Salvas Portfolio Pre-Tech

TIME & MATERIALS A PORTFOLIO BY RYAN SALVAS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PROFESSIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH SERVICE

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Page 03 Page 26

Page 74 Page 87

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PROFESSIONAL

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private entry

shared (front lawn)

private entry

ARQUITECTUM GLOBAL HOUSE International Competition / Lima, Peru

Shoulder View Render Bird’s Eye Render Highway Site Plan Access Site Plan Elevation Render

Existing within a piece of infrastructure which is virtually universal, "56 West : Utopia" embraces the highway condition, for urban infrastructure reuse. A modulated construction system of interlocking panels works within the constraints of the highway truss to create spaces that play with notions of private and public within dwelling, as generated by sign coverage, frequency and regularity of traffic, and occupant preferences.

An economy of new highway neighborhoods is provided through incentive programs, as the houses act as highway traffic information centers.

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100 11TH AVENUE (w/ AJN) FRONT Inc. / New York, New York

Completed in 2010, 100 11th Avenue is a 23 floor tower along the Hudson River. It features the most highly engineered curtain wall ever constructed in New York City. The south curtain wall is comprised of approximately 1,647 different panes organized within steel-framed “megapanels� that range from 11 to 16 feet tall and as wide as 37 feet across, sheathing one of the most meticulously customized residential addresses in the nation.

Curtain Wall Construction Street View Render VMU and Catia Model Spreader Beam Bracket Mega-Panel Details

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Radius Mega-Panel Construction Process Night Photo

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SLUMPED RIBS AS REINFORCEMENT

VAKKO HEADQUARTERS (W/ RE X) FRONT Inc. / Istanbul, Turkey

Vakko Center is a 58,000 square-foot headquarters for the Turkish fashion house. Creating a new headquarters was critical to maintaining Vakko’s public image; yet, absorption of the clumsy, existing structure was impossible to hide.

Front therefore proposed to make the glass façade as thin and immaterial as possible, such that the hotel skeleton is exposed. By slumping a structural “X” into each pane, the glass’s strength is increased, its need for perimeter mullions is eliminated, and its thickness is reduced.

Street View Render Construction Photos Structural Analysis

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Glass Panel Detail Exterior View Glass Slump Mold Interior Views

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CORNELL MILSTEIN HALL FRONT Inc. / Ithaca, New York

Completed in 2011, Milstein Hall is a 47,000 square-foot addition to the architecture facilities of Cornell University, bridging Sibley and Rand Halls into one coherent, dynamic landscape. The building will have three levels - the first two, at and below ground level, will accommodate an auditorium.

The upper plate houses studios, all suffused with natural light from floor-to-ceiling windows and a diffused grid of skylights.

Lower Plate Render Bird’s Eye Render Inclined Storefront Detail Lower Plate Render

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Top Plate Curtain Wall Bottom Plate Canted Corner Curtain Wall at Eyebrow

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HL 23 (w/ NEIL DENARI ARCH) FRONT Inc. / New York, New York

Completed in 2011, HL23 is a 14 floor tower that responds to a unique site adjacent to the High Line in West Chelsea. The demands produced a building with one unit per floor and three distinct yet coherent facades, a rarity in Manhattan's block structure. With a custom non-spandrel curtainwall on the south and north facades, and a 3D stainless steel panel facade on the east facing the High Line, the project's geometry is driven by challenges to the zoning envelope.

Construction Photo Render from High Line Wall Section and Mockup Rain Screen Track Install Rain Screen Details

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Rain Screen Undulation View from High Line Elevation from High Line

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WBC BUSAN (w/ ASYMPTOTE) FRONT Inc. / Busan, South Korea

Winning international competition entry for a 560m tall tower, which upon completion (2012) will be the tallest building in Asia. The fifty-story base building negotiates both the site and city, transporting visitors to a cable-wall enclosed sky lobby. The three independent towers express the inherent structural elegance of the scheme as a whole, incorporating a floor to ceiling curtain wall system with an integrated fresh air mullion inlets, for passive air exchange and perimeter cooling strategies.

Bird’s Eye Render Curtain Wall Details Elevation Typology Sky Lobby Render

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City View Render Sky Lobby Render City View Render

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FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY C

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SHoP Architects / New York, New York

The proposed addition to the Fashion Institute of Technology is highlighted by a multi-layered glass and steel facade. Contained within this thickened facade are nested the primary circulation, review, and exhibition spaces connecting the building’s design studios with the sky-lit student quad on the fifth floor. Situated between the base building framing and the main facade are structural passageways. Constructed of rectangular steel tubing they contain escalators, stairs, and circulation corridors for the students. The main facade is a cable wall system of post tensioned cables hung from the long-span trusses and supported at the 2nd floor framing level.

