2016 01 UK

THE CANNABIS NEWSPAPER SINCE 1985

FREE Issue 1 - 2016

8 Dream job: strain tester

12 Opium

17 The origins of Kush

40 How to handle waste

18+ For adults only. Soft Secrets is published six times a year by Discover Publisher BV Netherlands

AMSTERDAM

Why US marijuana growers want champagne-like labels for their weed There are champagne labels for wine and roquefort labels for cheese made in the right regions, so could there be a Humbolt Haze label for marijuana?

RRY SENSI-STAR DELAHAZE PANDORA BELLADONNA WAPPA ALL

OG KUSH

current efforts to put recreational marijuana before state voters next fall.

The appellation system is “a means to protect California’s unique heritage and leadership within this industry”, said Hezekiah Allen, executive director of the California Growers Association, a statewide education and lobbying group.

For Kristin Nevedal, Super Silver Haze is not always the same Super Silver Haze. Like the concept of “terroir” in foods, she and many growers believe the characteristics of cannabis plants vary depending on their local environment.

“There are obvious differences between, say, a Super Silver Haze that is cultivated at a 700ft elevation and a Super Silver Haze that is cultivated at a 2,200ft elevation in Humboldt County,” said Nevedal, a marijuana activist and former grower.

special occasions or just want to treat themselves”, appellations could protect small farmers against “big marijuana”, said Dale Sky Jones, chancellor of cannabis-centric Oaksterdam University in Oakland, California.

There are champagne labels for wine and roquefort labels for cheese, so could there be a Humboldt Haze label for marijuana?

It could ensure that growers in a specific area who built the state’s prestige by producing high-quality strains retain exclusive rights over that location in marketing, so that Santa Cruz sensimilla or Bodegagrown Blue Dream is reliably from those locations.

Cannabis appellation – one of the provisions in new California regulations that went into effect this year – could ensure that certain strains – for instance, Mendo Purps, which was first cultivated in Mendocino, California – are only grown in certain regions, not simply plants of that origin cultivated elsewhere.

Asidefrombeingusefultothediscerningconsumerwho might “want the specialty stuff they can bring out for

“This is how small business competes with big marijuana”, Jones said. “And this is why this is so unbelievably important … Appellation is going to wind up being the first line of defense.”

Already with medical marijuana’s legalization, the state is seeing a boom in investors and entrepreneurs inundating the industry, and more are expected amid

Allen said that there “are isolated communities of cannabis cultivators in every corner of the state and each of these has a unique culture”. But the reclusiveness that protected their illegal operations is now an impediment to competition.

Allen added that he sees the appellation system extending beyond just region to incorporate issues such as sustainability practices, use of pesticides and other “value” issues that “articulate what the community standards are”, he said.

While California’s new marijuana laws went into effect 1 January, the state is a long way from setting up the appellation system or fulfilling the complex medical marijuana regulation package that could become the model for recreational legalization in the state. Some advocates don’t expect to see implementation of the law until 2018.

Source: Theguardian.com

Femi

n ised S ee ds

3 EDITORIAL

IS AUSTERITY THE DRIVER OF SOCIAL CHANGE? As of Monday 11th of January 2016, the police in Scotland will no longer prosecute “low level” cannabis possession; just to be clear, that’s across the country as a whole, as opposed to specific regions or cities.

The official line is that cannabis is just one of a whole range of other misdemeanours (e.g. minor traffic violations) which will henceforth receive a “light touch”, and as such, cannabis should not be regarded as the primary reason for the attitude change: the police are very keen to make it crystal clear that they're in no way "going soft on drugs". However, when one considers that something like 35% of police time is taken up with processing arrests for cannabis, then this claim seems rather weak.

There remains, of course, the inevitable grey area that always accompanies “turn a blind eye” policies. It's not entirely clear what constitutes "low level" cannabis crime, for example. One plant? Four plants? A quarter? An ounce? The change is strictly aimed at "personal use", and therefore one thing that hasn't changed is that if a citizen is stopped and is found to have an ounce nicely wrapped up in four separate quarter ounce packages, then the intent to supply rule will still apply. And brazenly sparking up a joint in a public place will result in a public nuisance arrest.

Frisian Duck produces compact buds with spicy aromas of pine, citrus and fresh forest. The taste is similar with a good quality high and a refreshing Sativa head-buzz with average yields. She was created for outdoor growing but also does well indoors. Frisian Duck is a unique cannabis plant in disguise; tough and easy to grow, perfect for less experienced growers. Frisian Duck grows without being recognisable as cannabis for large parts of its life.

Genetics: Indica/sativa, Frisian Dew x Ducksfoot Flowering time: 8 weeks Yield: average Harvest outdoor: start of october Breeder: Dutch Passion

Frisian Duck

Frisian Duck grows with unusually shaped leaves making it difficult to identify as traditional cannabis and is therefore ideal for outdoor and greenhouse growing in populated areas. The name refers to the distinctive leaf shape which looks like a ducks footprint especially during the first two thirds of her life. During bloom some upper leaves may show the more traditional cannabis shape. Frisian Duck comes from crossing Frisian Dew with DucksFoot. This unique, robust, stealthy variety is ready to harvest at the start of October (start of April in Southern Hemisphere).

She can show beautiful purple colours during flowering and grows like a christmas tree, outdoors up to 2.5 meters, indoors up to 1.5 meters.

Make no mistake, this is big news. So why has it happened? Quite simply, it’s all to do with money. Budget cuts or freezes mean that the police just no longer have the resources to pursue every cannabis miscreant through the courts. It's just too expensive.

When a prosecution is actually successful, the usual outcome is a fine, and the amount of the fine comes nowhere near the actual amount spent getting the case to court in the first place.

And so it's been decided - "reluctantly", according to official sources - that there are better ways for the police to use their resources than busting people for a Q of weed.

Of course, there has been the usual moral outcry, with all the usual anti drug crusaders up in arms, bleating on about how this “sends out the wrong message” to the nation’s youth. The right wing press have declared the move to be giving "a green light to cannabis users". And in some respects, it's exactly that, and we salute the police for it.

There is a phenomenon known as the "law of unintended consequences" where the actions, usually of a government, have effects over the longer term that are quite unanticipated.

This is an excellent example of this law in action. Who would have thought that the economic crash of the last decade, the subsequent austerity drive and the squeeze on public spending would have led to an outcome such as this?

However, we will observe developments with keen interest. It seems that the current arrangement is to be regarded as "a trial", meaning the police are going to see how it works out in practice. Should everything run smoothly, then who can say what might happen next?

The police are insistent that this is not de facto decriminalisation, but again, nobody can predict what the next developments might be. As fiscal cuts continue and oil revenues seem to be drying up, new and sustainable sources of income will be required to prevent the country from grinding to a complete halt. Cannabis may very well have a substantial part to play in all of this, but nothing short of legalization will make that properly possible.

Dr John Dee

READERS@SOFTSECRETS.NL

Attention Readers!

Fancy a FREE packet of FEMINISED seeds from SWEET SEEDS? Then send us a picture of your grow room or best cannabis plant, including a visible copy of Soft Secrets, and we’ll send you 3 seeds.

Should your photo happen to feature your beautiful wife or girlfriend wearing a sexy microbikini or super hot lingerie, you will receive 6 seeds. Photo of the Month will even receive 9 prime quality feminised seeds. With compliments of Soft Secrets and SWEET SEEDS!

E-mail your entries to readers@softsecrets.nl. NOTE: All entries are handled with the utmost discretion. We don’t publish out of focus pics, and we don’t like photos of plants in veg stage. It’s fat buds & sweet babes we want to see!

readers@softsecrets.nl

Femi

n ised S ee ds

5

6

PRODUCT

Dutch Passion Awarded 1st Prize at Expoweed in Chile.

Dutch Passion collected another award late in 2015 at the Expoweed event in Chile. The award was for ‘Best seed bank’, presented in recognition of the comprehensive collection of indoor, outdoor, CBD-rich, feminized, regular and automatic cannabis varieties. Expoweed is South America’s premier cannabis expo and the award was described as ‘Dutch Passion’s most significant award of a successful year' which also saw them collect 1st Prize in the Champions Cup in Malaga and several other cannabis cups.

www.dutch-passion.com

ATA Organics is ATA NRG

STASH YOUR SMELL SO NO ONE SMELLS YOUR STASH!

Abscent bags have been offering the best option in “odourabsorbing” technology since 2010.

Since 2003 Atami carries the ATA Organics line for the environmentally conscious grower. The ideal products for those who for example grow tomatoes for personal consumption and strive for optimum flavour experience.

At Atami we thought it was time to give the ATA Organics range a face-lift. From this day on (Henceforth) ATA Organics will be known as ATA NRG. Snazzy and fierce which in our opinion makes for the specific qualities and characteristics this product line has to offer.

Maximise results and get your best taste ever, NRGise your plants with the ATA NRG range.

What will change for you?

Nothing will change for you the customer. The ATA NRG is merely a new version of an old and trusted concept. The same familiar products that have allowed our customers to achieve excellent results for as long as we can remember. You can therefore continue to rely on the impeccable quality and effectiveness of our ATA NRG range!

Designed and manufactured exclusively in North America, these unique bags are now available in Europe.

The Collection comes in a variety of sizes to suit every customer’s needFrom smaller pouches/toiletry bags for daily use, to larger backpacks/ duffel bags for travel.

Using only the finest (raw) materials, each bag is meticulously constructed and inspected to ensure the highest-quality production.

Both functional and stylish, the bags are also discreet.

They appear as any regular sports bag/backpack/toiletry bag or wallet- on the outside…

It’s the inside that makes the bag so special.

All bags are double-lined with specialized carbon filter material.

The zippers and outer textiles are water-resistant. The industrial Velcro helps to seal the bags and contain the strongest odours.

For a correct dosage per product and its proper use, refer to the Grow Schedules that can be found on the download section of our website. Also on our labels, you will find this information.

Travel worry-free within your own country’s borders.

With an Abscent bag you can transport almost anything with confidence that odours are contained.

We wish you a successful growth, flowering and harvest!

These bags have been tested and prove time and again that you can never be too safe or careful when transporting strong-smelling goods.

For more information see: www.atami.com If you have any questions please contact us at: sales@atami.com or call during office hours +31 73 522 32 56.

Information, Questions & Orders (Retail / Wholesale)

www.abscent.eu

8

SEED BANKS

STRAIN TESTER

Before putting a plant onto the market, Dinafem people test it thorJ. Searcher oughly for the desired characteristics.

Soft Secrets paid a visit to John, one of the Dinafem’s testers to see closely how he tested various strains.

Testing Installation

John’s testing installation is top in class, with any tools and equipment needed to achieve his primary goal, i.e. to grow first-quality marijuana. The room is tiled to facilitate its cleaning and disinfection. A window is used to monitor the crop without needing to enter.

The lighting system consists of 6 lamps with electronic ballasts all working at 400 V except one at 220 V, which means that the light intensity of lamps is much higher. Both the air inlet and exhaust systems are equipped with

check if the desired microclimate has been achieved in each area.

In any case, John does not always use the same growing method as is interested in testing how Dinafem strains react to different approaches. For instance, in our interview he explained that he always opted for a more American growing style, with large pots and branchy plants that are periodically trimmed, whereas in the test described below he preferred small pots and non-trimmed plants.

In growing this product, plants are pruned, and trained on stakes and netting to obtain an open structure to be exposed to lighting, with enough room to favour an abundant

View of the grow room through its window

filters, to prevent smells from coming out and also achieve the maximum asepsis in the grow room. Ventilation of the room is monitored by sensors connected to a controller unit so as to maintain the ideal temperature and humidity parameters set for each time of the growth cycle. He also uses several thermohygrometers in different parts of the room to

growth of bud rows. Pots are placed on top of platforms with rollers and can be moved at will to facilitate irrigation and for plants to be exposed to light from different angles.

Adhesive plates are fitted below plants to trap any pests infesting them and consequently take remedial steps. Similar plates are hanged from the roof in various points of the room.

Grow room interiors

Substrate life

an impressive taste proliferate. Plants have generous leaves and broad leaflets. Growth is unfettered and, consequently, this plant can be easily trained and netted. Its fine stems can easily double. In order to obtain a good harvest, this strain needs to be given what it needs on an ongoing basis. With hardships or plagues it may hardly result in a good output.

John produces most of the fertilisers he uses.

For example he makes his own booster based on alfalfa seeds. For the substrate base, he first places Plagron’s Promix, plus coconut and earthworm compost. His favourites are raw materials such as bat and penguin guanos, algae, bentonite, lithothamnion, aloe vera, molasses or fish meal. With these ingredients, he completes fermentation processes, which add extra life to the substrate. During cultivation, he adds guano and earthworm compost. This procedure is meant to deliver probiotic nutrients to the plants, which will benefit their immune system.

A large quantity of limonene is measured on this strain by terpene tests. Limonene is of course behind its citric taste. This is why

Compost and hemp straw are used to cover the upper part of the substrate. With this padding system, pots are kept wet in their upper layer. The use of felt for pots eases the permanent oxygenation of the substrate.

This practice is designed to retain a living environment within the pot.

Before use, water is poured through a osmosis filter and stored into a tank, where a mixture is prepared with lactobacillus and effective micro-organisms. Then plants are manually irrigated depending on their individual needs.

Humidity probes are stuck into pots, to give an indication when plants need more water.

