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BACK TO BASICS PORTFOLIO SARA NUÑEZ CASTAÑO

University of Edinburgh Master in Landscape Architecture Design Exploration Part II

© 2022 Sara Núñez Castaño Tutor: Anna Rhodes

BACK TO NATURE

Model of relationship with water: A prospective vision for the territory

University of Edinburgh Master in Landscape Architecture Design Exploration Part II

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CONTENT

1

02-17

GLASGOW

18-31

HISTORY

32-39

STUDY CASES

40-53

DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

54-87

BACK TO BASICS

87-101

MATERIALITY

2

3

GLASGOW:

“Glasgow made the Clyde, and the Clyde made Glasgow”

6

7 CLYDE CATCHMENT

© Stamen Maps

8 GLASGOW ANALISIS

FLOODING VS. URBAN

River/Coastal

Surface water

9

LAND USE

Agricultural

Mixed crops

Dunes

Coniferous

Woods

Farms

Peat

Wetlands

10

GREEN AREAS

Woodland

Parks

11

BUILDING USE

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Offices

12

TOP TEN LOCATIONS BY VOLUME OF SEWAGE DISCHARGED (m3)

WWTP CATCHMENT PLAN

The city of Glasgow is divided between five wastewater trealment plant areas, as the table shows Shieldhall WWTW has the highest discharge over the Clyde river.

13

Dalmuir

Paisley

Shieldhall

Dalmarnock

Daldowie

14

Gree areas Industrial Site Pollution Cultural Site Bridges

15 WATER PERCEPTION ACCESIBILITY Disconnection between the people and the Clyde, except in the city center where there’s water accessibility and cultural activities to do along the river.

The presence of sewage discharges on the river in residential and industrial areas means the pollution is present.

16 RIVERFRONT ACCESIBILITY The drawings show the different relationships that exist between the city and the River Clyde, in which the majority is a concrete or stone bench, which was made to gain space on the river although it is now used to protect the city from flooding. . But on the outskirts of the city we find more natural and more porous edges.

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18

HISTORY

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20

RIVER FORMS: COLLECTION TRACING THE CLYDE RIVER In the search of the different changes that the human has implemented on the clyde river; from the small changer that farmers made to the huge transformation of the shipbuilding industry and it’s decline.

21 1540

1980

22

1540

1750

The river Clyde on It’s natural state, without any modifications

Dredging started to facilitate the entrance of bigger boats to the city, on the name of the merchands

1910

1960

Emigration leads to 20.000 housing vacancies in Glasgow 1930. Glasgow faces economic depression

Decline of the shipbuilding industry Clyde Tunnel opens allowing cars to cross the River Clyde.

CLYDE THROUGH TIME DREDGING

23

1860

1890

Engineers begin work on a much greater dredging, deepening and widen to the River Clyde.

The river banks were re-built following the needs of the new industrialization

1980

2022

The Glasgow Garden Festival as a regeneration tool was situated on the south bank of the River Clyde

Towards Green Glasgow Dredging in still happening in some parts for functionality

24

1842 Edwin Chadwick publishes the landmark report to the Poor. Law Commissioners, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of the Great Britain.

1894 First large scale Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), Dalmarnock constructed

1850

1905

Combine sewage system built between 1850- 1875

Construction of Dalmuir WWTP

CLYDE THROUGH TIME SEWAGE

25

1910

2017

Construction od Shieldhall WWTP 10km of pipeline laid beneath the city streets to conect with Shieldhall Plant

The sewerage infrastructure was improved significantly, with the completion of a tunnel 5.0 km long.

1998 Dumping of sludge at sea was discontinued, following the implementation of the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.

2017 The sewerage infrastructure was improved significantly,with the completion of a tunnel 5.0 km long.

26 WASTEWATER PROBLEMATIC As the city of Glasgow has a combined sewage system there’s no way the city has a desicion on what type of water is being thrown to the Clyde river, so every time theres a storm in the city there’s raw sewage being discharged to the waterways.

