IIT College of Architecture
Master of Science Program
2022-2023
IIT College of Architecture
Master of Science Program
2022-2023
I dedicate this book to the resilient inhabitants of the urban clusters of Mumbai, who endure severe challenges in their day to day life and await a transformative for themselves and their upcoming generations
During the early 2000’s, Mumbai, India witnessed significant urban development accompanied by a massive influx of people seeking job opportunities. However, this population surge outpaced the existing urban infrastructure. Limited space and unaffordable housing forced many to inhabit informal settlements. In response, the government initiated the construction of numerous affordable housing complexes, aiming to reduce informal settlements and improve living conditions.
Unfortunately, a majority of these “Urban Clusters” lacked proper planning, resulting in the construction of residential units plagued by uninhabitable conditions. Issues such as insufficient sunlight, contaminated drinking water, hazardous locations, and a lack of community spaces disrupted the daily lives of residents. Consequently, many chose to remain in informal settlements, rendering these housing complexes largely vacant.
An architectural intervention is imperative to revitalize the existing infrastructure and enhance living conditions. This study delves into the causes and effects of the decline in these settlement spaces, analyzing the shortcomings in planning and design. The objective is to develop a design typology that addresses these issues, offering a sustainable solution to transform these housing clusters into viable, habitable spaces for the residents.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to the completion of this book, for my Non-Thesis Research track of my Master of Science in Architecture program at the Illinois Institute of Technology.
First and foremost, I extend my deepest appreciation to my mentors, Vedran Mimica, Phil Enquist, Joel Putnam, Reed Kroloff, and Marya Kanakis, whose guidance and support were invaluable throughout this journey. I am also immensely grateful to my fellow classmates who provided insights and assistance at every step of the process. Special thanks to Henry Heligas for his support and collaboration.
I owe a debt of gratitude to my family for their unwavering encouragement and understanding during the course of my research and design.
Furthermore, I extend my thanks to all those individuals mentioned in this book, whose experiences and insights have enriched its content. Additionally, I also extend my thanks to everyone whose images/text/references I have used in this book.
Quality
Master Plan & Strategies
Mumbai, often referred to as the “City of Dreams,” is a sprawling metropolis located on the west coast of India. It is not only the financial capital of the country but also one of the most populated and vibrant cities in the world. The urban development of Mumbai has been a fascinating and complex story, shaped by historical, economic, and social factors over several centuries.
By the mid-19th century, Mumbai transformed into a bustling city with significant industrial and commercial activity. The construction of railways in the 1850s further accelerated its development, linking the city to the hinterlands and enabling the movement of goods and people on a large scale. This period saw the emergence of distinct neighborhoods catering to different communities, such as Fort for the British administration, Girgaum for the local Marathi population, and Mazgaon for the dockworkers.
The 1960s and 70s marked a phase of significant industrialization, with Mumbai becoming a hub for manufacturing, finance, and entertainment. The city’s skyline began to transform with the construction of high-rise buildings, including residential towers and commercial complexes. However, these decades also witnessed growing disparities in wealth, with sprawling slums juxtaposed against affluent neighborhoods.
The 1980s and 90s presented new challenges for Mumbai’s urban development. The city continued to attract migrants seeking employment opportunities, which strained its infrastructure and public services. Inadequate housing and sanitation led to the proliferation of slums, which became a defining feature of Mumbai’s landscape. The rapid pace of construction often overlooked environmental concerns, resulting in pollution and congestion.
In recent years, Mumbai has witnessed a shift towards more comprehensive urban planning aimed at addressing its complex challenges. The Maharashtra government has implemented policies to promote affordable housing and upgrade infrastructure. Projects such as the Mumbai Metro and coastal road development aim to improve transportation and connectivity across the city.
Efforts are also underway to rehabilitate slum dwellers and create inclusive urban spaces. Organizations like the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) have played a crucial role in redeveloping slum areas while providing better housing options for residents. Additionally, initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission have focused on leveraging technology to enhance governance and quality of life in Mumbai.
Despite its economic dynamism, Mumbai faces persistent challenges related to housing, transportation, and environmental sustainability. The city’s infrastructure is often strained due to its dense population, leading to traffic congestion and overcrowded public spaces. Looking ahead, sustainable urban development will be crucial for Mumbai’s future growth. Balancing economic expansion with social equity and environmental stewardship will require innovative policies and investments.
In conclusion, Mumbai’s urban development is a story of transformation driven by historical legacies, economic opportunities, and demographic shifts. From its origins as a fishing village to its current status as a global metropolis, Mumbai continues to evolve, confronting both challenges and opportunities in its quest for sustainable development.
As one of the most densely populated cities in the world, Mumbai faces significant challenges in providing adequate and affordable housing for its residents, particularly low and middle-income groups. This publication will delve into the complexities of affordable housing in Mumbai, examining key factors, initiatives, and future prospects.
The primary challenge of affordable housing in Mumbai is the mismatch between demand and supply. The city’s population continues to grow rapidly due to migration from rural areas and other states, placing immense pressure on housing resources. This influx has led to the proliferation of informal settlements and slums, where a large segment of the population resides in substandard living conditions.
Land scarcity is another major constraint in Mumbai’s housing market. The city’s geographical constraints, coupled with stringent development regulations, have limited the availability of land for housing projects.
Recognizing the market potential and social impact of affordable housing, several private developers and real estate firms are venturing into this segment. These partnerships leverage the expertise of private developers with government support to deliver affordable housing solutions.
Some developers have also explored innovative construction techniques and designs to reduce costs without compromising on quality. Modular construction, prefabricated housing, and sustainable building materials are being adopted to make affordable housing more feasible and scalable.
Recognizing the urgency of the affordable housing crisis, both the central and state governments have introduced various initiatives to promote affordable housing in Mumbai.
1. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): This flagship scheme by the central government aims to provide affordable housing to urban poor households.
2. Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA): The SRA was established to rehabilitate slum dwellers by offering them alternative accommodation in high-rise buildings through the redevelopment of slum lands.
3. Rent Control Acts: Various rent control acts are in place to protect tenants from exorbitant rent hikes and eviction.
4. Affordable Housing Policy: The Maharashtra government has introduced policies to incentivize developers to invest in affordable housing projects.
Despite these initiatives, the supply of affordable housing remains insufficient to meet the growing demand in Mumbai. The complexity of land acquisition, regulatory hurdles, and financing constraints often impede the successful implementation of affordable housing projects.
Addressing the affordable housing crisis in Mumbai requires concerted efforts from policymakers, developers, and civil society. By adopting a holistic approach that combines regulatory reforms, innovative financing, and sustainable urban planning, Mumbai can aspire to provide dignified and affordable housing for all its residents, ensuring inclusive and equitable urban development.
Urban clusters in Mumbai represent a critical response to the city’s persistent housing crisis, aiming to address the acute shortage of affordable accommodation for its burgeoning population. While conceived with corruptive intentions, these urban clusters face a myriad of challenges that compromise their efficacy and impact on improving living conditions for residents.