OG Kush

It clearly appears as a Kush of Sativa origin as it develops into several long branches, in which small rounded, dense buds with

The lower part of plants

someone calls it a “lemon floor cleaner”, given its pungent taste that hits the palate; its smoke is dense and highly satiating and the plant is sometimes called “creamy lemon”. As a last outstanding characteristic, its aftertaste reveals pine and wood notes. After the first puff, you feel like continuing smoking for its pleasant sense of satiation. These great characteristics earned the plant a “tasteof-the-year” award in 2014. A euphoric and enjoyable effect is assured.

9 Detail view of the plant netting

days, with large leaves and very broad leaflets.

Its robust structure is replete, from head to base, with very compact buds and noticeable colours, which appear chiefly in the upper part. Given its rapid bloom, it should best be germinated earlier in an outdoor environment in view of a nice early growth.

As for the growing method, key parts of the process include an accurate control of temperature and humidity in the room and

The plant does not need much fertilisation, with tight, non-bulky and highly resinous buds. It is a highly potent strain. On the palate, the Kush-side aroma is prominent, with nuances of grapes and fresh pineapple. Given its distinctive, very intense smell, the use of anti-odour filters is highly recommended.

Shark Shock CBD Bubba Kush

This strain presents all the features of the Indica side of Kush. It is one of the most prominent Indicas ever developed by Dinafem and on which they are still working, with a

Purple Afghan Kush

This Indica-dominant plant combines the characteristics of the two elite Kush strains mentioned above (Bubba and OG) with those of Purple. The final hybrid is a Kush with

Moby Dick

A very much productive plant, with a bud that stands out for its huge size. It grows with energy and has an abundant and fast yield. It is also easy to grow, with mediumsized, strong branches.

Developed in association with the CBD Crew, it is rich in CBD, which is contained in a higher proportion than THC. For the special method adopted to increase CBD into this strain, its Shark Shock genetics combines with a clear presence of Diesel, which can mainly be felt on the palate. A potent medicinal effect is assured.

Moby Dick

Purple Afghan Kush

One of Dinafem’s classics, known for ‘behaving’ like a huge white killer whale standing out for its output and potency. It combines the genetics of White Widow with Haze, although Sativa features - such as a large structure and generous flower bunches – prevail, it also has a Widow side, which is visible from its abundant resin production giving it a very potent effect. On the palate pine notes are prominent. Its results live up to those promised by its name, i.e. vigorous, productive and potent.

Harvest and conclusions Grow room interiors with an osmosis filter in the background

short inter-knot distance, a not particularly large bud and interspersed leaflets. It is characterised by a dark green colour. At the end of the blooming period none of the plants take typical autumn colours. It is a much more compact plant than OG Kush, with a tendency to form shrubby, average-sized individuals.

Resin is plentiful in the full plant parts, including the leaflets around the buds. You almost see it sweating resin. Bubba Kush is the ancestor of the resin-rich varieties that have appeared in the recent years. If you wish a plant rich in trichomes, you should try it.

It is particularly indicated for lovers of hash and extracts, as it has a very high yield. Even small leaves fallen off from plant manicuring produce good hash. Buds have crow-shaped inflorescences in the upper part. It perfectly withstands draught, requires a little quantity of water and is suitable for dry environments.

Its taste has notes of earth, coffee and lemon, with a powerful, relaxing and lasting effect.

a very marked purple colour that appears immediately. It blooms in little more than 53

Bubba Kush

Harvest is made when each variety requires it. To that end, each area of the room is harvested separately. All plants are manicured manually one by one by using scissors, for the bud to stick out noticeably at the end of trimming.

Shark Shock CBD

a focus on the substrate – ranging from its preparation with various natural products right through to the stage of bringing and maintaining life through special formulations added to the irrigation water.

Testing is the final stage of this quality-seed production process. Through testing, seed banks can prove that their seed batches meet the expected parameters. Even the newest Dinafem strains, such as OG Kush, Bubba Kush or Purple Afghan Kush have undergone several tests in various environments before being marketed. In tasting with John the results of his work, the ultimate quality of plants was noticeable with a fully-fledged Kush product family featuring potent and tasty plants for all tastes. These strains are real myths in the US cannabis market, but the original cuttings are now old and unenergetic and present a slow growth. By offering their seed versions, Dinafem has managed to bring new life into this genetics and offer plants with renewed vigour.

Paradise Seeds is an Amsterdam based cannabis seed Bank established in 1994 that offers the finest cannabis seed collection on the earth. Our varieties combine potency with the flavour, taste and yield to make our genetics the connoisseur’s choice.

% Indica % Sativa % Ruderalis

Since the beginning we have invested in building a strong strain base, selecting and breeding only the best plants from the many thousands we have grown over the years. These are the foundations of our award winning strain selection.

% THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) % CBD (cannabidiol)

We stock a range of cannabis seeds that offer great options for both beginner and professional growers with varieties that are ideal for indoor and outdoor growing conditions all over the world.

Feminised seeds are resulting in 100% female flowering plants. Regular seeds are producing both female and male plants. Only the female flowers can be harvested to be used either medicinal or recreational.

FEMINIZED

Flowering time indoors

Taste Effect n.L. s.L.

Suitable for outdoor growing in between the indicated degrees + the approx. harvesttime Height - Indoor & outdoor Yield g/per m2 Yield g/per plant

60% Indica 40% Sativa

80% Indica 20% Sativa

20% Indica 80% Sativa Haze

Feminized seeds are resulting in 100% female flowering plants.

65 days

56 / 60 days

63 / 70 days

Regular seeds are producing both female and male plants.

16% - 20%

18% - 22%

18% - 22%

Only the female flowers can be harvested to be used either medicinal or recreational.

Sour grapefruit

Musky / Sweet

Sweet / Sour and Hazy

Powerful and overwhelming

Body relaxation

Superior soaring high

50° end Oct. 50° end April

50° mid Oct. 50° mid April

50° end Oct. 50° end April

110 cm 200 cm

100 cm 175 cm

150 cm 300 cm

All Paradise Seeds varieties contain a certain level of THC. Most of the varieties have less then 0,5% CBD, except for the CBD rich varieties they contain a THC and CBD level higher than 5% each.

Indicated THC and CBD % are averages based on lab results.

400 g/m2 700 g/plant

26,-

40,-

75,-

450 g/m2 600 g/plant

26,-

40,-

75,-

450 g/m2 800 g/plant

60% Indica 40% Sativa

25% Indica 75% Sativa

70% Indica 30% Sativa

80% Indica 20% Sativa

55 / 60 days

60 days

56 / 63 days

56 days

18% - 22%

18% - 22%

17% - 21%

18% - 20%

Vanilla, Skunk and Pineapple

Grapefruit

Fruity / Acid

Floral Aromatic

Trippy, equal head and body

Soft cerebral Pleasant

Powerful Clear

Pleasant high

50° early Oct. 50° early April

50° mid Oct. 50° mid April

50° mid Oct. 50° mid April

50° mid Oct. 50° mid April

110 cm 200 cm

125 cm 250 cm

120 cm 200 cm

100 cm 175 cm

500 g/m2 700 g/plant

32,-

50,-

90,-

500 g/m2 750 g/plant

32,-

50,-

90,-

450 g/m2 700 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

400 g/m2 600 g/plant

90% Indica 10% Sativa

90% Indica 10% Sativa

40% Indica 60% Sativa

60% Indica 40% Sativa

56 / 63 days

50 / 55 days

50 days

55 / 60 days

18% - 22%

18% - 22%

12% - 16%

16% - 20%

Lemon, Metal and Pungent

Grapes, Earthy and Metal

Spicy / Sweet

Deep fruit Strawberry

Strong physical and cerebral

Stoned Clear

Clear and Physically relaxing

Happy Energetic

50° early Oct. 50° early April

50° mid Oct. 50° mid April

50° end Sept.

50° end March

50° early Oct. 50° early April

100 cm 175 cm

100 cm 175 cm

120 cm 200 cm

110 cm 200 cm

400 g/m2 600 g/plant

38,-

60,-

110,-

AUTO-FLOWERING Auto-flowering strains start flowering regardless the amount of hours (sun) light per day.

Therefore auto flowering plants can finish early outdoors, within 2,5 months after germination.

It is ideal for colder regions to harvest in summer (when the sunlight is still strong).

In the northern hemisphere, “July, August”.

In Southern hemisphere, “January, February”.

In warmer climates multiple harvests outdoors per year are possible.

500 g/m2 600 g/plant

20,-

30,-

55,-

400 g/m2 600 g/plant

20,-

30,-

55,-

550 g/m2 700 g/plant

40% Indica 50% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

20% Indica 70% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

30% Indica 60% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

14% - 18%

14% - 18%

14% - 18%

75 days from germination

65/70 days from germination

60 days from germination

Sour

Fruity / Sweet

Fruity / Floral

Uplifting

Uplifting Relaxing

Uplifting Euphoric high

60° 80 days from 60° germination

60° 80 days from 60° germination

60° 70 days from 60° germination

120 cm 140 cm

125 cm 150 cm

110 cm 125 cm

400 g/m2 75 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

450 g/m2 125 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

400 g/m2 75 g/plant

38,-

60,-

110,-

20,-

30,-

55,-

20,-

30,-

55,-

23,-

35,-

65,-

MEDICINE WHEEL

WHAT VARIETY MAY BE GROWN OUTSIDE IN YOUR AREA? Outdoor cultivation is possible between the degrees indicated. The plants will finish earlier then indicated and yield more when grown closer to the equator.

Paradise Seeds varieties are qualified for medicinal use.

Cannabis has always been used as a medicine, it has been one of the most valuable medicine for humans since ancient times.

60º n.L. 50º (northern Latitude) 45º

Nowadays the medical benefits of the Cannabis plants compounds are rediscovered and recognized as such by doctors and proven by scientists.

s.L.

You can learn more about medical marijuana autoflowering and feminised strains at:

(southern Latitude)

WWW.PARADISE-SEEDS.COM And while you’re at it, check our monthly promo!

^

n.L 0º s^ .L

The medicine wheel reveals that CBD and THC, two of the major compounds in cannabis are used to treat several symptoms and diseases.

45º 50º 60º

40% Indica 60% Sativa

30% Indica 70% Sativa

90% Indica 10% Sativa

25% Indica 75% Sativa

60 days

63 days

56 days

63 / 70 days

18% - 22%

17% - 21%

18% - 22%

17% - 21%

Fruity and Pungent

Mango, Citrus and Haze

Perfume

Fruity / Sweet

Trippy

Creeping Clear and active

Body relaxation

Clear high Relaxing

55° mid Oct. 55° mid April

45° early Nov. 45° early May

55° early Oct. 55° early April

50° mid Oct. 50° mid April

130 cm 250 cm

150 cm 300 cm

100 cm 150 cm

130 cm 300 cm

450 g/m2 800 g/plant

500 g/m2 1.000 g/plant

425 g/m2 600 g/plant

500 g/m2 1.000 g/plant

40% Indica 60% Sativa

50% Indica 50% Sativa

50% Indica 50% Sativa

50% Indica 50% Sativa

60 / 65 days

60 days

56 days

60 days

18% - 22%

17% - 21%

16% - 20%

18% - 22%

Fruity / Sweet

Bittersweet

Cheese Skunk

Floral / Pine

Cerebral Trippy

Stoned and Powerful

Physical and headhigh

Strong / Mighty

50° early Oct. 50° early April

50° early Oct. 50° early April

50° early Oct. 50° early April

50° early Oct. 50° early April

120 cm 200 cm

110 cm 200 cm

110 cm 175 cm

110 cm 200 cm

500 g/m2 750 g/plant

32,-

50,-

90,-

450 g/m2 1.000 g/plant

26,-

50,-

40,-

90,-

75,-

CBD+

75% Indica 25% Sativa

The CBD varieties were created specifically for medical users.

50 jours 16% - 20%

The cannabinoid (CBD) was not the same psychoactive effects as THC, it allows the body to relax without having a powerful effect.

Blueberry and Pine

In these strains, the% of CBD and THC respects the ratio of 1: 1.

Happy / Lucid 50° early Oct. 50° early April

This results in varieties with higher relaxing effect, both physical and mental. They provide relief from headaches, muscle pain, seizures, nausea and loss of appetite in cancer patients.

100 cm 175 cm 425 g/m2 450 g/plant

32,-

32,-

50,-

450 g/m2 700 g/plant

40,-

75,-

500 g/m2 700 g/plant

40% Indica 60% Sativa

90% Indica 10% Sativa

4% - 8% THC 8% - 12% CBD

5% - 9% THC 8% - 12% CBD

60 / 65 days

55 days

Mellow head buzz, both mentally and physically relaxing

Relaxation of mind and body Pain relief

Honey / Fruity

Hash / Perfume

50° early Oct. 50° early April

50° early Oct. 50° early April

120 cm 200 cm

90 cm 150 cm

450 g/m2 700 g/plant

90,-

26,-

26,-

40,-

75,-

400 g/m2 500 g/plant

50% Indica 40% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

80% Indica 10% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

70% Indica 20% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

60% Indica 30% Sativa 10% Ruderalis

14% - 18%

15% - 19%

15% - 19%

15% - 19%

60/65 days from germination

63 days from germination

60/65 days from germination

60 days from germination

Fruity / Sweet

Sweet berries Pungent

Spicy / Sweet

Citric intense Bouquet

Surprisingly strong

Mild to strong relaxing

Long lasting Intense stoned

Heavy potent

60° 70 days from 60° germination

60° 65 days from 60° germination

60° 75 days from 60° germination

60° 70 days from 60° germination

90 cm 110 cm

75 cm 90 cm

110 cm 125 cm

110 cm 125 cm

400 g/m2 75 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

350 g/m2 75 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

400 g/m2 100 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

500 g/m2 75 g/plant

23,-

35,-

65,-

32,-

50,-

90,-

26,-

40,-

75,-

23,-

35,-

65,-

12

STRAIN REPORT

Welcome to Royal Opium Airlines!

