsoft Publisher

Photo/Graphics Editing

Video Editing

Could be used to remove red eye or crop down images; this edits graphics, e.g. Fireworks

This allows users to edit and create videos removing scenes, e.g.

Movie Maker

Communication

Gaming Software

Allows communication with other employees when out of the office, e.g. Skype

Used to create games, 3D people and landscapes, e.g. Unreal Engine

Spreadsheet

Database

Used for finances calculating results by using functions and formulae, e.g. Excel

Used to store customer details such as names and addresses, e.g.

Microsoft Access

Multimedia Software Used to create presentations with multimedia elements, e.g. Mediator 9 Web Browsers Used to display web sites on a company Intranet or Internet, e.g.

Firefox

Presentation Software Used in meetings to display information on a projector, e.g.

PowerPoint Apps for Portable Devices This allows devices with low resources and touch screens software, e.g. Angry Birds

5. Storage devices Hard Drives

Solid State

Optical Drives

Flash Memory

Cloud Storage

Stores files on a computer and has huge amounts of space – External drives are used to backup a whole computer

Used in memory sticks, tablets and smartphones because they are small and don’t easily break

Used to read and/or write files to CDs and DVDs. They are small in size and are used to install software or make small backups

These are USB memory sticks which are small and portable, and used to backup small amounts of data

Uses the Internet to store files and space is expensive.

Good for backing up smartphones and accessing work at home.

Connectivity devices Switch Allows many devices to connect to a network, but not the Internet Page 5

Router Used to connect computers to the Internet, and very common in home use

Network Card Connects computers and devices to a network using a cable

Wireless Network Card Connects computers and devices to a network without wires – also called WiFi

Modem Old device connecting computers to the Internet using normal telephone lines

Wireless Access Point Connect wireless devices to the network – many needed in large companies

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

Configuring systems for physical impairment Puff-Suck Switch Users can control a computer with a blow/suck – Use: motor dysfunction

Braille Keyboard This is used to feel which keys to use without seeing them – Use: visual impairment

Foot Mouse

Text-to-Speech

Speech-to-Text

Zoom

One foot clicks and the other moves the mouse – Use: motor dysfunction

People use this to have text on the screen read to them – Use: visual impairment

Type text or do set actions – Use: visual impairment and motor dysfunction

To zoom on areas with the mouse to see them clearly – Use: visual impairment

Configuring systems for remote working Remote Desktop Connections The Internet is used to log onto a computer when you are away from it – e.g. to get work from home

Virtual Private Network

File Transfer Protocol

You can connect networks around the country together to appear as one – e.g. all ASDAs networks

The rules that allow files to be shared and transferred over a network and the Internet.

6. How the following factors can affect the choice of system Different companies will pay more, have different security and user needs. For example a school will pay less for a computer and need smaller space and processing power as compared to a game developing firm that might need a great graphics card and memory.

7. How peripherals can be connected to a computer device Wired USB Allows fast data transfer and is used to transfer files between computers

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Wireless FireWire

Wi-Fi

Bluetooth

Infrared

FireWire is much quicker than USB and is used to transfer large files like videos

Devices connect without cables but are slower than wired – devices like printers use Wi-Fi

Connect devices such as a mouse – but is slower and shorter distance than Wi-Fi

This needs line of sight to work, but only short distance and can be used in remote controls

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

8. How to connect a computing device to an existing wireless network Speed of Data Transmission How quickly something loads – wired is usually quicker than wireless

Bandwidth

Wi-Fi

Max data transferred at once – large videos need high bandwidth

Another name for a wireless network – e.g. to connect printers

Service Set Identifier (SSID) This is the network name given to a network – e.g. DJ-Home

Public SSID

WEP, WPA, WPA2, AES

Firewalls

User ID and Passwords

This network name for guests to access the network – e.g. a café

These are versions of This is used to stop security used to connect hackers accessing data users to networks to and from a computer

For security users should have their own unique ID and password

9. How organisations can monitor employees Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS uses 4 satellites to determine where people are anywhere on the earth. GPS can be used to: 1. Send help to injured people 2. For maps and directions 3. As a duty of care – e.g. to monitor social workers

Mobile and Smartphone Tracking Smartphones have GPS built in to be tracked – for example for maps or if they are stolen Electronic Tagging Criminals and animals can have GPS tags in order to track where they are at any time

Monitoring Internet Use

Monitoring Email Use

Company Policy

Companies make sure employees are using the Internet and emails appropriately to do their job – e.g. not to use Facebook, etc.

