Program Notes: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony

DECEMBER 9, 10 & 11 BEETHOVEN’S NINTH SYMPHONY JACOBS MASTERWORKS CONCERT

FRIDAY December 9, 2016 – 8:00pm SATURDAY December 10, 2016 – 8:00pm SUNDAY December 11, 2016 – 2:00pm conductor Edo de Waart soprano Erin Wall mezzo soprano Renée Tatum tenor Barry Banks bass Nathan Berg

San Diego Master Chorale (See page 14 for roster and page 32 for bio)

All performances at the Jacobs Music Center's Copley Symphony Hall.

This concert is made possible through the generosity of Karen and Warren Kessler.

PROGRAM CHARLES IVES

Three Places in New England, S.7, version 4 1. The "St. Gaudens" on Boston Common 2. Putnam's Camp 3. The Housatonic at Stockbridge

INTERMISSION LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN

Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125: Choral Allegro ma non troppo; un poco maestoso Molto vivace Adagio molto e cantabile Presto - Allegro assai - Allegro assai vivace Erin Wall, soprano Renée Tatum, mezzo soprano Barry Banks, tenor Nathan Berg, bass

This performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 is dedicated to Joseph Taft.

The approximate running time for this concert, including intermission, is one hour and fifty minutes.

ABOUT THE CONDUCTOR

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DO D E WAART is Music Director of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Music Director of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra (in his final season) and Conductor Laureate of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra. He finished his tenure with Royal Flemish Philharmonic at the end of the 2015-16 season and now has the title of Conductor Laureate.

EDO DE WAART, CONDUCTOR

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Regular guest conducting appearances include the Chicago Symphony, Los Angeles

Philharmonic, NHK Symphony and Royal Stockholm Philharmonic orchestras as well as the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra.

In addition to his exisiting posts, he was previously Music Director of the San Francisco Symphony, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic and Sydney Symphony orchestras; he returns to the latter two orchestras this season. He was also Chief Conductor of De Nederlandse Opera.

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ABOUT THE ARTISTS

BEETHOVEN'S NINTH SYMPHONY - DECEMBER 9, 10 & 11 As an opera conductor, Mr. de Waart has enjoyed success in a large and varied repertoire in many of the world’s greatest opera houses. He has conducted at Bayreuth, Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Grand Théâtre de Genève, Opéra de Bastille, Santa Fe Opera, and The Metropolitan Opera.

His most recent appearance at The Met was for performances of Le Nozze di Figaro and he will work on further projects with them in future seasons. He brings semistaged and concert opera performances to his programming with his own orchestras, and he regularly conducts opera with the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra at the Concertgebouw Amsterdam matinee series, although this season programmes include Brahms’ Requiem and Rachmaninoff’s Symphony No.2.

Mr. de Waart’s extensive catalogue encompasses releases for Philips, Virgin, EMI, Telarc and RCA. His most recent recordings are Mahler’s Symphony No.1 and Elgar’s Dream of Gerontius, both with the Royal Flemish Philharmonic.

Beginning his career as an Assistant Conductor to Leonard Bernstein at the New York Philharmonic, de Waart then returned to Holland where he was appointed Assistant Conductor to Bernard Haitink at the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. In 1973 he was appointed Chief Conductor and Artistic Director of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra.

Edo de Waart has received a number of awards for his musical achievements, including becoming a Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion and an Honorary Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia. He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. n

conducted by Yannick Nézet-Séguin, as well as returning to the NHK Symphony Orchestra for Mahler’s Symphony No. 2 with Paavo Järvi, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra for Carmina Burana under Charles Dutoit.

ERIN WALL, SOPRANO

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irmly established as one of the most sought-after sopranos, Canadian ER IN WALL works with many of the world's leading orchestras and regularly appears under the baton of Sir Andrew Davis, Christoph Eschenbach, Christian Thielemann, Charles Dutoit, Paavo Järvi, Bernard Haitink and Andris Nelsons.Regular guest conducting appearances include the Chicago Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic, NHK Symphony and Royal Stockholm Philharmonic orchestras as well as the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra.

This season Ms. Wall returns to Santa Fe to make her debut as Vanessa in James Robertson’s production under Leonard Slatkin as well as returning to the Canadian Opera Company as Contessa in Claus Guth’s production of Le nozze di Figaro.