It’s fairly unusual to name a cannabis strain after another drug, and so cannabis aficionados may be a bit puzzled when hearing of the Paradise Seeds strain “Opium” for the first time. Inevitably, many of them will think of an extremely narcotizing effect, of smokefilled opium dens and delirious opium smokers.

which is followed by a pleasant mellowing out thanks to the strain’s indica factor. It comes with the kind of high that won over the judges in the bio category of the High Times Cannabis Cup in 2006 – they chose Opium as the second best strain in the competition.

The guys from The Daily Smoker have included Opium in their 'Top 10 cannabis strains' too, so the experts agree that this is one plant with quite a pedigree.

So, we thought it was about time to take another look at the royal qualities of this strain. While your buddies may stop and take a double look when you mention that you have a couple of Opium plants in the grow tent, it won’t be long before they will be bowing before Her royal Highness!

Words & Pics: Green Born Identity – G.B.I. However, with this special naming, Paradise Seeds didn’t intend to compare the actual effect of their cannabis strain with opium, but simply to symbolise its strong potency.

Aside from that, company founder and master breeder, Paradise Luc, wanted to give this strain a name that carried an air of exotic mystery to it. We guess you could compare it to the famous “Opium” perfume,

by Yves Saint Laurent, which doesn’t smell like the real opium either! The term “opium” is rooted in the Greek word “opos”, which means juice - and there’s another good reason for the name, as each cannabis strain shall produce as many resinous, “juicy” buds as possible…

For the Opium strain, this is especially true, according to Paradise Seeds, as its buds have a reputation for growing big, dense and becoming richly covered with resin. In an indoor environment, this plant can easily yield up to 450g/m2. Master Luc and his crew even refer to this evenly balanced 50:50 sativa/indica as the “Queen of Paradise plants”, attesting to her “majestic growth” and a “deliciously regal smoke” which comes with a fruity character.

Opium’s growth pattern is strong and bushy, producing lots of bud filled branches. Indoors, she needs 60 flowering days to ripen, and outdoors she matures really early for an indoors strain, being ready for picking the beginning of October in the Northern Hemisphere (and April in the Southern Hemisphere).

Nevertheless, in northern areas outdoor gardeners need to keep an

For this grow tent experiment, we took two feminized seeds and grew them in 11 litre pots (in a Plagron soil mix). After 4 weeks in the vegetative stage they were put into flower and both plants showed a quick response, with female pre-flowers soon becoming evident. eye on potential mold infestation, especially if the weather is cold and rainy.

The effect delivered by Opium clearly pronounces its sativa side, being cerebral and visual, with a quick lift-off

After 8 weeks, the two Opium plants showed similar growth patterns and looked almost identi-

13

cal side by side. Appearance was impressive, with these two plants turning into globular bushes, abounding with numerous thick chubby tops which were covered with chunky buds, exhibiting an extremely dense cluster structure and looking like they had been lavishly sprayed with resin beads. Not only the calyxes, but also the flowering leaves were heavily coated with trichomes for the most part.

Already, the distinctive Opium odor wafted from the plant (far more enticing than the Yves Saint Laurent odor in our opinion!) - sweet and fruity, with a slightly earthy-woody undertone. This combination of smells hinted at the captivating complexity, which characterizes this exotic strain. With their heavily swollen calyxes and fairly broad flowering leaves, their indica genes dominated the Opium buds’ appearance. However, we must not forget that Opium is half part indica and half part sativa, so this appearance was a little deceptive when it came to predicating the finished effect.

After 58 and 60 flowering days, in

full accordance the strain’s official flowering time, the two plants were fully ripe, and harvest produced a vast amount of majestic, supersticky Opium buds. The final weights were impressive too. Once dried, the plants came in at 88 and 96 grams respectively – translation: thumbs up! During the drying phase that intense sweet ’n fruity Opium smell really seeped through the buds.

Testing this harvest, we used a Volcano balloon, filled with Opium vapor… and after its delicious clearance the effect was an instant firstclass flight ticket! First, the takeoff - a mighty sativa flash kicking in, that brings with it a sensation of weightlessness in every single cell of the body. What followed was a most comfortable two-hour flight of euphoria with “Royal Opium Airlines“, before some pleasantly padded indica brakes were applied, ensuring an extremely pleasant soft landing. If you haven’t already had the pleasure of first class travel in this Paradise seeds carrier, we suggest you check in and get your Royal Opium Airlines boarding pass!”

CULTIVATION DATA: Genetics

Opium (50:50 sativa/indica)

Vegetative stage

4 weeks

Flowering stage

58 and 60 days / 60 days in general

Medium

Plagron Grow Mix soil, 11 litre pots

pH

6.0-6.5

EC

1.2–1.6 mS

Light

Up to 2x 600 W MH in the vegetative stage, 2x 600 W HPS + 1x 400 W HPS in the flowering stage

Temperature

18-29°C

Air humidity

40-60%

Watering

manuell

Fertilisation

Organic Grow Liquid and Organic Bloom Liquid from Green Buzz Liquids

Additives/stimulants

More Roots, Humin Säure Plus, Big Fruits, Fast Buds and Clean Fruits from Green Buzz Liquids

Height

75 and 81 cm

Yield

88 and 96 g

14

COMIC

Est. 1991

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17

GROW WITH STONEY TARK

KEEP ON KUSHING

Cheese 'n' Kush (photo by Dinafem)

Coast over 40 years ago is a different league.

With commercial popularity at its highest, finding a good Kush these days is hard to find.

THE MYSTERY ABOUT 91 CHEMDOG:

There are many stories about the origin of the ‘ocean grown Kush ‘originating out of the United States. My understanding is that a guy named ‘Chemdog’ was given 13 seeds to work with in 1991. To cut a long story short from 4 seeds, one was a male and 3 were females. At the time Chemdog saw no need to keep the male and worked with the labeled females. ‘Chem # 4 ‘became the keeper and whilst other seeds failed to germinate and a couple were put away in storage, this clone was kept between a close group of friends and was known as ‘91 Chemdog ‘.

THE RISE OF KUSH ‘’ Recently there has been a rise in Kush and this has become evident within Dutch coffee shops

of flowers, trichomes, and THC ratings that were through the roof. This particular Kush pheno made its way to the west Coast and is what is

and with most seed banks. Attracting growers

Later on a grower from New York City acquired the genetics as bag seed. From this bag seed came a phenotype of the Chemdog O.G, as the story goes it was a Sensi Seeds Skunk that was crossed in the bag seed. Now days this phenotype is known as New York City Diesel. Later on the genetics made their way to the East Coast and became known as ‘East Coast Sour Diesel ‘. There are many variations of this story but the origin of the Chem # 4 clone and the Diesel phenotypes are real.

Since that time it made its way to Tahoe and then to California. Most of the O.G Kush phenotypes used at that time were only available in clone form. At some point a back cross would have been necessary in order to preserve the genetics and to produce more seeds. So really to pin point the original clones from that time is very tricky indeed. However, in California you can still find genetics those posses the original Chem 91. This is the pheno that I am sure most of the rappers from the U.S are smoking and refer to as the Chronic or the Cali Kush.

THE OLD SCHOOL:

The first seed bank who offered these land race indica plants to growers commercially was Sensi Pineapple Kush (photo by Mr. Jose)

with a short flowering time and a knock out stone, it is not hard to see why haze varieties are losing commercial value and even amongst many new and old home growers. Costing up to €17 a gram in Amsterdam, We take a look into the history of Kush and see how it has developed such mystery since the 1970’s. ‘’ THE ORIGIN OF KUSH:

Stoney Tark , Photos courtesy of Dinafem

The Hindu Kush Mountains cover Afghanistan, Northern Pakistan and North-Western India.

The use of the Cannabis plant has been well known in these regions for thousands of years. The mountainous area provides home for hundreds of thousands of wild land race indica plants. With the valley providing an ideal environment, over time plants have interbred with one another and many different varieties and phenotypes can be identified. The choice to

select from is unbelievable as there are literally mountain sides of wild cannabis growing.

These are the true land race strains that were discovered and brought back to America in the 1970’s. This is when the rumour about G13 surfaced and strains of immense power being created by GW Pharmaceuticals. The Pink Kush was rumoured to be a tetraploid, basically meaning it had advanced chromosome groups within its genetics. Ultimately producing unseen amounts

referred to by the real O.G Kush. Many growers will have grown some potent Afghan Indica strains and the land race of Kush. Now days however, working the genetics that graced the West

Seeds. In the 80’s to the early 90’s, Sensi Seeds produced their collectable seed catalogues which hosted many of these strains. They were only in regular form and the genetics from this era were

18 as pure as can be. As well as offering the original Skunk hybrids, Sensi Seeds offered the original Kush land races. Super Skunk was created by crossing Skunk # 1 with Afghan Kush and a new hybrid of high powered, heavy yielding skunk was produced. The original building blocks of most strains today came from these earliest Indicas. Below is a list of the descriptions from the Sensi Seeds catalogue which really expresses their true characteristics.

Sensi Seeds Master Kush –

The prices however range between €14-€17 per gram for high grade Rollex O.G, Duster O.G, Kosher Kush, Star Kush, Purple O.G, O.G Kush, L.A Kush, Grape Kush, Flower Bomb Kush, Sour O.G, Holy Grail Kush, Pure Kush, Sky Walker O.G, Head Banger O.G, Strawberry Kush and the list goes on and on.

The rise in Kush has even changed the prices the coffee shops pay to their growers. With such a high demand, expect to pay a lot for the high grade and what ever happened to the ethos ‘ indicas are cheapest and sativas cost more’ has swiftly disappeared.

‘’ An Indian-Afghani hybrid created from two truebreeding Indica seed lines that were collected in different parts of the Hindu-Kush. The cannabis from this area has always been valued for its resin production and Master Kush retains this quality, as well as the vintage flavour of her parents earthy and pungent, with a hint of incense.

The taste of Master Kush will remind many smokers of hand-rubbed charas hashish. This is no surprise, as Kush weed is a major source of charas. A plant of great physical power, without the mind-numbing 'stoney' effect of many Indica strains. ‘’

As a Kush lover, I can recommend buying from Voyagers Coffee Shop, Green Place Coffee shop and Eerste Hulp.

These 3 places always have quality cured buds of the pungent Indica you are seeking and are relatively close to each other. Beware of other coffee shops that will sell you wet small buds that you roll 2 joints out of, for your high priced gram. Many places will throw wild names on their menu but inspect their buds and you will know if it is dank or not. Your Kush buds should be big and dry and stink the second they open the tub. When you’re buying something that is more expensive than gold per gram, you expect to get the best. Stick with the 3 places above to ensure your first experience of Kush is one you will not forget.

Sensi Seeds Afghan Kush –

‘’ The original ‘AK’, brought from the You can also buy Kush seeds and choose from heart of the Hindu Kush mountain range a wide list at Royal Queen Seeds Store on where its genotype has been selected and Damstraat 46, Amsterdam so can leave with the perfected over centuries to be the ultimate Kush variety you smoked that day. They offer regular source of cannabis resin. Fragrant north Indian and femenised Kush strains with a wide selection.

Purple Afghan Kush (photo by Dinafem) charas and sticky black Afghani hashish are both THE MEDICAL ASPECT: largely produced from Kush plants — a subset of One thing these short flowering indica cannabis plants posses the Indica family which may be considered definitive are real medicinal qualities. The smoker can enjoy an instant head examples of that line. high and strong body stone. Medical patients can benefit from strong Afghan Kush produces a heavy yield and remains compact, pain relief, increased appetite, relaxed muscles, increased sleep and a long especially working with clones. Growers who flower their original lasting narcotic effect. High in CBD, the Kush strain is excellent for people who suffer seed plants will notice a jump in height at the onset of blooming, due to with nerve disorders or muscle problems. M.S also and Kush has been well known to help those this strain’s natural vigour. Leaves are broad-bladed and dark green. Afghan Kush buds develop at chemotherapy level of cancer treatments. People who suffer with back problems find Kush a into massive, blunt-topped, resin-saturated nuggets of pure Indica goodness. ‘’ suitable medicine to help relax tense muscles. Also note that inflammation is reduced and mobility Sensi Seeds Hindu Kush – increases. The Purple O.G is well documented as a real helper for those seeking pain reliefs. ‘’ This pure Indica seed-strain comes directly from the massive mountain range for which it is named. The Hindu Kush is the western spur of the Himalayas, covering half of Afghanistan and The Kush strains below all measure at a whopping minimum 23% THC and have been ranked straddling the borders of Pakistan and India, reaching almost to China. This desolate and beautiful the strongest strains on Earth last year, according to High Times Magazine.

HIGH IN CBD, THE KUSH STRAIN IS EXCELLENT FOR PEOPLE WHO SUFFER WITH NERVE DISORDERS OR MUSCLE PROBLEMS region forms an important trade-route between the Middle East, central Asia and the Far East and the ancient cannabis traditions of the surrounding cultures have met and merged here over centuries. Put simply, the Hindu Kush is the absolute centre of the world when considering true Indica or Afghanica genotypes and the various forms of black hashish produced from them.

This cultivar has been selected for quality and stability over countless generations, always breeding within its own gene pool. Hindu Kush produces very consistent seedlings and is an excellent variety for uniform indoor crops grown straight from seed. Plants are dark green, squat and powerful with classic, broad-bladed Indica leaves. In warmer climates, below about 42°N, Hindu Kush can flourish outdoors.

