MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS

LITERATURE STUDY

MAXIMISING GREEN SAPCES IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS –ROOF GARDENS AND VERTICAL GARDENS

SUBMITTED BY – S. MOHAMMAD SALMAN NAQVI (06718001619) SUBMITTED TO – AR CHARU JAIN AR TANYA GUPTA

BACKGROUND In today's urbanized world, the availability of open green spaces within building complexes has become increasingly limited. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of incorporating nature and greenery into our built environments. As a result, alternative landscape design elements such as roof gardens and vertical gardens have emerged as innovative solutions to maximize green spaces within a building complex.

Roof gardens involve the transformation of otherwise unused rooftops into lush green spaces. By utilizing this often overlooked area, building complexes can create vibrant gardens that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also offer a range of environmental and social benefits. On the other hand, vertical gardens involve the cultivation of plants on vertical surfaces, such as walls and facades. This vertical greening technique offers a unique opportunity to transform bare walls into living, breathing ecosystems.

The aim of this topic is to explore the concept of maximizing green spaces in a building complex through the implementation of alternative landscape design elements, specifically focusing on roof gardens and vertical gardens. By delving into the potential benefits and challenges associated with these green interventions, we can better understand their role in creating sustainable and liveable environments.

NEED FOR STUDY • • • •

Green space is beneficial for human health and well-being.

Building complexes often have limited green space.

Alternative landscape design elements can help maximize green space.

This study will explore the use of alternative landscape design elements to maximize green space in building complexes.

AIM Explore the use of roof gardens and vertical gardens as alternative landscape design elements to maximize green spaces in a building complex.

OBJECTIVES • • • • •

Assess the feasibility of implementing roof gardens and vertical gardens in a building complex.

Explore design considerations for integrating roof gardens and vertical gardens.

Examine the environmental benefits of roof gardens and vertical gardens.

Investigate the impacts of green spaces on health and well-being Assess the economic viability of roof gardens and vertical gardens

HYPOTHESIS Incorporating roof gardens and vertical gardens in a building complex will result in improved environmental sustainability, enhanced well-being, and positive social impact.

LIMITATIONS • • •

The findings and recommendations of the dissertation may be specific to the particular building complex and context studied, limiting their applicability to other settings.

Access to relevant data, such as building and environmental data, may be limited, making it challenging to conduct comprehensive analyses and draw robust conclusions.

There may be limitations on the scope of the study, preventing a comprehensive analysis of all relevant factors influencing the implementation of roof gardens and vertical gardens

SCOPE • • • •

Study the impact of green spaces on the health and well-being of building occupants.

Analyse of the social and community impact of incorporating green spaces, such as community engagement and overall liveability.

Study development of practical guidelines, best practices, and recommendations for successful implementation.

Study the Consideration Of Design Aspects, Including Plant Selection, Soil Composition, Irrigation Systems, And Structural Requirements.

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ROOF GARDEN A roof garden is a garden on the roof of a building. Besides the decorative benefit, roof plantings may provide food, temperature control, hydrological benefits, architectural enhancement, habitats or corridors for wildlife, recreational opportunities, and in large scale it may even have ecological benefits

HISTORY OF ROOF GARDEN The Ziggurats Of Ancient Mesopotamia The earliest known record of roof gardens are the ancient ziggurats of Mesopotamia. These massive stone structures were built between 4,000 – 600 BC. A series of stairs along the outside perimeter of the stepped pyramid provided access to the various tiers of the structure. As there were no interior rooms, trees and flowers on each terrace of the enormous ziggurats would provide a cool, shady place for the visitor to rest from the blazing Babylonian sun.

The Hanging Gardens Of Babylon The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and perhaps the most famous of roof gardens. King Nebuchadnezzar, a famous general in his time, built the Hanging Gardens for his wife, Amytis, who longed for her mountainous homeland of Media. The ziggurat had a 400 ft2 base, with landscaped terraces eventually reaching the grand roof garden at the top, 75 feet above the ground. It was an engineering marvel, a living mountain in the middle of a desert. The terraced layout explains the phrase “hanging garden,” where the vegetation hung over the walls to the level below.

The Villa Of Mysteries, Pompeii Little was known about Roman day to day life until the accidental discovery of the city of Pompeii, near Naples, in 1749. Pompeii was covered in thirteen to twenty feet of ash and pumice from the volcanic eruption of Mt Vesuvius in AD 79, preserving almost perfectly for all time the people, activities, and lifestyle of the Roman town like a candid snapshot from a Polaroid Instamatic. From this snapshot archaeologists have discovered that roof gardens were an essential part of Roman life

Palazzo Piccolomini, Pienza, Italy The Palazzo Piccolomini was the private summer residence of Pope Pius II. The palazzo was part of a wider development plan Pope Pius envisaged for Pienza, his home town, which was in a dreadful state. The scheme for Pienza is one of the first examples of Renaissance town planning and is thought to be the earliest example of town planning in Europe. The project has been celebrated as a successful creation of an ideal town, a masterpiece of human creative genius.

Norwegian Sod Roofs Not all roof gardens were designed to impress. Sod roofs, roofs topped with soil and planted with grasses and other plants to stabilize the earth on the roof, were part of the Norwegian vernacular. Sod roofs provided insulation, mitigated damage to the roof from the rain, prevented the roof from rotting, and the root system bound and strengthened the roof structure.

Wright, Le Corbusier, & Modern Architecture Architecture changed dramatically in the early 20th century. Modernists such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier broke free from the bonds of historical architecture, introducing a completely new form of design that had no reference to the past. Le Corburiser’s Cinq Points de l’Architecture Moderne became the new model for architectural design and theory. The 5th Point, the roof garden or terrace, was a flat roof intended to be an outdoor living room, a place to exercise and to enjoy the fresh air, rather than a literal garden with plants and trees.