In concert Ms. Wall sings the world premiere performances of Zosha Di Castri’s Dear Life at the National Arts Centre, Ottawa as well as singing Vaughan Williams’ Sea Symphony and Messiah with the Toronto Symphony.

Elsewhere Ms. Wall joins the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Bruckner’s Te Duem under Riccardo Muti and the Philadelphia Orchestra for Mahler’s Symphony No. 8

“WHAT’S THE SCORE?”

Join us 45 minutes before every Jacobs Masterworks concert for “What’s The Score?”, a fascinating 25-minute concert talk from the stage by San Diego Symphony Concert Commentator "Nuvi Mehta"!

Ms. Wall began her professional career in 2001 as a member of the Ryan Opera Center at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and has since appeared with Lyric Opera as Marguerite in Faust, Donna Anna in Don Giovanni, Pamina in Die Zauberflöte, Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte, Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Konstanze in Die Entführung auf dem Serail and Antonia in Les Contes d'Hoffmann. In recent seasons Ms. Wall has debuted in leading roles at the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala, the Vienna Staatsoper, L'opéra National de Paris, the Bayerische Staatsoper, Theâtre du Châtelet, Theater an der Wien, Den Norske Oper, the Aix-en-Provence Festival, Teatro Municipal in Santiago de Chile, Washington National Opera, Los Angeles Opera, Santa Fe Opera, Vancouver Opera, Calgary Opera, Pacific Opera Victoria, Minnesota Opera, Michigan Opera Theater, Arizona Opera and Atlanta Opera.

Erin Wall is very grateful to have received awards and scholarship assistance from the Richard Tucker Foundation, the George London Foundation, the Marilyn Horne Foundation, the Florida Opera and Dallas Opera, and the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. She studied at Western Washington University, Rice University, Aspen Music Festival and Music Academy of the West. n

Concert Sponsor Spotlight

KAREN AND WARREN KESSLER KAREN AND WARREN KESSLER have been instrumental in the growth of orchestral music in San Diego since the early 1980s. This season Dr. and Mrs. Kessler have provided support to sponsor the Beethoven Symphony No. 9 concerts.

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ABOUT THE ARTISTS

BEETHOVEN'S NINTH SYMPHONY - DECEMBER 9, 10 & 11

RENÉE TATUM, MEZZO-SOPRANO

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oted for her “commanding and dramatic presence” (Opera News), mezzo-soprano R ENÉE TATUM is rapidly gaining critical acclaim on the most prestigious opera stages in the United States.

Foundation Competition, a finalist of the 2011 George London Foundation Competition, 2010 Grand Prize Winner of The Licia Albanese Puccini Foundation Competition, The Opera Index Competition, The Jensen Foundation Award from Chautauqua Opera and two-time recipient of the Richard F. Gold Career Grant.

A Regional Finalist in the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, Ms. Tatum holds degrees from The Juilliard School and The Manhattan School of Music. Ms. Tatum’s discography includes the DVD releases of The Metropolitan Opera LIVE: in HD broadcasts of Otello and Rusalka, as well as a recording of Le Grand Macabre with The New York Philharmonic. n

This season, engagements include Flosshilde in Das Rheingold at the National Taichung Theatre and in Götterdammerung in a return to Houston Grand Opera, Olga in Eugene Onegin with Boston Youth Symphony, and solos in Beethoven’s Missa Solemnis with Pacific Chorale, Mozart’s Requiem with Omaha Symphony, Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 with San Diego Symphony and Handel’s Messiah with Pacific Symphony Orchestra.

Recent seasons’ engagements include Suzuki in Madama Butterfly with Toledo Opera, Flosshilde and Waltraute in Der Ring des Nibelungen with Washington National Opera, Flosshilde in Götterdämmerung with Teatro Massimo di Palermo, a return to the Metropolitan Opera as the Second Lady in Julie Taymor’s production of Die Zauberflöte led by Ádám Fischer, a return to Houston Grand Opera both as Third Lady in Die Zauberflöte under the baton of Robert Spano, and as Grimgerde in a new production of Die Walküre conducted by Artistic and Music Director Patrick Summers. Ms. Tatum also joined an international cast in Japan as Flora in Verdi’s La traviata and as mezzo soloist in Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 with The Boston Symphony Orchestra at the Tanglewood Music Festival.