Model Street View Coplanar Panel Analysis Structural Rib Instantiation Parametric Cost Analysis

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Model Elevation View Model Street View

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CONCENTRATING SOLAR FACADE HeliOptix LLC / Syracuse, New York

HeliOptix is a next-generation building-integrated photovoltaic system. The purpose of the system is to overcome obstacles to wider implementation in the solar power market by creating a system that utilizes the solar energy in as many ways as possible. The system consists of an array of solar modules positioned between a double-skin facade. The modules house and protect a high efficiency photovoltaic cell, where at the external face of the module, a Fresnel lens refracts direct light onto the solar cell. A fluid cooled heat sink simultaneoulsy cools the PV cell and captures energy not converted directly into electricity.

Daylight Rendering System Breakdown Module Assembly Heatsink Receiver Pivot

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Glass Fin Assembly Glass Module Assembly Full Stack Assembly

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Curtain Wall Unit Back of Module Back of Stacks

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Exterior View Performance Mockup PMU Module

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BARCLAYS NETS ARENA SHoP Architects / Brooklyn, New York

The Barclays Center is a 675,000 square-foot arena set to open at the beginning of the 2012 NBA season. The building itself consists of three separate but woven bands.

The first engages the ground where the weathered steel rises and lowers to create a sense of visual transparency.

The second, a glass band, allows for views from inside and outside. The third band floats around the roof and varies in transparency, the weathered steel creating backlit patterns.

Rendered Perspectives Physical Model Views Catia Panel Instantiation

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Panel Fabrication Weathering Acceleration Mega-panel Installation

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ACADEMIC

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53 lbs./sq. ft

35 lbs./sq. ft

Materials & Methods 1

Material Properties/ Building Codes

Soils/ Foundations

Material Inventory

Masonry

Steel

Material Timeline

Evolving Sections

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House Project Wee

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Precedent Studies Wee

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Found Objects k 01

2nd Year Studio

Wood/Timber/ Light Wood Frame

Facade Project

MATERIALS + METHODS I School of Architecture / Auburn University

The redesign of the Materials and Methods curriculum began with an understanding of the importance of convergences between course material and the work that enrolled students were currently undertaking in their studio courses.

It became important to coordinate the schedule of Materials and Methods lectures, case studies, site visits, and projects with the schedule of studio to reinforce the course material and cross reference whenever possible.

Curriculum Convergence

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49 lbs./sq. ft

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29 lbs./sq. ft

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1 acacia 2 maple 3 bird’s eye maple 4 Oregon alder 5 birch 6 Australian or she oak 7 pecan 8 box 9 sweet chestnut 10 black bean 11 Ceylon lemon 12 violet wood 13 cocobolo 14 Ceylon Ebony 15 jelutong 16 walnut

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BROAD - LEAVED (hardwoods)

October 21, 2010

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69 lbs./sq. ft

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Stone Brick CMU Precast Concrete Sitecase Concrete Heavy Timber Wood Frame Steel Light Gauge Steel Architectural Metals Glass Plastics Composites Fasteners, etc.

Building Codes

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25 lbs./sq. ft.

1 European silver fur 2 kaori tree 3 Panama pine 4 Australian pine 5 cedar of Lebanon 6 cypress 7 rimu (or red pine) 8 European larch 9 European spruce 10 Sitka spruce 11 Californian sugar pine 12 plum-fruited yew 13 Ponderosa pine 14 Weymouth pine 15 Scots pine 16 Oregon pine 17 sequoia 18 silver pine 19 cedar 20 Californian hemlock

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Spheres of Influence

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"Retrieving nature through architecture is not amatter of returning to nature through its most superficial and picturesque aspects, not through a process of forced mimesis, but with an intention to discover a capacity, which is also within us, for creating reciprocal relations among the most apparently disparate situations."

- Giovanni Michelucci

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CONIFEROUS (softwoods)

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Types of Soils:

Rock

Cobble

Gravel

Sand

Silt

Clay

Peat

Gravel:

Any particle of soil that can be easily lifted with a thumb and forefinger. Specifically, it is any loose rock that is larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in its smallest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 64 millimeters (2.5 inches).

Foundations

Foundations

the A

Excavation:

Slurry Wall Construction: A slurry is a thin mixture of a liquid, especially water, and any of several finely divided substances, such as cement, plaster of Paris, or clay particles

Foundations

Excavation:

Excavation of some kind is required for every site. Ease and speed of excavation is different depending on the type and depth of soil being removed. Costs of excavation vary depending again on depth, soil (rock will be more difficult to remove), and site location.

