Urban Farming | Architecture Graduation Project

Urban Farming A Sustainable Model for Community Engagement and Food Security in Rotterdam

Urban Farming Graduation project

Students Sara Khabbazan Student Number: 4178602 Studio Tutors Jan Willem van Kuilenburg Pieter Feenstra Mentor Dingeman Deijs

Fontys University of Applied Sciences MA+U 2023-2024

All images, diagrams, graphics are by the author unless stated otherwise. Sources for additional data are mentioned within the page and on the reference list.

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Foundations 1.1. Abstract 1.2. Introduction 1.3. Problem Statement 1.4. Methodology

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2.1. History of Agriculture in the Netherlands 2.2. Current Agricultural Practices 2.3. Future Trends in Agricultural Architecture 2.4. Insights into Dutch Agriculture 2.5. The Evolution of Vertical Farming 2.6. Why Vertical Farming Matters 2.7. Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam

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3.1. Location and Context 3.2. Neighborhood Urban Farms and Green Spaces Map 3.3. Case Studies

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4.1. Design Approaches 4.1.1. Approach 1: Sponge Farm 4.1.2. Approach 2: Social Farm 4.1.3. Approach 3: Regenerative Farm 4.2. Conclusion for Conceptual Design 4.3. Sketches and Miro Board 4.4. Design Principles

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Innovation Roots

Site Discovery

Shaping the Vision

Contents

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Realizing the Vision 5.1. Final Design Overview 5.2. Key Design Elements 5.2.1. Vertical Farm 5.2.2. Biochemical Pool and Aquaponics 5.2.3. The Tech Zone 5.2.4. Offices and Coworking 5.2.5. Farms and Gardens 5.2.6. Community Market 5.2.7. Restaurant 5.2.8. Parking and Access 5.3. Service Design 5.4. Sustainability and Inclusivity 5.5. Materials and Structure

Architectural Drawings

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Project Documentation

Contents

Chapter 1 Foundations

1.1. Abstract

“Transforming Rotterdam’s urban landscape into thriving community hubs, this project merges agriculture with urban life, setting a new standard for sustainable city living.”

This project focuses on an urban farming initiative located in Rotterdam’s Nieuw-Mathenesse neighborhood, designed to seamlessly integrate agriculture into the urban fabric, fostering community engagement and sustainability. The project consists of two primary components: an industrial vertical farm combined with a coworking space, and a farm park that serves as an educational and recreational hub. By merging agriculture with entrepreneurship, the vertical farm promotes innovative and sustainable food production, while the farm park provides a space for residents to learn about and engage with sustainable farming practices.

The initiative aims to address key challenges of urbanization, including food security, environmental sustainability, and social cohesion. The project’s emphasis on community-driven activities, such as educational workshops, farmers’ markets, and communal events, highlights the broader social benefits of urban farming. The project not only improves local food production and accessibility but also serves as a template for similar urban farming initiatives in other cities. By bringing agriculture into the heart of the city, this project contributes to a more sustainable, resilient, and engaged urban community.

Keywords: Urban Agriculture, Vertical Farming, Community Engagement, Food Security, Sustainable Urban Development

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Figure 1: AI-generated image illustrating the goals of urban farming Urban Farming (Foundations)

1.2. Introduction

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Research Questions: As cities like Rotterdam grow rapidly, there is a need to find en the community, making it a place where people can connew ways to provide food and create more livable urban nect with each other and learn about sustainable living. These • How can adding urban farms to city spaces help improve spaces. Traditional farming methods often do not work well communal activities offer residents a much-needed break food availability and sustainability in cities like Rotterdam? in crowded cities, so innovative solutions are required. This from the stress of daily city life, providing a space to relax, project, located in Rotterdam’s Nieuw-Mathenesse neighsocialize, and feel more connected to both nature and their • In what ways does urban farming bring communities toborhood, aims to solve these challenges by combining urban neighbors. gether and strengthen social ties in urban neighborhoods? farming with other aspects of city life. The design is guided by five key principles: sustainable agriculture, urban inteNature integration is also important, as the project includes • How can architectural design integrate urban farming with gration, community spaces, nature integration, and function- green spaces that improve the environment and make the other urban functions to create more cohesive and multial cohesion. area more beautiful. The farm park, with its variety of plants, functional city spaces?

Sustainable agriculture is the foundation of this project. shows how cities can include nature in their design, making The vertical farm uses advanced methods like hydroponics, them better places to live.

Motivation aquaponics, and aeroponics to grow food in the city. This helps reduce the need to transport food from far away, mak- Finally, functional cohesion means that the project brings toMy motivation for this project stems from a strong belief in ing it easier for local people to access fresh, healthy food gether different functions—farming, education, recreation, while also being kinder to the environment. and work—in one place. This makes the urban farm not just a the importance of community connection and the need for place for growing food but also a lively area that meets many more green spaces in urban environments. As cities expand, it’s crucial to create spaces where residents can connect with The idea of urban integration is shown in how the project different needs of the community. each other and nature, enhancing their urban life experiences. combines different elements: an industrial vertical farm connected to a coworking space, and a farm park that serves as In summary, this project shows how urban farming can help I see urban farming as a powerful tool to achieve this, offering more than just food production; it creates vibrant community both an educational and recreational area. This shows how cities like Rotterdam solve the challenges of urban growth. urban farming can be more than just producing food; it can By integrating food production into the city and creating wel- hubs where people can learn, relax, and build stronger social also bring together different parts of city life, such as work, coming community spaces, this design sets a new example of ties. education, and leisure. By combining these elements, the how cities can become more sustainable, resilient, and incluI am particularly inspired by how urban farming can transproject creates a space where farming and city living work sive. form city spaces into areas that not only provide fresh, together in harmony. Adding urban farming to other urban healthy food but also foster a sense of belonging and connecfunctions helps these functions reach their maximum potention to nature. This project aligns with my desire to contribute tial, making the city more efficient and vibrant. to more sustainable, resilient, and community-focused urban environments. Being part of an initiative that integrates archiCommunity spaces are a key part of the design. The farm tecture, community engagement, and environmental stewardpark is designed to be a welcoming place where people can ship excites me as it has the potential to enrich urban life in meet, learn, and enjoy nature. Activities like workshops, meaningful ways. farmers’ markets, and educational programs help strength-

Urban Farming (Foundations)

1.3. Problem Statement

Economic Prospects: Urban farming reduces reliance on distant food sources, cuts transportation costs, and creates local economic opportunities, contributing to a more self-sufficient urban economy.

As Rotterdam continues to grow, the city faces challenges in providing sustainable food, fostering community connections, and maintaining environmental quality. To address Social Context: By creating communal spaces, urban farming enhances social interaction, strengthens community ties, and offers residents a sanctuary from the stresses of urban life, promoting well-being and social cohesion.

1.4. Methodology

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Literature Review

Academic Research Review academic papers, books, and articles on urban farming and sustainable architecture.

Case Study Analysis Analyze successful urban farming projects for insights and best practices.

Educational Resources Watch YouTube videos and take edX courses to gain additional knowledge and perspectives.

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these issues, innovative urban farming solutions must be integrated into the city’s economic, social, and ecological framework.

Ecological Factors: Integrating green spaces and sustainable farming practices into the urban landscape improves environmental quality, supports biodiversity, and makes the city more resilient to ecological challenges.

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Site Analysis & Pre-Design

Site Visits Conduct site visits to observe physical conditions and collect relevant data.

Mapping Identify opportunities and constraints through detailed site mapping.

Pre-Design Analysis Evaluate the pros and cons of different design approaches based on site data and mapping.

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Conceptual Development

Initial Concepts Develop initial sketches and models based on the insights gathered.

Feedback & Refinement Gather input from stakeholders and experts to refine the design.

Design Iteration Redo and optimize the design multiple times to achieve the best solution.

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Final Design

Architectural Drawings Create detailed architectural plans, sections, and elevations.

Material & Sustainability Planning Choose sustainable materials and finalize ecological strategies for the project.

Structural Details Develop detailed structural drawings that align with the final design.

Final Presentation Prepare high-quality renderings, models, and comprehensive documentation for presentation.

Urban Farming (Foundations)

Chapter 2 Innovation Roots

2.1. History of Agriculture in the Netherlands 1900

After 1850, the prices of animal products like butter and meat surged compared to plant products. This shift led agricultural companies to prioritize animal production over vegetable farming. Vegetable production mainly served as animal feed. By 1900, the agricultural sector employed about 2.8 million workers.