KUSH IN AMSTERDAM:

The coffee shop scene has changed drastically over the past decade. The old school kushes that were once available are now hard to find and have been replaced by many new U.S style kushes.

From a commercial perspective, a strain that takes 8 weeks to grow and can return the same

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With soaring levels of THC and CBD, it is no wonder to see why medical patients all over the world, look to Kush for serious relief. Many of the strains above are available at dispensaries in America

EXPECT TO PAY A LOT FOR THE HIGH GRADE AND WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO THE ETHOS ‘ INDICAS ARE CHEAPEST AND SATIVAS COST MORE’ HAS SWIFTLY DISAPPEARED money as long flowering haze varieties, has replaced many haze strains in many coffee shops.

Now of course there will always be a supply of Amnesia Haze or G13 Haze on the premises but now most menus boast a mouth watering menu of killer kushes.

and have all been tested in a lab environment, ensuring the best quality for the patients who prefer not to take pharmaceutical pills. Smoking Kush can be a real pleasure and a well grown phenotype can be the difference between that clone becoming a future household name! ‘’

EUROPEAN WHOLESALER

20

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Billy By preserving pollen you open up the possibility of extending the effective fertilization period of males for a long period.

ASK ED Roots require oxygen (O) to survive, and when the environment provides an abundance of the element they thrive.

Using a bubbler to increase water circulation allows more water to come in contact with the surface where it releases CO2 and dissolves O, which is then available to the roots.

BY ED ROSENTHAL

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To keep pollen viable for several weeks you can store it in a refrigerator in a sealed container with a desiccant package, which are readily available online. For convenience of storage and application you might mix the pollen with an equal weight of flour, which absorbs humidity and also increases the number of flowers that it can be applied to.

To store pollen long term it is best to keep it frozen. There is a little process in preparing it. First, mix the pollen with flour and store it in the refrigerator for several with an appropriate size desiccator pad. This dries the pollen somewhat so that the cell walls of the pollen don’t break from ice expansion when it is placed in the freezer.

After the natural drying process in the refrigerator, wrap the pollen/flour mixture in glass vials stopped with cotton and place the vials in a plastic container with desiccator. Seal it with a tight cover and place in a freezer. Seeds in a freezer for 10 years were viable. Usually seeds for long-term storage are kept at a temperature of -34.440C. If you are planning to use only some of the seeds at one time, divide them into portion control containers so the other seeds don’t defrost. With each freeze-thaw cycle more seeds lose their viability.

To germinate frozen seeds soak them in water with 1% hydrogen peroxide for a few hours. Then soak them in a solution of 100 ppm GA3 (gibberellic acid) for 24 hours before starting germination. This increases germination percentage of seeds with ambiguous viability. Keep the medium or germination cloth at about 300 and make sure that the germinating seedlings first pair of leaves (cotyledons) is exposed to light as soon as it appears.

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Male pollen drops from the five pedaled flowers and becomes airborne

An oxygenator is an alternative to an air pump and bubbler. It creates free O gas through electrolysis, the technique of running a current through water, which separates it into its constituent elements, Hydrogen (H) and O, which rise in the water as fine bubbles. The O is readily available to the roots. Saturating irrigation water with O by bubbling air through the water increases root vigor and growth.

)/2:(5,1* 7,0( ,V LW KDUPIXO WR P\ SODQWV WR UXQ D RII RQ F\FOH DQG LI LW ZLOO PDNH D GLIIHUHQFH LQ GHQVLW\ RI EXGV" Jonathan Covert Ops,

Cannabis is a short day plant, which means that its trigger to flower is based on the number of hours of uninterrupted darkness that it receives daily.

During the first two hours of darkness the plant hormone, phytochrome, which is primarily affected by the presence or absence of red light, switches to its inactive state. When the phytochrome remains active for a certain period daily for about five days, the plant switches from vegetative growth to flowering. The number of hours that phytochrome needs to remain inactive varies by variety. That’s why some plants initiate flowering before others outdoors.

Light provides the energy to power photosynthesis. The more light the plant receives in both intensity and duration, the more sugar it produces.

Plants use sugar for two purposes. The first is as a source of energy to fuel metabolism, the life process. Animals use sugar in the same way, to provide life energy.

Any excess sugar is used as a building block for growth.

Other elements are added to create amino acids, which are used for tissue building. The more excess sugar the plant produces the faster it grows. When the day-length is longer the plants receive more total light than when it is shorter, so they produce more sugar and can grow bigger.

Deficiency- necrosis of the edges then throughout the leaf

Outdoors, you can determine how long a dark period a plant needs to initiate flowering by checking for the first indications of flowering. Count back 10 days, and then check sunset-sunrise at that time to find out how long the dark period was when the triggering began. Most marijuana plants only require between 10-11 hours. When plants are forced to

21 flower under 12 hours of darkness indoors they receive a longer period of darkness than they need to initiate flowering.

Plants also use the length of the dark period in part to determine when to start flower ripening. As the dark period increases the plants are under more pressure to ripen up before the weather turns cold and rainy. With a 12-12 regimen the plants are already under pressure to ripen because they would normally be half way through flowering under a natural light cycle.

One indication of this is the plant growth cycle outdoors. On Sept. 22, at the fall Equinox there is 12 hours of light and 12 of dark. By that time the plants are well into flowering. Some of them are very near ripening. Obviously most flowering was initiated in early to mid-August when the light period was considerably longer than the dark period.

To increase lit time you can force flowering using a shorter dark period such as 11 hours (13 hours of light, for a lit period 54% of the time), an increase of about 8% so the plants receive more energy during the first stages of flowering when the growth rate is fastest.

Then increase the dark period to 12 hours.

For faster ripening bring it up to 14 hours.

I don’t know how the plants would react to a 27-hour cycle consisting of 15 hours lit, 12 hours dark. That would increase on time to about 55%, a 10% increase. Perhaps you could use a 16-11 hour cycle to force flowering. Then the plants would receive light 59% of the time, an 18% increase.

It could increase yield as it also increases ripening time. The question is would the yield per day increase? You would figure productivity as yield divided by flowering time in days. However you might find the staggered day inconvenient because the 27-hour cycle will usually be out of sync with our 24 hour circadian cycle.

Seedlings can be paced directly into flower

+,*+ (/(9$7,21 *52:,1* Do you have suggestions for a high HOHYDWLRQ VWUDLQ" , ZLOO EH JURZLQJ DW PHWHUV , DP ORRNLQJ IRU VRPHWKLQJ WKDW ZLOO SURGXFH D TXDOLW\ IORZHU :H IRXQG D ORW RI VWUDLQV WR JURZ DLU\ DW WKLV HOHYDWLRQ Paolo There are several environmental conditions that you must consider in choosing how to grow a high elevation variety. How long is the growing season? What temperature range will the plants experience? Is the garden going to be protected by greenhouse or row covers?

At 9500 feet the garden is going to be subject to harsh conditions, wind and windstorms, fast temperature change, cool nights and a harsh sun with high UV. Pure Afghani and Afghani kushes evolved in the Himalayan foothills at elevations of 500-

1500 meters. So these strains are the most likely to adapt to the environment.

They are short and stout with tight branching. Their leaves are tough and are capable of producing more protective waxes than salivas.

Some of the auto-flowering strains that are hybrids of ruderalis and indicas are also fast to flower and ripen quickly. They are very good candidates for successful harvests.

Some Dutch and regional American seed companies claim to have high-altitude strains.

However, I would start my strain search by looking for local breeders who have been adapting varieties to your unique local conditions. They are the people most likely to have strains that will do well the first time out.

If you are able to provide some shelter to the garden such as a greenhouse your options will increase because some of the harsher conditions will be eliminated.

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0\ SODQWV DUH DERXW ZHHNV VK\ RI KDUYHVWLQJ &DQ WKH\ VWLOO VHHG" Laura Symington The receptive sex organ of the female flower is the stigma. Cannabis stigmas are the easily recognizable. They are the white hairs attached to the ovule below. Each stigma is a hollow tube with sticky protrusions covering it. The stigmas filter the air for cannabis pollen. When a grain lands on one, the sperm is extracted from the article and is pushed down the hollow tube to the ovule that has been waiting to meet it and make a seed together.

This bud has some white stigmas. They can still be pollinated

Stigmas are receptive to pollen as long as they remain fresh white. As they age they lose their freshness first turning yellowish then drying to red, brown or orange color. When that happens they are no longer receptive.

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, P EUHDVW IHHGLQJ DQG , VPRNH D EOXQW DERXW RQFH D ZHHN , NQRZ , VKRXOGQ W ZKLOH QXUVLQJ %XW ZLOO LW KXUW P\ EDE\" 2U GRHV GRFWRU V MXVW VD\ QRW WR GR LW" 3OHDVH KHOS , P D VWRQHU , FDQ W MXVW JLYH XS ZHHG , GRQ W VPRNH FLJDUHWWHV RU GULQN Mizzndpindent Studies of pre-natal exposure to marijuana have been inconclusive. One study, by Peter Fried, funded by the U.S. government, showed a decrease in “executive function” but a marked increase in intelligence. Other studies have shown slightly lower weight and length of infants born to marijuana using mothers. This ambiguity is not the case when mothers use alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and excess sugar.

THC and its metabolites are transferred to infants in mother’s milk. There have been very few studies on this subject but there are no reported difficulties that infants have experienced in the medical literature. Nor do there seem to be any reported test results that show any harm reported by a specific instance of marijuana use by a nursing mother.

In spite of this articles written for nursing mothers warn them not to use cannabis although they do not cite any dangers or harm. From an objective search of the literature I have come to the conclusion that the main danger of marijuana use to infant or mother is possible interference by government agencies such as “Child Protective Services.”

Although you are using marijuana infrequently I have some concern about your method, that is, blunts. The blunt wrapping is tobacco and that is not good either for the baby or for you. I think the safest method would be ingestion, either as a tincture, which feels the same as a smoking high, or by ingestion of edibles.

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23 6KRXOG WKH ODGLHV JR RU VWD\ WKUHH PRUH GD\V" Curtis Beekman The plants aren’t going to grow or mature much during cool, cloudy and rainy weather.

So delaying harvest won’t help them much.

However, the environmental conditions are likely to cause brown mold (botrytis) and as the temperature rises there is chance of a powdery mildew infection.

Don’t wait for a change in astronomical conditions. Harvest now while the buds are still in good condition.

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Double ended hps fixture UDWLR WKDQ \RX G QRUPDOO\ VHH 7KHUH ZDV YHU\ OLWWOH OHDI SURGXFWLRQ RYHUDOO :KDW DUH \RXU WKRXJKWV DQG WDNH RQ WKLV" Dominique

),1,6+,1* 7(03(5$785( :KDW VKRXOG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KXPLGLW\ EH IRU WKH ODVW WZR ZHHNV RI IORZHULQJ" Matthew Thees

Growing from seed to flower under a regimen of 12 hours is a viable cultivation technique and your experiments were typical of the success people have with it.

One way to figure the success of the garden would be to look at the yield through the lens of watts per gram.

Let’ s say that two gardens had the same yield and used the same number of watts per day but one took 8 weeks from seed (or clone) and the other took 10 weeks. Obviously the 8-week garden was the bigger yielder. Here’s a formula to figure it. Yield divided by total watts, that is, yield divided by bulb wattage x number of hours daily x number of days.

Here it is applied to the 8-week cycle 400 (grams)~.4 kilowatts (kw) x 12 x 56= 268kw.

400~268=1.49 g per watt. The 10-week cycle light formula: .4 x 12 x 70=336 kw.

400(g)~336= 1.19 grams per watt.

Marijuana grows fastest when the leaves at the top of the canopy have a surface temperature of about -2.22 to -1.110. So the fastest growth and ripening will proceed in this range.

However, this is not the only consideration. The terpenes, the odor molecules that give varieties of marijuana their “personality”, are oils that are volatile at relatively low temperatures. That’s why marijuana odors waft through the air on warm days. The smallest molecules evaporate when the temperature range is -6.11 to -3.33 degrees. So by lowering the temperature the terpene content is increased but at the cost of slower ripening. One compromise would be to lower the temperature for just the last 5 days.

$//(5*,& 5($&7,21 , DP D IHPDOH VHQLRU ZKR VRXJKW RXW PHGLFDO PDULMXDQD WR NHHS PH DVOHHS , DZDNHQ WLPHV D QLJKW DQG VOHHS YHU\ OLJKWO\ DQG , KDYH WULHG PRVW HYHU\WKLQJ HOVH Harvest all the buds before the bad weather affects the

)LUVW , WULHG DQ HGLEOH 'D\GUHDPHUV ,QGLFD PJ , KDG D WHUULEOH SDQLF SDUDQRLD

24 KDYH D GLIIHUHQW UHVSRQVH WR YDSRUL]LQJ RU WLQFWXUHV 'R \RX WKLQN WKRVH RWKHU IRUPV ZRXOG EH RND\ DQG MXVW ODVW WKURXJK WKH QLJKW" Maria M. I don’t think that you should experiment with marijuana concentrates, at least not without a doctor’s supervision, because you are showing allergic reactions to something in the substance. Your reactions might be stronger to a concentrate.

The hives you had was an external manifestation of an inflammation. Your internal tissues or organs may have a reaction to the substance as well but you might not be aware of it.

Microscopic image of stigmas. The green ones are still viable. The yellow one is stale and dying. The appendages are sticky enough to catch pollen.