Foundations

Woo

M+M I LECTURES

School of Architecture / Auburn University

Sample Foundation Lecture Sample Foundation Lecture

In-depth instruction into material properties, material production, assemblies, construction processes, and end of life options. Focus was placed more on materials, and less on assemblies, allwoing MM II to develop the latter. The course topics, including foundations, wood, masonry, and steel were coordinated with corresponding year level studio faculty to best assist students in developing studio projects.

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* Woodworking Tools - Pre-Industrial Revolution

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the axe (A), adz (B), socket chisel (C), ripping chisel (D), drawknife (E), hookpin (F), bevel (G), plumb line (H), hammer (I), commander (K), crow (L), and jack (M)

Carpentry Through the Ages

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1 European silver fur 2 kaori tree 3 Panama pine 4 Australian pine 5 cedar of Lebanon 6 cypress 7 rimu (or red pine) 8 European larch 9 European spruce 10 Sitka spruce 11 Californian sugar pine 12 plumfruited yew 13 Ponderosa pine 14 Weymouth pine 15 Scots pine 16 Oregon pine 17 sequoia 18 silver pine 19 cedar 20 Californian hemlock

BROAD - LEAVED (hardwoods) 1 acacia 2 maple 3 bird’s eye maple 4 Oregon alder 5 birch 6 Australian or she oak 7 pecan 8 box 9 sweet chestnut 10 black bean 11 Ceylon lemon 12 violet wood 13 cocobolo 14 Ceylon Ebony 15 jelutong 16 walnut

Silhouettes of Tree Species

Most popular and economic mill is plain or slash and flat sawing. * Quality of the wood is irregular in these methods but loss is minimized. * Rift or quarter sawing ensure a higher quality piece of lumber.

Cutting Methods Wood + Other

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CONIFEROUS (softwoods)

Joinery Wood

Sample Wood Lecture Sample Wood Lecture

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30 Brick 3500 BC

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* Other early brick-making machines like this one, patented in 1863, used stiff mud which was forced out in long ribbons on a conveyor belt, transferred to moulds and cut by a revolving cutter. As time progressed, up to 25 brick could be cut at a time. * Several types of dryers were available: dryer sheds, dryer tunnels and drying yards. Dryer sheds were located within the factory.

These were rooms with large fans, run by steam engines, at each end of the shed to dry the brick. Dryers had to be kept at a constant temperature. These dried brick were called "green brick". Eighty thousand to 100,000 green brick were manufactured in a day. * The moulded bricks were first left to dry for two days at which time they were turned over to facilitate uniform drying and prevent warping. During this time tools called dressers or clappers were used by "edgers" to to straighten the bricks and obtain a smooth surface.

Queen Puabi Tomb Architect: N/A Location: Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq Year Completed: 2600 BC

Houston Street Architect: SHoP Architects Location: New York, USA Year Completed: 2010

Monadnock Building Architect: Burnham and Root Location: Illinois, USA Year Completed: 1891

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Brick Timeline

Brick Timeline

Stretcher

a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.

Header

Course

Shiner:

Wythe

a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed. a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side exposed

Soldier:

Sill Section Detail

a continuous horizontal layer of similarly-sized building material one unit high, usually in a wall a continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness. A wythe may be independent of, or interlocked with, the adjoining wythe(s). A single wythe of brick is referred to as a veneer.

a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.

Rowlock:

a brick laid on the long, narrow side with the small or "header" side exposed.

Sailor:

a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.

Brick Positions and Layouts

Brick Veneer Wall CMU Backup

Sample Masonry Lecture Sample Masonry Lecture

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Foundations Case Study Cornell Milstein Hall

Foundations Case Study Cornell Milstein Hall

Foundations Case Study Cornell Milstein Hall

Foundations Case Study Cornell Milstein Hall

M+M I CASE STUDIES

School of Architecture / Auburn University

At the end of material topics, case studies were presented to students with a focus on real world applications relative to their previous lectures. The case studies were projects that the faculty had worked on primarily when practicing, so in class discussions were encouraged and questions and answer sessions followed. Site visits also corresponded with case study subject material to allow for a hands on experience.