These small-scale mixed farms, featuring a variety of farm animals like cows, pigs, and horses, are situated on nutrient-poor sandy soils.

1950

In 1950, European Integration began with the Schuman Declaration, highlighting the crucial role of agriculture in the economy.

1970

2000

As a result, during the 1970s milk production in the IN 2000, primary agriculture and horticulture still European Community increased very quickly. There account for about two-thirds of the land use in the were few opportunities to export milk products to Netherlands. The number of farms is declining quite destinations outside Europe and these were support- rapidly – during the past 25 years, the number of ed by high export subsidies. farms decreased by an average of 2.3% per annum.

Future . . .

In response to the economic crisis of the 1930s and food shortages during and after World War II, European governments, including the Dutch, significantly intervened in agriculture. Their fo- From the 1960s onwards, the cus was on economic recovery, industrial growth, Netherlands has become a and increased capital investment. These efforts major exporter of dairy prodinvolved the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, ucts, selling about 60 percent and land consolidation to enhance food produc- of domestic milk production tion. abroad.

1930

1960

In 2009, the primary agricultural sector in the Netherlands faced a sharp drop in income for the second consecutive year, primarily due to a nearly 9% decrease in prodIn 1984, the European Community imposed a quota on the production of milk to stop surplus uct prices despite a 3% increase in production volume. production. Due to this milk quota, it became im- This resulted in a over 6% decrease in the sector’s overall possible to increase the production of milk any production value, amounting to nearly 22.5 billion euros. further. In addition, the focus of society became The livestock farm products saw the most substantial demore directed at the quality of the environment. cline, with an almost 11% drop in production value.

1980

2010

Figure 2: History of Agriculture in the Netherlands The agricultural sector in the Netherlands has undergone substantial changes in recent decades. In the dairy sector, the number of farms has decreased by half since 1980, while the average herd size has increased to over 60 cows. However, profitability is not solely determined by size; better management practices can significantly impact the success of dairy operations.

Arable farming in the Netherlands faces unique challenges. The relatively small size of Dutch arable farms, coupled with high land prices, has slowed the process of scaling up compared to other European countries. While intensive farming practices were historically employed to compensate, environmental regulations have now placed limits on further intensification. This necessitates a shift towards sustainable and efficient farming practices to ensure the continued success of the arable sector.

Horticulture plays a pivotal role in the Dutch agricultural landscape. The country 4

leads in both ornamental flowers and plants, accounting for a significant portion of the European Union’s exports. Additionally, the Netherlands is a major exporter of fresh vegetables, including popular varieties like tomatoes, mushrooms, and bell peppers. The use of advanced technologies, such as glasshouse production, has propelled the Dutch horticultural industry to global prominence. These developments underscore the dynamic nature of the agricultural sector in the Netherlands and its continued adaptability to changing market demands and environmental considerations.

To ensure the continued vitality of the agricultural sector in the Netherlands, a concerted effort towards regeneration is imperative. This involves a multifaceted approach that addresses key challenges and capitalizes on emerging opportunities.

Firstly, there is a pressing need for sustainable farming practices that prioritize en-

vironmental stewardship and resource efficiency. This includes supporting research and development initiatives focused on crop diversity, soil health, and efficient resource utilization will be pivotal in driving agricultural regeneration. Furthermore, fostering a strong connection between farmers and consumers is vital. Transparent communication about production methods, quality assurance, and the benefits of locally sourced products can instill consumer confidence and support for Dutch agriculture. By embracing these strategies, the agricultural sector can rejuvenate itself, laying the foundation for a prosperous and sustainable future.

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

2.2. Current Agricultural Practices Economic prospects

Analysis of the future agriculture

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU has histor- tudes towards the human-animal relationship. Additionally, Regenerating agriculture in the Netherlands demands a multithere is a rising demand for attractive and accessible rural ically aimed to secure food supplies, employing measures faceted approach. Firstly, effective communication and collabspaces for recreation, particularly in proximity to major cities, oration with market stakeholders, including final consumers, like guaranteed prices and tariffs. New WTO agreements indicating a continued evolution of societal values in relation retailers, and processors, is crucial. This entails producing, will further align prices with global markets, introducing to agriculture. Furthermore, the evolving social landscape of processing, and marketing agricultural products and raw maincome support as compensation and shifting aid focus to food safety, environment, and more. Liberalized internation- Dutch agriculture underscores a growing awareness and con- terials in a mutually beneficial manner. Additionally, reducal trade benefits Dutch agriculture, favoring market position cern for sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices. ing pollution through environmentally-friendly production over support extent, though increased global competition methods is imperative not only for environmental concerns is expected. Budget constraints and changing EU priorities but also to meet statutory requirements. The sector must also lead to reforms, including cross-compliance obligations and address the public’s concern for the landscape’s appearance reduced subsidies. Future scenarios hinge on economic, poand demonstrate responsible landscape management pracEcological factors litical, and ecological factors. The food supply chain consoltices. Transparency in agricultural processes and addressing The Dutch agricultural sector’s intensive practices and abun- questions regarding nature, animal welfare, technology, and idates, with dominant players setting stringent standards.

Sustainability and transparency are crucial for brand integ- dant water resources pose significant environmental chalfood safety will further build public confidence and support. rity. Technology and biotech play pivotal roles, from automa- lenges, making it harder to meet targets compared to other While the agricultural sector is undergoing changes, including tion to genetic engineering, aiming for sustainable, efficient nations. The Fertilisers Act, in place since 1991, aims to ima decrease in the number of farmers and growers, the Nethprove soil, groundwater, and surface water quality by promot- erlands’ favorable production conditions, coupled with effipractices. Innovation in product development and quality ing efficient mineral use. It aligns with the EU’s Nitrates Dioptimization is vital for a competitive food industry. ciency, expertise, and strong marketing potential within the rective to reduce water pollution. Since 2006, a new minerals production and supply chains, provide a solid foundation for The Social Context and fertilizers policy sets standards, replacing the previous future success in the global market. Furthermore, embracing The social landscape of agriculture in the Netherlands is surplus system. Special provisions allow higher nitrogen use innovation and technology, such as advancements in biotechmarked by urbanization trends and a shifting rural-urban for farms with over 70% grassland until 2009. Use standards nology and sustainable farming practices, will be essential in dynamic. As towns and villages expand, agricultural land vary based on crops and soil types, targeting balanced ferrevitalizing Dutch agriculture. This includes adopting preciis increasingly encroached upon, blurring the boundaries tilizer use by 2015. The goal is to meet a nitrate standard in sion agriculture techniques and exploring alternative methbetween urban and rural lifestyles. This transformation is groundwater by 2009. Policies like the EU Water Framework ods to reduce environmental impact while maintaining proreshaping economic activities, leading to a decline in tradiDirective, Crop Protection Products, Nature Conservation, ductivity and competitiveness in the global market. tional rural industries and services. Urban standards now Landscape preservation, Climate Change, and Soil Protection influence acceptability in farming communities and local further strive to harmonize agriculture with environmental politics, potentially causing conflicts over land use. Public sustainability goals in the Netherlands. acceptance of agriculture remains positive, with a heightened emphasis on animal welfare, reflecting changing atti-

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Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

price, quality, quantity, continuity, and flexibility

Confidence in Production Practices

Crop diversification

Enhancing Transparency and Awareness

Appreciation for Regional Goods

Produce food and vegetables locally

ing form Biodiversity

Econ om i

Decen traliz

griculture a e v i t nera e g Re

nt

s t c pe s o

The e

nv i

ro n m e

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Preserve unique areas

Ecological p r

Circular agricultural model

Soil & water quality

Health c o n s c ious

Less pollution

Social Interaction

Mental and Physical Health

Reduces stressImpact on Well-being

Nature’s Impact on Well-being

Increases happiness on Well-being

Urb a n iza t

Diversification

Recreational Utilization of Agricultural Spaces

fe ial li Soc

Strengthening Agriculture-Public Connection

Urban Farming

l prospect s

Adoption of Innovative Technologies in Agriculture

ects p s ro p c

Valuable Experiences

c ia So

atio n

Streamline supply chain

men tal jus ti c e

ns tra ion

tm rke a M

Environ

s anism h c e

Positive Public Acceptance of Agriculture Regional Goods

Food Safety Diet Repurposing former farm buildings

Animal welfare Conservation

Figure 3: Analysis of the future agriculture (Economic aspects, Social aspects, Ecological aspects)

Blurring the lines between agricultural and non-agricultural activities

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

2.3. Future Trends in Agricultural Architecture

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Sustainable and Resilient Agricultural Infrastructure: The push for sustainability is a growing priority, making it essential for future designs to incorporate energy efficiency and waste reduction.