A recent alumna of the Lindemann Young Artist Development Program, Ms. Tatum made her Metropolitan Opera début as Inez in Il trovatore conducted by Marco Armiliato.

She sang the role of Flosshilde in Robert Lepage’s landmark production of Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Fabio Luisi. Earlier in her young career, Ms. Tatum was also featured as Háta in Smetana’s The Bartered Bride in a new production by Stephen Wadsworth, led by James Levine, in a collaboration between The Metropolitan Opera and the Juilliard School.

Ms. Tatum is a winner of the 2011 Gerda Lissner

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BARRY BANKS, TENOR

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A R RY B ANKS’ outstanding facility in roles by Bellini, Rossini and Donizetti regularly takes him to the world’s leading opera houses.

Lucia di Lammermoor), Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann) and, most recently, the Duke of Mantua in Rigoletto.

In concert Mr. Banks has performed Berlioz’ Grand Messe des Morts under Sir Colin Davis and the London Symphony Orchestra, a recording of which was released to considerable acclaim on LSO Live. He sang in Britten’s War Requiem at the Teatro alla Scala under Xian Zhang, The Dream of Gerontius with the Münchner Philharmoniker under Sir Andrew Davis and Rossini’s Petite Messe Solennelle with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Daniele Gatti.

Current season highlights include Arturo (I puritani) for Welsh National Opera under Carlo Rizzi, Beethoven Symphony No. 9 with the Swedish Chamber Orchestra under Thomas Dausgaard, Carmina Burana in the Czech Philharmonic’s New Year’s Day concert conducted by Jakub Hrůša, Mahler Symphony No. 8 with the Utah Symphony Orchestra under Thierry Fischer and Beethoven’s oratorio Christ at the Mount of Olives with the Orquesta de la Comunidad de Madrid conducted by Fabio Biondi.

Barry Banks’ discography includes Mitridate with Classical Opera Company (Ian Page), The Elixir of Love, The Italian Girl in Algiers, Don Pasquale, Don Giovanni, The Thieving Magpie and The Magic Flute in the Opera in English series for Chandos. DVD releases include Armida from The Metropolitan Opera. His solo recital disc for Chandos – Barry Banks Sings Bel Canto Arias – received substantial critical acclaim. n

With The Metropolitan Opera he has partnered Renée Fleming in Rossini’s Armida, Natalie Dessay in La fille du régiment and La sonnambula, Olga Borodina in L’italiana in Algeri and Anna Netrebko in Don Pasquale and L’elisir d’amore.

Notable opera performances have included Banks’ debut as Arnold (Guillaume Tell) at Welsh National Opera, the title role in Mitridate, re di Ponto and Don Narciso (Il turco in Italia) at the Bayerische Staatsoper, Ernesto (Don Pasquale) at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Count Almaviva at Staatsoper Unter den Linden, Idreno (Semiramide) at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples and in his debut at Royal Danish Opera, and Iago in Rossini’s Otello at both Théâtre des Champs-Elysées and Salzburger Festspiele. The role of Don Ramiro (La cenerentola) saw his debut at the Gran Teatre del Liceu and Oreste (Ermione) marked his debut at the Santa Fe Festival.

During his long association with English National Opera he has appeared as Tamino, Tom Rakewell (The Rake’s Progress), Edgardo (in David Alden’s acclaimed production of

NATHAN BERG, BASS-BARITONE

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AT HAN B ERG’S career to date has encompassed a vast range of styles and repertoire, and he is in demand by some of the world’s most distinguished conductors including Esa-Pekka Salonen, Emmanuelle Haïm, Roger Norrington, Hans Graf, Philippe Herreweghe, Vasily Petrenko, Donald Runnicles, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Michael Tilson Thomas.

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ABOUT THE ARTISTS

BEETHOVEN'S NINTH SYMPHONY - DECEMBER 9, 10 & 11 During his early career Mr. Berg made his name as an outstanding interpreter of the baroque and pre-classical repertoire in both concert and opera around the world. He later added leading Mozart roles to his repertoire, including the title role in Don Giovanni in London, Paris and Vancouver. This season he makes his Salzburger Festspiele debut as the King in Christoph Loy’s new production of Ariodante, also on tour in concert to Monte Carlo.