The primary challenge confronting urban clusters is the lack of proper planning and design. Many of these settlements exhibit a dense and haphazard layout, characterized by narrow alleys and buildings constructed in close proximity to each other. This results in inadequate sunlight penetration and ventilation, contributing to a claustrophobic environment that negatively impacts the physical and mental well-being of residents. Moreover, the absence of green spaces and recreational amenities further diminishes the overall quality of life within these clusters.
Another significant issue plaguing urban clusters is the compromised access to essential services and infrastructure. Residents often grapple with irregular water supply, substandard sanitation facilities, and unreliable electricity connections. The provision of healthcare services is also suboptimal, exacerbating health risks and contributing to the prevalence of infectious diseases like tuberculosis among residents. Furthermore, the lack of proper waste management practices in these clusters leads to environmental pollution and health hazards, amplifying the already challenging living conditions.
In addition to infrastructural deficiencies, affordability remains a persistent obstacle for many residents of urban clusters. While these housing units are intended to cater to low-income families, the cost of ownership often exceeds their financial capacity due to escalating construction expenses and regulatory constraints. As a result, residents may resort to overcrowding within limited living spaces or seek alternative housing solutions, perpetuating the cycle of housing insecurity and informal settlements in the city.
Social isolation and community disintegration represent yet another challenge within urban clusters. The absence of communal spaces and recreational facilities diminishes opportunities for social interaction and collective engagement among residents. This isolation can foster feelings of alienation and detachment, undermining the development of a cohesive and supportive community within these settlements. Moreover, limited access to educational and vocational resources further constrains socioeconomic mobility for residents, perpetuating cycles of poverty and marginalization.
Despite the challenges and shortcomings associated with urban clusters, these settlements represent a critical component of Mumbai’s efforts to address the housing crisis and mitigate informal settlements.
Recognizing the multifaceted nature of these challenges is essential for implementing targeted interventions that prioritize the well-being and dignity of residents.
Density in all Clusters combined: 600,000 residents
SRA, Mankhurd
Maharashtra
Gulbarga, HP Nagar
Cluster Mumbai Suburban 21
Nagar, Mankhurd
MMRDA Chembur
SRA, Shivaji Nagar
MMRDA Ghatkopar
Cluster Mumbai Suburban 457
MMRDA Aashirwad Nagar
HDIL Rehabilitation Scheme
Inhabitable monolithic buildings,
buildings, habiting thousands
Lack of light, ventilation
2023
The history of housing disparities in Mumbai dates back to the colonial era when the British administration implemented urban planning strategies that segregated communities based on race and socio-economic status. Areas such as Fort and Colaba were developed for the British elite, with spacious bungalows and wellmaintained infrastructure, while indigenous communities were confined to congested neighborhoods like Girgaum and Mazgaon. This spatial segregation laid the groundwork for enduring disparities in housing accessibility and quality.
After India gained independence in 1947, Mumbai experienced rapid urbanization driven by rural-to-urban migration and industrialization. The city’s population surged, leading to the emergence of informal settlements and slums as migrants settled in search of livelihood opportunities. The government’s focus on industrial growth often overlooked the need for affordable housing, exacerbating disparities between the wealthy and the urban poor. Informal housing clusters expanded rapidly, often lacking basic amenities and legal recognition.
The economic boom of the 1980s and 90s transformed Mumbai into a global financial hub, attracting investment and spurring real estate development. Luxury high-rises and commercial complexes proliferated, catering to affluent residents and corporate entities. Meanwhile, low-income communities continued to reside in precarious housing conditions, facing eviction threats and limited access to formal housing options. The widening income gap fueled by economic growth further deepened housing disparities in the city.
In response to the growing housing crisis, the government initiated slum rehabilitation programs aimed at improving living conditions for slum dwellers. The Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) was established to facilitate the redevelopment of slum lands, offering alternative accommodation to eligible residents. While these initiatives sought to address housing disparities, challenges such as corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and resistance from local communities persisted, impacting the efficacy of slum rehabilitation efforts.
The legacy of housing policies in Mumbai reflects historical inequalities and policy decisions that have shaped the city’s socio-spatial landscape. Decades of neglect and inadequate urban planning have perpetuated disparities in housing access and quality. The persistence of informal settlements and slums underscores the enduring challenges of housing affordability and social exclusion faced by marginalized communities. Despite efforts to implement reforms and interventions, housing disparities remain a pressing issue rooted in Mumbai’s complex socio-economic history.
At the forefront of housing development in Maharashtra is the Maharashtra Housing Board (MHB), tasked with planning and executing affordable housing projects across the state. MHB works closely with the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA), another key agency specializing in housing development and urban renewal. MHADA’s initiatives include the redevelopment of old and dilapidated buildings, revitalizing neighborhoods, and allocating housing units through lottery schemes.
MHB formed in 1948
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) and the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) oversee various aspects of city administration, including urban planning, infrastructure development, and public services. BMC and MCGM play crucial roles in regulating land use, issuing building permits, and maintaining public amenities necessary for sustainable urban growth. These municipal bodies ensure that housing developments are integrated into the city’s overall framework, enhancing livability and promoting inclusive growth.
MHADA formed in 1977
Regulatory Bodies (National): Public and Indian Housing
1960
MHB - Maharashtra Housing Board
Regulatory Bodies (District): BMC & MCGM
1980 formed
MHADA - Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority
SRA - Slum Rehabilitation Authority
BMC - BruhanMumbai Minicipal Corporation
MCGM - Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
PIH - Public and Indian Housing
SlumThe Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) plays a pivotal role in addressing the challenges of informal settlements and slums, which house a significant portion of Mumbai’s population. SRA collaborates with private developers to rehabilitate slum lands, providing residents with improved housing options while promoting sustainable urban development. This partnership model facilitates the transformation of slum areas into “vibrant communities” with access to essential amenities, contributing to the overall improvement of housing conditions in Mumbai.
formed in 1995
1995
Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (State Gov.)
2009
Affordable Housing in Partnership (National Gov.)
These housing agencies in Mumbai often struggle to collaborate effectively due to bureaucratic fragmentation, conflicting policies, and resource constraints. Moreover, corruption and political interference further hinder inter-agency coordination, leading to delays, mismanagement of funds, and inequitable distribution of resources. Addressing these systemic challenges is crucial to fostering integrated approaches and transparent governance, ultimately improving housing access and quality for residents.
2015
PM Awas Yojana (National Gov.)
2012
Special Township Policy (State Gov.)
2013 Inclusive Housing Policy (State Gov.)
2022
2022 Cluster Redevelopment (MHADA)
The residents of these Urban Clusters face several challenges when dealing with the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA). One major issue is the lack of transparency and accountability in the SRA’s processes, leading to delays, corruption, and “favoritism” in project approvals. Residents also experience uncertainty regarding their eligibility for rehabilitation and concerns about the quality of alternative housing provided. Lack of community participation and inadequate redressal mechanisms further compound the difficulties.
