Pattern of Rural-Urban linkage and inter- relationship

BEHAVIOURAL ARCHITECTURAL PATTERN OF RURAL AND URBAN LINKAGE AND INTER- RELATIONSHIP

SUBMITTED BY:MD SARWAR AZAD 1602295098 7TH SEM 'C'

PILOO

MODY

COLLEGE

OF ARCHITECTURE

DARBHANGA: A study of a rural settlement

Under the British rule, Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut upto 1875 when it was constituted into a separate district. Darbhanga district was a part of Patna division till 1908 when the Tirhut division was created with its headquarters at Muzaffarpur Presently, there are three subdivisions, viz., Darbhanga Sadar, Benipur and Biraul consisting of 18 Development Blocks in the district. The district is bounded on the north by Madhubani district, on the south by the district of Samastipur, on the east by Saharsa district and on the west by the districts of Muzaffarpur and Sitamarhi. The district takes its name from its only town, Darbhanga - the district headquarters, which is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga has been derived from Dwar Banga meaning “the door to Bengal “. This derivation does not appear to be very correct as the division between Bengal and Bihar has always been much further to the east. However, the linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal may be said to commence from here.

Highlights Darbhanga ranks 8 th in terms of population (39,37,385) and 23rd in terms of area (2279 sq.km.) in the state of Bihar.

In terms of population per sq.km. Darbhanga is the 3rd densely populated district in the state with 1,728 persons per sq.km as against the State's 1,106.

Darbhanga ranks 21st in terms of sex-ratio (911) against the State's 918.

Darbhanga ranks 22th in terms of child sex-ratio (931) against state’s 935.

There are 178 uninhabited villages (out of 1,247 total villages) in the district of Darbhanga.

Jale (under Jale C.D. Block) is the most populated village (37,256) and Baghela(under Hanumannagar C.D.Block) is the least populated village (5) in the district.

C.D. Block Bahadurpur has the highest number of villages (171) in the district and C.D. Block Kiratpur has the lowest number of villages (17).

Haridih (under Baheri C.D. Block) has the largest area (2,868 hectares) and Sherampur (under Benipur C.D. Block), Balia and Mathia urf Madhopur (under Bahadurpur C.D. Block) has the smallest area (1 hectare each) among the villages in the district.

Darbhanga has attained fame as the Makhana producing district.

MOTIF

Rambagh Palace,Darbhanga.

Darbhnga is the seat of the Maharaja of Darbhanga. TheMaharajas of Darbhanga have traditionally been very great patrons of art and literature.The estate was conferred upon by Emperor Akbar.There are a number of palaces built by successive Maharajas, important among them being Rambagh Palace, Nargauna Palace, Anandbagh Bhawan and Bela Palace. Situated in Darbhanga town the gate of Rambagh Palace is a massive structure which attracts persons coming to the town.

POPULATION AND GROWTH POPULATION 4000000

POPULATION

3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

YEARS

The above bar graph shows the population growth over the course of a century from 1901 to 2011; which rises dramatically from 1961.

POPULATION 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 POPULATION MALE

FEMALE

The total population of Darbhanga is 3937385. Out of which 2059949 are males and 1877436 are females.

The above chart shows the decadal growth percentage in Darbhanga from 2001 to 2011. In the year 2002 Darbhanga had a negative growth percentage of 0.06 % which indicates emigration. From 2003 it has seen a continuous population growth until 2010 after which the growth has dipped to 1.79% in 2011 from 2.76% of 2010.

SOCIETAL STRUCTURE SEX RATIO

RELIGION Buddhist; 0.01 Christian; 0.09

Jain; 0.01 Sikh, 0.02 Not stated; 0.21

22.39

FEMALE

77.28

MALE

910 1000

Hindu

Muslim

Christian

Buddhist

Jain

Not stated

Sikh

850

900

950

1000

1050

NUMBER OF PEOPLE

Hindus make up the majority of the population with 77.28 percent of people identifying themselves as Hindu. The biggest minority group being the Muslims make up for the 22.39% of the entire population, while other minorities group constitute for 0.13 % together with Christians, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs accounting for 0.09%, 0.01%, 0.01% and 0.02% respectively. 0.21 % doesn’t associate itself with any religion.