Emails can be checked to make sure they are used for work and that they do not get attachments with viruses, etc.

Employees must follow the rules set out in the company policy – e.g. how they are allowed to use Internet and emails

LO2: How to work with information and data to meet business needs 10. Data capture methods On-line Forms Forms are entered directly into the computer system and is usually found on a website – e.g. to register a new client Page 7

Paper-based Forms

Automated Data Capture

Take the form of a questionnaire and can ask customers questions – these should be easy to use and usually include examples.

Sometimes it is easier to collect data automatically, such as when controlling temperature – e.g. heating or air-conditioning 04 February 2014

ICT Department Barcode

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems Matrix Barcode

Used to read product details and price in shops

Used to advertise products using APPs on smartphones

Near Field Communications (NFC) Used to pay for products under £15 using you smartphone

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Used as security and tracking – small and difficult to break

11. How the following factors can affect the choice of method Depending on cost, ease of use and security online may be better than offline or vice-versa.

For example a small business would use offline (paper based) as it is cheap and easy to use, whereas a large company would use online as they have many customers and it will work out cheaper. In dangerous situations automatic might also be preferred so that information can be easily collected – e.g. recording temperatures of a volcano.

12. How to design data capture forms to obtain specified information Creating On-line Forms

Creating Paper-based Forms

How to use Automated Data

Include drop-down menus Tick boxes and radio buttons Do not use separate boxes Use pre-set formats – e.g.

DD/MM/YYYY 5. Use smaller data – E.g.

Address is: Number, Street, Town, County and Postcode 6. Use validation rules

1. Include examples of the data and spaces for the answers 2. Include the right amount of spaces to get correct data 3. Include the type of data to be entered to reduce errors 4. Data like temperature should be collected as numbers and names as text.

1. Temperature – Control temp in rooms and pools 2. PH – Control the quality of water in pools 3. Light – Automatically turn lights on/off to save power 4. Pressure – Used in alarms to check if someone has entered

1.

2.

3.

4.

13. How to code information for use in a spreadsheet/database: DATA TYPES Text 1. Any character 2. E.g.

Hello@123 3. Used for names, postcode, telephone, etc.

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Integer Number 1. Whole numbers 2. E.g. 42 3. Used for items of stock sold, etc.

Real Number 1. Numbers with decimals 2. E.g. 12.50 3. Used for prices, etc.

Date

Boolean

Image

1. Stores 1. Stores true 1. Stores dates or false images in a 2. E.g.

2. E.g. Y/N database 20/12/2012 3. Used to 2. E.g. staff 3. Used for check if photos date of customers 3. Used for birth, etc. have paid, staff ID, for male, etc. female, etc.

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

14. Data Validation Validation rules reduce errors when entering information as they check if the data entered is correctly according to a set rules, such as the right number of letters, numbers, no spaces, etc.

For example, it will not allow date that are not in the format DD/MM/YYYY or telephone numbers that are not (00000) 0000000. This ensures that data is entered correctly.

15. File formats for storing data Proprietary formats – belong to a company and used by the OS to open the right software Format

Meaning

Typical Uses

doc and docx

Microsoft Word Document

Typing letters and other documents

xls and xlsx

Microsoft Excel Document

Creating spreadsheets for budgets, etc.

ppt and pptx

Microsoft PowerPoint Document

Slideshow presentations

pub

Microsoft Publisher Document

Creating flyers, newsletters, etc.

fla

Adobe Flash Movie/Animations

For animations and movies

wma

Windows Media Audio

To play audio and sounds

wmv

Windows Media Video

To play videos

Open formats – Can be used many programs to open files such as mp3 Format

Meaning

Typical Uses

pdf

Portable Document Format Commonly used by Adobe

Creating formatted documents protected from editing

aac

Advanced audio coding

Audio/sounds stored without loss of data

rtf

Rich text format

Word-processing documents

csv

Comma separated values

Lists of data and often used to transfer data between software

exe

Executable file

Applications that run on computer systems

txt

Text

Unformatted text files

mp3

MPEG audio Layer 3

Audio/sounds stored with loss of data as files are compressed

aiff

Apple’s audio format

To play Audio/Sounds

Wav

Windows audio format

To play Audio/Sounds

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ICT Department

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

16. Data storage technologies Local storage such as hard drives and external drives are often better if you have large files to backup. Other times USB memory sticks can be better if you need to move around and need to transfer information, for example, between work and home. Cloud storage, alternatively, also allows portable access to data so long as you have the Internet – but space is limited and expensive!