Apnalaya works towards holistic development through education, healthcare, livelihood programs, and advocacy. They focus on enhancing socio-economic opportunities for vulnerable groups, including women, children, and slum dwellers. Apnalaya’s initiatives aim to build community resilience, promote social inclusion, and create sustainable change at the grassroots level. Through partnerships and community-driven approaches, Apnalaya strives to improve quality of life and foster equitable development in Mumbai’s underserved areas.
Habitat for Humanity India and Yuva.org are impactful non-profit organizations in India. They engage volunteers and corporate partners to build and renovate homes, promoting long-term stability for families. They work to improve livelihood opportunities and socioeconomic conditions for underprivileged youth in India. Both organizations play crucial roles in addressing housing and socio-economic challenges, fostering sustainable development and empowerment in communities across the country.
Habitat for Humanity and Yuva.org want to collaboratedwith government agencies like MHADA and SRA to address housing and community development issues in India. Yuva.org’s focus on youth empowerment complements SRA’s initiatives to rehabilitate slum areas and uplift marginalized communities. They want to implement solutions that promote socio-economic development and sustainable urban transformation, benefiting vulnerable populations in Mumbai and beyond.
Project Initiation: The lifecycle of an SRA project begins with the identification of a slum area for redevelopment. Developers interested in the project acquire consent from slum dwellers through a voting process. Once approved, the developer submits a proposal to the SRA for project approval, detailing the rehabilitation and redevelopment plans. The SRA evaluates the proposal based on feasibility, compliance with regulations, and potential social impact.
FIRST STAGE
Appointing the Chief Promoter
Construction and Development: Upon approval, construction work commences on the rehabilitation buildings for slum dwellers. Simultaneously, the developer constructs saleable buildings on the remaining land to recover costs. This phase involves coordination between the developer, SRA officials, and residents to ensure adherence to project timelines and specifications. Regular inspections and quality checks are conducted to monitor progress and ensure compliance with codes.
Docs. collected, Plot measured, Existing structures demarcated
Existing structures surveyed
SECOND STAGE
Scrutiny by SubEngineer
Scrutiny fee paid by the developer
THIRD STAGE
FOURTH STAGE
FIFTH STAGE
Lottery results released for allotment of units to users
Plans for further rehabiliation and free sale buildings approved
Construction of remaining buildings commenced
Developer arranges for accomodation on/off site
Resettlement, financial documents submitted to respective depts.
Dwellers shifted to transit camps and slums are demolished
Building permission for free sale buildings is approved
Rehabilitation buildings completed
Further buildings Occupation permissions granted
Property cards for all tenants verified
Allocation and Occupancy: As construction nears completion, eligible slum dwellers are allocated new residential units in the rehabilitation buildings. The SRA verifies and allocates housing units based on predefined criteria. Residents move into their new homes, marking a critical milestone in the project’s lifecycle. The allocation process includes documentation verification, beneficiary selection, and orientation sessions for residents on facilities and responsibilities.
Architects, Engineers, Developers appointed
Resettlement, financial documents certified
If dwellers do not agree within 15 days of notice, they are evicted
Developer enters into an agreement with existing dwellers
Post-Occupation Challenges: After occupation, challenges may arise related to maintenance, access to services, and legal documentation. Residents and developers navigate issues such as inadequate infrastructure, delayed amenities, and disputes over property rights. The SRA mention that they would solve post-occupation matters, striving to resolve conflicts and ensure the successful transition of slum communities into rehabilitated housing but they have neglected this goal over the years.
Proposal with plans, annexures, documents submitted to SRA
Proposal with plans, annexures, documents submitted to SRA
Allotment of tenants made in joint name
Letter of Intent, layout, Intimation of Approval issued
All structures
demolished
Building completion certificate submitted by Architects
Work till plinth level is completed
After SRA approval, work above plinth level commences
Intimation of Approval conditions verified/ Occupation allowed
SRA issues property cards to dwellers
Mumbai is marked by the presence of numerous slums that reflect complex socio-economic realities and urban challenges. The origins of Mumbai’s slums can be traced back to the city’s rapid industrialization during the colonial era, which attracted migrants from rural areas in search of livelihood opportunities. Over time, the influx of migrants and the city’s limited land availability led to the emergence of informal settlements on the outskirts and peri-urban areas.
Mumbai’s geographical constraints, being a densely populated island city, have contributed significantly to the development of slums. The scarcity of affordable housing options has pushed low-income families towards informal settlements, where land is relatively cheaper but lacks basic amenities. This has resulted in extreme population density and overcrowding within slum areas, with families living in cramped dwellings and narrow lanes.
Slum residents in Mumbai often face challenges related to inadequate access to basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, electricity, and healthcare. Many households rely on shared water taps and community toilets, which are insufficient to meet the needs of the population. Limited access to healthcare services further exacerbates health risks, contributing to the prevalence of communicable diseases in densely populated slum areas.
Many slum settlements in Mumbai exist in a state of legal ambiguity, with residents lacking secure land tenure rights. This uncertainty makes slum dwellers vulnerable to eviction and displacement, particularly when redevelopment projects or infrastructure developments encroach upon their settlements. The lack of formal recognition also hampers access to government services and development interventions, perpetuating the marginalization of slum communities.
Despite the challenges, slum communities in Mumbai exhibit remarkable traits. Residents often come together to address common issues through community-led initiatives such as cooperative housing societies, self-help groups, and micro-enterprises. These grassroots efforts highlight the agency and resourcefulness of slum residents in navigating adversity and striving for better living conditions.
Addressing the issue of slums requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond housing to encompass urban governance, social inclusion, and economic empowerment. Effective urban planning, investment in infrastructure, and provision of basic services are essential to improving the quality of life for slum residents and fostering inclusive urban development in Mumbai.
Mapping “slum” cluster boundaries exhibits the presense of a majority of clusters in the Central and Eastern part of Mumbai.
This displays the clear understanding of segregation of neighborhoods and the disparities of the city’s development.
The unsanitary living conditions prevalent in Urban Clusters in Mumbai pose significant health risks and challenges for residents, exacerbating the prevalence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and undermining overall well-being. Shockingly, statistics reveal that approximately 10% of residents in these complexes are affected by TB, a highly contagious respiratory disease. Even more concerning is the revelation that 60% of these TB cases were diagnosed after residents moved into their new homes within these Urban Clusters. This points to a disturbing trend where living conditions within the clusters contribute to the onset and spread of infectious diseases, highlighting the urgent need for improved sanitation and public health measures.
Furthermore, the lack of proper infrastructure and regulatory oversight is evidenced by the fact that in 2014, only 33.7% of all the units constructed in these Urban Clusters received occupation certificates. Despite the absence of official approval, residents were compelled to inhabit these substandard living spaces due to limited alternatives and the pressing need for housing in a city with housing shortages.