According to the 2011 census, there are 910 females per 1000 males in the district of Darbhanga; which is lower than the national average which is 930 females per 1000 males in India.

HOUSEHOLDS

According to the 2011 census, the total number of households in the district of Darbhanga is 802805.

Out of this 802805 households 801794 of households which accounts for 99.85% of the total.

Institutional housing accounts for 0.11%; 911 in total.

INSTITUTIONAL, 911, 0.11%

HOUSELESS, 307, 0.04%

NORMAL INSTITUTIONAL HOUSELESS

NORMAL, 801794, 99.85%

Around 307 are houseless which accounts for the 0.04% of the total population of the district.

GENDER ROLES AND DISTRIBUTION MAIN AND MARGINAL WORKER DISTRIBUTION

The pie chart depicts the types of worker involved in different areas of workers viz a viz in main and marginal workers distribution.

52.83% which is more than half of the working population is involved as agricultural labourers.

Cultivators make up for the 20.72% of the working population. 4.06% of the working population is involved in household. The biggest minority group doesn’t fall into either of the aforementioned groups and comprises of other sorts of marginal works which accounts for 22.38% of the entire working population of the district of Darbhanga.

4.06

52.83 Cultivators

Agricultural labourers

Household workers

Other workers

GENDER WISE COMAPRISON

SCHEDULED TRIBE SCHEDULED CAST LITERATES 0

500000

1000000 MALE

The ' Pie of pie' chart distributes the total population in main workers, marginal workers and non-workers which constitutes 20.52%, 12.84% and 66.64% respectively. Assuming all the 'other workers' to be another 100 percent, the 'Pie of Pie' chart shows that the population of 'Other Workers' constitutes of 40.97% males and 59.03 % of females.

20.72

22.38

1500000

2000000

Whether it's the composition of all the literates or Scheduled Cast or even Scheduled Tribe, the ratio of male to female has always been 60-40. These observations are evident in the adjoining bar graph.

FEMALE

Workers distrbution and gender distribution of non workers

66.64

100

59.03 40.97

12.84 20.52 MAIN WORKERS NON WORKER FEAMLES

MARGINAL WORKER MALES

Percentage distribution of male 'Workers and NonWorkers'

Percentage distribution of female 'Workers and NonWorkers'

5.57% 14.87%

30.06% 53.99% 15.95%

79.56% Main workers

Marginal workers

Non- workers

Main Workers

Marginal Workers

Non- Workers

Above two pie chart shows the distribution of workers and non-workers according to the gender. The percentage of no-workers in females is much higher than that of the males. Females being 79.56% of the entire female population and 54% of the male population which makes a difference of 25.57%.

Percentage distribution of male workers (Main and Marginal) 2.83% 26.41% 49.80% 20.96%

Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household industry Other workers

Left side pie chart shows the workers distribution of males. Almost half the male working population is involved as agricultural labourers.

Cultivators account for the third major group of the male working population. 'Other' job category accounts for the largest minority of workers.

Percentage distribution of female workers (Main and Marginal)

17.99%

13.77%

6.55%

Right side pie chart shows the workers distribution of females. More than half the female working population is involved as agricultural labourers (62%). Cultivators account for the third major group of the working population. 'Other' job category accounts for the largest minority of workers.

61.69%

Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household Industry Other

PATNA: A study of an urban agglomeration

The district of Patna was constituted in the year 1865 out of portions of the existing districts of Behar and Tirhut.

There were some minor changes of jurisdiction between 1881 and 1931, but its boundaries remained virtually intact until 1972 when the subdivision of Biharsharif was separated and upgraded as the independent district of Nalanda. . The district is now left with 6 subdivisions, viz., Patna City, Patna Sadar, Dinapur, Barh, Masaurhi and Paliganj consisting of 23 Community Development Blocks.