In recent seasons Mr. Berg has simultaneously moved towards the dramatic repertoire, adding the title role in Der fliegende Holländer in his Bolshoi Theatre debut, Alberich (Das Rheingold) with Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra under Myung-Whun Chung, Doktor (Wozzeck) with BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra

and most recently Bluebeard (Bluebeard’s Castle) for Teatr Wielki as well as his role debut as Vodnik (Rusalka) for Beijing’s National Centre for the Performing Arts. This season Mr. Berg returns to the role of Alberich for Minnesota Opera, marking his stage debut in Das Rheingold, under Michael Christie.

An active concert artist, Mr. Berg joins the San Diego Symphony Orchestra for Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 under Edo de Waart and the Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo under Gianluigi Gelmetti for Missa Solemnis.

Whilst at the Salzburger Festspiele Mr. Berg will also make his role debut as Douglas D’Angus in La donna del lago in a concert and recording project.

A Grammy®-nominated and Juno Awardwinning artist, Mr. Berg has recorded

extensively with Les Arts Florissants, including Mozart’s Requiem and Handel’s Messiah. His Lieder recordings include songs by Othmar Schoeck and the album Lieder Recital with pianist Julius Drake. He has also recorded Dvořák's Stabat Mater with Robert Shaw and Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Recent DVD releases include Lully's Armide from the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées under William Christie, Glyndebourne Festival Opera’s production of Rossini’s La Cenerentola and Rameau’s Les Indes galantes with Les Talens Lyriques under Christophe Rousset.

Born in Saskatchewan, Nathan Berg studied in his native Canada, the United States, Paris and at the Guildhall School of Music where he won the Gold Medal for Singers. n

ABOUT THE MUSIC Three Places in New England, S. 7, version 4 C H A RL E S I VE S Born October 20, 1874, Danbury, CT Died May 19, 1954, New York City Ives composed Three Places in New England between 1908 and 1914, incorporating some material he had written as early as 1903. Each of the three movements is a portrait of a specific place in New England, but this music should not be understood as mere tonepainting: each place evokes a deeper meaning for Ives, either from the past or from his own life, and he prefaces each movement with a bit of poetry or prose that points the way to our understanding.

The first movement, The ‘St. Gaudens’ in Boston Common, was inspired by Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ relief sculpture memorializing Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, an all-black unit that Colonel Shaw led to their joint slaughter in an attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina during the Civil War. The lines before this movement are Ives’ own: Moving,–Marching–Faces of Souls!

Marked with generations of pain, Part-Freers of a Destiny, Slowly, restlessly–swaying us on with you Towards other Freedom!

The music opens in an aural haze: Ives superimposes soft D minor and A-flat minor

chords, while above them flute and piano sing a simple three-note phrase, which the ear dimly recognizes as “I’m comin’” from Stephen Foster’s “Old Black Joe.” The movement is a ghostly march: Colonel Shaw and his soldiers emerge from the fog, pass by and vanish back into it. Ives creates this misty montage from snatches of Civil War battlesongs: “Marching Through Georgia,” “The Battle Cry of Freedom” and others, and his prefatory poem suggests that these soldiers are marching toward two struggles: for the Union victory and for their own emancipation (“other Freedom”). The music rises to a climax, then fades into the mists; Ives concludes with a sort of “Amen,” and over it the three-note motto – “I’m comin’” – sounds one final time.

The second movement, Putnam’s Camp, is a recollection of a Fourth of July celebration.

Putnam’s Camp – near Redding, Connecticut – was the spot where General Israel Putnam spent the winter of 1778-79 during the Revolutionary War, and a boy wanders through the remains of the soldiers’ old stone firepits, still visible over a century later. It is a festive day, with bands blaring, and the movement opens with a noisy fanfare that quickly slides into the Country Band March.

Ives marks this opening “Quick-step time.”

The boy wanders off, falls asleep (on an eerie chord), and dreams of seeing Lady Liberty encouraging General Putnam and his soldiers

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to fight on. One of the favorite American marches during the Revolutionary War was, ironically, “The British Grenadiers,” and it pops up here. At the climax of this movement comes a wonderful moment. As a young man, Ives had watched two bands march past each other, each playing a different piece, and he recreates that moment here as two bands pass by, one playing “British Grenadiers,” the other “The Country Band March,” and each in a completely different meter. Their sonic collision and the concluding blare remains – a century after it was written – one of the most striking moments in American music.