Polluted Clyde Sewage Runoff Surface Flooding Buildings

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28 WATER EMERGENCY SEWAGE

WWTP Sewage Runoff Flooding Surface Flooding Sewage Catchment

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30

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DESIGN STATEMENT Back to Nature explores a different way to treat the sewage water in the city to avoid the contamination of the different water elements that are present in the Landscape. In this case, The Clyde River, which for years has been mistreated by industries to maintain the city’s economy, allows us to see Anthropocene elements that the only thing they do is make the gap between man and nature bigger. This shows that over the years the same mistakes continue to be made, that instead of returning the elements that we take from nature as we take them, we return them polluted. The different Wastewater Treatment Plants of the city of Glasgow fail to do this, as every year there’s a record of how many litters of raw sewage the city discharge into the different waterways. To improve this it is necessary to create a circular cycle.

Using a long-term approach to green phytoremediation, the proposal pursues to reduce the raw sewage run-off by decreasing the load present in the system and in the aquifers. Back to basics aims to go back to the different elements that were present on the site before this was even Glasgow, elements like wetlands that some of the mains functions are; slowing down water flows, reducing soil erosion downstream, aiding flood control since they store excess water during storms, and cleans water from pollutants. The proposal takes an area of Glasgow, near the Shieldhall Wastewater Treatment Plant, and redirects the Sewage water of this area using a different approach to water purification. This water will have a preliminary treatment before entering the wetland system in the park. And by passing through a series of sedimentation pits, treatment canals, and a water filter you will be able to resume your original journey on the River Clyde.

32

STUDY CASES

33

34 SYDNEY PARK WATER RE’USE TURF STUDIO

SHANGAI HOUTAN RIVER TURENSCAPE

35 WATER PURIFICATION STAD VAN DE ZON KUIPER COMPAGNONS

WUSONG RIVERFRONT SWA GROU

36

WEILIU WETLAND PARK Yifang Ecoscape The engineered banks of the Wei River, put flood pressure on the site.

In this project, the main objective was to restore and rebuild the local floodplain ecosystem. Through strategies such as adaptive flood control, stormwater management, water quality improvement, waste water reuse, and biodiversity restoration, a plan was developed for creating urban green infrastructure that could deliver multiple benefits to the people and the environment.

Wetlands were constructed for the purpose of treating effluent water from a wastewater treatment plant and producing recycled water that meets Class III-IV standards for irrigation, aquatic play, and finally to replenish natural floodplain wetlands.

37

© Yifang Ecoscape

© Yifang Ecoscape

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SYDNEY PARK WATER RE-USE PROJECT Turf Design Studio, Environmental Partnership The area has been transformed from post-industrial wasteland into vital green infrastructure for a rapidly expanding city.

Besides cleaning and capturing water equivalent to 340 Olympic-sized pools per year using bioretention wetlands, the project also improves local water quality, improves habitat, and reduces potable water consumption.

39

© Turf Design Studio

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DINAMIC SYSTEMS

41

42 CLYDE NATURAL STATE

SHIPBUILDING

ACTUAL STATE

43

RENATURALIZING THE CLYDE

BACK TO NATURE

44

CLYDE RENATURALIZATION ISLANDS FORMATIONS LAND FORMATION THROUGH SEDIMENTATION

2022

2060

2100

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BACK TO BASICS

46

2022 EXISTING CONDITIONS Elder Park as representation of the Victorian parks, without much biodiversity and few infiltration capaciry. Theres’s no existing water acesibility in the area, which disconects people from the water. Shieldhall catchment area with most quantity of raw sewage run-off discharge.

Demolish different buildings present in the area, and replace impermeable materials with permeable ones. Reusing materials where possible.

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48

2030 NEW DYNAMICS BAE Systems stops Shipbuilding in the area, leading to the settlement of sediments on the river base. Giving the opportunity of islands formations, with the help of engineered landscape, by creating different channels to improve the movement of water through the land. Generating new habitats with riparian edges.

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50

2060 NEW DYNAMICS All the hard and soft materials have been settle on site, we can see how all the ecosistem dynamics work toguether.

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2100 BACK TO BASICS Established landscape, with stable sediment islands. Flooding can occur without any damage to the landscape, giving a floodplain to the river.