The district of Patna lies virtually in the heart of the South Bihar Plain. It is a constituent district of Patna Division. The City of Patna, besides being the headquarters of the district, is also the divisional headquarters and the State capital since 1911. The district is bounded on the north by the Ganges, beyond which lie the districts of Saran, Vaishali, Samastipur and Begusarai, on the east by the districts of Lakhisarai and Begusarai and on the south by the districts of Arwal, Jahanabad, Nalanda and Lakhisarai.

The districts of Nalanda & Patna is separated from Bhojpur district on its west by the river Sone.

According to the District Gazetteer of Patna (1970), the district is named after its principal city, Patna.

Various legends exist regarding its origin. The most popular legend ascribes it to a prince named Putraka, who created it with a stroke of his magic stick and named it in honour of his wife, the Princess Patali (story found in Katha Sarit Sagar and in Hiuen Tsang’s Travels).

It is also said that originally Patliputra was a village known as Pataligram appears to have been derived from ‘Patali’ or ‘trumpet flower’. It was called Palibhotra by Megasthenes. It is, however, generally accepted that the present Patna stands on the site of the ancient metropolis of ‘Patliputra’. As the centre of the great Magadha Empire, the district has a rich and glorious history extending to over 2,500 years.

Highlights Patna ranks 1st in terms of population (58, 38,465) and 9th in terms of area (3,202 sq.km.) in the state of Bihar.

In terms of population per sq.km. Patna is the 2nd densely populated district in the state with 1,823 persons per sq.km as against the state’s1, 106.

Patna ranks 32th in terms of sex-ratio (897) against the state’s 918.

Patna ranks 37th in terms of child sex-ratio (909) against state’s 935.

There are 124 uninhabited villages (out of 1,388 total villages) in the district of Patna.

Kita Chauhattar (under Maner C.D. Block) is the most populated village (35,608) and Mirchi Bhawanian (under Patna rural C.D. Block) is the least populated village (7) in the district.

C.D. Block Dhanarua has the highest number of villages (122) in the district and C.D. Block Ghoswari has the lowest number of villages (23).

Rupas Mahagi (under Bakhtiarpur C.D. Block) has the largest area (4,213 hectare) and Warispur (under Daniawan C.D. Block) has the smallest area (2 hectare) among the villages in the district.

MOTIF

The Gurdwara at Patna Sahib

The Gurdwara at Patna Sahib was in remembrance of the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Guru of the Sikhs on 22 December 1666, and like many historical Gurdwara in India and Pakistan, this Gurdwara too, was built

by Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, on the banks of Ganges River, in Patna, Bihar.

.

Rural-urban Linkage Several studies have highlighted the importance of small towns as a centre for urbanization and source of demand in recent times (Denis et al 2012, Nielsen 2012).

In North Bihar, the industrial sector has very low proportion of employment among cities.

But in South Bihar, among Class I cities, three largest cities namely, Patna, Gaya and Bhagalpur have services as their basic sector.

The regional disparity in Bihar, which is skewed favourably towards the Southland particularly in favour of the capital city, is reflected in the per capita Gross District Domestic Product for 2011-12 at 2004-05 prices. The PCGDDP was Rs 63,063 for Patna, Rs 12,561 for Nalanda, Rs 10,932 for Darbhanga and a mere Rs 9,241 for Madhubani districts (Economic survey of Bihar 2015-16).

Darbhanga Darbhanga has an agrarian economy with paddy and pulses being the main produce. It is a leading district in production of fish in Bihar.

While Darbhanga is well-connected by road and rail, the infrastructural facilities in the city are deficient and are under pressure from the dense population. The road length is only 140 km. Drainage is open and there is approximately one electricity connection (domestic) for every two households. Industrial connections number only 139 vis-a-vis 6197 for Patna and 6836 for Biharsharif.

Rural-urban linkages are evident in the market for vegetables as many people from nearby rural areas bring their own produce and sell in Darbhanga and there are many who source vegetables in other places and sell in Darbhanga town.