17. Security measures to be used when storing data Network and computer security: Usernames and Passwords Access Rights and Permissions 1. All staff need to be given unique usernames and passwords so that they cannot access sensitive data 2. All staff should also have different access rights & permissions so they cannot access files unless allowed

Document security: Passwords Data Encryption 1. Passwords can be used in documents and can be set to Open/Modify or Read Only 2. Encryption uses a code/key to encrypt data and then it is decrypted using the code/key 3. On the Internet, encryption protects your passwords, payment details, etc. and is shown by https and padlock

Physical security: Security Badges Locking doors, Window bars, etc.

1. RFID tags can be placed into badges so that staff only enter areas if they have permission to do so 2. Do not have computers on the ground floor where they are easily accessed 3. Ensuring that windows have bars, or strengthened glass and doors are strong, etc.

18. Data transferring technologies Wired

Wireless

Mobile Data

Remote Methods

File Compression

Wires are faster and more reliable as they do not drop connection and safer as hackers need to access the cable

Portable and good for phones and tablets – slower than wired and easier to hack as the connection can be seen wirelessly

Portable using 3G and 4G on phones and tablets – slower that wired and wireless and easier to hack into

Email – Good for sharing files, but easy to hack File sharing – can contain viruses Cloud – Good for sharing and better security available

This takes a file and “compresses” it making it smaller in size. This helps sending large files, but can reduce quality of sounds and videos

19. Factors affecting data transfer speed USB flash drives are usually affordable and quick for transferring files but can be easily lost so data is unsecure. CDs and DVDs are not as big as flash drives and it takes a long time to write data to them. Emails are useful for transferring small files, but not secure and therefore files should be encrypted. For wired and wireless data transfer, speed and bandwidth are important, especially when transferring large files such as videos. 3G and 4G wireless transfer is slow for mobiles and it usually takes long to process big files.

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Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

20. Factors affecting the appropriate optimisation of electronic files Large files can be “compressed” to reduce size, but will reduce the quality of sounds and videos. Other ways of optimising files is through files formats such as JPEG reducing image size (best for websites) and mp3 reducing audio file size without losing much quality.

21. How to use back-up and recovery systems Data Storage CDs/DVDs and USBs are not suitable for large backups

CDs/DVDs and USBs can be kept away in case of fire, etc

For large data companies can use tape drives or hard disks

Tape systems are large and costly, Hard drives are large but not costly

Cloud storage is portable and more secure, but space is expensive

Frequency

Recovery

Archiving

Automated VS Manual

This is how often you need to backup, e.g. banks every few minutes, but a small shop only once a week

Backups can be recovered in detail – up to the date and even hour of when backups were made

These are backups that are no longer used day-to-day and therefore are kept away securely “Archived”

Automated systems allow backups to be done at set times and intervals over a day, week, month, etc.

Manual systems allow users to decide when to make the backup, but can mean that backups are missed.

22. How the following factors can affect the choice of method Tape

External Hard Disk

1. Expensive 1. Not Expensive 2. Easily damaged 2. Portable USB 3. Not as secure 3. Not as secure so data must so data must be encrypted be encrypted

CDs/DVDs

USB Flash Drives

1. Cheap – many disks needed 2. Not as secure so data must be encrypted

1. Cheap 2. Portable USB 3. Not as secure so data must be encrypted

Cloud Storage 1. Expensive 2. Portable 3. Secure as encryption provided

LO3: Know how ICT can be used to support business working practices 23. How businesses communicate with employees and working remotely Voice Telephone Conversation over a landline or mobile – Adv: cheap, leave messages Disadv: poor Page 11

Instant Messaging Instantly send messages over computers – Adv: cheap, instant Disadv: Viruses,

SMS

Email

Chat Rooms

Forum

Short message using mobiles – Adv: cheap, quickly sent Disadv: poor signal,

Message sent using computers – Adv: cheap, attachments Disadv: may not

Conversation using Internet – Adv: cheap, leave messages Disadv: poor signal, different