The last movement, The Housatonic at Stockbridge, brings a complete change. The Housatonic is a river in the Berkshires in western Massachusetts, and Ives noted that “The last movement…was suggested by a Sunday morning walk that Mrs. Ives and I took near Stockbridge the summer after we were married. We walked in the meadows along the River and heard the distant singing from the Church across the River. The mist had not entirely left the river bed, and the colors, the running water, the banks and trees were something that one would always remember.”

What Ives does not say (in the rather prim reference to “Mrs. Ives”) is that the couple was on their honeymoon, so this was in fact is a very personal and intense memory. In the score Ives includes a poem by Robert

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BEETHOVEN'S NINTH SYMPHONY - DECEMBER 9, 10 & 11 Underwood Johnson that begins: “Contented river! In thy dreamy realm – the cloudy willow and the plumy elm.”

had sketched in his original manuscripts. This final version is the one performed at these concerts. n

The opening of this movement is soft and dreamy, as bits of fog swirl through the morning sunlight, and from the distance comes the sound of the church choir. Gradually the music turns intense and plunges into chaos.

(At the ear-splitting climax, Ives asks the pianist to play a massive chord with both forearms mashed down on the keyboard.) Out of this chaos comes order: solo strings trail off to a sudden and gentle close. This ending – so unexpected – has been interpreted in various ways. Some have thought that the music’s violence mirrors the turbulence of the river as it rushes downstream, while others have proposed that this gentle ending suggests that love (the newlyweds) will hold out in the face of life’s inevitable troubles.

Three Places in New England is Ives’ finest creation: evocative, moving music written with imagination and complete originality.

And – in a long lifetime marked by neglect – this is one of the few of his pieces that Ives heard performed. Nicholas Slonimsky led performances with the Boston Chamber Orchestra in Boston and New York during the 1930-31 season (twenty years after it had been composed), and for that performance Ives had to cut the score down for Slonimsky’s small orchestra. Afterwards Slonimsky apologized to Ives for some miscues, but Ives loved it, exclaiming: “Just like a town meeting – every man for himself. Wonderful how it came out!”

Slonimsky took Three Places to France the following year. Ives paid the costs of extra rehearsals and sent this note of encouragement on to Slonimsky: “The concert will go alright. Just kick into the music as you did in Town Hall – never mind the exact notes or the right notes, they’re always a nuisance.

Just let the spirit underneath the stuff sail up to the Eiffel Tower and on up to Heaven.”

A NOTE ON EDITIONS: Ives’ manuscripts are often mystifying – he reworked them many times over the years – and Three Places in New England exists in three different versions.

The first is Ives’ original manuscript, prepared between 1908 and 1914, never performed, and left in chaotic shape. The second is Ives’ 1929 chamber orchestra version for 24 players; the composer significantly revised the music for this performance and used a piano to cover many of the parts he did not have the orchestral instruments for. Finally, in 1976 – over two decades after Ives’ death – James Sinclair attempted to recreate the original full-orchestra score by fleshing out Ives’ revised 1929 version with the full scoring he

Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125: Choral LUDWIG VAN B EET HOV EN Born December 16, 1770, Bonn Died March 26, 1827, Vienna Beethoven’s Ninth is at once his grandest symphony and his most challenging, and its challenges have been both moral and musical.

The unprecedented grandeur of Beethoven’s music, the first use of voices in a symphony, and in particular the setting of Schiller’s “An die Freude” have made the Ninth Symphony one of the great statements of romantic faith in humankind, a utopian vision of the universal bond of all people. Musically, the Ninth has been a challenge to every composer who came after it, and composers as diverse as Schubert, Bruckner, Brahms and Mahler have responded to Beethoven’s example, sometimes in quite different ways. Nearly two centuries after its premiere, a performance of the Ninth remains a special occasion, an experience entirely different from a performance of any of the other eight, and it excites quite different responses. The Ninth Symphony has inspired countless audiences to leap to their feet over those two centuries, but it has also troubled those who find themselves trapped between the symphony’s starry vision of a utopian future and our own awareness of how the events of the last two centuries have undercut Beethoven’s hopeful vision.