There are similar linkages for selling makhana and fish. Prepared makhana is sold in Madhubani, Darbhanga, and sometimes even as far as in Patna by traders who transport the output there.

Thus there is a lot of rural-urban link through transport activity now. Many people from rural areas are earning a living in Patna. Their life history also indicates that they migrate to various urban centres for work, working as construction workers, rickshaw-pullers, masons, etc.

Patna The linkages observed for the region include linkages for construction workers who come daily from the rural areas to work in Patna and travel back in the evening. Construction has contributed in a major way to the growth story in Bihar.

An FGD conducted at Gulzarbagh station, Patna, with several construction workers provided rich insight into rural-urban linkages in the area, and labour market functioning for this category of workers.

A typical day for the construction workers is as follows. Travelling from Bakhtiyarpur, the workers gather at Patna Gulzarbagh station at around 7:30-8 am. Contractors try to grab work when prospective customers come. Most contractors quote similar rates so a lot of competition is there.

The workers get paid daily by whoever employs them. If the contract is for a long period, then there may be weekly payment, but some due is left with the contractor, so that the labourer does not leave the work unfinished and leave, and the contract can be completed.

The findings of the present study indicate that industrialization and urbanization in the state of Bihar is very much Patna-centric. Urban development is taking place not in a pyramidal way, where the urban population is distributed with a wide base in smaller towns, feeding successively into bigger towns. It is taking place in a way such that urbanization is concentrated in big cities.

The city of Patna presents a paradoxical situation in the sense that it is a city which has posted relatively high rates of economic growth in the last few years, and which yet has a very low urbanization rate.

In depth inter- relations comparisons

Patna is the most important source of urban development in Bihar, and, according to some industry informants, the only source.

Its distribution of enterprises is distinct from the other sample towns, with both manufacturing (37.6%) and trade (33.4%) dominating the activities, followed by other services (22%)15.

Biharsharif and Darbhanga are similar in size and have trade as the dominant activity, followed by manufacturing and other services.

In Darbhanga, the share of manufacturing is lower compared to Biharsharif, but there are some factories, of which there are none in the Biharsharif sample.

OAEs were found to have a high share in the smaller towns such as Hilsa, Madhubani and Jhanjharpur, as well as in a slightly larger town Biharsharif, all with above 45 % shares (Fig. 4.1). Patna and Darbhanga, on the other hand, had lower shares of OAEs at 27 % and 31 % respectively. The NDEs comprise the bulk of the enterprises surveyed in the larger towns of Patna and Darbhanga.

Comparing infrastructure and industries between Darbhanga (Rural) and Patna (Urban)

Thus Patna is the hub for investment in large enterprises in the state. Within the DEs in Patna, wood products, food and beverages, household industry & handicraft, transport relates sales & services, books, clothing, etc. have large shares.

Madhubani has a 17% share of Directory Enterprises accounted for by nearby brick kilns, wood products, etc. and Darbhanga has nearly 16% share with food and beverages, medical services (including hospital/nursing home, medical hall/medicine shop/X ray) and transport related sales and services and miscellaneous (including petrol pump, cinema hall, cement/coal/gas dealer, brick kiln, real estate, etc.) accounting for a large share.

POPULATION AND GROWTH POPULATION 6000000

POPULATION

5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

YEARS

The above bar graph shows the population growth over the course of a century from 1901 to 2011; which rises dramatically after 1971.

POPULATION

Chart Title 2.98

6000000 5000000

2759953 1.59 1.51 1.66 1.53

4000000

1.92

2.69 2.15 1.83

3000000 2000000

3078512

-0.1 -0.2 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

1000000

Series 1

0

Column2

Column1

POPULATION MALE

FEMALE

The total population of Patna is 5838465. Out of which 3078512 are males and 2759953 are females.

The above chart shows the decadal growth percentage in Patna from 2001 to 2011. In the decade 1911 and 1921 Darbhanga had a negative growth percentage of 0.1 % and 0.2% respectively which indicates emigration. The population growth has been irregular till 1971 after which it skyrocketed to 2.98% only to fall the next decade to 1.83 % .