Search for answers to questions – Adv: ideas can be shared Disadv: time

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ICT Department signal, different hard to show time zones expressions Bulletin Boards

VoIP

Post info and messages about work – Adv: Accessed at anytime Disadv: Posts may be unreliable

Voice over Internet Protocol – speaking using the Internet – Adv: cheap Disadv: poor quality/signal

Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems someone may not see it Video Conferencing Have meetings using Skype, etc – Adv: cheap calls around the world Disadv: signal, time zones

have Internet, or viruses

time zones

consuming and not real time Social Webcams Blogs Networking Conversation Type info on Informal over a landline the Internet to communication, or mobile – share opinions images, etc.

Adv: cheap, Adv: keeps info Adv: promote leave messages up-to-date companies Disadv: poor Disadv: time Disadv: can signal, different consuming to effect work, time zones manage cyber bullying

Appropriate use of remote communication tools (Email) To, CC and BCC: Subject Line:

To: who the recipient of the email will be.

A brief summary of the email content, this is compulsory or else the email may be marked as spam.

CC: carbon copy, so everyone will receive the same email.

BCC: Blind Carbon copy lets you send the email to people without the others knowing.

Attachment: This is where attached files are shown. The size of the attachment increases the time it will take to send. It is important to mention there is an attached file in the email in case it doesn’t send.

Signature: These should always include details such as: Full name, function within business, email address, phone, etc.

Address Book:

Distribution List:

An address book lists all your contacts in one place.

Businesses can use distribution lists to add customer email addresses in order to send them information.

It is important for businesses as they can store customer’s emails, phone numbers, etc.

It can be used to contact customers about offers.

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They could also create lists by age or gender, so if there was a special offer on suited to them they would be emailed.

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Unit 1 – Understanding Computer Systems

Netiquette Rules or netiquette should be followed when sending emails – these include: 1. use an appropriate subject line 2. follow the agreed email policy within the business 3. check the message content before sending the email 4. include a signature on any business emails 5. you should be polite 6. messages should be written in plain English with careful use of abbreviations 7. do not write the message in capital letters 8. check if the email should be replied to all or just the person the email was originally from 9. include the format of attachments – for example, Microsoft Office file types.

24. How diary management software (DMS) is used to organise work schedules Creating appointments/ meetings Create meetings and appointments and show a list attending.

Check clashes and suggest alternatives times.

Inviting participants

Creating tasks

Emails can be used to invite people, which they can accept or reject.

Accepting puts it into the diary so that they don’t forget.

Tasks can be created and tracked to see if they are finished on time.

Reminders of task due dates can be set.

Creating to-do lists

Setting reminders

Cloud systems and APPs

Personal to-do lists can be created so that staff know what they have to do themselves, and by when.

Reminders can be set for tasks and meetings to come up weeks, days, hours or even minutes before. These can be snoozed

Let you access the DMS anywhere you have the Internet.

Smartphones can also access them using APPs.

25. How documents can be created and edited collaboratively Comments Teams can share opinions by making comments, and it can show employees what others think should be done, without having to tell each other face to face. Comments can be only be removed by deleting them later.

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Track Changes

Reviewing Facilities

This tracks and highlights changes made to the document instead of inserting comments. This is quicker as you do not have to read a comment and change it – it is already changed and you just have to accept or reject the changes.

“Accepting” and “Rejecting” changes – allows you to accept the track changes and it will become part of the new document, or reject the change to put them back to the way they were before the 04 February 2014 changes were made.

ICT Department

Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Understanding Computer Systems

LO4: Legal, Ethical, Safety and Security issues affecting computer use 26. How legislation affects business computer users Health and Safety

Data Protection Act

Helps protect staff from injury at work. One of the main laws (Display Screen Equipment) says: 1. Workstations of employees must be safe 2. Make sure there are adjustable chairs, monitors, good lighting, etc.

3. Making sure employees have regular breaks 4. Arrange and pay for eye tests and glasses 5. Provide health and safety training

Rules on storage and use of data how to complain, and sometimes to claim compensation if needed.

Some of the points in this act say that data must: 1. be accurate and up to date 2. be kept for longer than is necessary 3. be kept secure 4. not be transferred outside the European Economic Area (EEA)

Copyright and Design Patents Act

Computer Misuse Act

This law makes it illegal to copy a work, for example, a file or image, without permission.