UHDFWLRQ WKDW NHSW PH XS DOO QLJKW 7KH QH[W GD\ DERXW KRXUV DIWHU WDNLQJ LW , EURNH RXW LQ KLYHV

Heed the signals your body is sending. It’s giving you visible evidence that it’s not happy with the treatment.

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7KH SODQWV KDYH EHHQ IORZHULQJ IRU GD\V DQG KDYH QRW EHHQ UHFHLYLQJ &2 , MXVW PDNH VXUH WR RSHQ WKH URRP GRRU IRU DERXW PLQXWHV D GD\ ,I , VWDUW VXSSOHPHQWLQJ ZLWK &2 LW ZRXOG VWLOO PDNH D GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH WLJKWQHVV DQG GHQVLW\ RI P\ EXGV" Jason B

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Carbon dioxide, CO2 is one of the two ingredients that are used in photosynthesis, which is the process in which green plants use the energy from light to cleave water into hydrogen and oxygen and then attach the hydrogen to the CO2 to make sugar.

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Currently CO2 is comprises about 400 PPM of the atmosphere. However, when plants

can process it at a much higher rate when it comprises a higher percentage of the air and there is bright light. This increases sugar production and thus the growth rate at little cost, since it is considerably cheaper than the electricity used for lighting.

A fraction of a second after the CO2 is a dded to the air it will be absorbed into the plant and used, immediately increasing the growth rate. Even at this late date just 6 or 7 weeks from harvest it pays to add CO2. It will increase yield and decrease time to ripening.

Yes. Using a dehumidifier in a closed loop space stabilizes the humidity to a set percentage. You mentioned that you were running your grow at 40% humidity.

This was maintained even though the plants emitted more water, as they grew larger.

So, using a dehumidifier controlled by a humidistat will be one tool for maintaining the proper humidity for drying and curing.

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The other concern is temperature.

Dehumidifiers release hot air into the space. Smaller molecule terpenes are highly volatile at temperatures in the -6’s. Therefore, it’s important to keep the temperature low. Adding draw water from the air.

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Ceramic discharge lamps are not as efficient as a high quality HPS lamp. In tests the Gavita and Papillion double-ended HPS lamps produced the most light at the least cost over a five-year period.

Ceramic lamps are much less efficient.

'(+80,',),(5 , P JRLQJ WR EH KDUYHVWLQJ DQG GU\LQJ VRRQ , KDYH WKH KXPLGLW\ LQ WKH URRP FRQWUROOHG ZLWKRXW RQH DURXQG WKURXJKRXW WKH JURZ F\FOH EXW , DP ZRUULHG DERXW LW HIIHFWLQJ WKH SODQWV :RXOG D GHKXPLGLILHU GHFUHDVH GU\LQJ WLPH" Johnny S.

Grow in Tahoe, CA Light deprivation can help bring in an early harvest in high altitude and other short seasons

, DP KDYLQJ VRPH SUREOHPV ZLWK DQ QIW K\GUR V\VWHP XVLQJ PHWHUV SYF SLSH ZLWK SODQWV 7KHUH DUH UHDOO\ EDG QHFURWLF DUHDV RQ PRVWO\ WKH HQGV RI WKH PLGGOH DQG ROGHU OHDYHV ZKLFK DUH DOVR IROGLQJ LQ KDOI DQG DUH YHU\ ULJLG *URZWK LV VWLOO RFFXUULQJ EXW WKH WLSV RQ WKH QHZ JURZWK VKRZ VOLJKW \HOORZLQJ 3+ KDV EHHQ DURXQG :K\ LV WKLV KDSSHQLQJ DQG KRZ FDQ , VROYH WKH SUREOHP" Bobby The plants are suffering from general over fertilization that is causing the leaves to fold and to be rigid and stiff. The necrotic spots are caused by a lack of calcium.

Flush the containers. Then add cal-mag available at local indoor garden shops.

25

GROW WITH STONEY TARK

Frequently Asked Questions and Answers…

ABOUT BREEDING ‘’ One of the best things about the Cannabis plant is its ability to produce seeds like any other fruit or flower on Earth. The evolution of cannabis has paved the gateway for the hundreds of new seed banks, popping up all the time. As home growers, we have all played with the idea of making our very own hybrid. However, the thought of working with males and females together, swiftly takes most growers away from their comfort zone and quickly refrain from the idea of growing a seeded crop. Here you will find many helpful points that will get you on the road to successfully creating your very own strain. ‘’

By Stoney Tark, Photos: courtesy of Dinafem

a small branch. For 100+ pollinate a full branch and for 1000+ pollinate all pistils in sight. The most important thing to remember is being cautious of pollinating other females you may have in the room you are growing for buds.

WHAT IS MEANT BY AN UNSTABLE CROSS? A stable cross is when the best genetic traits are brought from 2 strains and combined into one plant. A stable cross should also ensure uniform consistent plants that are equal in height, leaf symmetry, smell, and yield and so on. An unstable cross will display inconsistency and the grower may find themselves working with indica

WHEN IS THE TIME TO POLLINATE THE FEMALE? In nature a plant will produce viable ready to germinate seeds in 6-7 weeks. You should calculate then dependant on the strain your working with, more so if the strain is a short flowering Indica variety. There are some old school Skunk varieties that can finish between 42 days and 49 days. Working with these types of Plants means you must pollinate the white pistils as soon as they develop. In most cases you should aim at pollinating at week 3 and once you see the pollen has made contact with the pistil, and then the plant will now focus its energy on producing a seed. Every pistil that has now made contact with the male pollen will produce a seed over the next 36-42 days dependant on the characteristics of the strains being used. Remember it only takes the tiniest particle of pollen to create a seed.

WHAT METHODS ARE THERE FOR POLLINATING? This is the part that can be overwhelming for new growers but really it can be simple also. Once the male plant has begun opening the pollen sacs, you can now collect and store the dry pollen. This is a good time to remove the male from the grow room. Remove the plant somewhere far away from the grow room to ensure you do not pull excess dry pollen through your ventilation system. The easiest way to work with the pollen in small quantities is to place a tea spoon amount of the pollen in a dry wrap. Also a great method is to find a small sterile clean glass jar and place the pollen inside. This is particularly useful when you will later place the jar around the pre flowers of the female subject, to ensure a quick clean pollination. Also you can clearly label the jars for future use. The most basic way is to walk around with some of the male flowers brushing away and coating everything in sight. By using method, you must ensure a thorough cleaning of the grow room before any future projects occur. By starting with a small amount of pollen and applying with a paint brush or by dipping the pre flowers inside the jar with the pollen inside.

dominant phenotypes on one hand and then sativa dominant on the other. Also with unstable crosses, you can experience flowering periods of 8-12 weeks dependant on the parental lineage. If you are having issues with unstable first or second generation crosses, you should try using genetics that may genetically gel better. For example crossing a skunk plant with an Afghan indica variety will produce hybrid vigour. Bigger fruit sets and strong side branching can be expected to come through, as well as more bio mass and a stronger stone than the fragrant skunk offers.

CAN I POLLINATE PART OF THE PLANT OR SHOULD I COVER ALL THE FLOWERS I CAN SEE?

HOW SHOULD I SELECT THE MOTHER THE FATHER I WILL USE?

If this will be your first attempt at crossing 2 strains, I would recommend you aim to produce enough seeds to work with for the next step of the project. Pollinate only the lower branches or several of the higher main branches, as this will allow you to harvest buds and seeds together. Perhaps you are at a point where you wish to produce as many as you can. In this case pollinate all pistils you can see. You can also repeat this process each time you see any new pre flowers forming. From my experience, for results of 30 -50 seeds pollinate half

The beauty of life is choice and selection is very important when choosing a mother plant. The purpose of keeping this mother or father plant alive is to revert back to them for future stabilizing. Start with your regular seeds and try planting between 50 – 100 seeds, grown in small pots to avoid big plants growing. As a grower you can

26 under a microscope is like a tiny vibrating ball that keeps doing so till it meets a flower. When pollen gets wet then it is no longer useful so consider this when in the grow room or outdoors.

THE POLLEN HAS TURNED THE WHITE PISTILS BROWN VERY QUICKLY. IS THAT NORMAL? The former white hair will become dark red and clearly show you as if it were in ripening stage of a bud. This means the flower has been pollinated and in 7 weeks you can expect fully grown viable seeds.

From this point on, the seed will slowly form and over time, the plant will focus its energy on providing nutrients for the seeds to grow. You can pollinate parts of the plant and reserve others for flower production if you need to. have one room full of small plants clearly labeled, for example ‘Lemon Skunk # 078’ or ‘Girl Scout Cookies #099 ’. If you have 2 rooms or tents with many plants growing you can begin to judge which looks the best.

From far away you can see which stand out. Get up close and personal with the plant and see what each has to offer. Rub stems and smell the leaves. The most enjoyable part of selection for me personally is finding that one in a hundred has a smell like no other. I also find that crossing both ways always produces varied results. So you would have a male selected from Lemon Skunk and a male selected from Girl Scout Cookies. In addition you would have a female selected from the Lemon Skunk and the Girl Scout Cookies selection. By crossing both ways I always see what traits and hybrid vigour is displayed and can sometimes achieve better results using one male over the other. When you do get down to growing out and eventually producing second generation seeds, you can then bring either of the males back in for stability or to improve other traits.

HOW DO I KNOW IF THE MALE IS ANY GOOD? When growing out males, it is important to look for specific qualities. For a new breeding project try to find a phenotype that is small and squat, yet flowers heavy. When the males are now ready to produce pollen, you will see which is the most productive.

Also you will determine which is the most fragrant and displays the best plant vitality and vigour. Yield is not essential as you may be focusing on shortening flowering time or reducing plant height or perhaps just want to introduce a new flavour into the variety.

You can always take pollen samples or a clone from different males and choose to pollinate clones of a selected female. This way you are able to truly see which male produces the hybrid vigour you are looking for and will have different males to work with during new future projects.

CAN I KEEP THE POLLEN FOR A FUTURE CROSS? Yes you can but more store away in a dry place where the pollen cannot become wet and inert. Pollen

THE SEEDS FROM THE NEW CROSS ARE NOT GERMINATING. WHY NOT?

As the architect of the breeding project, it is your responsibility to decide what phenotype you want to bring forward. For example, you may want to create a small sized heavy producer due to limited grow space. Or on the contrary, you may want a tall fast growing phenotype that may be better adapted to a scrog or outdoor scenario.

to create multiple new crosses at once. If you are making a new strain and plan to work a line for a long period of time, then producing large quantities of seeds is necessary for research and development.

WHAT IS MEANT BY F1 AND S1 IN TERMS OF BREEDING?

Feminized seeds are made differently to those of regular seeds. Instead of a male flower being selected and used to pollinate a female flower, Colloidal Silver is in fact used. The Colloidal Silver is applied to the female pre flower at the earliest signs of development. The plant reacts to this treatment by producing male pollen sacs growing with the female flower.

The pollen taken from these treated female flowers is now considered an all female chromosome. By using the same female clones for ‘selfing ‘, the cross can depend on the same genetic match to ensure stability. It is always easier and better in my opinion to work with a regular batch of seeds when breeding.

When you begin to hear these terms used in breeding like F1, F2 and F3, it is easy to become confused.

An F1 means the ‘first generation’ as the F2 means ‘second generation’ and F3 means ‘third generation ’ . S1 means when the plant has been ‘selfed ‘or another way of saying feminized pollen was used in the breeding process. For example if you look at your grandparents and mother and father, you would be the third generation of your genetics. If you

HOW ARE FEMINIZED SEEDS MADE?

There are many variables involved when a seed or batch of seeds does not germinate. This can be a real confidence breaker, at any level of breeding. All of that time and energy spent producing seeds that will not germinate, no matter what. One reason the seeds do not seem viable can be they were picked too early or the pollination occurred too late. Evidence of this can be pale grey seeds with a green coat, often with no patterns or shell pattern. These seeds will often be small and slightly undeveloped. Another example of bad seeds can be when they germinate but struggle to maintain a good start, or even pop out of the soil or other medium. There is a natural cellulose glue layer that needs to be dissolved for the seed to activate at a cellular level. Most times you will get excellent success rates if nature intends so.

SHOULD THE PATTERN ON THE NEW SEEDS LOOK DIFFERENTLY TO PREVIOUS ONES? There are many different stripes and patterns on cannabis seeds. It is a good sign when the new crop of seeds you are making, display different patterns to the seeds you originally started with. This can be an indication of a new strain or generally something new. If you started with tiger striped seeds and end up with tiger striped seeds, this is not conclusive to say the new chromosomes will not posses new traits or evolved characteristics. I have made crosses before with the same male and 2 phenotypes of the same Kush. My results were one Kush pheno produced round blank grey cracked looking seeds, whilst the other was smaller and tiger striped.

THE F1 SEEDS I HAVE GROWN ARE SHOWING MANY PHENOTYPES. IS THIS GOOD OR BAD?

Phenotypes are very important in breeding. Many of the seed banks who work with ‘clone only ‘strains are using specific phenotypes of a certain strain.

were to keep a selected male and pollinate a clone and repeat the process with a clone taken from the second generation seeds, this will produce a very stable plant that displays many traits of that particular male used. Of course you can use different males from different strains, even at different stages. This is the beauty of breeding and you can even pollinate one plant’s many branches with different males. Be careful to keep the different pollen separate and label each branch. For example ‘ Vortex # 098 Female x Jack Herrer # 005 Male ‘ on one branch and ‘ Vortex # 098 female x Silver Pearl # 3 male ‘ on another.