• Future Trend: Eco-friendly farming structures • Future Challenge: Designing energy-efficient, waste-reducing buildings Figure 4: AI-generated image illustrating the Sustainable and Resilient Agricultural Infrastructure

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Automation and Smart Infrastructure: As automation technology continues to advance, future agricultural facilities will increasingly need to integrate smart systems and robotics.

• Future Trend: Advanced robotics and precision agriculture • Future Challenge: Creating adaptable, smart infrastructure

Figure 5: AI-generated image illustrating the Automation and Smart Infrastructure

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ICT and Logistics Optimization: The future will demand more efficient logistics, driven by ICT, to handle increased urbanization and the need for sustainable transport solutions.

• Future Trend: ICT-enhanced production, processing, and distribution • Future Challenge: Designing efficient transport and logistics hubs Figure 6: AI-generated image illustrating the ICT and Logistics Optimization

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Biotechnology and Genetic Modification: As biotechnology evolves, future architectural designs will need to accommodate specialized agricultural practices, particularly with genetically modified organisms.

• Future Trend: Specialized environments for biotech and GMOs • Future Challenge: Ensuring safety, compliance, and public acceptance 7

Figure 7: AI-generated image illustrating the Biotechnology and Genetic Modification

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

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Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming: With urban populations growing, the future will see more integration of agriculture into urban settings, requiring innovative architectural solutions.

• Future Trend: Integration of farming into urban areas • Future Challenge: Efficient use of space in urban architecture Figure 8: AI-generated image illustrating the Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming

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Climate Change Adaptation: As climate change impacts become more pronounced, future agricultural infrastructure will need to be designed to withstand extreme weather and environmental changes.

• Future Trend: Designing for extreme weather adaptability • Future Challenge: Creating resilient structures for diverse climates Figure 9: AI-generated image illustrating the Climate Change Adaptation

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Ethical and Transparent Production Facilities: The future will likely see increased demand for transparency and ethical practices, requiring facilities that meet higher standards and are more open to public scrutiny.

• Future Trend: Facilities that support ethical farming practices • Future Challenge: Balancing efficiency with transparency and compliance Figure 10: AI-generated image illustrating the Ethical and Transparent Production Facilities

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Innovation in Food Processing and Product Development: As consumer preferences shift, the future will require food processing facilities that are flexible and capable of adapting to new technologies and products.

• Future Trend: Facilities for new food technologies and products • Future Challenge: Designing flexible and adaptable processing plants 8

Figure 11: AI-generated image illustrating the Innovation in Food Processing and Product Development

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

2.4. Insights into Dutch Agriculture

Figure 12: Photo by Roman Biernacki

Dairy Sector

Figure 13: Photo by Barbara Barbosa

Intensive Livestock Farming

Arable Farming

Figure 15: Photo by Anna Tarazevich

Figure 16: Photo by Matthijs Photography

Figure 17: Photo by RDNE Stock project

Challenges: Cost reduction, Innovation needs,Public support Opportunities: Increasing scale, Developing niche products, Creating differentiated milk compositions

Fruit and Vegetable Sector

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Challenges: Competition from supermarkets, Labor scarcity Opportunities: Producing distinctive products, Innovating greenhouse cultivation, Collaborating with grower associations

Figure 14: Photo by Altaf Shah

Challenges: Market position, Regulatory hurdles ,Environ- Challenges: High land prices, Environmental regulations Opportunities: Expanding organic farming, Developing dismental concerns Opportunities: Export potential, Collaboration for cost sav- ease-resistant crops, Enhancing supply chain collaboration ings, Investment in pollution-reducing technologies

Ornamental Plants Sector

Challenges: Supply chain efficiency, Workforce expertise Opportunities: Ensuring year-round supply, Promoting sustainable production, Enhancing communication within the supply chain

Diversified Agriculture

Challenges: Professionalization, Sector collaboration Opportunities: Expanding diversification activities, Engaging in nature management, Developing care farms Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

2.5. The Evolution of Vertical Farming

The most common systems used in vertical farming include:

Vertical farming is an innovative agricultural method designed to address the growing global food demand, with the world population expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. This approach involves cultivating crops on vertically stacked layers in controlled indoor environments, significantly reducing the land and water required compared to traditional farming. Vertical farms can be established in various indoor spaces such as warehouses, skyscrapers, and shipping containers, making them ideal for urban areas.

• Hydroponics: Growing plants in a nutrient-rich water solution without soil, making it efficient and versatile.

• Aquaponics: A combination of hydroponics and fish farming, where nutrient-rich water from fish tanks supports plant growth.

How It Works: Vertical farming relies on Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA), where all aspects of the growing environment—temperature, humidity, light, water, and nutrients—are meticulously managed. This precise control allows for year-round production, unaffected by external weather conditions, ensuring consistent crop quality and yield.

• Aeroponics: Growing plants in an air/mist environment with nutrients delivered directly to the roots, enabling faster growth.

Challenges: Despite its benefits, vertical farming faces challenges such as high energy consumption, limited crop variety, and significant initial setup costs. Additionally, the technical expertise required can be a barrier for small-scale farmers.

Advantages: Vertical farming is highly sustainable, using up to 95% less water and 99% less land than traditional farming methods. The controlled environment minimizes the need for pesticides, often resulting in organic produce.

It’s particularly well-suited for high-value, fast-growing crops like leafy greens and herbs.

While vertical farming is not without its challenges, it offers a promising solution to urban food production, potentially playing a crucial role in the future of sustainable agriculture.

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Figure 18: Photo by Jonas Gratzer / LightRocket via Getty Images.

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

2.6. Why Vertical Farming Matters

Traditional Farming

Vertical Farming Sustainability Productivity Water Use Light

Quality of Product Climate Control Crop Variety

Soil Dependency

Labor Requirement

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Figure 19: Why Vertical Farming?

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

2.7. Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam Urban agriculture in Rotterdam is a cornerstone of the city’s strategy to enhance liveability, promote sustainability, and improve the overall quality of life for its residents.

By integrating food production into the urban environment, Rotterdam addresses key issues related to health, economic vitality, spatial quality, and food security.

Rotterdam’s urban agriculture initiatives are deeply rooted in a systematic and research-driven approach. The city’s strategy is informed by extensive research, including policy documents like “Food & the City” (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2012) and comprehensive case studies. Between June and August 2013, 11 urban farms in Rotterdam were studied through semi-structured interviews, which also included insights from five policymakers. This research emphasized the importance of urban agriculture not just for food production but also for enhancing liveability through community engagement, employment, renewable energy use, and other socio-cultural benefits.

Urban farms in Rotterdam are categorized based on their so- Direct Effects of Urban Agriculture: cio-economic roles: • Health: Urban agriculture in Rotterdam is linked to im• Institutional Gardens: These are primarily educational, proved public health outcomes. The city promotes healthy such as De Enk and BuurtLab, where children learn to grow eating and physical activity through its gardens and educatheir own vegetables. These gardens are often linked to schools or kindergartens, making them integral to commution programs, particularly targeting children and volunteers. Many volunteers are drawn to these projects for the nity education.

• Social Peri-Urban Farms: An example is De Buytenhof, loopportunity to engage in outdoor physical activity, which also helps them improve their health and well-being. cated just outside the city. It provides jobs and social support for people with disabilities or mental health issues, making it a care community as well as a food producer.

• Sustainable Economy: The economic benefits of urban ag• Community Gardens: These gardens, established on vacant riculture in Rotterdam are significant. The city supports local agricultural entrepreneurship by facilitating direct sales urban land, aim to improve neighborhoods and foster social interaction rather than solely focusing on food production. through farmers’ markets and local shops, reducing food miles, and boosting the local economy. Initiatives like the They often host cultural and educational events, further inregional food council help bridge the gap between urban agtegrating urban agriculture into the community fabric. riculture and large-scale horticulture, creating new business opportunities and strengthening the local food system.

Urban Agriculture and Liveability Aspects The primary motivation behind urban farming in Rotterdam is to create a closer community, enhance social cohesion, and improve the overall quality of life in urban neighborhoods. Unlike many cities where urban agriculture is primarily focused on food production, Rotterdam’s initiatives are diverse and tailored to the socio-economic context of its residents.

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Figure 20: Urban farming at the Mullerpier, Rotterdam. Photo by Kees van Oorschot.