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TYPES OF ROOF GARDEN 1. INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN Low-maintenance Green Roof Garden That Has A Thin, Light-weight Growing Medium. This Type Of Green Roof Is Characterized By Its Vegetation, Which Is Often Limited To Sedums, Mosses, Herbs, Small Plants And Flowers, Desert Grasses, And Succulents. Because It Has A Growing Medium Depth Of Around 3 To 6 Inches, An Extensive Green Roof Is Easier To Install And Cost-efficient, And Generally Doesn’t Require An Irrigation System To Survive. It Is Ideal For Storm Water Management For Flat Or Low-sloped Roofs And Retrofits

2. EXTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN A Rooftop Garden Or Sky Park Than Anything Else. This Roof Garden Design Is Characterized By Deep Soils That Have A Growing Medium Depth Of More Than 6 Inches. A Variety Of Vegetation Can Be Grown In An Intensive Roof Garden, From Small To Large Plants, Shrubs, Groundcovers, And Even Small Trees

3. SEMI INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN Boasts A Mix Of Both The Intensive And Extensive Green Roofs. It Is Characterized By A Growing Medium Depth Of Around 6 To 12 Inches To Host A Much Richer Ecology. Greenery In This Type Of Rooftop Garden Consists Of Small Plants, Grasses, Herbs, Small Shrubs, And Groundcovers That Require Occasional Irrigation And Moderate Maintenance.

GREEN ROOF TYPE

EXTENSIVE

SEMI INTENSIVE

INTENSIVE

Purpose

Stormwater Mitigation

Stromwater Mitigation, Biodiversity

Stormwater Mitigation, Biodiversity, Amenity Space

Vegetation

Moss-Herbs-Grasses

Grass-Herbs-Shrubs

Lawn/Perennials, Shrubs, Trees

Overall Depth

100-200mm 4 to 7 inches

150-250mm 6 to 10 inches

200-750mm + 8 to 30 inches +

Weight Range

100-200 kg/m² 20-40 Lb/sf

120-300 kg/m² 25-60 Lb/sf

220-800 kg/m² + 45-160 Lb/sf +

Ecological Compensation

**

****

******

Max. Rain Event

50-100mm 2"-4"

75-110mm 3"-4.2"

over 120mm over 4.2"

Cost

##

###

####

Irrigation System

not recommended

partially

required

Solar Garden Roof

yes, optional with high ROI requires custom tailoring

only as pergola in amenity space

Blue Green Roof

optional

standard with Green Roof Technology

optional

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INSTALLATION OF ROOF GARDEN

ROOF DECK WATER PROOFING

PROTECTION LAYER IS LAID TO AVOID ROOT PENETRATION TO THE CONCRETE ROOF

INSTALLATION OF DRAINCELLS

AFTER INSTALLATION OF DRAIN CELLS

VEGETATION AFTER PLANTING

DESIGN AND PLANTING

SUBSTRATE IS POURED OVER THE SHEET AND LEVELED

INSTALLATION OF FILTER LAYER-GEOTEXTILE SHEET

COMPONENTS OF ROOF GARDEN LAYERS OF ROOF GARDEN

Roof garden employs a multilayer system, including a waterproof membrane, drainage layers, geotextile layer, specialized soil medium, soil stabilizer, and a selection of appropriate plant species and varieties that best tolerates the often extreme environmental conditions found in a rooftop setting.

WATER PROOFING MEMBRANE Water proofing is the area that is responsible for the most litigation. The structure of the building will determine water proofing design and installation. There are many kinds of waterproof membrane. Some membranes have added root retardants which acts as root barrier

DRAINAGE LAYER The purpose of drainage systems is to facilitate water runoff from the roof to prevent structural collapse and plants from drowning while retaining enough moisture to support plant life. The roof drainage should be integrated into the building drainage system. Drainage facilities must be capable of collecting both overflow from the drainage course and surface water from the vegetation support course and of conveying it away.

The drainage system should be permanent and cover the entire roof area. Water retention may be desirable as an environmental mandate. This may require: •Increased drainage cup size (versi cells) •A water retention layer •Engineered growing medium

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FILTER SHEET Drains water and retains the growing media and roots

GROWING MEDIUM Growing medium selection is critical to the long and short term success of a green roof. The following factors should be considered for selecting growing medium • Load bearing capacity • Slope • Climate • Drainage • Plant species .

Natural mineral components of roof garden substrate include sand, clay, lava, pumice, gravel, etc. Artificial or modified mineral components such as perlite, vermiculite, etc., are used in roof garden. Organic materials such as peat, composts are also added to the substrate formulation. The light weight soil amendments reduce substrate weight and support plant growth. The pH should be 5.5 -8. the air content and water storage capacity should be more than 20% and 45% by volume

PLANT SELECTION Plant species selection is dependent on a number of factors: • Maintenance investment and resources • Aesthetics • Function • Climate and weather • Structural load bearing • Roof type • Plant growth rate and nutrient demand • Supply and availability Different depth of the substrate supports different vegetation. For example, in extensive green roof, moss and sedum can be grown in 4 – 10 cm depth and moss, sedum and herbaceous plants can be grown in 5 – 11 cm depth. In a depth of 15 – 25 cm, grass and herbaceous plants can be grown.

In roof garden, lawn shrubs, coppices and trees can be grown. Trees can be grown in more than 50 cm depth of the growing medium.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES • • • •

Certain individual varieties, particularly evergreens are not completely winter hardy and where the plant cover is of limited density.

Shrubs and coppices in exposed positions must be able to withstand the wind Certain plants are sensitive to reflected light and thermal build up.

All vegetation is sensitive to airborne chemical and exhaust contamination, also to warm and cold air emissions.

Low growing succulents Perennials Ground covers Large succulents Grasses Herbs and vegetables Trees ( For intensive roof gardens)

Sedums, Aptinia cordifolia, Portuluca, Crassula spp Alternenthera, Marigold Setcreasea purpurea, Wedelia , gourds Aloe, Jade plant Zoysia –korean grass, Bermuda grass, Ornamental grasses Thyme, Rosemary, All greens Plumeria alba, Pomegranate, Citrus trees, Palms

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IRRIGATION •

Additional watering should be carried out regularly at roof garden. This may be provided by using a hose, sprinkler type or drip type hoses, or overhead irrigation system or automated watering system.

MERITS OF ROOF GARDEN • • • • • • •

Aesthetic effects Acts as natural insulation for hot and cold air and a save energy for your building Reduces CO2 levels and increases oxygen and improved air quality Improves thermal insulation and energy efficiency Provides protection to buildings from adverse temperature and hence improves the life expectancy of the buildings Mitigate urban island heat effect It holds rain water, providing food and shelter for wildlife

DEMERITS OF ROOF GARDEN • • •

Existing structural support may not be sufficient May require water supply May increase insurance cost

VERTICAL GARDEN Vertical Gardening is a special kind of urban gardening suitable to small spaces, particularly for decorating the walls and roofs in various styles. This is an alternative method for gardening by expanding the scope of growing plants in a vertical space.

STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS OF VERTICAL GARDEN •FRONT PANEL •STABILIZERS

•BOTTOM DRAINAGE TRAY•GEO TEXTILE POUCH •SIDE PANEL •HANGING HOOK

FRONT PANEL

SIDE PANEL

STABLIZERS

BOTTOM DRAINAGE LAYER

COMPLETED MODULES

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HISTORY OF ROOF GARDEN Hanging gardens of Babylon One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built in 600 BCE by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife Amytis (though this is disputed) and are one of the first, and most famous, examples of a creative approach to decorative, wall-based gardening. The Hanging Gardens did not actually hang at all. They were made up of a simulated mountain with rooftop gardens. They would have likely been multi-level terraces supported by baked brick columns. These columns would have been filled with dirt to allow large plantings and trees to root and grow. The effect of the plants hanging down over the years likely gave the effect of a lush mountain landscape, seemingly hanging in mid-air. It would have been spectacular to behold Ancient Vineyards Ancient Greece had a thriving wine industry, and although they were planted horticulturally, vines had multiple uses and were often planted as illustrated above; practically, for shade, but also in an aesthetically pleasing manner. “The first vertical gardens date back to 3000 BCE in the Mediterranean area. Grape vines (Vitis spp.) were, and continue to be, a very popular food crop for people in the region, so they were commonly grown in fields, homes, and gardens throughout the area.

Sometimes vines were planted for the purpose of growing food, and others to simply provide shade in places where planting trees was not an option Ivy On British Mansions There’s no exact time frame for this, but ivy, roses, honeysuckles and other creepy, crawly plants have been growing over ancient British mansion for centuries.

Though not what we would understand a vertical garden to be today, since technically a vertical garden needs to have a growing medium it’s growing over, not just soil at the base, they definitely inspired some of the vertical aesthetics we are seeing today. A popular example is Llanwenarth House, pictured here. This beautiful mansion was built in the 16th century, and inspired the hymn “All Things Bright and Beautiful.” Interestingly, ivy was proven in an Oxford study to actually protect the walls of some of these ancient homes.

Professor Stanley Hart White, The “Inventor” Of The Vertical Garden The first hint of a vertical garden as we know it was patented in 1938 by Stanley Hart White. Then named “Botanical Bricks” by their maker, Stanley Hart White. He was a professor of Landscape Architecture at the University of Illinois from 1922 and developed prototypes in his backyard in Urbana, Illinois.

Patrick Blanc, Populizer Of The Green wall Though not the inventor of the green wall, Patrick Blanc brought the concept to popular imagination and turned it into the concept we know today, both decoratively, and for urban farming, after a hugely successful installation in 1986 of a huge indoors green wall. “His first installation of a green wall was in 1986 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Paris, and was followed a decade later by the Foundation Cartier also in Paris,” writes Vertigro. Blanc was an ecological engineer and tropical plant specialist, and his creative use of green walls inspired people for decades to come.

Some form of vertical gardening has been around for almost as long as people have been planting, and in modern times has turned to science (think massive indoor urban farms using hydroponics) and improved system design. An example of this (if you’ll allow us!) is GrowUp’s system, which uses a clever (though ancient) design - the honeycomb - which allows for greater flexibility with the system’s layout, as well as a more compact design. We have also spent years updating our hardware, and made sure we used leak-free irrigation, light plastic hardware, a looped irrigation system and water-absorbent bags for each pot.

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TYPES OF VERTICAL GARDEN GREEN FACADES • •

Green facades are a type of green wall system in which climbing plants or cascading groundcovers are trained to cover specially designed supporting structures.

Plants are either grown in the ground or in the elevated containers where they are watered and fertilized

Green facades are a type of green wall system in which climbing plants or cascading groundcovers are trained to cover specially designed supporting structures. Rooted at the base of these structure, in the ground, in intermediate planters or even on achieving full coverage. Green facades can be anchored to existing walls or built as freestanding structure, such as fences or columns

LIVING WALLS •

Living wall system composed of pre-vegetated panels, vertical modules or planted blankets that are fixed vertically to a structural wall or frame. These panels can be made of plastic, expanded polystyrene, synthetic fabric and support a great diversity of plants species ( eg: a lush mixture of ferns, ground covers, perennials and edible plants).

• Constructed from pre-vegetated panels, vertical modules or planted blankets (vegetated mat wall) that are fixed to structural framework or to a wall Made from steel framework, plastic, expanded polystyrene and synthetic fabric to support a variety of diversity and density of plant species Tend to require more maintenance such as fertilizer and water than green facade systems that are planted into the ground Modular green wall : Vertical Garden Modules is made up of recycled poly propylene material. It has attractive look, highly durable in nature and it can be easily installed. It provides instant solution for making garden in your residing place.

Green wall cups: • Frame/ Supporting panel • Easily detachable cups/pot Vegetated mat wall : This system, pioneered by Patrick Blanc, is composed of two layers of synthetic fabric with pockets filled with the plants and growing media .The fabric walls are supported on a framework and backed by a waterproof membrane against the building wall Nutrients and water are delivered through an irrigation system at the top of the wall

BUILDING AND INSTALLATION OF VERTICAL GARDEN Green wall system vary greatly in their design and construction from DIY projects To modular green wall systems. This heading provides information on • Structures and components for green wall system • Suitable plants • Growing media • Irrigation and plant nutrition • General considerations for green walls

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CHOOSING THE PLANTS The best plants for vertical gardens are dense, compact and low growing. Make sure you choose species that suit the aspect of the wall on which they’ll be growing. A wall drenched in sun, for instance, will need a selection of fairly drought-tolerant plants, whereas a shady spot – perhaps under a pergola or verandah – will require a selection of shade lovers, such as ferns. Also bear in mind that the bottom of the unit will hold more moisture than the top, so consider this when you’re deciding what to plant where.

Apart from aesthetic preferences and the plants ability to grow in a soilless, vertical location; the selection of plants is based on several factors, for example: What is the local climate like (minimum temperature especially important to know)? How much sun exposure is each area of the surface receiving and how does it change during the year? Is there any particular micro climate — such as high buildings creating strong winds along a wall? Understanding the prevailing growing conditions is essential to make the right decision when choosing plants.