This makes life much easier come harvest time and preparing labels for storage.

HOW MANY SEEDS CAN I EXPECT OFF ONE PLANT? Really you can produce thousands upon thousands of seeds off one plant. On the basis that every pistil is pollinated and the plant can grow to a normal size.

Expect at least 1000 seeds off one normal sized plant.

Sativa seeds are usually smaller and almost pip like, whilst indica seeds are bigger and dense. Try to get in the habit of creating very small batches of first cross seeds and growing small plants that you work with

HOW LONG SHOULD IT TAKE TO TRULY STABILIZE A NEW STRAIN? Stabilizing a strain to the point of reliability and high consistency is a skill. It takes time and most importantly precision and a clinical approach. Working with the same male and female is very important as it keeps the genetic compound tight. By the third generation cross you can expect to have a new strain that displays hybrid vigour. You may now have that desired trait you wanted all along and plenty of successfully germinating seeds to accompany.

‘’ Good luck with future breeding projects and creating the one strain to rule them all! ‘’

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To create AutoNight Queen we crossed a specially selected clone from the original photoperiod Night Queen® and FURVVHG KHU ZLWK D GDUN DXWRÀRZHULQJ $IJKDQ 0D]DU L 6KDULI hybrid from our gene bank. The result is rich, smooth and sweet tasting. Powerfully soothing on mind, body and soul.

7KH ULFK KDVK VFHQWV RI WKLV $IJKDQ .XVK ¿OO WKH DLU VKH LV delicious whether you smoke or vaporize her. Plants typically reach around 1m tall. AutoNight Queen will appeal to home growers looking for maximum potency.

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28

GROW WITH JORGE CERVANTES

PLASMA AND MAGNETIC INDUCTION LAMPS tors that fulfill the equivalent function. It has more than 90 percent conversion efficiency, and the solidstate driver eliminates failure.

Light-emitting plasma is the only high-intensity light source that can be dimmed down to 20 percent of light out-put, with both analog and digital controls. Dimming even increases longevity of the lamp. The cost is about $1000 USD for a 300watt LEP lamp.

Solid-state LEP lamps use electricity to energize metal halides, and argon rather than sulfur. These lamps have no electrodes and no associated failures. Overall, plasma lamps have a long life— up to 50,000 hours (7.7 years at 18 hours per day)—and are rated for 70 percent lumen maintenance. LEP-lamp efficacy ranges from 115 to 150 lumens per watt.

Plasma lamps produce UVA and UVB light. They have a radio frequency generator rather than a ballast.

PLASMA LAMPS

Plasma lamps fall into two categories: (1) internal or light-emitting plasma (LEP) lamps, which use radio waves to energize sulfur or metal halides in a bulb, and (2) external or induction lamps, which use fluorescent induction, including a tube filled with fluorescent phosphors.

The light-emitting plasma lamp is the original and most widely used form of (internal) induction lamp.

Radio frequency is used to excite gases inside a small ceramic envelope and produce a very bright light. The small lamps are about the size of a small camera storage chip.

The external inductor (plasma) lamps consist of round or rectangular tubes similar in diameter to T12 fluorescent tubes. The electromagnetic induction (plasma) lights are efficient and deliver 81 lumens per watt.

LIGHT-EMITTING PLASMA (LEP) LAMPS Today’s light-emitting plasma (LEP) grow lights are much different than the plasma lamps popular in the

1980s. Invented by Nikola Tesla in the 1890s, the first promising plasma lamps were sulfur lamps developed by Fusion Lighting. The lamps had technical difficulties, and they were too bright and had a poor spectrum for plant growth. Today several companies are overcoming the technical problems and making the spectrum conducive to plant growth. Several high-efficiency plasma (HEP) lamps have been introduced to the market; these lamps, including models from Ceravision and Luxim, achieve 140 lumens per watt. Commercially available LEP lamps come in wattages from 40 to 300. Plasma International also manufactures a 730- watt microwave-driven sulfur plasma lamp.

Gavita-Holland is the only known horticultural lighting company applying plasma lamp technology in the garden.

An RF driver, solid-state amplifier, and microcontroller are in a fully sealed lamp without electrodes and filaments.

The plasma lamp does not have a ballast, but rather an RF generator (aka magnetron) and semiconduc-

The directional nature of the light source means that no light is lost, trapped between the light and the reflector, and allows for the light to be spread evenly over the grow area with no overspill. The annual energy and maintenance costs are up to 45 percent less than for MH bulbs.

A solid-state electronic ballast with no moving parts is located in a sealed housing with a Gore-Tex ventilation plug. A square light pattern reflector with a UVC glass filter directs light at the garden. The Gavita lamp will last 30,000 hours

Lamps use a noble gas or a mixture of these gases and metal halides, sodium, mercury, or sulfur.

The plasma lamp family generates light by exciting plasma inside a bulb using radio frequency (RF) power. The small lamp is less than an inch (2.5 cm) square, and is embedded in a ceramic resonator.

The Gavita-Holland Pro 300 (watt) LEP lamp and fixture is the only commercially available luminaire developed for indoor gardeners. With a CRI of 94, the 5600 K color temperature (spectrum) is like natural sunlight. The lamp runs cool—so cool you can put your hand on the protective glass without burning it.

Not possible with an HID fixture!

29

A combination of plasma (5500 K) and high-pressure sodium (2100 K) lamps in a ratio of 1:4 provides the best spectrum for rapid growth. Plasma light combined with HPS light produces more branches, increases dry matter weight up to 30 percent, and improves overall plant structure. Stronger plants are more resistant to disease and pest attacks. The extra plasma light may also promote earlier and more prolific development of resin glands. Some gardeners report that resin glands tend to develop a few days earlier and continue to form at a more rapid rate when plasma lighting is used.

30

Plasma lamp from a novelty store

Light-emitting plasma lamps are the only light source for these mother plants. LEP lamps also emit UVA and UVB light. Natural sunlight emits UV light; HID bulbs do not. Among other things, this light is responsible for making plant cells more resilient.

LEP bulbs are small and very bright.

(4.5 years at 18 hours per day).

Low levels of UVB light pass through a shield and UVC light is filtered out. UVB light is produced by natural sunlight and is essential for healthy plant growth. The overall light spectrum contains more blue light too. See “UV Light” on page 256.

Do not try to air-cool plasma lamps.

When artificially cooled, the bulb is unable to reach full operating temperature and does not come to full brilliance or spectrum.

MAGNETIC INDUCTION LAMPS

Magnetic induction lamps are similar to fluorescent lamps, but

the electromagnets are wrapped around a section of the lamp tube.

High-frequency energy emitted by an induction coil produces a very strong magnetic field and excites the mercury atoms inside the glass tube. The mercury atoms emit UV light that is down-converted to visible light by the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube. The lamps contain no electrodes, and failures caused by filament erosion, vibration, or seal breach are impossible. With no electrodes to degrade, the lamps are very efficient and enjoy a longer life.

Round or rectangular 300-watt magnetic induction bulbs have a daylight color temperature of 5000 K and produce 24,500 lumens, 81 lumens per watt, and have a life of 100,000 hours. A 300-watt induction lamp system costs about $300

USD. They come with attached or remote ballast. The 300-watt induction lamp is touted to be a replacement for 600-watt HID lamps.

Small, 80-watt circular induction lamps with remote ballasts produce 6000 lumens of light with a color temperature (spectrum) of 5000 K. They have a life of 100,000 hours.

Magnetic induction lamps generate little heat, and ballasts have a life of 40,000 hours or longer.

Different color temperatures are possible by changing the composition of the phosphorous inside induction lamps. Plasma spectrums contain relatively little red light. At least one company has developed a bispectrum grow light to produce one half of the bulb at 2700 K and the other half at the other end of the spectrum.

This is an excerpt from chapter 17, “Light, Lamps & Electricity” from the Cannabis Encyclopedia (596 pages, 2,000+ color images, large A4 format) by Jorge Cervantes that is available everywhere in English. Spanish edition will be available January 2017. For more information please see Jorge´s website, www.marijuanagrowing.com.

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FOCUS ON GREENHOUSES

33

Growing cannabis in the Humboldt greenhouses Over the last ten years, greenhouses have played a vital role in the development and expansion of cannabis growing. They offer protection and contribute to control environmental conditions and moderate extreme climate changes, which ultimately results in a Ras. Humboldt Seeds product of higher quality.

Over the last few years, there has been a steady increase in the number of growers who use reduced light exposure for earlier plant ripening and take advantage of the season with the best climatic conditions while minimising problems. Some

as the available space. For successful results, the average outdoor temperature needs to be considered. It is vital to know the estimated outdoor planting and harvesting dates in order to exploit the advantages of a green-

Humboldt tube-shaped greenhouse. The air extractor at the end runs on solar energy

Humboldt greenhouse with its classical cathedral shape

of them have simply built a greenhouse to reach a more satisfactory yield. In a market characterised by competition, new standards have emerged and development is now faster. This has ultimately reduced any visible differences between indoor and outdoor plants. More than 30,000 greenhouses are estimated to be active in the Humboldt County and they are making a big splash on the cannabis scene for the quality level they can achieve. This article will cover the various greenhouse types for you to choose from to suit your climatic conditions, growing style and budget.

house to the highest extent possible.

In hotter climates (southern regions) greenhouses require less maintenance and their temperature is more stable during spring and autumn, although in summer heat may affect plant growth and development unless they are suitably ventilated. In colder and wetter climates (northern regions) more attention needs to be paid to insulation, heating systems, and additional hours of lighting at the beginning of the season, when weather conditions are more unpredictable and the position of the sun less advantageous.

It is crucial to choose a greenhouse with the right characteristics, in order to obtain an indoor environment befitting the plant requirements as well

Differences between various types of structures and a suitable way to ventilate need to be clearly understood in order to achieve optimum conditions. Two main

34 types of greenhouses are manufactured in the industry.

&DWKHGUDO VW\OH GXDO SLWFKHG roofed greenhouses This type of greenhouses looks like a single-level house. Their structure allows a good altitude, although the rising heat inside them needs to be properly

the useful height is significantly reduced close to the edge. As a result, higher side walls may increase height indoors and result in a more symmetrical crop with no adverse effect caused by the greenhouse structure. This also contributes to improve workplace ergonomics, which also impacts the final product.

N.B.: Solar energy is a great potential option. Air exhausts powered by direct current and connected to a solar panel remove a large quantity of air. Air exhausts will be running under the sun, which will save electricity and avoid any wasteful use of batteries of typical solarenergy installations.

Growing styles are an important aspect to be considered in order to select a greenhouse. Usually the number of plants and overall surface are decisive elements for a final choice. In the SCROG (SCReen-Of-Green) style, a higher number of plants may be planted to obtain a more rapid vegetable cover and a shorter plant cycle. The idea is to fill the space as rapidly and evenly as possible. Another growing type consists in growing a limited number of plants. The available space is divided by the number of plants in order to calculate their correct location and separation. The control of air flow is generally more complex when larger plants are grown, particularly at the height of their growth cycle. It is crucial to clean plants sufficiently enough to allow good air circulation when working with large, entangled aerial parts, as well as to obtain large buds. Internal fans favour continuous air circulation.

Greenhouse wall with a classical cathedral shape. Lost Coast Og crop

controlled as it tends to accumulate in the upper part of the greenhouse.

Installing exhaust fans at the topmost part is recommended for the removal of hot air; air inlets also need to be installed at a lower height, close to the level of plant tops, to ensure a good entry point. It is crucial to obtain a continuous and steady air flow, which means that the size of air exhausts needs to be carefully considered together with the total length along which air will flow.

N.B.: These greenhouses normally need more powerful air exhausts due to their larger volume.

5RXQG URRIHG JUHHQKRXVHV ZLWK polyethylene arches and tunnels The structure of these greenhouses consists of arches that bind side walls.

This type includes greenhouses of very different sizes, with possible variations in height, length and width. These types are most extensively used, as heat and air flow can be more easily controlled.

Side walls are an important factor to be considered as they change a lot. If the arch shape reaches down to the floor,

they will perfectly fit into the upper part of metal posts. You can bend tubes but this is not necessarily required in regions with moderate wind speed; bending is however indispensible in regions with strong wind speed that is likely to tilt the PVC tubes towards the opposite side.

PVC tubes can be constructed in lengths of up to 6.5 m, for greenhouses measuring up to six metres in width, to allow for suitable inclination and adequate water drainage.

Extra tips For greenhouses to be productive in more extreme environmental conditions, a few extra tips are needed. t )PU DMJNBUFT SFRVJSF B MBSHF RVBOUJUZ PG circulating air as the stomas or pores on the lower epidermis of leaves would close at excessive temperature or humidity levels or with stagnating air.

need to do is totally remove wet air that would soon condensate, which can be obviated by continuous air circulation. If a generator is used, twenty to thirty minutes of operation will suffice although this depends on relative humidity. Vent pipes placed at air inlets and exhausts will prevent canvases from being inflated like balloons.

N.B.: Make sure that black canvases of at least 6 mm in length are used. You can choose among several materials and, before cutting them, leave an additional length to be tucked under the ground.

Greenhouses have over the years changed in shape to what they are nowadays in cannabis growing. As legislation evolved, growing methods have become more scientific and mathematical and are now similar to those of large-scale agriculture. The agricultural spectrum

N.B.: Beware of areas where air stagnates.

This more easily occurs with large-sized plants for the general reduction of space.