Sample Foundation Case Study Sample Foundation Case Study

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Steel Canopy Erection

Steel Canopy Erection

Steel Canopy Erection

Steel Canopy Erection

Sample Steel Case Study Sample Steel Case Study

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September 9, 2010

September 21, November 11, 2010 2010

M+M I SITE VISITS

School of Architecture / Auburn University

Bi-weekly site visits were conducted with local architects, construction manageers, and general contractors corresponding to the topics being covered in Materials and Methods I and Design Studio. Trips included a recurring site visit to an exhisting commercial masonry structure being converted into a dwelling, a fisheries lab, a sawmill, a glulam facility, a brick factory, and the new Health and Wellness Center .

Recurring Residential Visit

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Brick Heavy Timber Wood Frame Steel Glass Plastics Composites Fasteners, etc.

Residential Framing Visit Topics Covered

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Brick CMU Precast Concrete Sitecase Concrete Steel Light Gauge Steel Fasteners, etc.

Fisheries Site Visit Topics Covered

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Jenkins Brick Site Visit Clay Storage Pit On the Production Line

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M+M I PROJECTS

School of Architecture / Auburn University

The Brick Project is part of a larger series of projects centered on understanding the steps that go into the fundamental palette of the architect. Students are asked to construct 4 “perfect� bricks, seeing the process from loose clay to finished fired brick. This hands-on approach allows student to experience all the steps necessary to make a brick, as well as work with the materials and associated tools/processes.

Green Bricks Brick Molds and Stamp Brick Assembly Dry Staging in Hallway Loose Clay

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Class Bricks Wet Bricks Individual Marking

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M+M I PROJECTS

School of Architecture / Auburn University

The Material Inventory Project asked students to document various properties of two assigned materials, one modern material and one material with a storied architectural history. Students were to compare the two materials using the same criteria, and compile their findings on a provided template. All of the students’ findings were then compiled into a book which was distributed back to the students for studio reference.

Sample Page Material Inventory Book

40 Polyurethane High

High

Low

Low Workability

Durability High

High

Low

Low

Cost

Construction Relevance High

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Ecologically Sound

Polyurethane was first created in polymer studies in the late 1930’s, its first iterations being soft foams. It was not commercially viable until the early 1950’s, where it took on various forms such as rigid foams, imitation rubber, and insulation. Now, polyurethane is nothing short of a shape shifter, taking the place of many other (and generally more expensive) materials such as rubber, metals, and wood. Now found in virtually all industries, from airplanes and automobiles to baby carriages and toys.

In terms of building design and construction, polyurethane operates on many different levels, each variation having both strengths and weaknesses. Elasto mers created from the plastic are rigid materials with some elasticity, like foam insulation that can be sprayed during construction of a new building or retrofit to older ones. Polyurethane derived elastomers also have structural memory – that is, they can be deformed and still hold their original shape. Other polyurethanes take the form of thermoplastics, which are both smooth and rigid, appearing to be metal of another plastic. A distinctive trait of this group is their impermeability to water, and they are typically used when stability and durabil ity are important.

Recently, research in creating polyurethanes out of vegetable oil has taken place as a result of the industrial push for environmentally sustainable products.

Future Potential

Material Properties

Cross-section of Poly Insulation

Polyurethane in Soles

Sample Page

Insulating Operation

Flooring Capabilities

Polyurethane is used in insulating many things including automobiles, coolers, and pipes. In construction application, polyurethane is an excellent insulator and one of the cheaper products to install into both old and new structures.

Having a strong resistance to tears, abrasions, oxygen, ozone, sunlight, and general weather conditions, polyurethane floors are a popular choice for industrial and commercial applications.

Polyurethane can also be used to seal hardwood floors.

Polyurethane Floor Coating

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41 Spheres of Influence

17th Century- timber frame construction was the construction method for all framed houses in America.

1066- The last Anglo-Saxon house was constructed of timber.

450- Anglo-Saxon wood framed walls were construted in two ways: wood frame with wattle and daub or split planned timbers.

60- Roman timber buildings were destroyed by fire in the Boudican revolt.

1990- The German Half-Timbered Houses Route was founded. The aim was to preserve the heritage of the varietyof different styles of framework in Germany.

M+M I PROJECTS

School of Architecture / Auburn University

The Material Timeline project split the class into research groups that were tasked with developing the full history of an assigned construction material. A seemingly simple task, the project was compounded by asking teams to reference areas where other materials had influence on the development or progression of their own material. This required teams to collaborate and communicate to make sure timelines were in sync.

Wood Timeline Frames Wood Timeline Frames

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728- The Todaiji Buddhist temple (largest wooden structure in the world) was built.

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Stone Brick CMU Precast Concrete Sitecase Concrete Heavy Timber Light Timber Steel Light Gauge Steel Aluminum Glass Plastics Composites Fasteners, etc.