PLANTS SUITABLE FOR VETICAL GARDEN Outdoor plants Peperomia, Syngoniums, Philodendron, Epipremnum, Begonia, Anthuriums, Nephrolepis, Chlorophytum, Lantana, Pilea, Rheo discolor, Cuphea, Fittonia, Spathiphylum, Schefflera

INDOOR GREEN WALLS/ FOR SHADED AREAS Herbaceous perennials

Shrubs succulents Ferns

Pepromia, Syngoniums, Philodendron, Epipremnum, Pepromia, Begonia, Anthuriums, Chlorophytum, Pilea, Rheo discolor, Fittonia, Spathiphylum, Schefflera Schefflera, Ficusspp Rheo discolor, Zebrinapendula, Setcreaseapurpurea Nephrolepis

FOR OUTDOORS/EXTERIOR GREEN WALLS Herbaceous perennials Succulents Shrubs Ground covers Grass like foliage forms

Asparagus spp., Pileamicrophylla, Alternenthera, Mentha spp.

Jade plant, Sedums, Portuluca Dusty miller, Cuphea Baby’s tear, Callisarepens Ophiophogon, Dianellatasmanica

GROWING MEDIUM Requirements: • Weightless media • High Water holding capacity • High Nutrient holding capacity • Good Porosity • Neutral pH Cocopeat, Perlite, Sphagnum moss, vermiculite, vermicompost, shredded bark and leaf molds are the common media combinations used. Soil in not used since it increases the weight of the green walls.

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There are three types of growth media used in living walls: • Loose media • Mat media • Structural media.

1 LOOSE MEDIUM Walls Tend To Be "Soil-on-a-shelf" Or "Soil-in-a-bag" Type Systems. Loose Medium Systems Have Their Soil Packed Into A Shelf Or Bag And Then Are Installed Onto The Wall. These Systems Require Their Media To Be Replaced At Least Once A Year On Exteriors And Approximately Every Two Years On Interiors. Loose Soil Systems Are Not Well Suited For Areas With Any Seismic Activity. Reparations Are Only Achieved By Re-stuffing Soil Into The Holes On The Wall, Which Is Both Difficult And Messy. Loose-soil Systems Should Not Be Used In Areas Where There Will Be A Lot Of Public Interaction As They Are Quite Messy And Lose Their Soil Little By Little Over Time. Loose-soil Systems With Physical Media Erosion Systems Are Well Suited For All Green Wall Applications.

2 MAT TYPE SYSTEM Tend To Be Either Coir Fiber Or Felt Mats. Mat Media Are Quite Thin, Even In Multiple Layers, And As Such Cannot Support Vibrant Root Systems Of Mature Plants For More Than Three To Five Years Before The Roots Overtake The Mat And Water Is Not Able To Adequately Wick Through The Mats. The Method Of Reparation Of These Systems Is To Replace Large Sections Of The System At A Time By Cutting The Mat Out Of The Wall And Replacing It With New Mat. This Process Compromises The Root Structures Of The Neighbouring Plants On The Wall And Often Kills Many Surrounding Plants In The Reparation Process.

3 STRUCTURAL MEDIA Are Growth Medium "Blocks" That Are Not Loose, Nor Mats, But Incorporate The Best Features Of Both Into A Block That Can Be Manufactured Into Various Sizes, Shapes And Thicknesses. These Media Have The Advantage That They Do Not Break Down For 10 To 15 Years, Can Be Made To Have A Higher Or Lower Water Holding Capacity Depending On The Plant Selection For The Wall, Can Have Their Ph And Ec's Customized To Suit The Plants, And Are Easily Handled For Maintenance And Replacements. They Are The Most Robust Option For A Living Wall For Both Exterior Applications And For Interior Applications. They Are Also The Best Choice In Areas Where High-winds, Seismic Activity Or Heights Need To Be Addressed In The Design. Structural Media Are Superior To The Other Media For Their Longevity And High-level Of Performance In A Variety Of Circumstances. Depending On The Installation, They Do Tend To Be More Expensive To Install, But Lower Cost To Maintain.

IRRIGATION AND PLANT NUTRITION Green walls cannot be sustained without irrigation. Interruptions to the water supply are a common cause of plant failure on green walls. Systems designed with inbuilt irrigation should mitigate plant losses due to inconsistent moisture management, although errors can still occur. Automated, remotely controllable irrigation systems are used for walls in high profile locations, or in situations where access is challenging. Note that the quality, design and costs will vary between different systems. The most sophisticated systems enable the maintenance supervisor to keep track of the automated performance of the system, including the volume of irrigation delivered, its frequency, substrate moisture content, as well as pH and nutrient levels in the water supply. The settings can be overridden if needed; for instance, the frequency or duration of irrigation cycles may be increased on hot days. In hydroponic systems, plant nutrition is delivered by a fertilizer injection system that releases controlled doses of fertilizer into the irrigation system (fertigation). Management of fertigation systems and rates of delivery requires specialist knowledge, as it is more complex than fertilizing soil or growing media. Hydroponic systems require continual monitoring of pH, water hardness and total dissolved solids (TDS), and adjustment of these parameters where necessary.

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IRRIGATION The irrigation system is designed to minimize water consumption. It consists of an automation-unit with equipment for control of nutrient injection and irrigation cycles. When a surface has a variation of sun exposures, the irrigation is divided into segments in order to program it specifically for each part. Within the multi-layered felt surface a drip-tube is integrated. Water consumption varies with heat and sun exposure, but compared to normal green spaces or a lawn, the consumption is normally lower.

It averages between 2-5 l/m2/day.

For hydroponic green wall systems, the fertigation system may apply 0.5-20 litres of irrigation solution per square metre perday. Internal green wall requirements are at the lower end of this range, and external green walls at the higher end. Irrigation cycles typically last a few minutes and will be required several times a day. Keeping irrigation volumes low minimises waste and reduces run-off. Irrigation run-off may be captured in a tank at the base of the wall and recycled back through the green wall system. Green walls that use a high quality, water-retentive growing medium, and are not in an exposed or particularly hot location, may thrive on a weekly watering regime. In most simple, soil-based systems, including DIY systems, controlled release fertilizer is mixed in with the growing medium, rather than using a fertigation system. Irrigation must be available as soon as the plants are installed in the wall system. The irrigation system requires a water meter to monitor irrigation volume, and a pressure gauge to monitor the even application of water. The need for ongoing regular irrigation and the expectation that water will be used sustainably means that stored (harvested or recycled) water should be used whenever possible, so a pump is necessary

DESIGN PROCESS Each vertical garden is given a unique design and selection of species. The composition of plants takes in consideration the specific environment where it will be built, such as the local- and micro climate, sun exposure and the surrounding context. The aim is to create a one of a kind and sitespecific garden that stands beautiful through all the seasons of the year.