If your budget is limited, don’t be disheartened by the high price quoted by a few manufacturers. There are alternative ways to create a robust and affordable greenhouse, and no less reliable then is usually required by the grower’s activity. Below is a description of an affordable option that can be constructed at a comparatively low price. Use construction stakes of 1-1.5 m., metal hollow posts of 40 mm for the fencing (their height depends on the intended height of side walls) and PVC tubes measuring 38mm. A final height of 2.5 m and a width of two to six metres can be reached with these structures. Bearing capacity will be higher with a plant spacing of 1.5 to 2 m.

Create a clear, correctly measured symmetrical area before starting construction. Drive construction stakes into the ground up to a suitable depth and then plug their upper extremity into the hollow metal posts. We recommend connecting vertical posts by two horizontal wooden planks, one at the ground level (the larger one) and the other at the level of shoulders (the smaller one). To join planks to posts, drill holes into the wood and use long screws, nuts and washers.

Buy PVC connectors with a 45° angle,

Humboldt greenhouses extensively use continuous air flows with fans

t "O JOTVGGJDJFOU RVBOUJUZ PG BJS NBZ negatively affect growth and cause problems. t *O DPMEFS DMJNBUFT DPOEJUJPOT DBO CF more extreme and there is a higher risk of damaging plants. t )FBU JT B LFZ GBDUPS JO UIF FBSMZ QIBTFT and at the beginning of the season as cuttings are more susceptible than seeds to earlier flourishing and are more sensitive to the environment. Heat and light are two major factors that are likely to cause problems. t 8IFO ZPV OFFE UP TDIFEVMF B DBMFOEBS of zero light exposure and scrupulously observe a two-cycle method of cultivation, heat and light need to be suitably controlled for a successful start-up. t *G ZPV DPWFS UIF HSFFOIPVTF XJUI DBOWBT to make it darker, the first thing you

varies from sophisticated, environmentally controlled areas such as those in Colorado, where conditions are more difficult, to very large scale crops in the heart of the Washington agricultural area, with its greenhouses full of perfectly symmetrical rows of plants.

The cannabis industry is expeditiously taking shape and greenhouses will be the system of the future. Solar energy and other renewable energy sources will drive a new era of innovation, and ultimately result in the free development of this plant for it to do wonders and for people to further exploit its mysterious healing effects worldwide.

Growers will then serve a greater cause!

Ras ras@humboldtseeds.net #teamHSO // #HSOfam www.humboldtseeds.net www.instagram.com/humboldtseeds

MEDICAL CANNABIS

37

of cannabis start to be regular, even for the prevention of illnesses, the treatment of diseases and the removal of physiological imbalances due to disorders. Up to twenty years of age, after all, most people are healthy, and only with adulthood will the first ailments appear together with an interest in spirituality, as a key element for health.

And holistically, cannabis is specifically used to correct spiritual imbalances and heal various types of illnesses.

Theoretically, therefore, the consumption of cannabis should follow the course of people’s lives, be occasionally limited to medical use for young patients, to then grow as people and needs grow, in a mystical personal journey towards Paradise, through the gift of a peaceful old age, and a painless death. This will happen – fingers crossed – if you find the cannabis type most befitting your needs and consume it purely and responsibly.

Therefore, even a simple pensioner may avoid the priorities required by a cannabis-free society (which impose a stay-at-home, couch-potato life for oldage persons not to ‘bother’ others) and get involved in one of the countless activities that come to mind under the effect of ganja, within the limits of the person’s physical capabilities.

GANJA FOR THE THIRD AGE “Prohibition made ganja a drug for the youth – contends the Dutch activist Wernard Bruining – as with their unscrupulousness they are more prepared to break a law that is considered unjust, as it puts a ban on a substance which they judge harmless, and this is growing among full generations accustomed to

by Davide Calabria illegality and lacking confidence in governments”.

Statistics are clear in this respect, young people are increasingly opting for ganja to be distracted from the daily routine, and they prefer it to hard or synthetic drugs. As long as this is a non-regular type of consumption, it is no problem whatsoever.

When consumed regularly, on a daily basis, during the development phase and until 21 years of age, cannabis is perhaps preferable to alcohol, tobacco or other illegal substances, although it is unsuited

to the health of young children (at a very young age for instance it makes tibias more fragile).

Prohibitionists, instead, attribute the use of ganja to young people claiming that, at a later date, as they grow, they will stop consuming it to dedicate themselves to the serious things of life. As a matter of fact, this is a pack of lies as only after twenty-one years of age can the consumption

This is an exceptional remedy for various ailments, ranging from the most usual such as a cold – when the level of cannabinoids contained in the ganja is low – through to cancer, when high quantities of active ingredients can be delivered in the form of concentrated oil extracted from flowers.

It is therefore particularly suited for the elderly, especially nowadays, as the elderly of today did not consume it during their youth owing to the existing bans. A scientific survey, for instance, demonstrated that the US hippies, who consumed cannabis during their youth, have not developed Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases later in life.

The progress made in the last century has extended people’s lifetime, they say, but life is now subject to distress as this development has not gone hand in hand with a spiritual type of progress for lack of cannabis. It is therefore a moral obligation to raise again the quality level of life through ganja.

Cannabis becomes more and more useful with age, simply because the body tends to oxidise and dry out, and the ganja, partly through the stimulus to thirst that it causes, does nothing but lubricate it by increasing its fluids, thus easing a healthy ageing

process and a longer lifetime. Water is life, the saying goes, so why should we say no to cannabis, which by nature encourages people to drink it?

Still, in the western world, many elderly people take 5 to 10 drugs a day. For the most part, drugs are used to treat hypertension, depression, osteoporosis (all diseases that can be treated with cannabis). All of these drugs taken together may cause devastating side effects even in young patients, let alone in elderly patients. Their longterm administration can also cause diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, where cannabis is particularly effective to stop tremor and improve memory, especially the episodic memory related to pleasant events that are crucial for life to continue.

For the benefit of the elderly, cannabis controls the side effects of drugs including morphine, and may replace many, not to say all in a few cases. A single drug instead of a bunch of them, for a non-shock therapy without undesired effects, if taken at the right dosage could make life easier to the elderly, their families and their caregivers.

In particular, cannabis can ideally treat an elderly person, and not merely a patient, because both types of users have reduced mobility. It is commonly known that the human body produces endocannabinoids (anandamide, for instance, or “beatitude” in Sanskrit language), which are similar to the cannabinoids found in cannabis and this happens, for instance, with physical exercise. It has been demonstrated, for instance, that even 30-40 minutes of walking may significantly raise the content in the body of endocannabinoids, whose pharmacological functions are similar to those of cannabis (e.g. increase in appetite, relaxation, improvement of sleep and a pain-relieving effect).

In particular, young and healthy persons are more inclined to practice sporting activities to improve their health by activating the endocannabinoid system, while the elderly are not often able to jog unless they are particularly fit.

The elderly may therefore become particularly anxious, fear they will not make it or suffer or be ill, or be afraid they will not heal or revert to their previous state or even lack sufficient strengths to live. These are the types of fears that can be remedied by cannabis, with a significant improvement in the sleep of an elderly person and therefore the opportunity to wake up with the right

38 energies to cope with the old age. Cannabis is also appetite-whetting, and consequently solves the problem of appetite loss due to lack of exercise.

A good rest and a good appetite are the keys to health, but there is more, as both cannabis and endocannabinoids stimulate the bowels to work and, if righteously consumed, induce consumers to choose healthy food and avoid coffee, alcohol or cigarettes, and to do physical exercise and meditation, in other words, a number of good habits for ageing well.

Obviously the elderly could benefit from eating products derived from hemp seeds, which are appreciated for their nutritional and pharmacologically aspects. Hemp seed meal, for instance, has a high potassium content. Through potassium, the body is able to recover from the typical effects due to its lack, which normally happens with old age, i.e. mental confusion, muscle weakness, delayed reflexes, loss of appetite or even paralysis. It is not a secret that Jesus Christ, who knew a thing or two about this, used olive oil with odoriferous hemp (this is how weed is called in the Bible) for the paralytic, for example. These symptoms, typical of the autumn and winter seasons, when the reduced light hours tend to make the weakest persons ill-humoured, may therefore be solved by cannabis. If the classical symptoms of old age are solved, fears will also disappear; this is why the old Hindu cult of the God Shiva associated cannabis with the concept of lack of fear.

Nowadays, doctors and pharmacists, and even people not familiar with cannabis, may again approach it step by step, e.g. start from the use of THC-free seed oil, which is rich in vitamins, Omega 3 and 6, and rediscover this old medical

culture. With simple cannabis seed oil, many of the problems of elderly people could be solved. The implied advantages of this approach could be to reduce or suspend the consumption of drugs for cholesterol for instance (one of the problems that generally appears with age) and to bring the life of many people back on a sound footing.

significant implication on human health of the endocannabinoid system in each one of us.

Among other things, the orthodox Rabi Efraim Zalmanovich, from the Israeli city of Mazkeret Batia,

find harmony with God. Perhaps one day they will also tell us that most of the major religions probably derive from cannabis cults and that the Universe is female, like the female flowers of cannabis, which allow people to find this harmony.

As repeatedly evidenced in scientific literature, marijuana derived from cannabis resin, rich in cannabinoids, may surely be useful in treating neurodegenerative diseases, which sometimes affect the eldest persons, such as the Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, through its relaxing effects and its regenerating property acting on brain cells.

What is crucial is to avoid any abuse in the consumption of cannabis. Moderation is the key, otherwise, too much ganja will cause weakness and confusion, muscular heaviness, and also contribute to heart failure – this can be avoided by undoing any buttons and belts and lying with raised legs.

Self-dosage tends to work with medical cannabis, but certain situations could be avoided right away if doctors and pharmacists really acted in an informed way and give the patients the correct posology.

For patients to heal, marijuana allows them to feel well, a natural pharmacological paradise, in harmony with the Universe, unlike the artificial paradise caused by synthetic drugs, which makes everything synthetic – not only pain but also emotions – and ultimately turns people into zombies. Synthetic medicaments may obviously be useful. However – in a world not distorted by prohibition – they should be an alternative to ganja, not the reverse, and perhaps they should be studied to integrate its action – given the

declared the medical use of cannabis “Kosher”, i.e. in harmony with God, which was a first sign of openness from today’s major patriarchal religions.

As luck would have it, in Israel a few retirement homes administer cannabis to their guests, which comes in a number of varieties, i.e. for the morning, the afternoon and the evening, with names such as e.g. “Ray of Light”, which perfectly describe its effects, for example, on depression.

As the Rastafarians are used to say, ganja helps

If this harmony is found, public health will benefit enormously from it.

Consequently, the reintroduction of medical ganja worldwide proceeds slowly but also healthily.

What remains to be done for this army of patients, people with disabilities and ailing elderly people, therefore, is to insist for cannabis plants to be grown by citizens and sold worldwide at affordable prices – a price suited for everyone to lead a decent life.

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HY-GROWTH HY-QUALITY HY-CONVENIENCE

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MAXIMUM YIELD! SINCE 1990

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40

GROW WITH ROBERT B.

Correct waste disposal AND HOW NOT TO BE CAUGHT IN THE ACT...

However, there are also “diligent” citizens who may note down the car registration number when they see someone disposing of an activated carbon filter and then report it to the police. The officers will then take a look at the waste bin and rummage in the waste.

In so doing, the officers may collect sufficient evidence for a judge to authorise a house search. If

The disposal of waste materials from cannabis growing is something that does not easily go unnoticed among “right-minded” persons and implies the risk of being caught in the act. Generally, waste bins or recycling yards are used for waste disposal. A few delicate materials are likely to raise suspicions, but need to be to disposed of by growers. These include sodium vapour lamps, activated carbon filters, mineral wool mats, earth mixed with leaves etc. Normally refuse collectors and recycling-yard staff are not interested in what type of waste is brought to them. What counts to them is that everything ends up in the right bin. .Text: Robert B.

The residual waste compactor does not eat away everything

fears inquisitive officers should throw everything into a waste bin on a waste-collection day, or even drive to the large block of

Activated carbon filters are made so small and unnoticeable

trouble to dispose of the waste.

This is of course only possible if he has nothing to fear. Otherwise you may go to a grow shop and

DELIVER SIEVED EARTH TO A RECYCLING YARD

someone has disposed of an activated carbon filter, there will still be empty paper packs and waste from emptied ashtrays in domestic waste. Next, it could be obvious for the officer to request the power supply company to report how

high, then it will be up to the judge to decide whether this a sufficient ground for a house search.

flats where refuse containers are stored and throw waste there on a waste-collection day. This is also the case for all other types of waste such as mineral wool mats.

If these are put into non-transparent waste bags and placed into residual waste-bins, nobody would be able to tell who from that block may have disposed of it.

ask them to dispose of your waste.

The grow shop is a business and, as such, has to dispose of its waste in an industrial waste collection centre against payment of a fee.

This means that you should refund the grow shop of this cost. The disposal of a sodium vapour lamp, for instance, costs three euros.

/DPS GLVSRVDO

Why should earth be disposed of, if it is good humus for each wood, each meadow and each field? This

Lamps are disposed of in recycling yards, as they do not fall in

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+RZ WR GLVSRVH RI DFWLYDWHG carbon filters

In recycling yards, activated

STAND-UP CITIZENS WILL RUMMAGE THROUGH WASTE LIKE PIGS much power was consumed. When such consumption is noticeably

Only take unremarkable garden waste to recycling yards

carbon filters are considered a delicate issue, as these are used in automotive paint finishing systems and should consequently be disposed of in a special way. This however can be simply accomplished by disassembling the filter.