Insulation Architectural Metals

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42 Spheres of Influence Stone Brick CMU Precast Concrete Sitecase Concrete Heavy Timber Light Timber Steel Light Gauge Steel Aluminum Glass Plastics Composites Fasteners, etc.

Insulation Architectural Metals

27 B.C. the Pantheon began construction in concrete and brick

Development of the autoclave for steam curing in Germany of solicate bricks.

Brick Gothic Tradition begain in Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia.

-Roskilde Domkirke Cathedral

Brick

Brick was confined to low and medium rise structures or as thin decorative cladding.

Carbon cutting brick. Create bioengeneered bricks that release less carbon dioxide

Concrete bricks introduced into England.

Great Fire of London.

Builders forced to build with brick

Charles I proclaims a standard brick size to be 9’’ x 4’’ x 2 1/4’’ and the season of brick making to be between 29 Sept and 21 Dec.

Roman aquaducts constructed of brick are an engineering marvel

The Smithsonian Institution, built of brick, is established in 1846

Van Derburgh patents first silicate brick

Europe’s largest Hoffman kiln built at London Brick Co. yard.

Recycling Brick.

Convert clean, ground up brick into other reusable materials.

Wizard of oz (1939) “yellow brick road”

Hi-Tech, intricate brick facades become a standard for modern homes around the US Roman Roads built of stone and brick first appeared around the second century B.C.

3400 B.C. the Egyptians built their first brick mold

Glazing technique began in the Chinese Song Dynasty

The ancient Jetavanaramaya stupa in Sri Lanka is built. A new brick composition allowed the walls to bear heavier loads than before.

Pre-1800 B.C. A “keystone” is a special brick required to construct an arch

Brick size begins to be regulated by government with the creation of statute bricks

The craft of brick laying becomes more refined in the construction of Someries Castle in London

“Flemish” bond gains popularity in 18th century

James I requires the use of brick instead of timber framing

Proclamation that brick making must be carried out far enough away from habitations as to not cause a publice nuisance.

was erected in Kaskaskia in 1750.

One hundred brickmaking patented machines and kilns

Brick Tax is introduced in Great Britain to help pay for the wars in the American Colonies.

Bricks were initially taxed at 4s per thousand and moved up to 5s 10d per thousand bricks.

1949 first LEGO brick manufactured

Early skyscrapers made from brick including Monadnock building in Chicago which is 17 stories high.

Eco-Friendly bricks are introduced to the market with claims of reducing energy consumption.

First (US) na onal unifying brick size replacing imperial brick sizes.

Factories Act

Brick Timeline Frames Brick Timeline Frames

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First machine made “Facing Brick” by Fle on Industry

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First brick pavement in the United States

The largest brick bridge in the world, began in 1846, uses more than 26 million bricks

Visible brick walls regain popularity

“Frog” indenta on at top of brick appears

World’s largest brick tower, St. Martin’s Church in Germany is built using only brick and mortar.

Begun in 70-72 AD, the coloseum is constructed of Travertine (limestone) bricks and concrete

1250 - Wrought iron was produced by heating a mass of iron ore and charcoal in a forge or furnace having a forced draft. This sponge of iron was removed from the furnace while still incandescent and beaten with heavy sledges to drive out the slag and to weld and consolidate the iron.

1574 - Cementation Process. The carbon from charcoal is absorbed into the iron and the end product is blister steel, named so because of the blistered surface caused by the many gases released in the furnace during the process.

1845 - William Fairbairn used wrought iron I-beams in lieu of cast iron on a refinery building.

1784- the technical improvement of the puddling process made it possible to use coke for the conversion of pig iron to wrought iron as well, thus reducing the lead that cast iron had gained.

1700 - Coke produced from coal began to replace charcoal as the fuel for the blast furnace; as a result, cast iron became cheaper and even more widely used as an engineering material.

1742 – English Crucible Steel 1420 - Steel used to reniforce arches in Florentine hospital

1786 - Steel and Iron differentiated for the first time based on carbon content.

1842 - Steam Hammer

1862- French builder François Coignet’s own all-concrete house in Paris, the roofs and floors reinforced with small wrought-iron I beams.

1905-In the Johnson-Bovey Building in Minneapolis, Minn., the American engineer C.A.P. Turner employed concrete floor slabs without beams (called flat slabs or flat plates) that used diagonal and orthogonal patterns of reinforcing bars.