As a piece of music, the Ninth seems so perfectly conceived that it comes as a surprise to learn that it took shape very slowly over a span of thirty years, and Beethoven’s conception of this music changed often during that process. Beethoven first planned to compose a setting of Schiller’s “An die Freude” as early as 1792, when he was just 22. (Schiller had written that ode only seven years earlier, in 1785.) Though Beethoven set that intention aside, the idea remained with him. The first mention of a Symphony in D minor did not occur until 20 years later, when Beethoven noted such a plan in his sketchbooks. Some of the musical ideas that would eventually end up in the symphony first appeared in his sketchbooks in 1815, but it was an invitation from the London Philharmonic in 1817 to visit London and write two symphonies that finally prodded Beethoven to action.

Beethoven would never visit London (and he would write only one more symphony), but now he began to think seriously about that symphony, and by 1818 he was thinking

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of the novel idea of including voices. But it was not until the spring of 1823, after he had completed the Missa Solemnis and the Diabelli Variations, that Beethoven set to serious work on the Ninth Symphony. By that November, he had decided that the finale would set Schiller’s text, and the symphony was complete early the following year. At this point in his career, Beethoven had formulated what we know as his “late style” (he was just about to begin composing the late quartets), but for the Ninth Symphony he reverted to his Heroic Style, that powerful approach built on conflict and triumphant resolution that had animated such works as the Third and Fifth Symphonies.

The Ninth Symphony may incorporate such features of the late style as an inward and lyrical expressiveness and a new interest in variation-form and contrapuntal writing, but in its heroism and drive to a triumphant conclusion the Ninth Symphony is very much in an earlier style.

The first performance of the Ninth took place in Vienna on May 7, 1824, when Beethoven was 53. Though he had been totally deaf for years, Beethoven sat on stage with the orchestra and tried to assist in the direction of the music. This occasion produced one of the classic Beethoven anecdotes. Unaware that the piece had ended, Beethoven continued to beat time and had to be turned around to be shown the applause that he could not hear; the realization that the music they had just heard had been written by a deaf man overwhelmed the audience. A less romantic account of the same event comes from one of the violinists in the orchestra: The work was studied with the diligence and conscientiousness that such a huge and difficult piece of music demanded. It came to the performance. An illustrious, extremely large audience listened with rapt attention and did not stint with enthusiastic, thundering applause.

Beethoven himself conducted, that is, he stood in front of the conductor’s stand and threw himself back and forth like a madman. At one moment he stretched to his full height, at the next he crouched down to the floor, he flailed about with his hands and feet as though he wanted to play all the instruments and sing all the chorus parts…The actual direction was in [Umlauf’s] hands; we musicians followed his baton only…Beethoven was so excited that he saw nothing that was going on about him, he paid no heed whatever to the bursts of applause, which his deafness prevented him from hearing in any case…

He always had to be told when it was P E R FOR M AN C E S M AGAZ I NE P28

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BEETHOVEN'S NINTH SYMPHONY - DECEMBER 9, 10 & 11 time to acknowledge the applause, which he did in the most ungracious manner imaginable.

The opening of the Allegro ma non troppo, quiet and harmonically uncertain, creates a sense of mystery and vast space. Bits of theme flit about in the murk and begin to coalesce, and out of these the main theme suddenly explodes to life and comes crashing downward; this has been universally compared to a streak of lightning, and surely that must have been Beethoven’s intention. He introduces a wealth of secondary material – some lyric, some martial – but the opening subject dominates this sonata-form movement, returning majestically at crucial moments in the drama.

The ending is particularly effective: the coda opens with ominous fanfares over quiet tremolo strings, and out of this darkness the main theme rises up one final time and is stamped out to close the movement.

The second movement, marked Molto vivace, is a scherzo built on a five-part fugue. The displaced attacks in the first phrase, which delighted the audience at the premiere, still retain their capacity to surprise; Beethoven breaks the rush of the fugue with a rustic trio for woodwinds and a flowing countermelody for strings. Some of the material in the scherzo was the first part of the symphony to be written – its principal theme appeared in Beethoven’s notebooks as early as 1815, seven years before he began the actual composition of the symphony.

Beethoven at first conceived of the Adagio molto e cantabile in straightforward themeand-variation form, based on the opening subject. In the course of its composition, however, he came up with a second theme he liked so much that he could not bring himself to leave it out, even though it had no real place in the movement’s variation form.

First heard in the second violins and violas, this second theme is of such radiant lyricism that Beethoven considered having the chorus enter here rather than in the last movement.