The activated carbon or carbon matt can be divided for it to be gradually dumped with domestic waste. Similarly, metal or plastic housings can be folded up and dismantled with domestic waste, in addition, they can also be disposed of in a recycling yard. Who

Should garden earth be taken back from a recycling yard?

the class of residual waste. But suspicions could be raised among ‘diligent’ citizens. The question then arises whether someone of your acquaintances may take the

is quite simple: if someone drives to a wood with a full waste bag and returns with an empty bag, a diligent citizen passing by with his bicycle would quickly notice this. An

41

officer would soon pop up, find a couple of leaves in the earth, check the electricity consumption and catch the offender red handed in his own house. You should therefore proceed as follows: you need to procure a cement bucket, some poultry netting und wooden slats.

Build a frame with the wooden slats for it to be placed on the cement bucket. This wooden frame should then be lined with the poultry netting to create an earth sieve. The earth to be disposed of should be sieved, in order to separate any scattered roots and leaves. The sieved earth will then be delivered to the recycling yard, this happens three dozen times a day. Plant residues of all types will be placed in another cement bucket. This should be perforated from below with a cordless electric drill used as a screwdriver, so as to create ventilation holes on its bottom. Plant residues should then be mixed with some earth and compost. When the bucket is full, apply a final layer of earth, to cap off the contents, which will have to be kept moist for six to twelve months. The two buckets can

be piled up by placing two boards on the cement bucket. However check that the earth is still moist every two to four weeks. The plant material is decomposed by soil bacteria. Even if after six months stems should still not be totally decomposed, they would be so rotten, that nobody would be able to identify what type of plant they belong to unless they are lab tested. The compost can be enriched with chalk, for it to be mixed with new earth, so you will be able to dispose of the old plant material and process a part of the old earth.

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Not everyone has room to store a couple of buckets. In this case the plant material to be disposed of could always be dried, chopped up and flushed away in the toilet in small quantities. For the chopping up of plants, you may use a power mixer or food processor, which can also be used to dump the contents of ashtrays into the toilet.

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The problem with plastic fertiliser

You need to be there before waste collection

canisters is that a brand name is printed on them, which is a giveaway that a fertiliser was used.

However, the overprint can be removed from canisters or bottles, for them to be unnoticeably disposed of with the domestic waste or carried to the recycling yard. Whole canisters should be dissected and chopped up with a compass saw, to make them less bulky and no longer recognisable as fertiliser canisters. In any case, no packaging with ‘treacherous’

overprints should be disposed of with private domestic waste, or delivered to recycling yards.

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In California very high costs are charged when growers’ waste is disposed of into uncontrolled rubbish dumps. It is very common here to load the waste into a van for it to be taken into the countryside and dumped under cover of the night.

This practice, however, will easily alert ‘diligent’ citizens.

The online cannabis encyclopedia

/softsecretsuk @cannabisinfo_uk

44

STRAIN REPORT

AUTOMAZAR

MAZAR GENETICS STILL DELIGHT US DECADES AFTER THEY WERE INTRODUCED Original Mazar is a variety that most home growers will have heard of, its a respected resinous Afghani that has stood the test of time and earned the respect of the cannabis growing community. Most people grow her for the intensely strong and long-lasting high but the yields are pretty good too. Mazar was introduced by Dutch Passion in the 1980’s and has remained a top-5 best seller since, thats not bad for a

By Tony, Dutch Passion Seed Company Amsterdam 1980’s original.

In the last few years auto’s have become very popular, so it was a natural decision to make an automatic feminized version of Mazar. We used our original Mazar mother with THC levels in the mid-twenties. AutoMazar has the same taste and high as the original photoperiod Mazar, but she can grow from start to finish with 20 hours of daily light and will be ready to harvest 10-11 weeks after germination. Think of it as Mazar but with the photo-gene removed. Instead of waiting for

Some growers prefer to germinate AutoMazar indoors under artificial light for the first week or two to give the plants a good start and protect them from the early season weather. Growers in the south of Europe are able to start the first auto crop of the year a little earlier than growers in the north and can get 3 successive auto crops per year. Auto growers in northern Europe should note that all autos will see slightly slower growth with cooler night time temperatures in Spring and Autumn.

12/12 light to initiate blooming, AutoMazar initiates blooming herself automatically.

Many self-sufficient home growers prefer, if possible, to minimise the number of cannabis plants in their garden. Varieties like AutoMazar are an ideal choice whether growing indoors or outdoors, with each crop cycle of around 11 weeks you can have several crops per year with small numbers of plants in each crop.

Many people grow AutoMazar outdoors, its an easy variety to grow with no special skills required.

If you plant her directly into the outdoor soil try adding some soil improvers to increase final harvest quantity. Supermarket soil is a low-cost way of improving the local soil quality, and you can also add other fertilisers such as Bat Guano, Fish Fertiliser or simply an all-purpose general plant food. The plant roots will happily take the nutrients and grow into a larger bush. AutoMazar will need moist soil and will benefit from plenty of watering and a sunny place to grow.

AutoMazar will also grow well in a container on your roof, on a patio, balcony or garden. When growing automatics in a container remember that you will have to add more nutrients to replace those taken from the soil by the AutoMazar. The larger the container, the less you will need to worry about watering and feeding.

Although Dutch Passion have around 20 different auto-varieties there are some growers who prefer to grow only AutoMazar due to the reliably consistent potency, strength and taste that comes from the stable true-breeding nature of the genetics. Indoor growers usually have one grow tent with the light timer on a permanent daily system of 20 hours of light followed by 4 hours of dark. This allows the grower to germinate a new seedling every 1-2 weeks and harvest a mature female every 1-2 weeks. One grow tent, with one light cycle can be used for germinating seedlings as well as final bloom. Its that level of convenience which has made the best quality autos so popular with the home growing community.

Many cannabis growers maximise the growing season by using poly tunnels and greenhouses to protect their auto crops from the worst of the early season weather in March/April. By starting their seedlings under the protection of greenhouse/ polytunnel the plants are able to grow faster and reach a larger size with a bigger harvest.

And likewise, at the end of the growing season, greenhouses/poly-tunnels are a great way to squeeze every last gram of production from your

auto harvest. Protecting your auto plants from the autumn storms that can arrive in October means that the plant energy is focussed on building the sticky buds in large amounts. Sometimes an extra auto harvest can be added to the growing season if you can make the most of the early and late weather with the help of greenhouses and poly-tunnels.

Its worth trying, and its better to grow your own cannabis than have to buy from someone else. Not only does it save you money, but often the cannabis

45

you grow yourself is better quality than street weed and far more satisfying to smoke.

Home growers have really adapted well to the benefits offered by autoflowering cannabis varieties.

Auto’s allow multiple crop harvests each season, autos also tend to stay shorter and ‘bushier’ than traditional photoperiod varieties. This makes the auto crops easier to hide while they are growing. A private garden of autos will often remain at waisthight and is easy to conceal behind a low wall or some privacy screening. This makes autos ideal for growing on balconies, patios, roof terraces or back gardens. Many people grow an auto on a sunny

window ledge, and many others grow them in quiet countryside locations where the small size means they are a convenient and easy way to grow your own cannabis.

As the 2016 season approaches there has never been as many ways to use auto seeds to get you plenty of cannabis in the coming year. The best quality suppliers really do have excellent auto genetics to choose from. Our advice is to select a seed bank with a good reputation for auto breeding and then let your imagination decide where (and how) you will plant the seeds. However you do it, we wish you good luck and success!

46

MEDICAL CANNABIS

WHEN GANJA IS GOOD FOR SPORTS Davide Calabria

It was demonstrated that walking at a fast pace for forty-five minutes increases the level of the anandamide produced by the human body – anandamide, a type of endocannabinoid, means inner beatitude in Sanskrit. If you run, endocannabinoids are even likely to cause a ‘runner high’. The athlete feels analgesia, sedation, reduction of anxiety and stress, euphoria, wellbeing, harmony, joy, happiness and physical relief for the removal of catarrh from the lungs, similarly to the effects caused by cannabis. In any case, a 2007 study conducted on Swiss teenagers showed that pure ganja consumers are more sporty than those who consume it with tobacco or even non-smokers.

The two things are therefore very compatible and the same could also apply to the adult population. The reasons for this compatibility lies in the fact that the use of marijuana, unlike tobacco, is associated with a higher volume of air that is inevitably expelled after exhalation, and therefore a higher total lung capacity and a stronger resistance of the respiratory tract.

Generally, depending on a person’s diet and metabolism and the type of ganja, at small doses, weed is a stimulant of movement, while in large quantities it becomes a sedative.

It may happen that a few athletes decide to consume it before physical exercise, and this too was closely investigated by scientific literature. In a paper published on Frontiers in Psychiatry, in May 2013, titled ”Why should cannabis be considered doping in sports?”, cannabis was found to be helpful in extreme sports requiring higher determination, such as ultra-marathons (50-70 km), because it relaxes muscles, reduces anxiety, extinguishes negative memories and improves performance, i.e. nothing to see with the amotivational syndrome!

On the other hand, the US ultra-marathon athlete Avery Collins, interviewed this spring (2015) by the Wall Street Journal, contends that marijuana is not advantageous if taken before speed training – here it even becomes a negative factor. When he trains hours on a long distance, instead, he takes an edible product consisting of 15mg of THC before workout.

When he runs, metabolism is faster and the effect appears after around twenty minutes and lasts up to 2 and a half hours. In case of need, every two hours, or two and a half hours, he takes another edible product of 10 mg. In the athlete’s opinion, cannabis prevents nausea and vomiting associated with strong efforts. By stimulating senses, it allows people to look at nature while running long distances, which improves the flow of time, keeps the mind a bit busier, and favours a better synchronisation with what you are doing. The athlete takes it after physical

activity to relax muscular tensions faster and appease the brain, which would otherwise remain in a state of euphoria for a long time after the effort, and even avoid sleeping.

Although I am not an extreme athlete, and try to practice some sporting activity on a daily basis, I happened to experience this several times, and sometimes I even felt I could train more through ganja. Much depends on your predisposition and you need to be both a sport and a weed lover. Use is recommended in swimming (only if you are an expert swimmer), and in the free style of Tai Chi, where the improvement of the expelled air considerably contributes to the performance of movements that require a voiced type of exhalation.

Recently I tried this on a day when I felt good predisposition for running, right before sunset. I took a bunch of pure sativa (0.1-0.2 g.) with a vaporiser. As early as one minute after running I started feeling the effect, with a spiritual boost coming from the heart, where many cannabinoid receptors are found. I felt really joyful when I reached the countryside and saw the colours of nature, under a nice springtime sky that relieved my spirit, and a refreshing river that was there to please me after my efforts. After breaking breath, I was not willing to stop any more for the beauty of this sensorial experience. A light sedation prevented my knee from aching and I ran about 10 km. Usually, if I go out for a short run I can cover 3 to 6 km without getting bored, meaning I get less tired then I would normally do.

Marijuana always acts within your personal limits, without stressing metabolism For this reason it should not be considered doping, but rather a natural stimulant suited to a few athletes. Those who need it are able to harmoniously integrate with nature and better manage their efforts – provided that a preferred sport is practiced of course, otherwise it would most probably act as a negative factor.

Going back to my experience, in the meantime the night had fallen, and for my post-recovery consumption, I chose a good CBD indica strain. I preferred to wait half an hour before vaporising it, because my lungs were saturated after my effort; in a few seconds I reverted back to a tremendous high, which allowed me to recover faster from both my ailments and my breathlessness.

Try it for yourself and, if you like it, next time bring a booster with you!

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Colofon Soft Secrets is published by Discover Publisher BV P.O.Box 362, 5460 AJ, Veghel, Netherlands Telephone: +31-(0)73-5498112 Fax: +31-(0)73-5479732 E-mail: info@softsecrets.nl Editor: Cliff Cremer Contributors: Ed Rosenthal, Jorge Cervantes, Dr. John Dee, Sativa Diva, Stoney Tark, Kali Mist, Robert B., Mr. Jose and others Comics: Jim Stewart Editorial adress: readers@softsecrets.nl Advertisements: E-mail: info@softsecrets.nl A word from the publisher: Soft Secrets is published in: The Netherlands (Highlife), Germany, France, Italy, Spain, UK, Poland, Czech Republic, Chile and Argentina.

The UK government has embarked on a process of relative liberalisation towards the use of cannabis, and cannabis activists are engaged in broadening this engagement. Several local councils and police chiefs now actively support a Dutch-style coffeeshop system as a way of separating soft and hard drugs, as it has

proven to do in Holland. Whether they are finding their way to new coffeeshops or growing for their personal supply, cannabis users are a menace to no one, and are causing no discernable social problem.

Some politicians and commentators are calling for the outright legalisation of marihuana. Let’s wait and see how the debate develops during a period of relative peace between all sides of the argument. In the meantime, the publisher hopes Soft Secrets will show the public a positive side to the normalisation of cannabis use, and is anxious to offer a forum to both pro- and anti-legalisation advocates. This assumes that the publisher does not necessarily agree with everything that appears in articles and advertisements.

The publisher therefore distances himself explicitly from published statements or images that might give the impression that an endorsement is being made for the use or production of cannabis.

Nothing from this publication may be copied or reproduced in any format without prior permission from the publisher and other copyright holders. The publisher is not responsible for the content and/or point of view of advertisements. The editors take no responsibility for unsolicited submissions.

The publisher has endeavored to reach all copyright holders of photos and/or images. Those who still believe they are entitled to these rights may contact the publisher.

Next issue out: April 22, 2016

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