A well executed design is also a way to minimize the future maintenance demand of the garden. A plant's growth habit, size and behavior on a vertical surface is important knowledge for making the right combination of species, in order to keep the competition between plants at a healthy level.

Choosing the right plant for the right place makes sense for any garden, but maybe even more so in a vertical garden..

A vertical garden can be installed in almost any location and as a living material, the potential of integrating plants in our urban environments is interesting. Places never thought of as possible could be inhabited by plants, like subway stations or other intensely frequented places where horizontal space is difficult to spare.

LIGHT Direct sunlight can deliver over 100.000 lux whereas the average light level in an office is around 300-500 lux. Even if the least light demanding species are used, artificial light is normally necessary indoor. A few species will stay fine at 900 lux, but a slightly increased level at some parts of the surface will broaden the variation of species that can be used. An artificially illuminated surface has shifting light levels, due to the fact that light reduces with the square of the distance from the light source. Some areas might have 3.000 lux and others 900 lux. The plant design is made with this in mind, taking advantage of the higher levels for more demanding and interesting species .

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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS • • • • • • •

Watering: Appropriate time Careful selection for wind prone areas (Succulent and hardy plants) Removing the dried leaves Keeping the structure clean Disposing the water from drainage system Pruning if necessary Timely application of fertilizers

MERITS OF VERTICAL GARDENING 1. Space-Saving: One of the primary advantages of vertical gardening is its space-saving nature. With vertical gardening, you can grow plants in a limited amount of space, such as balconies, small yards, and even indoors. This makes it ideal for those who live in urban areas or have limited outdoor space.

2. Improved Air Quality: Vertical gardens can help improve the air quality in your home or office. Plants naturally absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which can help purify the air and create a more comfortable environment.

3. Increased Yield: Vertical gardens can often yield more produce per square foot than traditional gardens. This is because the plants are grown closer together and can receive more sunlight, water, and nutrients.

4. Reduced Maintenance: Vertical gardens are typically easier to maintain than traditional gardens. Since the plants are grown vertically, they require less bending and stooping, making them ideal for those with physical limitations.

5. Aesthetically Pleasing: Vertical gardens can be visually stunning and can serve as a focal point in any space. They can be designed in a variety of ways, from sleek and modern to rustic and whimsical.

DEMERITS OF VERTICAL GARDENING 1. Limited Plant Selection: Vertical gardens may not be suitable for all types of plants. Some plants, such as root vegetables, require deep soil and may not grow well in a vertical garden. It's important to research which plants are suitable for vertical gardening before beginning your project.

2. Watering Challenges: Watering a vertical garden can be challenging, as water can easily run off or not reach all of the plants evenly. A drip irrigation system or self-watering containers can help mitigate this issue.

3. Cost: Vertical gardening can be more expensive than traditional gardening, as it often requires specialized containers, support structures, and irrigation systems.

4. Maintenance Challenges: While vertical gardens are typically easier to maintain than traditional gardens, they can still require some maintenance. Plants may need to be pruned, fertilized, and monitored for pests and disease.

5. Space Limitations: While vertical gardening can save space, it also has its limitations. If you have a small balcony or limited wall space, you may not be able to grow as many plants as you would like.

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CASE STUDY DLF CYBER HUB(ROOF GARDEN) INTRODUCTION •

• • • •

The DLF Cyber Hub roof garden is a case study in how to create a successful rooftop garden in a hot, dry climate. The garden is in Delhi, India, which has a hot, dry climate with temperatures that can reach up to 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit).

The garden was designed by a team of landscape architects who specialized in rooftop gardens. The team chose plants that were native to the region and that were able to thrive in the hot, dry climate. The plants were also chosen for their ability to provide shade and privacy.

The garden was planted in the fall of 2012. The plants were watered regularly, especially during the first year. The plants were also fertilized every few months.

The garden has been a success. The plants have thrived in the hot, dry climate. The garden provides shade and privacy for the residents of the building. The garden has also helped to reduce the heat island effect in the area.

The DLF Cyber Hub roof garden is a valuable resource for anyone who is planning to create a rooftop garden in a hot, dry climate. The garden demonstrates that it is possible to create a beautiful and successful rooftop garden in a challenging climate.

TIMELINE, ACRHITECT AND OTHER DETAILS • • • • • • • • • • •

Project name- cyber city Guru gram Project type- commercial Developers- DLF Client- DLF Year of start- 1997 Year of completion- 2013 Includes shops, office building, recreational area No. Of storeys- for office and commercial building g+20 Total project area-128 acre Architect- Hafeez contractor and Mohit Gujral Footfall- 40,000 per day

SITE CHARACTER • • • • • • • • •

Site area- 128 acres 2.5 Acres Roof Garden Topography- site is flat Site slope- south to north Shape- site is irregular Orientation- site is north west oriented Commercial buildings oriented in northeast Orientation allows more open spaces To Receive Indirect Sunlight and Lesser Heat Gain

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TRANSIT CONNECTIVITY DLF Cyber Hub enjoys seamless connectivity to various modes of transportation, making it easily accessible for visitors and employees. Some key points include: • Metro: The nearest metro station to DLF Cyber Hub is Sikandarpur, which is part of the Delhi Metro's Yellow Line. It provides convenient access to the hub for commuters from different parts of Delhi and Guru Gram.

• Roadways: The hub is well-connected to major roads and highways, such as the National Highway 48 and the Guru gram-Faridabad Road. This facilitates smooth travel by private vehicles, taxis, and buses.

• Public Transport: Public buses and auto-rickshaws are readily available, allowing for affordable and convenient commuting options.

LOCATION • • •

Business District: The hub is situated in Guru Gram’s prime business district, attracting numerous multinational corporations, start-ups, and professional services. This concentration of businesses fosters networking, collaboration, and employment opportunities.

Proximity to Commercial Centres: DLF Cyber Hub is located near major commercial centres, such as Cyber City and Udyog Vihar. This proximity enables easy access to corporate offices, hotels, shopping centres, and entertainment venues.