• Spatial Quality: Urban agriculture enhances Rotterdam’s urban landscape by adding green spaces that serve multiple purposes, from food production to social interaction and cultural activities. These spaces contribute to the city’s spatial quality by creating attractive, functional areas that improve environmental conditions and foster community bonds. The city prioritizes these initiatives in areas most in need of social and environmental revitalization, such as its grittiest neighborhoods.

Urban Farming (Innovation Roots)

Chapter 3 Site Discovery

3.1. Location and Context

Figure 21: Rotterdam

Figure 22: Nieuw Mathenesse

Nieuw-Mathenesse, located in the midst of a remarkable transformation as part of the extensive redevelopment of Rotterdam’s city ports. This area, once the heart of the gin and glass industries, is being revitalized into a vibrant, mixed-use urban district that proudly retains and celebrates its industrial roots. The redevelopment plan envisions over 1,200 new homes and 35,000 square meters of business facilities, designed to blend seamlessly with the area’s industrial vibe. Factories and warehouses, once central to the area’s economy, will be reimagined as spaces for creative industries, modern work environments, and community hubs, ensuring that the industrial atmosphere remains an integral part of the district’s identity.

Figure 23: Project location

Location: Nieuw Mathenesse, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands Area: 240m x 80m (19,200 square meters)

• Strategic Location: Located in Rotterdam’s port area, Nieuw Mathenesse offers a unique position close to industrial activities while being part of a broader urban development strategy.

• Industrial Heritage: The rich industrial history of Nieuw MatheThe plan is part of a broader strategy to create a sustainable and future-proof environment, emphasizing renewable enernesse adds unique character, making it ideal for integrating modern gy, sustainable mobility, and a circular economy. The area’s raw, industrial aesthetic will be preserved through the adaptive urban farming with the site’s historic identity. reuse of historic buildings and the inclusion of modern architecture that complements the existing urban fabric. By 2035, • Development Potential: As part of Rotterdam’s broader redevelopment plan, this location is set to become a vibrant, sustainable disNieuw-Mathenesse will be a dynamic urban hub, where the echoes of its industrial past are felt in every corner, from the retrict, enhancing both living and working environments. purposed factories to the gritty, authentic streetscapes.

• Waterfront Appeal: The site’s proximity to water allows for the creation of attractive recreational areas that connect the community This district will offer not only modern living spaces and green areas but also strong connections to the historic city center with the waterfront. and surrounding waterways, making it an attractive destination for businesses, residents, and visitors alike. The infusion of • Adaptability for Urban Farming: Despite its industrial background, more green spaces and public areas will soften the industrial edges, creating a unique blend of the old and the new, where the Nieuw Mathenesse offers the flexibility needed to implement innoindustrial legacy is not just preserved but celebrated as a core part of the area’s identity. vative urban farming methods, such as hydroponics and aquaponics, which can be adapted to the site’s unique urban environment.

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Urban Farming (Site Discovery)

Figure 24: Accessibility and Street Network

Metro line Tram line Bus line Watertaxi Car and bicycle

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Figure 25: Land Use and Zoning Plan

Figure 26: Urban Greening

Port industrial zone Residential area Others

Urban Farming (Site Discovery)

3.2. Neighborhood Urban Farms and Green Spaces Map

Uit je Eigen Stad

Buitenplaats Spangen Park 1943

Proefpark de Punt Floating dairy farm

Dakpark

De Voedseltuin Figure 27: Neighborhood Urban Farms and Green Spaces Map 15

Tidal Park Keilehaven Urban Farming (Site Discovery)

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Figure 28: Nieuw Mathenesse

Urban Farming (Site Discovery)

3.3. Case Studies Nature Urbaine

Farm in Tokyo / ON design partners

K-farm

Location: Paris Expo Porte de Versailles, Paris, France Size: 14,000 m² Completion Year: Recently opened, ongoing expansion Type: Rooftop Urban Farm

Location: Roppongi, Tokyo, Japan Size: 21 m² Type: Urban Farm Project Year: 2010

Location: Kennedy Town, Hong Kong Sector: Civic + Public, NGO, Urban Planning, Waterfront Area: 2000 m² Year: 2021

Nature Urbaine is a large-scale rooftop farm that transforms the 14,000 m² roof of Paris Expo into a green, productive space. The project uses hydroponic and aeroponic systems to grow various crops without soil, integrating vertical farming within the urban fabric. The design includes a greenhouse, outdoor event spaces, and a restaurant that utilizes produce grown on-site. This innovative project highlights the potential of urban rooftops for sustainable food production and community engagement, seamlessly blending architecture with agriculture. Nature Urbaine stands as a model for future urban development, proving that even in dense cities, architecture can create spaces that connect people with nature and foster sustainability.

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Figure 29: Nature Urbaine

The Farm in Tokyo, designed by ON design partners, is a compact urban farm located in the bustling Roppongi district. Spanning just 21 m², this project creates a direct connection between agriculture and urban dwellers by allowing visitors to observe the vegetable growing process and enjoy freshly harvested produce at the adjacent restaurant. The farm features glass houses with an inorganic iron frame, arranged on a wooden deck that mirrors the surrounding city’s architectural density. This innovative design brings a slice of rural farming into the heart of Tokyo, fostering a closer relationship between people and food production. The project exemplifies how small urban spaces can be creatively transformed to bring nature and agriculture into dense metropolitan environments.

Figure 30: Farm in Tokyo / ON design partners

K-Farm in Hong Kong is an innovative urban farm designed to operate under extreme coastal conditions, combining hydroponics, aquaponics, and organic farming. Its circular layout, inspired by community input, symbolizes unity and integrates seamlessly with the surrounding waterfront.

The farm is highly inclusive, featuring barrier-free design elements and sustainable technologies like rainwater harvesting and solar power. K-Farm not only enhances local biodiversity but also serves as a vital educational resource, demonstrating the potential of smart urban farming in dense city environments.

Figure 31: K-farm

Urban Farming (Site Discovery)

Chapter 4 Shaping the Vision

Co

ct

M

Sandy-loam soil Silty soil

u

at e r

Re

w se

Figure 33: AI-generated image illustrating the soil sponge concept

Peat soil

Chalky soil

Clay soil

w at e r

Porosity of agricultural soil

in

18

Increasing biodiver

Urban microclimate

Re

ta

Sustainable

Water reuse

w ate r fl ow

n w at e r

Nature-based

a

ge na

r ai

4.1.1. Approach 1: Sponge Farm

Rotterdam is preparing for the challenges of climate change, and more extreme weather conditions such as heavier rainstorms, long droughts, and rising sea and river levels. Currently, the water goes away through sewers and other channels, and then it’s not available for later use. This need for external water sources during shortages is a concern for urban areas. In response to these challenges, the concept of a sponge farm is an integrated, climate-adaptive solution. Taking inspiration from the design of sea sponges, the idea is to use the ability of soil to collect, retain, and gradually release water. Agricultural land’s function is like a sponge, absorbing water during heavy rains, holding it temporarily, and then gradually releasing it. This approach aims to address both flooding and water shortages, making urban water management more adoptable. A part of a sponge farm is to test different soil compositions, planting types, and water storage techniques. The goal is to develop new concepts for collecting, retaining, and returning rainwater to the natural environment. The sponge farm also involves using groundwater and rainwater to store it in deeper subsurface aquifers for recovery during dray seasons. Additionally, the sponge farm includes a natural filtering system to treat polluted rainwater, ensuring that recovered rainwater meets high-quality standards suitable for agriculture. By adopting the sponge farm concept, Rotterdam aims to create a sustainable and adaptable solution to the evolving challenges of climate change in urban areas.

lle

Figure 32: Porosity of agricultural soil

Porosity plays a significant role in efficient water management. Soil porosity allows us to store water effectively, especially during dry seasons.

The advantages of porosity:

Efficient water collection.

Enhanced biodiversity and biological foundation.

Improved productivity and nutrient balance.

Effective water drainage, air circulation, and root penetration.

The configuration of agricultural landscapes plays an important role in controlling water flow, retaining, and storage. This diagram visually demonstrates water flow patterns within different soil formations.

Soil water infiltration

Surface water collection

Floating plant bed

Underground water storage

Water pumping via pipelines

Controlled humidity environment

Figure 34: The configuration of agricultural landscapes

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

Eco-friendly resource management

Buildings

Collect rainwater

Flora on canal structure providing homes for birds, amphibians, and fish

Piping network Subsurface water tanks

To maintain rainwater quality, it is crucial to regularly clean and repair the system while also implementing treatment processes like filtration before consumption

Floating agricultural platform fostering a fish-friendly environment

Floating underwater crop system

Landscape contouring

Restoring groundwater

Aquatic ecosystem

Storing water at different levels in the underground aquifer to use it during different seasons Suitable habitat for the growth of salt-tolerant crops like sea kale, samphire, and red beets.

