Developing Person Through the Life Span 10th
Edition Berger
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1. Preoperational intelligence ____
A) allows children to think in symbols.
B) includes logical reasoning.
C) is characterized by reversibility of thought.
D) relies primarily on children's motor skills and senses.
2. Piaget referred to the early childhood (ages 2 to 6) stage of cognitive development as “_____ intelligence.”
A) operational
B) egocentric
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
3. Piaget called the stage of cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 “preoperational intelligence” because children do not yet _____.
A) demonstrate intellectual behavior
B) use logical operations
C) understand language
D) produce language
4. Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think _____.
A) subjectively
B) egocentrically
C) logically
D) about animism
5. One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to _____.
A) use symbolic thought
B) understand reversibility
C) display conservation
D) think logically
6. Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, “Mean table!” Ivan is demonstrating Piaget's concept of “ _____.”
A) egocentrism
B) operational thinking
C) centration
D) animism
7. To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called “_____.”
A) magical thinking
B) static reasoning
C) centration
D) animism
8. A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to _____.
A) be logical thinkers
B) reverse things in their minds
C) demonstrate centration
D) equilibrate
9. Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond _____.
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration
10. ____ is the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, and having sensations and abilities that are human-like.
A) Egocentrism
B) Animism
C) Centration
D) Static reasoning
11. “You are your mom's daughter, right?” Grandpa asked Beatriz. “Yes!” Beatriz eagerly answered.
“Well, your mom is my daughter,” Grandpa replied.
“No! She's my Mommy!” Beatriz exclaimed. Beatriz is demonstrating which Piagetian error?
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration
12. The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is called “_____.”
A) static reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) irreversibility
D) conservatism
13. Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverly's father. “How about this? Daddy would love it!” Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her father would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of “_____.”
A) static reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) irreversibility
D) conservatism
14. Four-year-old Collard thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. Which Piagetian error characterizes Collard's thinking?
A) egocentrism
B) static thinking
C) a focus on appearance
D) symbolic thinking
15. After seeing her new haircut for the first time, Tania began crying inconsolably. She cried, “You turned me into a boy!” Tania's statement is an example of “_____.”
A) egocentrism
B) static thinking
C) a focus on appearance
D) symbolic thinking
16. When Jennie sees her kindergarten teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. Jeannie's surprise is an example of “_____.”
A) static reasoning
B) abstract reasoning
C) concrete thinking
D) irreversibility
17. When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in _____.
A) magical thinking
B) static reasoning
C) centration
D) a focus on appearance
18. The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called “_____.”
A) egocentrism
B) conservation
C) static reasoning
D) centration
19. Chantel dropped a tiny spot of ketchup on her pants during lunch. Even though her teacher was able to completely remove the spot, Chantel cries hysterically and says that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Chantel's reaction is an example of “_____.”
A) irreversibility
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) conservation
20. Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____.
A) focus on something other than appearances
B) use deductive reasoning to solve a problem
C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone
D) engage in centration when another solution is needed
21. Jake's father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father's efforts to assure Jake that his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the Piagetian characteristic known as “_____.”
A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) irreversibility
22. A child's inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called “_____.”
A) concrete operations
B) conservation
C) irreversibility
D) symbolic thought
23. Four-year-old Jonathan is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Jonathan's hot dog into five pieces and Erin's into six pieces. Jonathan protests, “Erin has more than me!” Which ability does Jonathan not yet demonstrate?
A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) conservation
24. Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____.
A) an understanding of scaffolding
B) not mastered the concept of conservation
C) an understanding of object permanence
D) demonstrated fast-mapping
25. Yuri is the mother of 3-year-old Decha. Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views them as both the same. She then rolls one of the balls into a long 'snake' and asks Decha if the amounts of clay are still the same or if one is different. Decha replies, “The snake has more Play-Doh now!” Decha's reply indicates that he does not yet understand _____.