International Airport: The hub is within a reasonable distance from Indira Gandhi International Airport, one of India's busiest airports. This is advantageous for businesses hosting international visitors and facilitates seamless travel for employees commuting to other cities or countries.

PLANT SELECTION The DLF Cyber Hub roof garden plant specification is a comprehensive list of plants that are suitable for growing in a rooftop garden. The list includes both flowering and non-flowering plants, as well as trees and shrubs. The plants are chosen for their ability to thrive in the hot, dry climate of Delhi.

The following are some of the plants that are included in the DLF Cyber Hub roof garden plant specification: Flowering plants: These plants add colour and interest to the roof garden. Some of the popular flowering plants for rooftop gardens include: Jasmine Hibiscus Bougainvillea Lantana Non-flowering plants: These plants provide structure and interest to the roof garden. Some of the popular non-flowering plants for rooftop gardens include: Palm trees Bamboo Bottlebrush trees Areca palms Trees: Trees can provide shade and privacy in a roof garden. Some of the popular trees for rooftop gardens include: Ashoka tree Gul mohar tree Jacaranda tree Rain tree Cassia fistula Shrubs: Shrubs can add colour and interest to a roof garden. Some of the popular shrubs for rooftop gardens include: Oleander Lagerstroemia Duranta Agave Yucca

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The size of the roof: The size of the roof will determine the size of the garden. A large roof will allow for a more extensive garden, while a small roof will limit the size of the garden.

The weight of the garden: The weight of the garden is important to consider, as it will affect the load-bearing capacity of the roof. A heavy garden could put too much stress on the roof and cause it to collapse.

The type of roof: The type of roof will also affect the design of the garden. A flat roof will be easier to garden on than a sloping roof.

The exposure to the sun: The exposure to the sun will also affect the design of the garden. A garden that is exposed to the sun all day will need to be planted with plants that can tolerate heat and sun.

The availability of water: The availability of water is important to consider, as gardens need to be watered regularly. If there is no easy access to water, then the garden will need to be designed in a way that minimizes the amount of water needed.

The budget: The budget will also affect the design of the garden. A large budget will allow for the use of more expensive materials and plants, while a small budget will limit the choices .

INFERENCES The DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden is a case study of how a rooftop garden can be used to improve the urban environment. The garden is located in a densely populated area, and it provides a welcome respite from the hustle and bustle of the city. The garden is home to a variety of plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize, and enjoy the outdoors.

The DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the DLF Cyber Hub skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a number of benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden demonstrates the potential of rooftop gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas.

Overall, the DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden case study is a success story. The garden has demonstrated the potential of rooftop gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas. The case study has also inspired other businesses and organizations to construct rooftop gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.

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CASE STUDY BOSCO VERTICALE(ROOF GARDEN) INTRODUCTION • • •

• • •

Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) is a pair of residential skyscrapers in Milan, Italy. Designed by Stefano Boeri Architetti, the two towers contain over 900 trees, 4,500 shrubs, and 15,000 perennials, making them the world's first vertical forests. The project was completed in 2014 and has since won numerous awards, including the prestigious International High-rise Award.

Design and Concept: Bosco Verticale stands out for its unique design, which integrates lush vegetation into the building's structure. The towers are covered with over 900 trees and more than 20,000 plants, creating a vertical forest that spans the facades. The aim of this concept is to bring nature back into the urban environment and promote biodiversity.

Greenery and Sustainability: The vertical forest concept at Bosco Verticale is not only aesthetically pleasing but also environmentally friendly.

The vegetation helps to filter dust and pollutants, reduce the carbon footprint, and improve air quality. Additionally, the trees and plants act as natural insulation, reducing energy consumption for heating and cooling within the buildings.

Residential Living: The towers of Bosco Verticale offer luxurious residential apartments with stunning views of Milan. The presence of the greenery provides residents with a close connection to nature, offering a peaceful and serene living environment in the heart of the city.

Awards and Recognition: Bosco Verticale has received numerous accolades and awards for its innovative design and sustainability. It has been recognized as a model for vertical greenery and sustainable architecture, showcasing the potential for integrating nature into urban spaces.

Influence and Inspiration: The success of Bosco Verticale has inspired similar projects and concepts in other cities around the world. The idea of incorporating vertical forests or greenery into high-rise buildings has gained traction as a means to combat urbanization's negative impacts and create healthier and more sustainable urban environments.

TIMELINE, ACRHITECT AND OTHER DETAILS

SITE CHARACTER

• • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

Project name- Bosco Verticale Project type- Multi-Family Residential Developers- Hines Italia Client- Hines Italia Year of start- 2009 Year of completion- 2014 Includes multifamily residential accommodations No. Of storeys- First Tower Has 26 Storeys, While The Second Tower Has 18 Storeys Total project area- 40,000 square meters (430,556 square feet) Architect- Stefano Boeri Footfall-10,000 per day

Site area-40,000 sqm 8,900 sqm Roof Garden Topography- site is flat Site slope- 1% Shape- site is trapezoidal Orientation- site is north-south oriented Maximized sunlight for the plant life Sense of privacy for the residents Open and airy feeling Sense of green space and separation from the city

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TRANSIT CONNECTIVITY •

• • • • •

Bosco Verticale enjoys good transit connectivity, allowing residents and visitors easy access to other parts of Milan. Here are some key aspects of the transit connectivity around Bosco Verticale: Metro Stations: The project is conveniently located near several metro stations, providing efficient transportation options. The closest metro station to Bosco Verticale is the Garibaldi FS station, which is served by the M2 (green line) and M5 (lilac line). This allows for easy connections to various parts of the city.

Bus Stops: There are multiple bus stops in the vicinity of Bosco Verticale, facilitating convenient travel within Milan. Bus lines connect the area to different neighbourhoods, landmarks, and transportation hubs, expanding the reach of public transportation.

Railway Station: Milano Porta Garibaldi railway station is within walking distance of Bosco Verticale. It is one of the main railway hubs in Milan, offering regional, national, and international train connections. This provides residents with convenient access to wider transportation networks.

Bike Sharing and Pedestrian Paths: The area around Bosco Verticale promotes alternative transportation options such as bike sharing services and pedestrian-friendly paths. This encourages active commuting and reduces reliance on cars for shorter trips.

Proximity to Central Areas: Bosco Verticale is located in the Porta Nuova district, a central and well-connected part of Milan. This proximity to the city centre means that other key areas, attractions, and amenities are easily accessible by various modes of transportation.