Natural aquifer storage Figure 36: This diagram illustrates the sponge farm concept, emphasizing the importance of layering design to optimize landscape and natural resources.

Figure 35: Eco-friendly resource management

Concept 1

In developing an urban farm with the sponge farm approach, my main focus was to create a diverse environment. Beside the canal, I designed a recreational park, and the main part is a contoured landscape to create a playful atmosphere. This unique setting serves as a platform for diverse agricultural experiences, showcasing various techniques. The park’s distinct feature lies in its stratified layers, each composed of different soil types. This intentional diversity enables the absorption of varying amounts of water, making each layer suitable for specific plants. The practical implementation of such a design allows us to explore and understand the intricate relationships between soil composition and plant growth. Encompassing a substantial 1800 m2, the enclosed area accommodates exhibition spaces, a restaurant, indoor labs, and more. Meanwhile, the outdoor space caters to a range of activities, providing a comprehensive and engaging experience for visitors.

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Figure 37: Concept for Approach 1(Sponge farm)

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

4.1.2. Approach 2: Social Farm

Community awareness Social coherence

Semi-enclosed farming

Learning opportunities Experimental farming

Figure 38: Architectural flexible design

Recreational activities

Experimental lab 20

Outdoor farming

Adaptable and flexible design

Indoor farming

In creating a social approach to urban farming, the focus is on bringing people together and actively involving them in the agricultural process. This means more than just growing crops; it’s about building a community around farming.

Residents are encouraged to participate in decision-making about what to grow, fostering a sense of connection to the land. The shift towards community-supported agriculture allows families to invest in and share responsibilities with farms, creating a collaborative model that promotes a strong bond between residents and the agricultural space.

This social approach to farming cultivates not only crops but also a shared understanding of the importance of sustainable food production, reducing waste, and encouraging healthier lifestyles.

Communal farming

Cooking workshop

Community Marketplace

Figure 39: AI-generated image illustrating the Social farm

Sharing a meal Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

Mesh frame Sunshade Vertical poles

Wall farming techniques

Utilizing fish waste for nutrition

Tent Open frame Figure 40: Architectural flexible and fixed programme

Architectural fixed programme:

Galleries & exhibition space 200m2 Restaurant & cooking workshop 400m2 Public seed library 150m2 Experimental labs 400m2 Technology zone 200m2

Architectural flexible programme:

Public atrium and market Farmer’s market for local agricultural products Gathering space

Glass frame Wooden panel

Robots in farming

Crop stripping techniques

Figure 41: AI-generated image illustrating the farming techniques

Concept 2 The architectural design of this concept is centered around the notion of a social farm, prioritizing the active involvement of people. The layout incorporates small buildings dispersed amid courtyards, providing space for versatile activities. With an enclosed area covering approximately 1400 m2 dedicated to fixed functions, the courtyards introduce adaptability through modular design. This flexibility makes it easier for individuals to shape their environment according to their needs. The modular design utilizes diverse panels, contributing to the creation of a varied and inclusive environment, accommodating a range of preferences and activities within the community.

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Figure 42: Concept for Approach 2(Social farm)

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

4.1.3. Approach 3: Regenerative Farm Regenerative farming, like the one practiced by Urban Crop Solutions, is about farming in a way that gives back to the environment. The founders noticed how climate change and cities were affecting our food supply, so they began using smart and sustainable techniques. They focus on growing more food while using fewer resources, like water and land. Their approach helps produce fresh and healthy food all year round, even in places with harsh weather. One smart solution they use is a cycling system, where they grow different plants in cycles. This way, they can adjust the space to grow more of what’s needed and meet the growing demand for their products. This kind of farming isn’t just about growing food; it’s about using space and resources wisely while providing fresh, locally grown produce for everyone.

Ideal food system

Advanced high-tech infrastructure Circular integration principles

Robust and dependable design Foundation for a healthy agroecosystem

market waste

scraps kitchen waste

market

kitchen

food

compost

filter fertilizer

surface water

production rainwater

biofertilizer collect biodigester

underground water

soil

network biogas

electricity

sewage heat

energy

animal waste solar energy

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Figure 43: Diagram for sustainable farm circulation

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

make

use

recycle

m

ak e

Figure 44:Traditional farming systems

use

Circular Farming recycle

Figure 45:In traditional systems, we produce, use, and discard products, but Circular Farming creates a sustainable, circular process where resources are continually reused and recycled, minimizing waste.

Production hub

Animal Area

Farming Floors

Recycling Center Figure 46: AI-generated image illustrating sectors in a Circular Farm layout, encompassing dedicated areas for animals, waste management, farming operations, production, and recycling.

Figure 47: AI-generated image illustrating using technology in generative farm

Concept 3 The architectural design of this concept focuses on establishing a circular agriculture system within an urban area. To achieve this goal, it is deemed beneficial to consolidate all functions within a single building. This approach facilitates better control over energy consumption and efficient management of the water system. The central element of this design is a nine-story building dedicated to the production of a variety of food products, emphasizing the importance of a systematic farm layout. The strategic placement of functions within the building is crucial, highlighting the significance of their interrelation. In the outdoor area, greenhouses and farmland are incorporated, complementing the indoor functions and contributing to the holistic and sustainable nature of the circular agriculture system.

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Figure 48: Concept for Approach 3(Regenerative farm)

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

4.2. Conclusion for Conceptual Design

Figure 49: Illustration collage of urban farm

Conceptual Programme:

• Urban farming and services: Farm floors/ Technology zone/ Farm office and quality control/ Farm product storage

• Educational: School workshop/School laboratories/ Public library

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• Activities and Recreation: Gathering space/ Communal farm/ Restaurant and cooking workshop/ Public atrium and market/ Farmers’ Market / Galleries and exhibition space

Figure 50: Conclusion for conceptual design

In the Urban Sponge architectural project, the focus is on redefining urban design principles with an emphasis on water collection and storage. This innovative concept envisions urban landscapes where rainwater harvesting systems, advanced storage solutions, and sustainable water management practices play a pivotal role. The architectural challenge involves creating resilient city structures capable of effectively collecting and storing rainwater for use in urban farming initiatives. Integration of water collection features, such as permeable surfaces and green infrastructure, becomes a central aspect of the design approach. The project seeks to explore how architectural decisions can seamlessly merge with water sustainability, fostering a new paradigm in urban agriculture within the architectural framework.

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

4.3. Sketches and Miro Board

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Figure 51: Miro board

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

26

Figure 52: Sketches and design process

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

27

Figure 53: Sketches and design process

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

4.4. Design Principles

1

Sustainable Agriculture

2

3

Urban Integration

• Implement Smart Farming: Use

• Incorporate Agriculture into Urban

• Upgrade Greenhouse Systems: Inte-

• Connect Food, Green Spaces, and

eco-friendly farming techniques within the design.

grate advanced greenhouses for effi-

cient food production.

• Efficient Resource Management: De-

sign systems that optimize water, energy, and soil use.

Design: Seamlessly blend food production into the urban layout.

Health: Highlight the benefits of agriculture on urban health and green spaces.

• Design Flexible Gathering Areas: Create adaptable spaces for communal activities, learning, and working together.

• Promote Healing Through Shared Activities: Encourage well-being

through communal farming and collaborative spaces.

4

Nature Integration

5

Functional Cohesion

• Integrate Nature Throughout: Em-

• Unify Multiple Functions: Combine

• Use Nature for Health Benefits: De-

• Enhance Indoor-Outdoor Flow: En-

bed natural elements across the design for a healing environment.

sign outdoor areas that promote relaxation and well-being.

agriculture, work, and recreation in a cohesive design.

sure smooth transitions between indoor and outdoor spaces.

Figure 54: Diagram of Design Principles (AI-Generated Images)

1. Defining the Whole 28

Community Spaces

2. Functional Segmentation

3. Carving Out Space

Figure 55: Design Process and Architectural Volume Shaping Diagram

4. Optimizing Form Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

Growing Together: A Multi-Functional Urban Farm Experience

Farm Together

r e h t e g o T Grow

gether to g in k r o w r ting rooms fo e e M , s e c a p S working Offices and Co stainability. u s in g in k in h urage new t new ideas. o c te n a E e : r s c a d e n d a I r work togethe • Spark New le p o vironment. e n p e e lp e h t H t : u r o e b h a t ses that care s • Work Toge e in s reen ideas. u g b n t r o o d p e p s u u S c : fo n up of people o r • Think Gree g a te a e r C : munity • Build Com

Vertical Farming

• Eat Fresh: Provide fresh, local vegetables for everyone.