1920- The first all-welded multistory buildings were a series of factories for the Westinghouse Company, beginning . The welded rigid frame became a new structural type for medium spans

1952 – establishment of the curtain wall as a system for cladding steel grid structures

1961 – rigid portal wind bracing emerges as a method for constructing steel multi-story buildings, reduces amount of steel required.

1945 – widespread use of welding in steel construction, a faster process of connecting member than riveting. Increased use of welded rigid frame as a structural type for medium

1974 - Sears tower (now Willis Tower) is completed making it the tallest steel structured skyscraper at 1,451 ft.

Steel Timeline Frames

2018

2020

2000 – Inflatable Steel. Steve Newby begins to test the physical nature of steel by inflating sheets with highly pressurized air without the use of a mold

2008

2010

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2003

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

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1975

1968 – Mushet Steel, containing tungsten and maganese, is considered to be the first tool steel and the first air hardening steel.

1955 – widespread use of “gridiron” architecture, framed construction based on a supporting structural skeleton. Use grew with the popularity of the Bauhaus after the end of WWII and Nazi oppression

1910

1905

1900

1880

Steel Timeline Frames

1890

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Steel embedded with fiber optics that carries light through the structure into the interior.

In the future one possible innovation could be translucent structural steel. The steel could serve as a thin structure or be spread across a wall as a structural "veil".

1898 - The Telegraphone, the first magnetic sound recording device, uses steel wires as a recording

1850’s- The first use of iron-reinforced concrete was by the French

1000 b.c.e. - Ancient steel weaponry discovered. Most likely produced by managing bloomeries, a type of furnace, or iron smelting facilities.

1400

2015

Highly flexible steel would be rigid under static loads but would allow for greater deflection under impulse loads such as seismic waves.

20th Century - Use of steel in construction decreases due to costs of importing/exporting raw materials.

1868-The first commercial alloy steel is usually attributed to the Briton Robert F. Mushet

1600

2013

2008

2005

2010

2003

1995

1990

2000

1985

1975

1970

1980

1973 - Kiev TV Tower becomes the world’s tallest freestanding lattice steel tower

1913 – Stainless Steel

1882 – Manganese Steel

1965 – Development of continuous casting cut out costly energy requirements of handling ingots

2018

25 - Han Dynasty in China produces heat-treated steel.

384 - Wootz Steel. The first high quality steel made anywhere in the world

1460-1530 - after recovery from depression the steel and iron industry entered a prosperous era and the European market expanded and trade opened up overseas.

2020

1100 - Damascus steel blades were achieved by forging steel containing very high proportions of carbon.

1872- the first multistory building in the United States entirely designed as a steelframed structure

1450 - Production of steel decline in Europe from the middle of the fourteenth to the middle of the fifteenth century due to the Black Death and wars that ravaged the continent.

1400 - Waterpower was used to blow air into bloomery furnaces; as a consequence, the temperature in the furnace increased to above 1,200° C (2,200° F), so that, instead of forming a solid bloom of iron, a liquid was produced rich in carbon - i.e., cast iron.

2015

Around 200 - Oldest surving example of exposed iron. Resistant to corrosion due to a passive protective film

2013

steel

Steel Polymers to create stronger woven planes that could hold more complex, fluid shapes.

1856 – Bessemer Process. Bessemer converter used to produce 30 tons of steel in one cycle

500 - Technology of iron making reaches western limits of Europe

2000-1300 - First evidence of steel found at an archaeological site in Anatolia, Turkey.

1800

1962 – Advent of microalloyed steel, combined with a new technique in rolling steel, yield strength nearly doubled

400 - Iron production technology reaches China

650 - Ancient metals found in Sparta

1965

1955

1950

Spheres of Influence Stone Brick CMU Precast Concrete Sitecase Concrete Heavy Timber Light Timber Steel Light Gauge Steel Aluminum Glass Plastics Composites Fasteners, etc.

Insulation Architectural Metals

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43

10”

1’-11”

E RE NVE LOP EXT ERI O

12’-0”

10’-0” FILLET RADIUS

FINISHED FLOOR

STR UCT URE CEN TRO ID

INT ERI O

20

3’-6”

RE NVE LOP

E

44

TOP OF BEAM

BOTTOM OF CEILING

5’-0”

10”

3’-0”

M+M I PROJECTS

School of Architecture / Auburn University

HL23 North Elevation HL23 Wall Section Student Criteria

The Wall Section Charrettes are bi-weekly 3 day intensive projects given to teams of 4 students. Each team is given the same problem, usually an abstract wall section diagram or problem and some basic criteria. They are asked to fully develop a wall section (typically full scale or half scale) which is technically proficient and satisfies all the criteria. The project concludes with a professor led mark-up session.