LOCATION • • • •

Bosco Verticale, or the Vertical Forest, is located in the Porta Nuova district of Milan, Italy. The precise address of Bosco Verticale is Via Gaetano de Castillia, 26, 20124 Milan, Italy.

The Porta Nuova district is a vibrant and modern area in central Milan that has undergone significant urban redevelopment in recent years. It is known for its contemporary architecture, upscale residential buildings, office spaces, commercial areas, and cultural institutions.

The location of Bosco Verticale in the Porta Nuova district offers residents and visitors access to a wide range of amenities, including shops, restaurants, cafes, parks, and entertainment venues. It is a highly desirable area to live in, combining a convenient urban lifestyle with an integration of nature through the vertical forest concept.

Being situated in central Milan, Bosco Verticale also benefits from proximity to major transportation hubs, including railway stations, metro stations, and bus stops, providing excellent connectivity to other parts of the city and beyond.

PLANT SELECTION The Bosco Verticale roof garden plant selection was carefully chosen by agronomists Laura Gatti and Emanuela Borio. The plants were selected based on their ability to thrive in urban environments, their resistance to pests and diseases, and their ability to provide shade and reduce noise pollution. The towers are home to over 900 trees, shrubs, and plants. The plants are arranged on the balconies of the towers, and they are watered and maintained by a computerized system The following are some of the plant species that can be found on the Bosco Verticale roof garden: Evergreens: These plants provide year-round greenery and help to reduce the urban heat island effect. Some examples of evergreens that can be found on the Bosco Verticale roof garden include: Yew (Taxus baccata) Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Deciduous trees: These trees provide shade in the summer and allow for more sunlight to reach the building in the winter. Some examples of deciduous trees that can be found on the Bosco Verticale roof garden include: Maple (Acer spp.)

Oak (Quercus spp.)

Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) Herbaceous perennials: These plants provide flowers and other colourful foliage throughout the year. Some examples of herbaceous perennials that can be found on the Bosco Verticale roof garden include: Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Iris (Iris spp.)

Peony (Paeonia spp.)

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The design of the roof garden at Bosco Verticale takes into consideration several important factors to ensure its functionality, sustainability, and visual appeal. Here are some design considerations for the roof garden: Structural Considerations: The design of the roof garden considers the load-bearing capacity of the building structure to support the weight of soil, plants, and water. Engineering expertise is required to ensure that the roof garden is structurally sound and does not pose any safety risks.

Plant Selection: The selection of plant species is carefully considered to ensure their suitability for the rooftop environment. Factors such as wind exposure, sunlight availability, and water requirements are taken into account to choose plants that can thrive in the specific conditions of the roof garden.

Irrigation System: An efficient irrigation system is incorporated into the design to provide adequate water supply to the plants while minimizing water wastage. Drip irrigation or other water-efficient techniques may be employed to ensure the plants receive the necessary hydration without excessive water consumption.

Drainage: Proper drainage systems are integrated into the roof garden design to manage excess water and prevent waterlogging. This helps maintain healthy plant growth and prevents structural damage to the building.

Access and Circulation: The design considers the ease of access and circulation within the roof garden. Pathways, seating areas, and other amenities are strategically placed to create a functional and inviting space for residents to enjoy.

Sustainability and Maintenance: Sustainable practices are incorporated into the design, such as the use of recycled materials, efficient water management, and environmentally friendly maintenance practices. These considerations help reduce the environmental impact and ensure the long-term sustainability of the roof garden.

Aesthetics and Visual Integration: The design of the roof garden aims to create a visually harmonious and integrated space within the overall architectural concept of Bosco Verticale.

Attention is given to the arrangement of plants, colours, textures, and other design elements to create an aesthetically pleasing environment.

By considering these design considerations, the roof garden at Bosco Verticale is able to fulfil its intended purpose as a functional, sustainable, and visually appealing green space for the residents to enjoy

INFERENCES The Bosco Verticale Roof Garden is a case study of how a vertical garden can be used to improve the urban environment. The garden is located in the heart of Milan, Italy, and it provides a welcome respite from the hustle and bustle of the city. The garden is home to a variety of plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize, and enjoy the outdoors.

The Bosco Verticale Roof Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the Milan skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a number of benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the Bosco Verticale Roof Garden demonstrates the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas.

Overall, the Bosco Verticale Roof Garden case study is a success story. The garden has demonstrated the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas. The case study has also inspired other businesses and organizations to construct vertical gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.

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CASE STUDY SANTALAIA(VERTICAL GARDEN) INTRODUCTION • • • • •

The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a large-scale green wall located in Barcelona, Spain. It is one of the most beautiful and successful vertical gardens in the world, and it has been praised for its aesthetic appeal, its environmental benefits, and its social impact.

The Santalaia Vertical Garden was designed by the architectural firm Hortocity. The project took eight months to plan and eight months to construct. The green wall is 9 stories tall and covers an area of 2,300 square meters. It is composed of over 15,000 plants from 40 different species.

The Santalaia Vertical Garden has a number of environmental benefits. It helps to improve air quality, reduce noise pollution, and regulate the temperature of the surrounding environment. The green wall also provides a habitat for birds and insects, and it helps to reduce the urban heat island effect.

In addition to its environmental benefits, the Santalaia Vertical Garden also has a number of social benefits. It provides a green oasis in the heart of the city, and it helps to improve the quality of life for the people who live and work in the area. The green wall also serves as an educational resource, and it has been used to teach children about the importance of sustainability.

The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a truly impressive project. It is a beautiful and sustainable addition to the city of Barcelona, and it has a number of positive environmental and social impacts.

TIMELINE, ACRHITECT AND OTHER DETAILS • • • • • • • • • • •

Project name- Santalaia Project type- Multi-Family Residential Developers- Pablo Atuesta, Groncol Client- Caletal Developers Year of start- 2012 Year of completion- 2015 Includes multifamily residential accommodations No. Of storeys- Ground floor(Entrance lobby), 1st to 9th floor(Residential Apartments), 10th floor(Roof garden) Total project area- 3,400 square meters (36,700 square feet) Architect- Exacta Proyecto Total Footfall- 500 to 1,000 visitors per day

SITE CHARACTER • • • • • • • • •

Site area-40,000 sqm 3,117 sqm (33,368 sqft) Vertical Garden Site slope- 100% Shape- site is triangular Orientation- site is north-south oriented It improves air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen.