• Enjoy Seasons: Grow food that fits each season.

• Protect the Planet: Help the environment by farming in the city.

• Try New Ways: Use modern methods to grow food

Taste Local

Market, Res

taurant, an

Create Together

Community Garden, Shared garden areas for everyone

• Connect with Nature: Enjoy gardening and being close to nature.

• Build Community: Grow and share the garden with others.

• Learn and Teach: Learn about sustainable gardening and teach others.

• Feel at Home: Create a place where everyone feels welcome.

29

d Cooking W orkshops • Eat Loca l: Encourag e buying an • Enjoy Fo d eating loc od: Offer sp al food. ecial dining • Cook wi a nd cooking th Love: In spire peopl experience • Share Co e to cook w s. oking Joy: i t h f r T e e s ach the love • Know Yo h ingredien ts. ur Food: H of cooking elp people together. learn wher e their food comes from .

Figure 56: Diagram for Growing Together: A Multi-Functional Urban Farm Experience (AI-Generated Images)

Urban Farming (Shaping the Vision)

Chapter 5 Realizing the Vision

5.1. Final Design Overview

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Figure 57:Bird’s-Eye View Architectural Render

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2. Key Design Elements

Figure 58:Conceptual Graphic of Environmental Quality Across Spaces 31

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

3400 m2

Parking

coworking space

770 m2

Vertical farm

2000 m2

480 m2

Farmer’s market for local agricultural products

Restaurant

1300 m2

300 m2

1000 m2

Technology zone

Biochemical pool and Aquaponic

Market

Lab

1100 m2

cooking workshop 600 m2

170 m2

Bicycle parking

14 540 m2

Family farm 2500 m2

Offices 6400 m2

Seed nursery 600 m2

Gathering yards

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Technical part 2500 m2

Vertical farm

Figure 59: Diagram for Architecture program

Experimental labs 1600 m2

Public farms

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.1. Vertical Farm

Figure 60: Diagram for Vertical farming program

Vertical farming offers several key advantages that make it an appealing choice for sustainable agriculture.

It ensures consistent crop production year-round, providing predictable results both in terms of growth and financial stability. By creating controlled environments, vertical farming produces high-quality produce while minimizing the need for chemicals and pesticides, promoting soil health and food safety. Additionally, vertical farming is environmentally friendly, with minimal water consumption, reduced emissions, and lower transport costs. Its efficient use of space makes it suitable for urban areas, enhancing food access and reducing the distance food needs to travel. Overall, vertical farming holds promise for sustainable food production, benefiting both producers and consumers alike.

This section includes vital technical areas for operational efficiency, such as loading bays, storage rooms, and staff facilities, alongside Industrial Farm and 15 Isolated Farming Units, comprising a comprehensive farming program.

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Figure 61: Interior Render of Vertical Farming Space

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 62: Architectural Plan Drawing of level 1(Vertical farming) Vertical farm

Technical part

Office entrance Farm staircase 34

Figure 63: Architectural Plan Drawing of level 2(Vertical farming) Vertical farm

Coworking space Meeting rooms Offices

Office entrance Farm staircase

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 64: Architectural Plan Drawing of level 3(Vertical farming) Vertical farm

Coworking space Offices

Office entrance Farm staircase 35

Figure 65: Architectural Plan Drawing of level 4(Vertical farming) Vertical farm Offices

Office entrance Farm staircase

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

36

Figure 66: Exterior Architectural Render

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Isolated farm With 15 individual rooms dedicated to farming, each room facilitates the growth of a single plant, enabling precise control over light, humidity, and temperature. This meticulous management enhances product quality and consistency. Researchers can explore plant responses to specific conditions, fostering focused research and innovation in controlled environments.

Figure 67: Isolated farm system

Industrial farm This industrial farm, employing cutting-edge vertical farming methods, cultivates fresh produce for both the community and on-site markets. With 30*450 plant trays, each plant is nurtured with care, ensuring a bountiful harvest to share with all, fostering a sustainable and healthy environment.

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Figure 68: Industrial farm system

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Flowering and Pollinator Plants: Sunflowers (Dwarf varieties) Marigold Nasturtium Calendula Edible Flowers (Pansies, Violets)

Summer Vegetables: Cantaloupe English Cucumbers Hot Peppers (Chili, Jalapeno) Melons (Honeydew, Watermelon)

Warm Climate Zone

Greenhouse Zone

Temperate Zone

• Temperature: Varies with outdoor conditions, but can be controlled (20-35°C) • Humidity: Variable, but often higher due to sun exposure Lighting: High (natural sunlight with possible artificial supplementation) • Ideal for: Sun-loving plants and those that benefit from a natural environment with fluctuating conditions.

• Temperature: Mild (18-24°C) • Humidity: Moderate • Lighting: Medium (balanced artificial lighting) • Ideal for: Plants that need a stable, moderate environment with consistent temperatures.

• Temperature: Warm (24-30°C) • Humidity: Low to Moderate • Lighting: High (intense artificial lighting, possibly some natural light) • Ideal for: Plants that require warmer temperatures and can tolerate less humidity.

Fruiting Vegetables: Tomatoes Peppers Eggplant Cucumbers Zucchini Strawberries

Fungi: Mushrooms (Oyster, Shiitake, Button) Truffles Climbing and Vine Plants: Pole Beans Peas Grapes (Miniature varieties) Passionfruit Kiwi (Mini varieties) Hops

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Cool Climate Zone • Temperature: Cool (10-18°C) • Humidity: Moderate to High • Lighting: Low to Medium (artificial lighting) • Ideal for: Plants that thrive in cooler conditions with stable environments.

Figure 69: Plant Growing Zone in Vertical Farming Section

Herbs: Basil Parsley Oregano Chives Dill Cilantro (Coriander) Mint

Root Vegetables: Radishes Carrots Beets Turnips

Fiber and Grains: Quinoa Amaranth Flax Buckwheat

Medicinal and Specialty Plants: Lavender Chamomile Echinacea Aloe Vera

Leafy Greens: Lettuce Kale Spinach Bok Choy Arugula (Rocket) Endive

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.2. Biochemical Pool and Aquaponics

Aeroponic, Aquaponic, and Hydroponic farming methods are innovative approaches to cultivation, each with unique features. Aeroponic systems create a misty environment for plant roots, Aquaponics integrate fish farming with plant growth symbiotically, and Hydroponics employ soil-less systems. Meanwhile, Planter farming utilizes soil-filled containers, Containerized farming emphasizes portability, and Intensive farming maximizes crop yield in limited space. In contrast, Extensive farming layouts prioritize spaciousness. These methods cater to diverse needs, offering versatile solutions for modern agriculture.

Figure 71: Diagram for Biochemical pool and Aquaponic program

Figure 70: Biochemical pool and Aquaponic system

In this farm, a semi-open area is dedicated to this innovative farming method. Canal water is filtered before entering the pool, where it’s utilized for planting. It’s an integrated system where plants benefit from the nutrients produced by aquatic animals, while the plants help filter and clean the water for the animals, resulting in a sustainable and efficient farming approach Aquaponics (if applicable): Watercress, Basil, Swiss Chard, Kale, Microgreens Fish: Tilapia, Catfish, or Trout

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Figure 72: Diagram of Biochemical Plant Growing System (AI-Generated Images)

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.3. The Tech Zone

Figure 74: Isolated farm system Figure 73: Diagram for Tech zone program

This area of the vertical farm is where advanced technology takes charge. Robots handle everything from planting to moving trays of plants, which can be adjusted according to the harvest schedule. Connected to the Environmental Control Room, all operations are closely monitored and controlled. Here, we can accommodate up to 22*280 trays for growing plants efficiently.

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Figure 75: Industrial farm system

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.4. Offices and Coworking Spaces

Occupying 7 floors, this section accommodates 60 individual offices alongside a dynamic coworking area, a library, and a serene gardening garden. To inspire creativity and collaboration, several protected gardens offer tranquil outdoor retreats. The innovative double-skin facade not only improves energy efficiency but also creates verdant green spaces, seamlessly integrating nature into the architectural design. In addition to the individual offices, our design incorporates a vibrant coworking area. These shared spaces encourage networking and collaboration among professionals from diverse backgrounds, fostering a dynamic community within the building.