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54

DESIGN PROPOSAL

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SITE ANALISYS: DALMARNOCK WWTP GLASGOW AND THE CLYDE AS ONE

Parks River Residential Industrial Crosses

Dalmaarnock area was predominantly industrial until the urban renewal that was done with the Commonwealth Games in 2014. Which included a new Community Legacy Hub at Dalmarnock and a new urban woodland park at Cuningar Loop on the banks of the river directly opposite the Athletes’ Village. Projects to attract new business include the Rutherglen Low Carbon Zone for business and industry; a new office development at Riverside East in Dalmarnock that become an office for Scotland’s Police.

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58

No existing relationship between buildings and river, abandonment of riverfront .

Combined sewer overflow system, anytime there’s heavy rain discharges occur.

59

Sludge formation near sewer discharge pipe.

Water color change between river water and wastewater overflow.

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SITE ANALISYS: SHIELSHALL WWTP GLASGOW AND THE CLYDE DIVIDED

Parks River Residential Industrial Crosses

On the Shieldhall area the connections between each side of the river are very limited, as there’s only one tunnel to connect the city. In this area, industry predominates on the river front and as the distance from the river increases, the area becomes more residential. In the southern part of the river, the amount of green area is reduced compared to the city average, making this area impermeable, making it prone to flooding.

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Elder Park Pond

Abandoned parking lot near Clyde water front .

63

Oil over pavement in Shieldhall industrial area.

Micro view of oil over pavement, impermeable surface.

64

ESTRATEGIES: RETENTION, FILTRATION AND RELEASE LAND FORMATION THROUGH WATER MOVEMENT On the question , how can we avoid future climate/ flooding emergencies through landscape?

It comes to three estrategies; retention, giving space for the water to acumulate. Filtration, using materials that help the recharge of Aquifers. And slowly release the water that is left in the landscape.

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WATER EXPLORATIONS LAND FORMATION THROUGH WATER MOVEMENT Land formations obtained from a stream table, as an experiment to see how water moves through the landscape. The images show from a straight channel to a meandering river, to a creation of a floodplain and a stuary.

Video _ https://youtu.be/V90vN_wb-As

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MOTATION DRAWINGS LAWRENCE HALPRIN Halprin’s Motations were primarily intended to describe the intended motion of people through space, although actual elements of architecture themselves - such as water in fountains - were also considered. Landscape architecture for Halprin was fundamentally a form of narrative.

‘I saw scores as a way of describing all such processes in all the arts, of marking process visible and thereby designing with process through scores.

I saw scores also as a way of communicating these processes over time and space to other people in other places at other moments and as a vehicle to allow many people into the act of creation together, allowing for participation, feedback and communication’ – from The RSVP Cycles: Creative Processes in the Human Environment.

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Regulators of the water cycle: they control and prevent floods, retain sediments and nutrients, contribute to the discharge and recharge of aquifers, and function as water reservoirs.

They improve air quality: they are CO2 sinks, dust retainers, regulate temperature, are generators of microclimates.

Biophysical conservation spaces in the region: They are a refuge for endemic biodiversity, an essential habitat for various native species.

Pedagogical spaces: they invite contemplation, reflection and calm, they are live classrooms for learning, passive recreation areas, generators of knowledge and research.

FUNCTIONS

WETLAND

71

PHYTORREMEDIATION Technique used to biologically decontaminate water, soil, air through natural purification.

Release of oxygen reduces the transfer of gases and heat between the atmosphere and the water.

WATER

Transformation of oxygen from the root to the leaves.

AIR

Absorption of substances, allowing the concentration of toxic substances to be reduced.

EARTH

72

LANDFORMS EXPLORATIONS

Water movements through the landscape, generating different ways to interact with one of the most important elements of the city.

Land formations as a small scale of Scotland territory.