The unsatisfactory hygiene conditions within these Urban Clusters contribute to a host of health challenges beyond TB, affecting the overall quality of life for residents. Limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities leads to increased risks of waterborne illnesses and gastrointestinal infections. The disposal of solid and liquid waste in the absence of proper waste management systems further compounds environmental pollution and health hazards within the clusters.
The prevalence of TB and other infectious diseases within Urban Clusters underscores systemic shortcomings in public health infrastructure and housing policy implementation. The coexistence of overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and poor sanitation exacerbates the transmission of infectious diseases, creating an environment conducive to health crises. These challenges are compounded by the lack of comprehensive urban planning and regulatory oversight, which perpetuates substandard living conditions and undermines residents’ fundamental rights to dignified housing and access to basic amenities.
Addressing the unsanitary living conditions in Urban Clusters requires a multifaceted approach that prioritizes public health interventions, sustainable urban development, and community empowerment. Investment in improved sanitation infrastructure, including clean water supply, sewage systems, and waste management facilities, is essential to mitigate health risks and promote residents’ well-being. Additionally, robust enforcement of housing regulations and quality standards is necessary to ensure the provision of safe and habitable living spaces for all residents. Collaborative efforts involving government agencies, community organizations, and civil society stakeholders are imperative to effect meaningful change and elevate the living conditions of those residing in these Urban Clusters.
Source: Study of SRA buildings in Mankhurd and Shivaji Nagar by Dr. Ravikant Singh
The unsanitary living conditions within Urban Clusters in Mumbai are exacerbated by their geographical proximity to environmental hazards, particularly along the banks of canals originating from the Deonar Dumping Ground, India’s largest dumpyard. Many of these Urban Clusters are situated in close proximity to these canals, which receive liquid waste discharge from the settlements themselves. This unfortunate cycle of environmental contamination contributes to the spread of fatal diseases such as Dengue and Malaria, posing significant health risks to residents.
The location of Urban Clusters along the banks of these canals underscores the broader challenges of environmental degradation and inadequate waste management practices in Mumbai. The canals, which extend up to 3 miles into the city, serve as receptacles for liquid waste from Urban Clusters, exacerbating pollution levels and creating breeding grounds for disease-carrying vectors like mosquitoes. This interplay between environmental pollution and public health underscores the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to address sanitation and waste management challenges in these areas.
The dumping of liquid waste into the canals not only compromises water quality but also perpetuates a cycle of environmental contamination that directly impacts the health and well-being of residents. Additionally, the lack of proper waste disposal infrastructure perpetuates the cycle of environmental degradation, further initiating health hazards within Urban Clusters.
The detrimental impact of unsanitary living conditions on public health highlights systemic challenges related to urban planning, waste management, and public health infrastructure in Mumbai. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that integrates environmental sustainability, public health interventions, and community engagement. Investment in improved waste management systems, including proper sewage treatment and solid waste disposal facilities, is essential to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollution on residents’ health and well-being.
Furthermore, community awareness and empowerment are crucial components of sustainable solutions to improve living conditions within Urban Clusters. Engaging residents in waste reduction and recycling initiatives, coupled with the enforcement of regulatory standards for waste disposal, can contribute to long-term improvements in environmental quality and public health outcomes. Collaborative efforts between government agencies, community organizations, and civil society stakeholders are essential to effect positive change and ensure that Urban Clusters in Mumbai transition towards healthier, more sustainable living environments for all residents.
The unsanitary living conditions within urban clusters in Mumbai are compounded by severe overcrowding and inadequate living space, where families of 2-3 individuals are forced to reside in extremely cramped quarters. The living space of 265 square feet for families in these spaces often translates to a highly congested and congested living environment, with little room for privacy or comfort. After accounting for essential amenities such as washrooms and necessary furniture, the actual usable square footage (USF) per individual dwindles to a mere 40 square feet, whereas the average USF globally ranges between 80-105 square feet.
The overcrowded living spaces contribute to a host of sanitation-related issues, including poor ventilation, limited air circulation, and difficulty maintaining basic hygiene standards. The close proximity of living quarters increases the risk of airborne diseases and the transmission of infections among residents. Furthermore, the lack of privacy and personal space undermines the physical and psychological well-being of individuals and families living in these confined environments.
In addition to overcrowding, the scarcity of usable living space within Urban Clusters impedes residents’ ability to maintain proper sanitation and hygiene practices. The cramped living quarters make it challenging to store and dispose of waste appropriately, contributing to environmental pollution and health hazards. The limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities further compounds hygiene challenges, increasing the vulnerability of residents to waterborne illnesses and communicable diseases.
Moreover, the substandard living conditions within urban clusters highlight systemic issues related to housing policy, urban planning, and equitable access to resources. The disparity between housing supply and demand exacerbates overcrowding and forces families into inadequate living spaces as a result of limited affordable housing options. Addressing these challenges requires holistic interventions that prioritize housing affordability, urban infrastructure development, and community empowerment to ensure dignified and sustainable living conditions for all residents.
Efforts to improve the sanitation and living conditions must involve comprehensive strategies that address the root causes of overcrowding and housing inadequacy. This includes investing in affordable housing solutions, expanding access to basic amenities such as clean water and sanitation facilities, and promoting community engagement in urban planning and development processes. By prioritizing the health and well-being of residents, housing organizations can work towards creating inclusive and resilient urban environments that foster dignity, equity, and quality of life for all individuals and families residing in urban clusters.
Bedrooms
No. of Rooms and Area Chart 3-4 Residents
Financial instability is significantly impacted by the discrepancy between the affordability guidelines set by the Indian government for housing units and the actual cost imposed by regulations like those from MHADA (Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority). The government recommends that affordable housing units should ideally be priced at around four times the annual household income to ensure accessibility for low to middle-income families. However, due to the complexities of regulatory frameworks and market dynamics, the cost of these units often surpasses affordability thresholds. This mismatch forces many residents into precarious financial situations, where a substantial portion of their income is allocated towards housing expenses, leaving limited resources for other essential needs such as healthcare, education, and savings.
One of the contributing factors to financial instability is the imposition of lengthy lockin periods on buyers of Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) flats. Initially set at a challenging 10 years, this lock-in period was eventually reduced to 3 years in 2015 following continuous public opposition and advocacy efforts. The extended lock-in period restrained residents from leveraging their housing assets for financial stability or investment opportunities, further exacerbating economic vulnerabilities within urban clusters. This regulatory burden not only affected individual households but also influenced broader economic dynamics within Mumbai’s urban fabric, hindering mobility and economic empowerment.
The consequences of these financial challenges are particularly acute within Mumbai’s urban clusters, where rapid urbanization and population growth intensify housing demand and strain existing infrastructure and services. The cost burden of housing, coupled with limited access to formal credit and financial services, creates a cycle of financial precarity for many urban residents. This situation is compounded by the lack of affordable rental options and the proliferation of informal settlements, which further restricts housing choices for low-income households and perpetuates economic instability.