Figure 77: Diagram for Offices and coworking space program

Figure 76: Second Green Wall Illustration

The second layer facade, placed in front of the office windows, supports plant growth with sunlight, offering a pleasant view and natural shading. With different shapes and transparency levels, it provides privacy and visual interest. Diverse materials, such as solar panels, enhance sustainability and functionality.

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Figure 78: The diagram depicts three levels of integration between vertical farming and office spaces: total integration, semi-separation, and full separation, facilitating flexibility and efficiency in the building’s utilization. (AI-Generated Images)

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 79: Interior Render of Coworking Space

42

Figure 80: Interior Render of Coworking Space

Figure 81: Interior Render of Office Lobby

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 82: Architectural Plan Drawing of Floor 1(Offices) Vertical farm

Technical part

Office entrance Farm staircase 43

Figure 83: Architectural Plan Drawing of Floor 2(Offices) Vertical farm

Coworking space Meeting rooms Offices

Office entrance Farm staircase

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 84: Architectural Plan Drawing of Floor 6(Offices) Vertical farm

Coworking space Offices

Office entrance Farm staircase 44

Figure 85: Architectural Plan Drawing of Floor 7(Offices) Vertical farm Offices

Office entrance Farm staircase

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.5. Farms and Gardens

45

Figure 86: Plan for Farms and Gardens

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Exposed Open areas get direct sunlight, affecting plant growth. At risk of damage from weather changes.

Enclosed Offers shelter from external elements, maintaining stable environments. Facilitates regulation of temperature, humidity, and airflow.

Closed Controlled environments regulate light and temperature for optimal growth. Provides precise control over environmental factors. Minimizes risks of pests and diseases through controlled conditions.

Figure 88: Exterior Render of Family Farm

Isolated Box Separate environments for specialized cultivation or experiments, free from external influences. Offers a controlled setting for focused research or experimentation. Allows for studying plant responses to specific conditions in controlled environments.

Figure 87: AI-Generated Illustration of Farm Exposure Typologies

46

Figure 89: Exterior Render of Farms

Figure 90: Exterior Render of Tea Garden Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.6. Community Market

This area comprises a lively market atrium, a farmers market, and a fresh herbs market. It’s not just about selling farm products; it’s also a space for local farmers to showcase their bio goods. Additionally, there’s a Tower Farm section where visitors can collect fresh produce directly from plant trays. This community-centered space encourages local engagement, supports farming initiatives, and promotes sustainability.

Figure 92: Diagram for Market program

Figure 91: Architectural Plan Drawing of Market Market Hall

Market Plaza

Farmers’ Market Services

Figure 93: Photo by Mike Jones 47

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.7. Restaurant

The restaurant, both indoors and outdoors, offers guests the chance to enjoy fresh farm-to-table cuisine in a pleasant atmosphere. Next to the restaurant, there’s a cooking workshop where visitors can actively engage in culinary activities and learning. Additionally, a personal farm section for specialized cultivation and experimentation provides a controlled environment to study plant responses. This setup enriches the dining experience, connecting food, farming, and culinary creativity.

Figure 95: Diagram for Restaurant program

Figure 94: Architectural Plan Drawing of Restaurant Restaurant Kitchen Dining Hall Bar

Restrooms

Figure 96: Vertical Hydroponics Grow system 48

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.2.8. Parking and Access

Service design in architecture is essential for creating functional, user-friendly spaces that meet the needs of diverse user groups. In an urban farm complex, this approach ensures seamless interactions between all stakeholders, from farmers to visitors. By meticulously planning the user experience, we can foster a strong sense of community, enhance operational efficiency, and promote sustainable practices. This urban farm complex aims to embody these principles, resulting in a vibrant, interactive, and sustainable environment that benefits everyone involved.

By optimizing spatial quality and integrating diverse activities, the service design adds significant value to the project, making it a dynamic and attractive destination. Users can enjoy a rich, multifaceted experience, participating in various activities while maintaining visual and social connections with others, enhancing the overall sense of community and engagement within the space. Thoughtfully designed communal areas encourage spontaneous interactions, fostering a sense of belonging and shared purpose. Additionally, the strategic layout and efficient flow of movement throughout the complex contribute to a more enjoyable and immersive experience, ensuring that all visitors, whether they come to work, learn, or relax, feel connected to the urban farm’s mission and each other.

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Figure 97: Entrances Layout

Figure 98: Diagram for Parking and connection program

Figure 99: Pathways and Connections

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

50

Figure 100: Exterior Architectural Render

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.3. Service Design Service design in architecture is essential for creating functional, user-friendly spaces that meet the needs of diverse user groups. In an urban farm complex, this approach ensures seamless interactions between all stakeholders, from farmers to visitors. By meticulously planning the user experience, we can foster a strong sense of community, enhance operational efficiency, and promote sustainable practices. This urban farm complex aims to embody these principles, resulting in a vibrant, interactive, and sustainable environment that benefits everyone involved.

By optimizing spatial quality and integrating diverse activities, the service design adds significant value to the project, making it a dynamic and attractive destination. Users can enjoy a rich, multifaceted experience, participating in various activities while maintaining visual and social connections with others, enhancing the overall sense of community and engagement within the space. Thoughtfully designed communal areas encourage spontaneous interactions, fostering a sense of belonging and shared purpose. Additionally, the strategic layout and efficient flow of movement throughout the complex contribute to a more enjoyable and immersive experience, ensuring that all visitors, whether they come to work, learn, or relax, feel connected to the urban farm’s mission and each other.

Farmers Co-Working Professionals Greenkeepers General Visitors Logistics

Figure 101: Illustration for Service Design for Urban Farm (AI-Generated Images) 51

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Farmers

Greenkeepers

General Visitors

Figure 102: Illustration for Farmers in Urban Farm (AI-Generated Images)

Figure 103: Illustration for Greenkeepers in Urban Farm (AI-Generated Images)

Figure 104: Illustration for General Visitors in Urban Farm (AI-Generated Images)

• Operation: They manage the vertical farm, which is partially visible to the public. • Activities: Engage in cooking workshops, family farming experiences, and educa- • Experience: Navigate a seamless and enjoyable visit with accessible facilities deAn exhibition area allows visitors to learn about vertical farming without disrupttional farm workshops signed for comfort and convenience ing operations.

• Socializing: Designed communal spaces facilitate interactions with farmers and • Interaction: Explore diverse areas within the complex, offering opportunities to • Interaction: The exhibition area fosters community engagement and education, fellow visitors, fostering community bonds and shared learning experiences enhance their overall experience and deepen their connection to the urban farm bridging the gap between farmers and the public.

• Exploration: Visitors can observe farming practices firsthand, learn about sus• Access: Enjoy direct access to amenities such as the market, shop, and restaurant • Access: Farmers have two private entrances, ensuring secure and uninterrupted tainable techniques, and discover the interplay between urban living and agriculvia well-marked pathways and clear signage access, separate from public areas. ture • Access: Guided by clear signage and pathways through zones like the vertical farm exhibit, communal farm, and waterfront areas

Co-Working Professionals

Logistics

Figure 105: Illustration for Co-Working Professionals in Urban Farm (AI-Generated Images)

Figure 106: Illustration for Logistics in Urban Farm (AI-Generated Images)

• Operation: Equipped with modern office amenities and expansive windows overlooking the farm, creating an inspiring workspace • Interaction: Foster a sense of inclusion and awareness through visual connections with farming operations, integrating the professional and agricultural environments seamlessly • Access: Separate entrance leading directly to professional work areas ensures a quiet, focused environment

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• Parking and Transportation: Public parking near the main entrance accommodates cars and bicycles for accessible and eco-friendly transport. A dedicated loading bay facilitates efficient logistics for the vertical farm • Pathways: Designated pathways for workers ensure efficient movement of goods, minimizing disruptions and optimizing overall functionality within the complex

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.4. Sustainability and Inclusivity

Sustainability is central to this urban farm project, with features designed to minimize environmental impact and enhance efficiency. The farm’s multiple floors each have tailored climates for diverse plants, with optimized airflow through both mechanical fans and natural ventilation. Water conservation is achieved via a rainwater harvesting system, where collected water is filtered and reused, especially in vertical farming systems with precise temperature and filtration controls.

Inclusivity is a key aspect, ensuring the farm is accessible to all. The farm integrates: • Rainwater Collection: Efficient water use across the farm.