The main way this act is broken include: 1. Using software without the correct licence 2. Downloading files from the internet 3. Copying music, DVDs, CDs and software

This covers the illegal access to files and data stored on computer systems. It was introduced to cope with the increase in hacking and viruses.

This law stops people from breaking into computers or stealing data for illegal reasons, or to damage the working order of the computers.

27. How moral and ethical issues affect business computer users Use and abuse of private data It is morally/ethically wrong to: 1. Accidentally delete data 2. Steal it in order to sell it 3. To hack into personal data

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Cyber Bullying

Monitoring people

When a person/group threaten or embarrass someone else using technology such as a mobile phone or the internet

1. CCTV and RFID tags can be used to track employees 2. Cookies can be used to personalise websites 3. Key logging tracks staff work, user IDs, passwords, etc.

4. Call recording and mobile tracking monitor staff work

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Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Understanding Computer Systems

28. Implications and consequences for data loss, corruption and theft Legal implications

Impact on customers

Impact on employees

Impact on organisation

1. If data is stolen a business can have criminal proceedings started or pay financial compensation.

2. If a hacker is traced, they can be imprisoned and pay a large fine.

1. The business will no longer be seen as trustworthy.

2. If personal data is lost or stolen then there is a risk of identity theft.

3. Identity theft is when someone takes the identity of another person to create big debts, etc.

1. A formal written warning.

2. A demotion in job role and lower salary 3. Dismissal from job.

4. A reference being given which stated why they lost their job â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this could result in difficulty in finding another job.

1. They will have to pay compensation to customers.

2. They may have to close down because of the costs.

3. More money will have to be spent on computer security.

4. Customers might lose confidence in the business.

29. The main threats to data security and how to deal with them Computer Viruses

A computer program that can duplicate itself and spread from one computer to another causing problems or damage.

Trojans

This is a program that looks as though it is needed, but when it is run it could contain viruses, spyware, adware, etc. to damage the computer or allow hackers into the system.

Worms

A program that attaches itself to other files as it spreads through the computer damaging files and slowing down the system.

Phishing

A way of attempting to get information, for example usernames, passwords and credit card details, by pretending to be from a trustworthy source such as a social network or banking website.

Spyware

Collects information about users without their knowledge.

Spyware is hidden from a user and can be difficult to detect.

Adware

Also known as advertising-supported software. This is any software that automatically shows adverts, such as a pop up.

Hacking

Hacking means finding out weaknesses in a system. A computer hacker is a person who finds this to gain unauthorised access.

Denial of Service Attacks (DoS)

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Attacks that target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks and payment websites (for example, PayPal).

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ICT Department

Physical Threats

Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Understanding Computer Systems Computer systems have keyboards, monitors, memory sticks/removable storage devices, etc. and these can be lost or stolen very easily â&#x20AC;&#x201C; especially memory sticks and portable devices.

Actions to minimise risks Act appropriately online to reduce and Protect Personal Security

1. Do not share too much information online, especially when on social networking sites, i.e. your date of birth.

2. Use different passwords on different sites. Always check the website for the padlock and https and beware of emails that ask for your information.

Firewall

A firewall protects a computer from threats and attacks. This is done by controlling what data can and cannot pass through it.

Anti-Virus

This software detects any viruses, including Trojans and worms, and removes them to limit their damage to the computer.

Anti-Spam

Email Spam is the sending of unwanted messages, often advertising, to a large number of email addresses. Spam is serious as it can be used to deliver Trojans, viruses, worms, spyware, etc.

Data Encryption

This software encrypts data so that only users who have the encryption code/key can read/use the data transmitted.

30. Using updating facilities for Operating Systems and security software

Automatic Updates

1. Operating Systems can update automatically.

2. These usually happen when the computer system is going through the shutdown process.

3. Security software such as an anti-virus also updates automatically and will find updates, download them and install the updates without the need for user interaction.

Manual Updates

1. Manually updating Operating Systems and security software can be dangerous as it can be forgotten and leave the computer system open to threats.

2. One of the problems with manual updating of software is that it can take long to download once it has been left a while.

3. Sometimes manual it better though if you want to look at the updates to decide whether or not to download them.

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