Addressing financial instability within Mumbai’s urban clusters requires a multifaceted approach that combines policy interventions, regulatory reforms, and investments in affordable housing and infrastructure. Streamlining regulatory processes, promoting inclusive urban development, and fostering partnerships between public and private sectors are essential steps towards ensuring equitable access to affordable housing and enhancing economic resilience within urban communities. Additionally, expanding access to formal credit, financial literacy programs, and social safety nets can empower residents to navigate financial challenges and build sustainable livelihoods within the dynamic urban landscape of Mumbai.
Source: Report on State of Affordable Housing in Mumbai by Praja Foundation
Viable
The small unit sizes prevalent in Urban Clusters developed under the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) in Mumbai pose significant challenges for residents, affecting both livability and overall quality of life. While these units comply with minimum size norms set by the SRA, these standards often fail to account for the actual number of people residing in the space and the essential habitable sizing required for adequate housing conditions. As a result, families are forced to cope with cramped living arrangements that do not meet their basic needs for comfort and privacy.
The design format of these units exacerbates the challenges associated with small living spaces. Many units lack exclusive rooms, resulting in all family members sharing a single common space for various activities such as sleeping, cooking, and socializing. This lack of privacy and separation of functions presents a significant challenge to livability, as residents struggle to maintain a sense of personal space and autonomy within the confines of their homes. The absence of distinct rooms further compromises residents’ ability to create functional living environments tailored to their individual and family needs.
Moreover, the cramped living conditions and absence of exclusive rooms contribute to heightened stress levels and interpersonal tensions among residents. The lack of privacy and personal space can strain familial relationships and negatively impact mental wellbeing. Additionally, the inability to designate specific areas for different activities hampers residents’ ability to maintain basic hygiene standards and organization within their living quarters.
The challenges posed by small unit sizes and shared living spaces highlight systemic issues related to urban housing policies and the prioritization of quantity over quality in housing development. The focus on meeting minimum size standards without considering the practical needs of residents perpetuates substandard living conditions and undermines efforts to promote dignified and sustainable housing solutions. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that emphasizes the importance of adequate space allocation, functional design, and resident participation in shaping housing policies and development plans.
Efforts to improve the livability of small units within urban clusters should prioritize the adoption of housing norms that align with internationally recognized standards for habitable living spaces. This includes incorporating considerations for family size, spatial functionality, and privacy into housing design and development processes. Additionally, empowering residents through community engagement and participatory planning can ensure that housing solutions are responsive to the diverse needs and aspirations of Mumbai’s urban population. By promoting inclusive and sustainable housing practices, Mumbai can work towards creating equitable and resilient urban environments that prioritize the well-being and dignity of all residents living in urban clusters.
Unit Layout at SRA Mankhurd. Size: 265 sq. ft.
Unit Layout at SRA Mankhurd. Size: 240 sq. ft.
Typical Unit Size and Dimensions
The planning of these Clusters prioritized maximizing Floor Area Ratio (FAR, FSI) without adequate consideration for setbacks between buildings. This approach results in densely packed structures with little to no space between them, creating a congested and potentially hazardous environment. The lack of setbacks not only compromises the aesthetic appeal of the area but also restricts air circulation and natural light penetration, contributing to a sense of claustrophobia and reduced livability for residents.
In contrast to other parts of Mumbai where there is a norm of providing a minimum of 15% open space of the entire lot size, SRA buildings often lack this requirement. The absence of sufficient open spaces within SRA complexes further exacerbates issues related to ventilation, thermal comfort, and overall quality of life. This oversight undermines the wellbeing of residents and limits opportunities for recreational activities or communal gatherings within the urban clusters.
The design flaws in SRA buildings pose serious safety risks, particularly in the event of a fire emergency. The lack of open spaces and setbacks means that there is limited escape routes and ventilation pathways for smoke to dissipate. This increases the likelihood of smoke inhalation and hampers evacuation efforts, putting residents at significant risk of injury or fatality during fire incidents. The absence of adequate fire safety measures underscores the urgent need for improved urban planning and building regulations to prioritize occupant safety and well-being.
Another critical issue arising from inadequate urban planning is the lack of accessibility for emergency vehicles within these complexes. Narrow passages and congested layouts impede the movement of ambulances and fire trucks, delaying emergency response times and potentially compromising medical treatment for residents in need. Instances where medical attention has not been provided on time highlight the urgent need for urban planners and authorities to prioritize infrastructure that enables swift and efficient emergency access, ensuring the safety and welfare of residents in urban clusters across Mumbai.
In summary, the lack of urban planning in Mumbai’s urban clusters, particularly in Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) buildings, has led to a myriad of challenges including overcrowding, poor ventilation, inadequate open spaces, and compromised safety during emergencies. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that integrates urban design principles with stringent building regulations to prioritize public health, safety, and quality of life for all residents in urban environments.
The contrast between the approaches taken by MHADA (Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority) and SRA (Slum Rehabilitation Authority) in Mumbai underscores the importance of thoughtful urban planning and development strategies. MHADA’s focus on maintaining a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 1.7-1.9 reflects a commitment to sustainable urban growth and livability. This FAR range is considered ideal for Mumbai, striking a balance between population density and the provision of essential infrastructure and amenities. By adhering to these guidelines, MHADA has contributed to the creation of well-planned, affordable housing clusters that prioritize residents’ quality of life.
In contrast, the SRA’s utilization of a significantly higher FAR of 4.0 has led to various challenges and negative outcomes within Mumbai’s urban landscape. The implementation of SRA projects, marked by denser construction and higher population densities, has often resulted in overcrowded and poorly serviced neighborhoods. The reliance on a higher FAR without adequate investment in supporting infrastructure has strained public resources and diminished the overall livability of these areas. This approach highlights the pitfalls of prioritizing quantity over quality in urban development initiatives.
Prior to the introduction of SRA projects, Mumbai witnessed the successful development of affordable housing clusters under MHADA’s initiatives. These projects embraced urban planning best practices, including the allocation of open spaces and the promotion of publicprivate partnerships to ensure ongoing maintenance and upkeep of buildings and surroundings. By integrating these measures, MHADA fostered sustainable communities where residents felt a sense of ownership and belonging.
The success of MHADA’s initiatives underscores the importance of balanced urban development strategies that prioritize livability and community well-being. By adopting lower FARs and investing in essential infrastructure and amenities, MHADA has demonstrated a commitment to creating vibrant, sustainable neighborhoods that enhance residents’ quality of life. Moving forward, it is essential for urban planners and policymakers to learn from these experiences and prioritize holistic approaches to housing and urban development that prioritize the long-term well-being of Mumbai’s diverse communities.
The MHADA developments in Mumbai during the 1980s left a positive legacy that continues to benefit residents today. A notable aspect of these developments was the emphasis on fostering strong social interactions. MHADA-designed neighborhoods provided ample opportunities for residents to come together through well-planned public spaces and community centers. This focus on social connectivity not only enriched the quality of life for residents but also contributed to the formation of vibrant and cohesive communities.