A) animism
B) conservation
C) centration
D) symbolic language
26. According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____.
A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
B) is only provided with one set of directions for a task
C) discovers the solution to a task on his or her own
D) learns new skills through observation
27. According to Lev Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a mentor who is MOST likely a ____
A) classmate.
B) zone of proximal development.
C) parent.
D) younger sibling.
28. As Juan and his father, Carlos, put together a puzzle for the first time, Carlos begins by showing Juan how to locate the outside pieces of the puzzle first. Once Juan starts to get the idea, Carlos gradually withdrawals his support, allowing Juan to take more responsibility. Carlos is demonstrating Vygotsky's concept of “______.”
A) sensorimotor support
B) scaffolding
C) optimal reinforcement
D) overimitation
29. According to Vygotsky's theory, skills that a child can accomplish with assistance but cannot yet perform independently are part of _____.
A) preoperational thinking
B) his or her theory of mind
C) physical maturation
D) the zone of proximal development
30. One of Vygotsky's most influential concepts was the “zone of proximal development.” According to this concept, _____.
A) there is a certain place in a school where most learning occurs
B) children can only reach a certain level of intelligence
C) children can master challenging tasks with the help of others
D) certain parts of the brain need to be activated during sensitive periods
31. Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter make hot chocolate. Sydney assists her daughter as they measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is demonstrating Vygotsky's concept of “_____.”
A) scaffolding
B) experience-expectant growth
C) conservation training
D) modeling
32. According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses _____.
A) reinforcements for good behavior
B) scaffolding
C) peer mentoring
D) skill construction
33. Which is an example of scaffolding?
A) David helps his son build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches.
B) Howard and Priscilla buy an Xbox game system for their 5-year-old daughter Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it.
C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself.
D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
34. According to Vygotsky, which capability is demonstrated when young children repeat adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient?
A) observing
B) scaffolding
C) modeling
D) overimitation
35. Balor, 2 1/2, watches his father read the paper every morning at breakfast. Yesterday, Balor's mom observed him climbing into a chair and rapidly scrunching pages of the newspaper as he tried to turn pages. When he saw his mother looking, Baylor exclaimed, “Like daddy!” Baylor's behavior illustrates the concept of “______.”
A) modeling
B) scaffolding
C) exaggerated expression
D) overimitation
36. While working on a coloring worksheet, 5-year-old Aaliyah can be heard whispering, “Color this one blue. Stay in the lines. Oh, yellow would be pretty.” According to Vygotsky, Aaliyah's utterances are _____.
A) egocentric
B) indicative of emotional problems
C) called private speech
D) undermining her learning
37. Although all of the objects of a culture guide children, ______ believed that language is pivotal.
A) Vygotsky
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ainsworth
D) Erikson
38. According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that people have with themselves either silently or aloud is referred to as “_____.”
A) theory of mind
B) guided participation
C) private speech
D) apprenticeship
39. Speech serves a _____ function, as mentors guide mentees in their zone of proximal development, learning numbers, recalling memories, and following routines.
A) preoperational
B) sociobiological
C) bidirectional
D) social mediation
40. According to Vygotsky, within the context of cognition, language is a tool _____.
A) to make oneself understood
B) to regulate behavior
C) to advance thought
D) of self-expression
41. Executive functioning involves three components: _______.
A) working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control
B) short-term memory, habituation, and theory of mind
C) information processing, emotional reactivity, and social awareness
D) perspective taking, concrete thinking, and cognitive flexibility
42. Preschoolers try to construct a reason for the things that they see and hear. This tendency is known as “_____.”
A) reversibility
B) focus on appearance
C) theory-theory
D) logical reasoning
43. Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this tendency is _____.
A) deductive reasoning
B) conservation
C) scaffolding
D) theory-theory
44. A few days ago, Hester's parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today, when her parents announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, “Is it because I was bad? I'll be good!” Hester's conclusion that her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced reflects the concept of “_____.”
A) deductive reasoning
B) conservation
C) scaffolding
D) theory-theory
45. According to theory-theory, children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors because they
A) mindlessly copy everything adults do.
B) theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.
C) theorize that the adult will reward them for correct imitation.
D) derive pleasure from correctly imitating behaviors of all sorts.
46. A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called “_____.”
A) intuitive psychology
B) psychological schemata
C) theory of mind
D) self-schemes
47. At what age do MOST children without older siblings develop theory of mind?
A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 4 years
48. Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she _____.
A) offer comfort to a crying playmate
B) tell a lie
C) feel anger
D) take turns sharing
49. Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed _____.
A) egocentrism
B) a script for crying
C) theory of mind
D) conservation
50. Research indicates that ____ are also more advanced in theory of mind and executive functioning.
A) only children
B) more truthful preschoolers
C) more logical liars
D) younger children
51. Maturation of the ____ is crucial to the development of theory of mind.
A) hypothalamus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) limbic system
52. Which child is MOST likely to have the best-developed theory of mind?
A) Nanette, age 3, who is the oldest of three children
B) Brianna, age 4, who is an only child
C) Boris, age 3 1/2, who has a twin sister
D) Reginald, age 3 1/2, who has two older siblings
53. When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. By her third birthday, although she is making good process, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn to speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is NOT a _____.
A) sensitive period
B) critical period
C) developmental task
D) dynamic system
54. By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words.
A) 500; 10,000
B) 5,000: 10,000
C) 200; 40,000
D) 100; 2,000
55. Cloe is a young child. She has a vocabulary of roughly 700 words. Recently, Cloe has started asking “What's that?” questions. For example, at the zoo, she pointed to every animal, asking, “What's that?” While reading books with her parents, Cloe continually asks, “What's that?” even when she is familiar with the pictures. Based on this information, Cloe is probably ____ years old.
A) 2 B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
56. A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called “_____.”
A) fast-mapping
B) word mapping
C) mental language
D) word charting
57. When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called “_____.”
A) lexical addition
B) categorical embellishment
C) vocabulary expansion
D) fast-mapping
58. Christopher's mother is considering different wallpapers for decorating his room. She asks him, “Which one do you like better: the striped or the plaid?” Christopher's vocabulary doesn't include the word “plaid,” but he's able to figure out what the word must mean based on the context. Christopher is using _____ to add a new word to his vocabulary.
A) lexical addition
B) categorical embellishment
C) vocabulary expansion
D) fast-mapping
59. Logical extension involves _____.
A) linking a newly learned word to other objects in the same category
B) mentally charting new words
C) applying a new concept to a preexisting category
D) equilibration
60. Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, “Look at the horse with stripes!” In describing the zebra, Caitlin used _____.
A) logical extension
B) fast-mapping
C) overregularization
D) theory of mind
61. For an English-speaking child, which word pair is especially difficult to understand?
A) mine/yours
B) mommy/daddy
C) teacher/friend
D) here/there
62. The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called “_____.”
A) inflections
B) logical extensions
C) grammar
D) theory-theory
63. Knowledge of _____ is essential for learning how to speak, read, and write.
A) pragmatics
B) code-switching
C) social gestures
D) grammar
64. Demetrius, age 4, speaks differently to his baby sister than to his teacher. This indicates that understands some of the practical uses of language. Demetrius is developing an understanding of
A) pragmatics
B) code-switching
C) social gestures
D) grammar
65. Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that _____.
A) the child is entering a sensitive period of language development
B) the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations
C) logical extension is underway
D) fast-mapping has occurred
66. Jobe told his grandma, “I catched two mouses in a trap.” Jobe's speech errors are an example of _____.
A) egocentric speech
B) overregularization
C) literal translation
D) past imperfect tense
67. Overregularization occurs because children _____.
A) tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language
B) have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses
C) assume that the language is less regular than it actually is
D) assume their language always follows the rules they already know
68. When shown a novel object and told that it is called a “wug,” preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two “wugs.” This ability to correctly add an –s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of _____.