45

Wall Section Detail Team Wall Section Solution

46

ently disparate situations."

Team Wall Section Mark-Up Mark-Up Detail

74

RESEARCH

75

SOFTWARE UTILIZATION PLAN SHoP Architects / New York, New York

In conjunction with AutoDesk, SHoP was asked to look into how they use software and to present their findings to AutoDesk to aid them with future software development better aimed at facilitating architects.

Members of the Applied Technology Group at SHoP compiled an exhasustive look into key projects, when, how, and why software platforms were used, how different platforms were used together, and the relative amount and sizes of files produced. The results were eye opening for both SHoP and AutoDesk.

SHoP Software Flow Chart

76

Google HQ

planning

building Revit AutoCAD 3DMax

parking

Inventor Rhino Digital Project Gen. Comp.

conceptual

schematic

development

Software Utilization Schedule

documentation

construction

Ecotect

Analysis

1560

Documentation

Microsoft

5427

Acrobat

1912

AutoCad

5848

Revit

Total Number of Files per Software Platform During Google HQ

6

Microstation Fabrication

Design Presentation

255

Ecotect

45

3dMax

3008

Rhino

304

Photoshop

2115

Illustrator

274

InDesign

9931

Image Formats

471

Geometry

Misc.

Software Program and Conceptual Design Components

77

6723

Misc.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Number of Files

Project Specific File Count

8000

9000

10000

78

Total Number of Files per Software Program During Google HQ

Ecotect 0.7%

255 files

Microsoft 0.5% Ecotect 0.5%

Microsoft 4.1% 1560 files

0.5 Gigs 0.5 Gigs

Geometry 1.9%

AutoCad 2.2%

2.0 Gigs

2.3 Gigs

Misc. 6.9%

7.1 Gigs

Acrobat 7.7%

Revit 2.8%

2.9 Gigs

8.0 Gigs

3dMax 0.3%

0.3 Gigs

Misc. 17.8% 6723 files

Acrobat 14.3%

5427 files

Geometry 1.2%

471 files

Image Formats 17.0% AutoCad 5%

17.6 Gigs

1912 files

InDesign 3.9% 4.1 Gigs

Image Formats 26.2%

Revit 15.4%

9931 files

5848 files

Illustrator 6.6% 6.9 Gigs

Rhino 40.3%

41.8 Gigs

Photoshop 9.4% Illustrator 5.6%

3008 files

3dMax 0.1%

2115 files

InDesign 0.7%

274 files

9.8 Gigs

Rhino 7.9% 45 files

Photoshop 0.8% 304 files

Project Specific File Size

Total Size of Files per Software Program During Google HQ

87 8 am

Phoenix, Arizona

8 kWh/Module

Lat : 33.43˚ Long : 112.02˚

3 pm

9 am 6 4 2 0

2 pm

8 - 9 °C 10 - 11 °C 12 - 13 °C 14 - 15 °C 16 - 17 °C

10 am

1 pm

11 am 12 pm

18 - 24 °C 25 - 26 °C 27 - 28 °C 29 - 30 °C 31 - 32 °C 33 - 34 °C Direct Solar (kW/m2)

SILICONE SEALANT Active life of 5 years.

EXTRUDED GASKET Active life of 2 years.

30˚

60˚

19.5˚

85˚

35.3˚

FOAM BACKER ROD

BATT INSULATION

Active life of 1-2 years.

Low R-Value per inch of thickness.

42˚

30˚ 60˚

4% LOSS

4% LOSS

0˚ Light 84% Transmit

4.5% LOSS

4.5% LOSS

30˚ Light 80% Transmit

6.7% LOSS

6.7% LOSS

60˚ Light 55% Transmit

11.7% LOSS

85˚ Light 0% Transmit

POLYISO. NSULATION

THERMAL BREAK

Degrades by 10% of its insulation value after half of a year.

Introduced into assemblies in 1988.

INSULATED GLAZING

SPACER / AIR CAVITY

Can perform up to specification anywhere from 12 - 40 weeks.

Seals have an active life of 5-7 years.

15˚ Facade Tilt Angle

SOLAR FACADE GENERATION School of Architecture / Auburn University

Utilizing a building integrated photovoltaic system that generates and distributes energy on-site to interior building applications, a comprehensive integrative strategy emerges between site, occupant comfort, building systems, real estate, material assemblies, and economics. A site specific envelope strategy emerges for retrofit and new construction that negotiates the boundaries between external and internal as a parametrically driven experiment that challenges social, performative, and historical notions of the role of envelope in architecture.