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74 GREENER CLYDE

75

76 BACK TO NATURE

77

ISLANDS

COMUNITY GARDEN

MEADOWS WETLANDS WATER WAY PATH

OPEN SPACE POND INTO THE WOODS POND

REFLECTING POND

SHIPBUILDING FOUNTAIN

ISABELL ELDER FOUNTAIN

78 WETLAND SYSTEM

7

8

5

6

5

4

4

3 1-2

1. Screening 2. Primary treatment 3. Subsurface wetland 4. Sedimentation Pond 5. Aeration Pond 6. Water treatment Channel 7. Sand Filtration 8. Riparian Edges

79 FLOODING AREAS

80

+

+

CUT AND FILL

+

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

+ + +

-

+

-

+

-

-

81 PLANTING

Meadows Wetland Riparian Woods

82 SHIPBUILDING FOUNTAIN

INFILTRATE

INFILT

INFILTRATE

RAIN GARDEN

ACTIVE AREA

83

TRATE SEDIMENTATION INFILTRATE

SEDIMENTATION POND

84 SHIPBUILDING FOUNTAIN

WATER PURIFICATION

INFILTRATE

MEADOWS

PATH

85

AERATION

SEDIMENTATION

SEDIMENTATION POND

ACTIVITY AREA

86 WETLANDS

CARBON SEQUESTRATION

EVAPORATION

INFILTRATE

RIPARIAN WOODS

SOIL AND WATER CLEANSING

AQUIFER RECHARGE

WETLAND

WATER COLLECTI

87

INFILTRATE

ION

MEADOWS

RIPARIAN WOODS

EXISTING WOODS

88

MATERIALITY

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90

RIPARIAN WOODS

Area of land adjoining a river channel and includes the river bank but not the wider floodplain. Trees in the riparian zone can provide shade to cool the stream, stabilise stream banks and act as a source of nutrients and woody debris.

91

Alnus glutinosa Alder

Betula pubescens Birch

Fraxinus excelsior Ash

Quercus robur Oak

Salix alba / Salix fragilis White Willow / Crack Willow

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CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

Artificial created wetland designed for wastewater treatment. It offer minimal visual impact and provide a sustainable alternative to mechanical based wastewater treatments. As many other ecological bennefits.

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Acorus calamus Sweet flag

Carex spp.

Sedge species

Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris

Juncus spp.

Rush

Typha latifolia Common reedmace

94

MEADOWS

A mosaic of ecological habitats run along the river corridors and throughout the parkland. From a brown, yellow and white gradient plants.

95

Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair Grass

Chrysanthemum segetum Corn Marigold

Coreopsis tinctoria Plains coreopsis

Lysimachia vulgaris Garden loosestrife

Stellaria holostea Greater stitchwort

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MEADOWS

A mosaic of ecological habitats run along the river corridors and throughout the parkland. Representing the purification of water going from a brown gradient plants to a blue color; from the subsurface Wetland in the Isabell Elder Fountain to the Clyde river.

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Geranium pratense Meadow cranesbill

Centaurea cyanus Bachelor’s buttons

Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp agrimony

Vinca minor Lesser periwinkle

Galium palustre Common marsh bedstraw

98 ISABELL ELDER WETLAND

Permeable asphalt Permeable grade with 6mm nominal size aggregate

In situ concrete pools

99 WATER AXIS

Corten Steel

Bark Chippings

100 SHIPBUILDING FOUNTAIN

Corten Steel

101 WETLAND

Wood deck

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Moore, John N. “The Clyde : Mapping the River / John Moore.”

Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited 2017, Print.

Moore, John N. “The Clyde : Glasgow: Mapping the City / John Moore.”

Edinburgh: Birlinn General 2015, Print.

SEPA. Delivering river basin planning in the Clyde catchment. 2017.

Bjornerud, Marcia. Timefulness: How Thinking Like a Geologist Can Help Save the World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.

Haraway, Donna Jeanne. Staying with the Trouble : Making Kin in the Chthulucene / Donna J. Haraway. Durham ;: Duke University Press, 2016. Print.

Dunnett, Nigel., and Andy. Clayden. Rain Gardens : Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape / Nigel Dunnett and Andy Clayden. Portland, Or: Timber Press, 2007. Print.

Halprin, Lawrence. The RSVP Cycles: Creative Processes in the Human Environment. New York: George Braziller, 1969. Print.

Koolhas, Rem. Whatever happened to urbanism?. New York: The Monticelli Press, 1995