Another significant benefit of MHADA developments was the incorporation of ample open spaces and green areas within the neighborhoods. The presence of vegetation not only enhanced the aesthetic appeal of these areas but also played a crucial role in improving air quality and microclimates. Trees and greenery helped mitigate air pollution and provided natural cooling, creating a more pleasant and healthy environment for residents to live in.
Pratiksha Nagar, Koliwada, Sion
Pedestrian access was prioritized over vehicular traffic in MHADA developments, promoting a pedestrian-friendly and walkable environment. Well-planned footpaths, pedestrian pathways, and dedicated open spaces encouraged residents to engage in physical activities and reduce dependency on cars. This approach not only contributed to a healthier lifestyle but also minimized traffic congestion and pollution within these neighborhoods.
Furthermore, MHADA’s focus on affordable housing was instrumental in providing decent and accessible accommodation to lower and middleincome families. By developing well-designed and well-maintained housing complexes, MHADA contributed to addressing the housing needs of Mumbai’s growing population while maintaining a commitment to urban sustainability and quality of life.
Samarth Gaothan, Chembur
Site Area : 16.76 acres
FAR: 4.0
Development Authority : SRA
Housing : Affordable
Year of completion : 2005
Type : Public
Site Area : 23.34 acres
FAR: 1.7
Development Authority : MHADA
Housing : Affordable & Mixed income
Year of completion : 1992
Type : Public & Private
Site Area : 8.67 acres
FAR: 4.0
Development Authority : SRA
Housing : Affordable
Year of completion : 2006
Type : Public
Site Area : 14.51 acres
FAR: 1.9
Development Authority : MHADA
Housing : Affordable & Mixed income
Year of completion : 1985
Type : Public & Private
MHADA’s housing developments displayed a deliberate and thoughtful design approach that not only provided shelter but also fostered vibrant communities. One aspect of these complexes was the integration of ground-floor retail spaces and shops, which promoted lively street life and social interactions throughout the day. This design encouraged local economic activity and facilitated convenient access to essential goods and services for residents.
Moreover, MHADA’s housing complexes were equipped with in-home small offices, allowing families to engage in entrepreneurial activities and home-based businesses. This initiative empowered residents to generate additional income and pursue economic opportunities within the comfort of their own homes, contributing to financial stability and selfreliance among the community members.
In addition to economic empowerment, MHADAsupported initiatives led to the formation of strong community ties. Women-led groups within these neighborhoods organized music, dance, and other cultural activities, fostering a sense of identity and pride among residents while promoting artistic expression and social cohesion. This community engagement created a welcoming atmosphere and encouraged residents to actively participate in shaping their living environment.
The success of MHADA’s developments was further enhanced by strategic public-private partnerships. MHADA ensured that each party had specific responsibilities and accountability for different aspects of the housing neighborhoods. Through shared commitments and coordinated efforts, residents and government agencies worked together to uphold standards of cleanliness, safety, and community well-being.
Urban Clusters grapple with a myriad of challenges that impact residents’ quality of life and overall well-being. One of the pressing issues is the affordability crisis in housing, exacerbated by discrepancies between government guidelines and actual housing. This discrepancy often leaves many households spending a significant portion of their income on housing, limiting resources for other essential needs such as healthcare, education, and savings.
Moreover, the implementation of lengthy lockin periods for buyers of Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) flats has hindered residents’ ability to leverage their housing assets for financial stability or investment opportunities. This regulatory burden has contributed to economic vulnerabilities within these urban clusters, impacting mobility and economic empowerment.
Additionally, the high FAR utilized by some developments, such as those under the SRA, has led to overcrowding, strain on infrastructure, and diminished livability. The focus on quantity over quality in urban development initiatives has resulted in poorly serviced neighborhoods and limited access to essential amenities.
Furthermore, the lack of green spaces and inadequate pedestrian infrastructure has compromised air quality and overall environmental health within these urban clusters. The absence of community-oriented design elements, such as ground-floor retail spaces and communal areas, has hindered social interactions and the formation of strong neighborhood bonds.
In response to these challenges, my design aims to alleviate the issues faced by Urban Clusters By prioritizing affordability and sustainable urban planning principles, my design will focus on creating well-planned housing complexes that integrate open spaces, greenery, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure. The incorporation of ground-floor retail spaces will promote economic activity and enhance social interactions, fostering a sense of community and belonging among residents.
Additionally, my design will emphasize the importance of public-private partnerships to ensure effective maintenance and management of public spaces and amenities. By engaging stakeholders from various sectors, including residents, local businesses, and government agencies, my design seeks to establish collaborative efforts aimed at enhancing the overall quality of life within these urban clusters.
In summary, my design represents a holistic approach to urban development that addresses housing affordability, social connectivity, environmental sustainability, and community well-being. By tackling these challenges through innovative and inclusive design strategies, my goal is to create vibrant and resilient urban environments that prioritize the needs and aspirations of residents in the southern-central part of Mumbai.
Step 1: Understanding Ecology
Deonar Dumpyard: Posing significant environmental and health challenges due to its massive accumulation of waste.
2: Damage caused by the
Damage points: Severe contamination of water sources due to leachate and pollutants seeping into surrounding groundwater and water bodies.
Step 3: Implementing repair strategies
Repair points: Recovering water resources by identifying repair points. This process is being undertaken by the BMC in Mumbai currently.
Step 4: Long Term Ecological Vision
Recovered Ecology: The already envisioned Deonar Waste to Energy Plant will be the epicenter of energy production in the future.
Housing and Urban Clusters
The mapped area also includes a variety of typological patterns for private sector housing as well as independently developed housing.
Industries and Opportunities
Around these Urban Clusters are various manufacturing, gas and energy plants which bring in finance and employement in the areas.
During the early 2000’s, Mumbai, India witnessed significant urban development accompanied by a massive influx of people seeking job
Transit Network
These Clusters are inadequately connected internally as well as to public transport. New modes of connectivity are an ideal vision.
My daughter’s school is across the railway tracks. For her safety, I have to walk her to school everyday due to which I had to leave my day job.
We do not have any grounds which we can play at. The open grounds have glass and stones lying around due to which we always have a chance of getting wounded.
There was no water connection when we arrived here. We had to fit taps with our own money and still water supply was scarce due to limited supply and low pressure.
Our conditions have not gotten any better after we moved from our slums to apartments. In fact things have gotten worse.
There is no system to dispose of out waste. We have to carry our waste and take it to the dump 2 streets away so that it doesn’t end up here.
It is very difficult for seniors to climb 4-5 floors. Due to not having an elevator we have lost 2 people in the building as taking them down the stairs took a lot of time and we were late to the hospital.
We do not have any privacy. Our children cannot study due to no space in the apartment and the constant noise from he surroundings. It got worse in during Covid as everyone was at home and there was commotion everywhere all the time.
Our rooms never received sunlight, we have to keep our lights on all day. Due to this I was diagnosed with TB. I am at a stage where I can either afford my electricity bill or medicines.