Hourly Energy Transmission Climate Stereograph Curtain Wall Limitations Fresnel Reflections

Vertical Facade

88 START Structure

Site Selection

Panel Naming

Building Selection

Slab Depth Head Spandrel Site and Panel Batch Export for Analysis

Facade Panel Width

Fl. - Fl. Height

Facade Selection

Panel Division

END Facade Deploy

Ext. Glazing Length Foot Spandrel

Panel Insolation

Grasshopper

Panel Shading

Simulation Program Ecotect

Cavity Depth

Tilt Angle

IC Stack Sizes

Optimization Parameters Parametric Workflow Facade Option Hierarchies

Data Dump

Formua Intepretation for Panel Rotation Angle

89 Curtain Wall Facade ASHRAE 90.1 Standards

CW w/ Louvers and PV Roof LEED Standard

Vertical IC Solar w/ Climatic Thermal Approach

Optimized Tilt IC Solar w/ Climatic Thermal Approach

Base Assumptions Building Height Total Occupiable Program Occupants Duration of Analysis Heating Baseline Cooling Baseline Interior Lighting Interior Equipment Fans Heat Rejection Water Systems

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

420 ft.

635,500 sq ft Office 6000 8560 hours 10091 GJ 11385 GJ 4395 GJ 10763 GJ 12108 GJ 1956 GJ 228 GJ

SUMMARY

TO LOAD

ICSF

HX-1

Phoenix, Arizona Lat : 33.43˚ Long : 112.02˚

PUMP S4 HEAT EXCHANGER HX-2

Annual CO2 footprint (tons)

122,738

Annual CO2 footprint (tons)

114,972

Annual CO2 footprint (tons)

73,290

Annual CO2 footprint (tons)

62,366

% of footprint from elec./gas

73

% of footprint from elec./gas

70

% of footprint from elec./gas

58

% of footprint from elec./gas

52

Annual cost to offset ($ mil)

3.1

Annual cost to offset ($ mil)

2.9

Annual cost to offset ($ mil)

1.8

Annual cost to offset ($ mil)

1.5

= 100,000 global acres of land with average biological productivity required to offset annual carbon

NATURAL GAS

Pipe Length Insulated (ft)

30”

36”

22”

ROTARTICA Interior Absorption Chiller. 4.5 kW Cooling Capacity

1526 1526 915 401 401 401 1591 1259 433

Required Heating (W)

22347 22347 13399 5872 5872 5872 23298 18437 6341

Required Flow Rate (kg/s)

0.01 0.09 0.05 0.096 0.065 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.04

Outlet Temp. (˚C)

62 62

PUMP S5

62 62

ABSORPTION CHILLER

62 62 62 62 62

Flow Rate from IC Panels to Radiant Coils Based on Pipe Length for Consistent Outlet Temperature

CMP TK-1 COOLING WATER

HVAC Thermal Flow Carbon Footprint Variable Facade Flow Rate Embedded Absorption Unit

90 Electric Water

Cooling Heating

Residential 11 Floors

7 pm

8 am

9 am 10 am

6 pm

11 am

5 pm

12 pm

4 pm 1 pm

3 pm

3˚

2 pm

38” TYPICAL CURTAIN WALL AND DUCT HVAC SYSTEM 6’-0”

Office 11 Floors

7 pm

8 am

6 pm

10 am

5 pm

11 am

4 pm

26”

12 pm 1 pm

3 pm

2˚

9’-0” FLR-CLG

9 am

2 pm

10’-0” FLR-CLG Hotel 11 Floors

7 pm

8 am

9 am

6 pm

10 am

5 pm

11 am

4 pm

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl

Verticality

Verticality

Solar Resource

Solar Resource

Urban Age

Urban Age

Rentable Area Increase

High

Core takes up 30% of the total useable floor area within a typical office tower.

By reducing or eliminating the HVAC built into the core, you are able to increase the useable square footage by up to 6%

Pivoting

Miami, FL High

Low

Building Density

Building Density

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl

Verticality

Verticality

Solar Resource

Solar Resource

Urban Age

Urban Age

Fixed

Context Feasibility Study

Low

Building Density

Low

Centralized System Reduction

New York City, NY

High

Phoenix, AZ

Relative Energy Requirement

ICSF WITH AAR 15’ PERIMETER STRATEGY

Building Density

Fixed

Program Zone Variability

1 pm 2 pm

Mountain View, CA Low

12 pm 3 pm

5˚

12’-0”

Pivoting

High

Useable square footage gained by reducing HVAC