He rejected this idea but decided to keep the second theme in the movement. The clearest way to understand the resulting form is to see it as a set of variations with contrasting interludes based on the second subject.

The very opening of the finale has bothered many listeners. After the serenity of the third movement, the orchestra erupts with a dissonant blast. It hardly seems a proper opening for a movement whose ultimate message will be the dignity and brotherhood of man. But Beethoven’s intention here was precise – he referred to this ugly opening

noise as a Schrecken-fanfare (“terrorfanfare”), and with it he wanted to shatter the mood of the Adagio and prepare his listeners for the weighty issues to follow. Then begins one of the most remarkable passages in music: in a long recitative, cellos and basses consider a fragment of each of the three previous movements and reject them all. Then, still by themselves, they sing the theme that will serve as the basis of the final movement and are gradually joined by the rest of the orchestra. Again comes the strident opening blast, followed by the entrance of the baritone soloist, who puts into words what the cellos and basses have suggested: “Oh, friends, not these sounds! Rather let us sing something more pleasing and more joyful.” These words are not from Schiller’s text but were written

by Beethoven himself, and they help us understand the interrelation of the parts of the Ninth: each of the first three movements represents something entirely different and each has a validity of its own, but none offers the message that Beethoven will impart in the finale.

by bit the other sections of the orchestra join in, followed by the tenor solo (“Froh”) and the chorus. The music begins to surge ahead, and suddenly it takes off and soars, and out of that awkward little woodwind theme Beethoven builds a magnificent fugue for full orchestra.

The theme that had seemed clownish moments before is now full of grandeur, and Beethoven’s music mirrors the message of the symphony: even the simplest and least likely thing is touched with divinity and – if properly understood – can be seen as part of a vast and noble universe.

That will come in Schiller’s text, with its exaltation of the fellowship of mankind and in man’s recognition of his place in a universe presided over by a just and omnipotent god.

Beethoven’s choice of “An die Freude” as the text for his finale would probably have surprised Schiller himself, for the poet came to dislike his own poem and spoke of it disparagingly. “An die Freude” was originally a drinking ode, and if the text is full of the spirit of brotherhood, it is also replete with generous praise for the glories of good drink.

Beethoven used less than half of Schiller’s original text, cutting all references to drink and certain other stanzas but retaining those that speak most directly to his evocation of a utopian vision of human brotherhood.

Musically, the last movement is a series of variations on his opening theme, the music of each stanza varied to fit its text.

-Program notes by Eric Bromberger

One of these sections deserves attention, for it has confused many listeners. The finale reaches an early climax when the chorus sings “und der Cherub steht vor Gott!” A moment of silence follows, and out of that silence the woodwinds begin to play some consciously rough and simple music. Critics have tried to make sense of this section in different ways: some hear it as military music, others as a village band, blatting and tooting away.

It seems wildly out of place, a blot on the otherwise noble texture of the movement.

But what Beethoven does with this makes it all clear. Gradually the pace quickens, and bit

S AN DI EG O SYMPHO NY O RCHEST RA 2016- 17 SEA SO N D E C E MB E R 2016

In a world that daily belies the utopian message of the Ninth Symphony, it may seem strange that this music continues to work its hold on our imagination. It is difficult for us to take the symphony’s vision of brotherhood seriously when each morning’s headlines show us again the horrors of which man is capable.

Perhaps the secret of its continuing appeal is that for the hour it takes us to hear the Ninth Symphony, the music reminds us not of what we too often are, but of what – at our best – we might be.

PERFORMANCE HISTORY

by Dr. Melvin G. Goldzband, Symphony Archivist The suite by Charles Ives, Three Places in New England, is being heard at these performances for the first time, although the Orchestra did perform the “Putnam’s Camp” and “The Housatonic at Stockbridge” movements in an “All About Ives” Light Bulb Series program in the 2004-05 season led by Matthew Garbutt.

Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony has been programmed at these concerts 14 times since it was first played in San Diego in the summer of 1915 by the original San Diego Symphony under Buren Schryock. In more contemporary times, Robert Shaw conducted it in the summer of 1956, and Ken-David Masur led the most recent local performance during the 2012-13 season. Jahja Ling has led this work three times during his tenure here.

P E R FOR M AN C E S M AGAZ I NE P29