GENDER ROLES AND DISTRIBUTION MAIN AND MARGINAL WORKER DISTRIBUTION

The pie chart depicts the types of worker involved in different areas of workers viz a viz in main and marginal workers distribution. 35% of the working population is involved as agricultural labourers. Cultivators make up for the 14.41% of the working population. 4.54% of the working population is involved in household. The biggest percentage of the population group doesn’t fall into either of the aforementioned groups and comprises of other sorts of marginal works which accounts for 46.08% of the entire working population of the district of Patna.

14.41% 46.08% 34.98%

4.54% Cultivators

Agricultural Labourers

Household Industry

Other Workers

Gender wise comparison

SCHEDULED TRIBE SCHEDULED CAST LITERATES 0

500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 MALE

The ' Pie of pie' chart distributes the total population in main workers, marginal workers and non-workers which constitutes 23.49%, 8.75% and 67.77% respectively. Assuming all the 'other workers' to be another 100 percent, the 'Pie of Pie' chart shows that the population of 'Other Workers' constitutes of 41.503% males and 59.03 % of females.

Whether it's the composition of all the literates or Scheduled Cast or even Scheduled Tribe, the ratio of male to female has always been 60-40. These observations are evident in the adjoining bar graph.

FEMALE

Workers distrbution and gender distribution of non workers 67.77 59.03

100 41.503 8.75 23.49 MAIN WORKERS NON WORKER FEAMLES

MARGINAL WORKER MALES

Percentage distribution of male 'Workers and NonWorkers'

Percentage distribution of female 'Workers and NonWorkers' 9.05% 7.09%

53.64%

36.20% 10.16%

Main workers

Marginal workers

Non- workers

83.86% Main workers

Marginal workers

Non- workers

Above two pie chart shows the distribution of workers and non-workers according to the gender. The percentage of no-workers in females is much higher than that of the males. Females being 83.86% of the entire female population and 53.64% of the male population which makes a difference of 30.22%.

Percentage distribution of male workers (Main and Marginal) 4.90%

34.24%

Left side pie chart shows the workers distribution of males. Less than half the male working population is involved as agricultural labourers. Cultivators account for the third major group of the male working population.

'Other' job category accounts for the largest minority of workers.

40.87% 19.99%

Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household industry Other workers

Percentage distribution of female workers (Main and Marginal) 43.40% 6.14%

Right side pie chart shows the workers distribution of females. Almost equal of the female working population is involved as agricultural labourers (40.62%). Cultivators account for the third major group of the working population. 'Other' job category accounts for the largest minority of workers.

9.84% 40.62%

Cultivators

Agricultural Labourers

Household industry

Other workers

SOCIETAL STRUCTURE SEX RATIO

RELIGION Christian; 1.92

Jain; 0.09 Sikh, 0.98 Not stated; 0.52 12.27

FEMALE MALE

86.39

897 1000 800

Hindu

Muslim

Christian

Jain

Not stated

900

1000

1100

NUMBER OF PEOPLE

Hindus make up the majority of the population with 86.39 percent of people identifying themselves as Hindu. The biggest minority group being the Muslims make up for the 12.27% of the entire population, while other minorities group constitute for 2.99 % together with Christians, , Jains and Sikhs accounting for 1.92%, 0.09% and 0.98% respectively. 0.52 % doesn’t associate itself with any religion.

According to the 2011 census, there are 897 females per 1000 males in the city of Patna; which is much lower than the national average which is 930 females per 1000 males in India.

HOUSEHOLDS

According to the 2011 census, the total number of households in the city of Patna is 975579. Out of this 975579 households 969525 of households which accounts for 99.85% of the total are normal.

Institutional housing accounts for 0.41%; 4048 in total.

INSTITUTIONAL, 4048, 0.41%

HOUSELESS, 2006, 0.21%

NORMAL INSTITUTIONAL HOUSELESS

NORMAL, 969525, 99.38%

Around 2006 are houseless which accounts for the 0.21% of the total population of the district.

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