• Solar Energy: Roof-mounted solar panels powering the office.

• Smart Technology: Sensors for optimized water and light control.

• Greenhouse Climate Control: Systems to manage solar heat and UV exposure.

• Organic Farming: Supporting local ecosystems and attracting wildlife.

This project also transforms a once-industrial site into a green, sustainable community space, serving as a model for urban sustainability.

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Figure 107: Section B - Sustainability technics suggestions

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

5.5. Materials and Structure Structure

Timber Wood A sustainable and renewable material offering excellent strength and aesthetic qualities.

Facade Unitized Curtain Glass Wall Provides a sleek, modern appearance while maximizing natural light.

Figure 108: SPIDER – connection and reinforcement system for colums and floors

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Structurlam’s CLT is strong, stable, sustainable, and offers excellent insulation with a warm, natural look and a low carbon footprint.

Green Wall as Second Layer Enhances insulation and promotes biodiversity.

Figure 109: Unitized Curtain Wall Facade

Flooring Recycled Rubber Flooring Made from recycled tires, it offers durability, slip resistance, and ease of maintenance, ideal for industrial environments.

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Recycled Rubber Flooring Made from recycled tires, it offers durability, slip resistance, and ease of maintenance, ideal for industrial environments.

Figure 110: Mass Timber Structures Wood Innovation and Design Center by Michael Green Architecture, Prince George, Canada

Figure 111: Section C - structural system

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 112: Detail 1 - Facade curtain wall connection

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Figure 113: Detail 2 - Pillar and floor connection

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Figure 114: Pathway structure and detail

Greenery system Our urban farm project incorporates a diverse greenery system designed to optimize plant growth and aesthetic appeal.

The open areas feature various types of greenery, each tailored to the specific needs of the plants, with soil quantities adjusted accordingly. Along the pathways, we have integrated greenery, supported by a strategically placed pipe system for efficient and easy irrigation. Additionally, our green walls, constructed with sturdy wooden structures, host plant boxes that hang securely, creating a vertical garden that maximizes space and enhances the visual impact of the farm.

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Figure 115: Greenery system

Figure 116: Green wall system

Urban Farming (Realizing the Vision)

Chapter 6 Architectural Drawings

57

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Isometric plans

57

vertical farm offices and coworking space restaurant farm market family farm parking

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

B

A

A

B Architectural Plan Drawing of Floor 1

58

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

B

A

A

B Architectural Plan Drawing of Floor 2

59

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

B

A

A

B Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 3

60

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 6

61

Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 7

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 6

62

Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 7

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 8

63

Architectural Plan Drawing of floor 9

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Architectural Drawing of North Elevation

Architectural Drawing of South Elevation

64

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Architectural Drawing of Section A

65

Urban Farming (Architectural Drawings)

Project Documentation

References

5. Figure 57: https://meetings.irvinecompanyoffice.com/markets/ 1. van der Heide, C. M., Silvis, H., & Heijman, W. J. M. (2011). Agricul11. https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/ san-diego/la-jolla-utc/la-jolla-center/the-outdoor-workspace-la-jolture in the Netherlands: Its Recent Past, Current State, and Perspec- 12. https://farmingthefuture.nl/en la-center.html tives. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 05(1-2). DOI: 13. https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/landeninformatie/ https://oxfarm.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/orchard.jpg 10.19041/Apstract/2011/1-2/3. oekraine/documenten/publicaties/2021/02/17/re-rooting-thehttps://www.linvilla.com/farm-market 2. van Koesveld, F. (2020). Agriculture, nature, and food: Valuable and dutch-food-system-from-more-to-better https://www.haskell.com/insights/vertical-farming-emerges-as-viaconnected: The Netherlands as a leader in circular agriculture. Min- 14. https://www.wur.nl/en/show-longread/Re-rooting-the-Dutchble-source-of-locally-grown-produce/ istry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. food-system-from-more-to-better.htm https://www.dezeen.com/2018/01/28/drone-footage-movie-chi3. Blaas, R. (2020). Plates and connectors for timber buildings, struc- 15. https://www.archdaily.com.br/br?ad_name=small-logo cago-riverwalk-sasaki-ross-barney-architects-usa/?utm_medium=etures and outdoor applications. (Publication details not provided). 16. https://rotterdamtransport.com/maps-port-of-rotterdam/ mail&utm_campaign=Daily+Dezeen+Digest&utm_content=Daily+4. Wageningen University & Research. (2020). A nature-based future 17. https://www.ecowatch.com/vertical-farming-facts-ecowatch.html Dezeen+Digest+CID_59a78a9ae1c255c67cf098b528574fab&utm_ for the Netherlands in 2120. Knowledge Base Program Nature In18. source=Dezeen+Mail clusive Transitions, project number KB-36-003-004.

19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328791897_Urban_aghttps://veebrant.com/best-restaurants-marbella-center/ 5. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. (2005). Knowlriculture_in_Rotterdam_Potentials_for_a_liveable_low-carbon_city_ https://churchillmanor.com/blog/2017/05/napa-cooking-classes/ edge Base Program Nature Inclusive Transitions, project number and_sustainable_phosphorus_flows https://wickedwellbeing.com/corporate-workshops/ KB-36-003-004. (Publication details not provided). https://seedmoney.org/blog/how-community-gardens-can-improve6. Mazoyer, M., & Roudart, L. (2006). A History of World Agriculture: your-health-your-neighborhood-and-planet/ From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis (J. H. Membrez, Trans.). Figure References https://www.gardendesign.com/pictures/farm-to-table-restaurantsEarthscan. with-gardens_142/#6639 7. The Council for the Environment and Infrastructure (Rli). (2022).

1. Figure 18: https://www.ecowatch.com/vertical-farming-facts-ecowhttps://www.tastingtable.com/694195/garden-restaurants-farm-taNature-Inclusive Netherlands: Nature Everywhere and for Everyatch.html ble/ one. March 2022.

2. Figure 20: Tillie, Nico N.M.J.D., et al. “Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam: https://except.eco/projects/herenboeren-international/ 8. Verburg, R. W., Verberne, E., & Negro, S. O. (2020). Accelerating the Potentials for a Liveable, Low-Carbon City and Sustainable Phosphohttps://spacestor.com/insights/industry-trends/coworking-deTransition Towards Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Organic rus Flows.” Why We Need Small Cows, VHL University Press, 2014, sign-trend/ Dairy Farming in the Netherlands. Copernicus Institute of Sustainpp. 9. https://weare.guru/pasona-office-farm/ able Development, Utrecht University.

3. Figure 27:Tillie, Nico N.M.J.D., et al. “Urban Agriculture in Rotterdam: https://www.topafricanews.com/2021/11/24/aquaponics-a-glim9. Hashim, U. R., Arshad, A. K., Abdul Hamid, N. H., Hassan, R., Shaffie, Potentials for a Liveable, Low-Carbon City and Sustainable Phosphomer-of-hope-in-drought-stricken-africa/ E., Alisibramulisi, A., Bhkari, N. M., & Sidek, M. N. M. (2023). Green rus Flows.” Why We Need Small Cows, VHL University Press, 2014, https://forwardfooding.com/blog/foodtech-trends-and-insights/ Infrastructure Materials and Sustainable Management. Institute for pp. 9. vertical-farming/ Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM), https://www.debuik.nl/rotterdam/restaurant/uit-je-eigen-stad https://www.wired.com/story/floating-farms-global-food-ecosysUniversiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Springer https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoek-en-ontdek/beeld-en-getem/ Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. luid/zoekresultaat-beeldgeluid/?mivast=184&mizig=299&mi6. Figure 107: https://www.rothoblaas.com/products/fastening/ 10. Tillie, N. N. M. J. D., Kirsimaa, K., van den Dobbelsteen, A., & adt=184&mizk_alle=trefwoord:Park%201943&miview=gal clt-floor-column-connections Sijmons, D. (2013). Urban agriculture in Rotterdam: Potentials for a https://www.dakparkrotterdam.nl/category/schapenclub/ 7. Figure 108: https://www.salisbury-glass.com/services/curliveable, low-carbon city and sustainable phosphorus flows. In Why https://voedseltuin.com/jubileum-voedseltuin-rotterdam/ tain-walling/ we need small cows (pp. 215-234). VHL University Press. https://www.urbanisten.nl/work/tidal-park-keilehaven 8. Figure 109: https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/ https://www.dakparkrotterdam.nl/category/schapenclub/ mass-timber-structures/ 4. Figure 29-30-31: https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/categories/houses