By physically modeling different typological combinations, I gained firsthand insights into the spatial dynamics and functional implications of proposed design interventions. Testing iterations allowed me to evaluate the effectiveness of different layouts in addressing housing affordability, improving social cohesion, and promoting sustainable urban living. Each iteration revealed new possibilities and informed subsequent design refinements, ultimately guiding the development of an urban plan tailored to the needs of these communities.
In exploring typological solutions for urban planning, I conducted rigorous testing of various design configurations. This process focused on optimizing building proximity for community interaction, ensuring ample open spaces, and enhancing connectivity for pedestrians, vehicles, and emergency access. Through iterative physical modeling, I gained insights into spatial dynamics and functional implications, allowing for comprehensive understanding and refinement of proposed solutions.
The importance of testing iterations of typologies in architecture and urban design cannot be overstated. Iterative design processes enable designers to explore multiple scenarios, analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and identify optimal solutions that prioritize humancentric design principles. Through iterative testing, design concepts evolve organically, incorporating feedback from stakeholders to achieve innovative outcomes. This approach fosters creativity, ultimately leading to design decisions that resonate needs of urban spaces.
In the context of addressing the challenges posed by partial demolition and redevelopment of urban clusters, iterative typological testing proved instrumental in developing a comprehensive and sustainable urban plan. By embracing an iterative design process, I was able to navigate complexities, anticipate potential pitfalls, and propose innovative solutions that strike a balance between functionality, livability, and resilience.
Step 1: Developing an internal road network
Step 2: Demolition
Step 3: Creating internal passages
Step 4: Partial demolition
Step 5: Creating Social Spaces
Step 6: Bridging terraces and demolishing vacancy
Step 7: Adding to existing density
Step 8: Zoning
Step 9: Developing pedestrain and street network
Step 10: Creating Hotspots for social activity
My intervention for the renewed Urban Clusters focuses on enhancing environmental quality and livability through strategic planning and design considerations. By prioritizing daylight and wind ventilation, I have quantifiably improved the overall quality of life for residents. Daylight improvement has been measured to increase by an impressive 60%, ensuring better illumination and reducing dependency on artificial lighting within the clusters. This not only enhances visual comfort but also contributes to energy efficiency and well-being.
Moreover, my design approach emphasizes optimizing wind ventilation, leading to a 35% increase in natural airflow within the urban clusters. This enhancement promotes natural cooling, reduces heat buildup, and enhances air quality, fostering a healthier and more comfortable living environment. By leveraging radiation studies and wind movement analysis, I have demonstrated tangible evidence of the positive impact of my design interventions.
The results of radiation studies and wind movement analysis provide concrete evidence of the transformative impact of my urban design. By showcasing measurable improvements in daylight penetration and wind ventilation, I have changed the narrative surrounding urban living in these clusters. Residents can now enjoy increased natural light and better air circulation, contributing to a more sustainable and enjoyable urban experience.
In developing my urban design for the renewed urban clusters in southern-central Mumbai, I conducted radiation studies using software tools such as Rhino, Grasshopper, and Ladybug to analyze and optimize daylight penetration within the built environment. These studies allowed me to quantify the improvement in daylight levels and ensure optimal illumination throughout the clusters. Additionally, wind analysis was performed using Autodesk CFD to assess airflow patterns and enhance natural ventilation within the urban fabric.
In my urban design proposal for the renewed urban clusters in southern-central Mumbai, I am introducing a comprehensive stakeholder engagement program aimed at fostering collaboration and transparency among all relevant agencies. This initiative involves active participation from government bodies like MHADA, homeowners, renters, shop owners, and NGOs such as Apnalaya, Habitat for Humanity, and Yuva.org. By bringing together diverse stakeholders, we can address challenges associated with rehabilitation.
The first phase, from 2023 to 2028, focuses on transformation through targeted interventions aimed at revitalizing infrastructure, enhancing amenities, and promoting socio-economic development. This phase sets the foundation for rehabilitation efforts during the subsequent period from 2028 to 2030, addressing housing quality and community well-being. The final phase, from 2030 to 2033, emphasizes regeneration, leveraging insights gained from earlier phases to implement sustainable and holistic urban transformation strategies.
Collaboration with organizations like Apnalaya, Habitat for Humanity India, and Yuva.org is instrumental in implementing this multi-phased approach. These NGOs bring expertise in community development, housing initiatives, and youth empowerment, complementing government efforts led by MHADA and SRA. By leveraging partnerships and community-driven approaches, we can build resilience, promote social inclusion, and drive equitable development across Mumbai’s underserved areas.
this stakeholder-driven timeline and collaborative approach represent a strategic roadmap for addressing complex urban challenges over the next decade. By fostering transparency, accountability, and community participation, we aim to create lasting positive impact and sustainable urban transformation that benefits vulnerable populations and promotes inclusive development in Urban Clusters.
In my design, I have prioritized pedestrian and cyclist-friendly infrastructure to promote sustainable mobility within the urban clusters. By implementing wider sidewalks, cycle lanes, and traffic-calmed streets, I aim to enhance safety and convenience for pedestrians and cyclists, reducing reliance on motorized transport and promoting active transportation modes. This approach not only improves accessibility but also contributes to reducing carbon emissions and enhancing overall urban livability.
Furthermore, my design integrates ample open spaces and prioritizes vegetation to improve the microclimate of the urban clusters. Strategic placement of green areas, including parks, gardens, and green corridors, enhances air quality, reduces urban heat island effects, and promotes biodiversity. By incorporating vegetation into the built environment, I aim to create a more sustainable and resilient urban landscape.
Diagram concepts: Jose Aranguren
My visionary urban design emerges, redefining the landscape with innovative strategies that prioritize people-centered mobility, economic vitality, and environmental sustainability. This transformative approach is characterized by a commitment to pedestrian and cyclist-friendly infrastructure, coupled with reconfiguration of ground floor layouts to promote local businesses and catalyze a circular economy.
The design’s emphasis on pedestrian and cyclist-friendly infrastructure reflects a shift towards sustainable mobility solutions. Wider sidewalks adorned with lush greenery and dedicated cycle lanes offer safe passage for pedestrians and cyclists alike, encouraging active modes of transportation and reducing reliance on carbon-intensive vehicles. By fostering a human-scaled urban environment, the design not only enhances accessibility but also promotes healthier lifestyles and fosters a stronger sense of community connectivity.
At ground level, the strategic reconfiguration of spaces to accommodate bicycle parking, stores, and shops serves as a catalyst for local economic development. This approach creates opportunities for small businesses to thrive, fostering a vibrant streetscape that invites residents and visitors to engage in local commerce. The symbiotic relationship between urban design and economic vitality is further reinforced by the promotion of a circular economy, where resources are conserved, reused, and repurposed to minimize waste and maximize efficiency.