A) inflections
B) logical extensions
C) grammar
D) theory-theory
69. Knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom is called “_____.”
A) pragmatics
B) code-switching
C) imitative speech
D) grammar
70. The bilingual brain may provide some resistance to _____.
A) learning disabilities like dyslexia
B) autism spectrum disorders
C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
D) depression and anxiety
71. Demetrius's family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting _____.
A) a language shift
B) accelerated bilingualism
C) a vocabulary explosion
D) linguistic egocentrism
72. Language shift occurs everywhere when _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one.
A) a differentiated self-concept
B) adult scaffolding
C) theory-theory
D) pragmatic development
73. Which of the following strategies predicts reading achievement in children from all income levels, languages, and ethnicities?
A) code-focused teaching
B) teacher-directed programs
C) daily exposure to the “Hooked on Phonics” program
D) use of digital media apps
74. Jessica is reading a storybook aloud to her 2-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail's father says, “Why are you bothering? It's not like she's going to learn to read from that.” What would you tell Abigail's father about reading to preschoolers?
A) He's right; it doesn't matter whether parents read to their preschoolers.
B) He's right; children whose parents read aloud to them too early lose interest in books.
C) He's wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.
D) He's wrong; children whose parents read to them by age 2 are skilled readers by age 4.
75. In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then _____.
A) a quality preschool is especially beneficial
B) attendance at preschool is detrimental
C) day care will be more beneficial than preschool
D) a child-centered program will be more beneficial than another approach
76. Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of _____ and _____.
A) Piaget; Freud
B) Piaget; Vygotsky
C) Vygotsky; Skinner
D) Skinner; Freud
77. Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a _____ program.
A) Vygotsky-based
B) child-centered
C) teacher-directed
D) bilingual
78. Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.
A) intervention
B) Montessori
C) Reggio Emilia
D) bilingual
79. What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool?
A) individual achievement
B) the development of math skills
C) creative expression
D) obedience to a teacher
80. The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program originated in _____.
A) the United States
B) Norway
C) France
D) Italy
81. The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on _____.
A) reinforcement for academic accomplishments
B) assimilation and accommodation skills
C) children's creativity and artistic talent
D) self-esteem and self-concept
82. Micah attends a preschool where there is a high teacher–child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. He is engaged in a long-term art project that he chose in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which child-centered approach does Micah's preschool most closely reflect?
A) Reggio Emilia
B) Montessori
C) Head Start
D) teacher-directed
83. Most teacher-directed preschool programs stress _____.
A) academics
B) arts and music
C) social skills
D) dual-language learning
84. The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is _____.
A) promoting individual achievement
B) encouraging informal social interaction
C) shaping student behavior
D) teaching children to read by the end of the year
85. Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing?
A) listening to a story read aloud during circle time
B) forming the letter M in a tray filled with shaving cream
C) gluing pieces of macaroni on a paper plate to form a number
D) working on a long-term individual project about birds
86. Most developmentalists advocate _____ preschool programs.
A) private
B) public
C) child-centered
D) teacher-directed
87. In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through _____.
A) the War on Poverty
B) the Public Broadcasting System
C) the Women, Infants, and Children Program
D) Head Start
88. An evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were MOST apparent for children _____.
A) without disabilities
B) with the lowest family income
C) living in urban areas
D) living in suburban areas
89. Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early-intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate _____.
A) were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college
B) had higher IQ scores in high school and were more likely to attend college
C) had higher IQ scores in high school but were less likely to attend college
D) had higher math and reading achievement at age 10 and higher IQ scores in high school
90. Early intervention programs are expensive, ranging from $6,000 to $18,000 annually per child. Why are these programs considered a “wise investment”?
A) Children who attend these programs score 15 to 30 points higher in IQ than their peers.
B) Preschoolers who attend these programs show significantly greater achievement in all academic areas when compared to national averages.
C) Most researchers actually disagree with the investment, arguing that the cost is too high.
D) The investment leads to decreased need for special education and other social services later on.