Moreover, the integration of sustainable strategies such as rainwater harvesting and solar farming underscores a commitment to environmental stewardship. Rainwater harvesting systems capture and store rainwater for reuse in irrigation and non-potable applications, reducing reliance on municipal water sources and mitigating urban runoff. Similarly, solar farming harnesses the power of renewable energy to meet local energy demands, reducing carbon emissions and contributing to a more resilient and sustainable urban energy infrastructure.
In addition to environmental considerations, the reconfiguration of plumbing and sewage systems addresses longstanding issues of sanitation and wastewater management. By optimizing plumbing layouts and implementing innovative sewage treatment technologies, the design not only improves overall hygiene and public health but also minimizes environmental impact by reducing pollution and conserving water resources.
In my design concept for the revitalized urban clusters in southern-central Mumbai, a central focus is placed on creating safe and enriching spaces for children to play and explore. Elevated play areas equipped with modern amenities and safety features offer children a secure environment where they can engage in recreational activities without parents’ constant worry. These thoughtfully designed spaces not only promote physical activity but also contribute to children’s cognitive development and overall well-being, fostering a sense of joy and discovery within the urban fabric.
Beyond providing safe play spaces, the design prioritizes connectivity and social engagement among residents. Strategic placement of community hubs, gathering spots, and cultural zones throughout the urban clusters encourages spontaneous interactions and strengthens social bonds. These spaces serve as focal points for residents to connect, share experiences, and build a sense of belonging within their neighborhood, enhancing the overall quality of urban life and fostering a vibrant sense of community.
Improving connectivity within and between different parts of the urban cluster is a key element of the design strategy. By implementing pedestrian-friendly pathways, cycle routes, and well-connected transit nodes, the design promotes seamless movement and accessibility for residents and visitors alike. Enhanced connectivity not only facilitates daily commuting but also encourages exploration and engagement with diverse urban amenities, promoting a dynamic and interconnected urban experience.
The design enriches the urban experience through micro-experiences integrated into passageways and public spaces. These microexperiences, such as art installations, interactive displays, and curated landscapes, create memorable moments that enhance the sensory and cultural richness of the urban environment. By infusing creativity and intrigue into everyday urban passages, the design transforms mundane spaces into vibrant canvases that inspire curiosity and delight, enriching the overall urban experience for residents and visitors alike.
Existing Units
Size: 265 sq. ft.
Rearranged Units
Avg. Size: 440 sq. ft.
Existing Units
Size: 240 sq. ft.
Rearranged Units
Avg. Size: 470 sq. ft.
Rethinking the internal layouts of apartments within Urban Clusters presents a compelling challenge, given the existing constraints and shortcomings faced by residents. One of the predominant issues revolves around the housing units built under the SRA guidelines, which prioritize minimum sizes without considering the actual needs and comfort of residents. This oversight results in cramped living conditions that lack adequate space and privacy for families, exacerbating issues related to livability and well-being.
To address these challenges while retaining the existing density within the urban clusters, a strategic typological solution is proposed to reconfigure internal layouts. The aim is to optimize space utilization, enhance privacy, and improve overall living conditions for residents. Central to this solution is the creation of exclusive rooms within each unit, ensuring that family members have designated spaces for rest, study, and personal activities. By introducing partitions and reconfiguring interior walls, each room can be tailored to accommodate specific needs while maintaining a sense of openness and accessibility.
Moreover, the redesigned internal layouts prioritize natural light and ventilation, addressing critical aspects of habitability and comfort. Strategic placement of windows and ventilation openings optimizes airflow and daylight penetration, minimizing reliance on artificial lighting and improving indoor air quality. This not only enhances the living experience but also contributes to energy efficiency and environmental sustainability within the urban clusters.
Additionally, the reconfigured layouts prioritize accessibility and safety with shorter, open internal corridors that facilitate better circulation, particularly in emergencies. Dedicated spaces within units cater to diverse age groups and activities, promoting holistic well-being and intergenerational harmony.
Importantly, the proposed solution empowers residents to participate actively in transforming their living spaces. By allowing individuals to demolish and restructure interior walls with minimal resettlement, the process becomes inclusive and adaptive to residents’ preferences and needs, minimizing disruption and preserving community continuity. This approach has the potential to catalyze positive change and contribute to the sustainable transformation of urban living.
Existing Units Size: 265 sq. ft.
Existing Units Size: 240 sq. ft.
Repaired Units Size: 480 sq. ft.
The SRA completed building the Mankhurd Urban Cluster
People were allotted homes in the Mankhurd Cluster and were forced to resettle from their informal settlements
People started moving in and tried to make the Cluster their home
People bonded over various factors, creating a sense of community within
Children had no space to play and the only available open grounds had uneven surfaces, trash and dangerous objects that would harm them
Adults had to look for new jobs as they were resettled and many of them came in from far distances
Seniors had no space for themselves to rest as there was always a constant bustle of noise and disturbance
There was a lack of connectivity to major roads, railway and bus networks. This made the Cluster a semi-isolated space
People started understanding the cause of various issues
Tuberculosis and other diseases became very common
Communities were formed and people ot together well with each other as they all faced and sympathized with each other due to similar challenges
Many people left the Cluster to go back to their informal settlements as those had more space and better living conditions
Others did not have an option to relocate as they were either in their lock in period or were financially drained by the EMI and maintenance costs
Children still had no place to play as no actions were taken for the betterment of spaces
Adults who found jobs always faced an uncertainty of financial stability due to inflation hitting the city rapidly
Seniors were faced with even more troubles due to the lack of hygiene which led to an increase in the number of medical cases
Due to the lack of access of emergency vehicles, 3 deaths occured which could be prevented
People started raising their voices for various issues
Small groups formed within the settlements who helped raise awareness to the SRA and MHADA
Children took matters into their own hands and asked young grownups to help them clean and level grounds so that they could play
Activists and NGOs such as Yuva and Habitat for Humanity joined hands in creating better facilities for people
Due to the pressure of the users, two mini parks were developed within the site which improved things on a surface level
Medical assistance was provided and a small community space was built for children to study
People are waiting for an urban intervention which would alleviate their actual challenges which affect the lives of 24,000 residents on a daily basis
these housing clusters into viable, habitable spaces for the residents.
Due to the Cluster being semi-vacant, there is no loss of density even after demolishing 40% of the structures
Users have better living conditions on the unit level, urban level and the ecological level
Carrying the same sense of social cohesion, the clusters also provide spaces for the neighboring informal settlements to integrate into the Cluster
There is a provision for better access for pedestrains as well as emergency vehicles
Children can go to the school right at the centre of the Cluster without their parents have to worry about their travel
Habitants in and around the site can easily access government provided healthcare services near the site for free which will improve living conditions
Children will have independent spaces to study and elders will have their own space to rest and recover
Street connectivity increases social interaction and hotspots act as the epicenters of activity which can host weekend markets, events, festivals and bring in a new sense of engagement for outsiders as well
This typological situation will act as an example for all other Clusters in the city and affordable housing developments throughout the globe