It reduces noise pollution by absorbing sound waves.

It regulates the temperature of the surrounding environment, helping to mitigate the urban heat island effect.

It provides a habitat for birds and insects.

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TRANSIT CONNECTIVITY •

• • • • • • •

Santalaia benefits from good transit connectivity due to its location in Bogotá, Colombia, a city with a well-developed transportation system. Here are some key aspects of the transit connectivity of Santalaia: Public Transportation: Bogotá has an extensive public transportation network that includes buses and a rapid transit system known as TransMilenio. These modes of public transportation provide convenient access to and from Santalaia, with nearby bus stops or TransMilenio stations within walking distance.

Proximity to Major Roads: Santalaia is likely to be located in an area with good road connectivity, offering easy access to major roads and highways. This enables residents, visitors, and employees to reach the building conveniently by private vehicles or taxis.

Pedestrian Infrastructure: Bogotá has made significant efforts to improve pedestrian infrastructure, including sidewalks and pedestrian-friendly streets. Santalaia is likely to benefit from these pedestrian amenities, making it easily accessible on foot and creating a safe and pleasant walking experience for visitors.

Cycling Infrastructure: Bogotá is known for its extensive cycling infrastructure, including dedicated bicycle lanes and a public bike-sharing system called Ciclovía. The presence of cycling infrastructure near Santalaia encourages sustainable transportation options, allowing cyclists to easily access the building.

Integration with Transportation Hubs: Depending on its specific location, Santalaia may be situated near transportation hubs such as bus terminals, train stations, or airports. These hubs provide convenient connections to regional and national transportation networks, facilitating travel to and from the building.

Ride-Hailing Services: Ride-hailing services like Uber and local counterparts are widely available in Bogotá. Visitors or residents can use these services to reach Santalaia conveniently and efficiently.

The transit connectivity of Santalaia benefits both residents and visitors, offering multiple transportation options, including public transportation, road access, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, and integration with transportation hubs. These features contribute to the accessibility and convenience of reaching Santalaia from various parts of Bogotá.

LOCATION • •

Santalaia is located in Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. The exact address or coordinates of Santalaia may vary, as there may be multiple buildings or structures in Bogotá that incorporate vertical gardens or living walls. However, Santalaia is generally situated within the urban fabric of Bogotá, contributing to the city's skyline and urban landscape.

As Bogotá is a large and densely populated city, the specific location of Santalaia would need to be researched or obtained from official sources or local directories. It is advisable to consult city maps, architectural publications, or contact relevant authorities to obtain the accurate location details of Santalaia in Bogotá.

PLANT SELECTION The plant selection for Santalaia's vertical garden is a crucial aspect of its design and sustainability. The following are the 10 species of plants that are found in the Santalaia Vertical Garden.

Monstera deliciosa: This plant is known for its large, heart-shaped leaves. It is a tropical plant that is native to Central and South America Philodendron scandens: This plant is known for its trailing vines. It is a tropical plant that is native to Central and South America.

Spathiphyllum wallisii: This plant is known for its white flowers. It is a tropical plant that is native to South America.

Dracaena fragrans: This plant is known for its fragrant leaves. It is a tropical plant that is native to Africa.

Chlorophytum comosum: This plant is known as the spider plant. It is a tropical plant that is native to South Africa.

Aglaonema commutatum: This plant is known as the Chinese evergreen. It is a tropical plant that is native to Southeast Asia.

Sansevieria trifasciata: This plant is known as the snake plant. It is a tropical plant that is native to Africa.

Epipremnum aureum: This plant is known as the golden pothos. It is a tropical plant that is native to Southeast Asia.

Peperomia obtusifolia: This plant is known as the baby rubber plant. It is a tropical plant that is native to South America.

Aechmea fasciata: This plant is known as the flaming sword bromeliad. It is a tropical plant that is native to Brazil.

These plants are all able to withstand the climate, pollution, and drainage conditions in Bogotá. They are also easy to maintain, which makes them a good choice for a vertical garden.

The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a beautiful and sustainable addition to the city of Bogotá. The plants in the garden provide a number of benefits, including improved air quality, reduced noise pollution, and regulated temperature. The garden is also a popular tourist destination, and it is a great place to learn about the benefits of vertical gardens.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Here are some of the specific design considerations that were taken into account when designing the Santalaia Vertical Garden: The climate: The climate in Bogotá is cold and high-altitude, so the plants in the garden were selected to be able to withstand these conditions. The plants in the garden are all tropical plants that are native to Central and South America.

The pollution: Bogotá is a densely urbanized city, so the garden was designed to filter out pollution and improve air quality. The plants in the garden help to filter the air and remove pollutants.

The drainage: The garden is a hydroponic garden, which means that the plants are grown in water. The design of the garden ensures that the water drains properly and that the plants do not get waterlogged. The garden has a special drainage system that allows the water to flow through the plants and then drain away.

The maintenance: The garden is a large garden, so it was important to design it in a way that would make it easy to maintain. The plants in the garden are all easy to care for, and the irrigation system is automated. The irrigation system is automated, so the plants are watered on a regular schedule. This makes it easy to maintain the garden and ensures that the plants are always healthy.

The aesthetics: The garden was also designed to be aesthetically pleasing. The plants in the garden were selected for their beauty, and the design of the garden creates a sense of harmony and tranquillity. The garden is designed in a way that allows the plants to grow in a natural way. The plants are not arranged in rows, and they are allowed to grow in a way that is pleasing to the eye.

The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a beautiful and sustainable addition to the city of Bogotá. The design of the garden ensures that it provides a number of benefits, both for the environment and for the people who live and work nearby.

INFERENCES The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a case study of how a vertical garden can be used to improve the urban environment. The garden is located in Bogota, Colombia, and it is the largest vertical garden in the world. The garden is home to over 115,000 plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize, and enjoy the outdoors.

The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the Bogota skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a number of benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the Santalaia Vertical Garden demonstrates the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas.

Overall, the Santalaia Vertical Garden case study is a success story. The garden has demonstrated the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas. The case study has also inspired other businesses and organizations to construct vertical gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.

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CASE STUDY CAIXA FORUM MUSEUM(VERTICAL GARDEN) INTRODUCTION •

CaixaForum is a cultural centre in Madrid, Spain, owned by the not-for-profit banking foundation "la Caixa". It was designed by the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron and built by Ferrovial between 2001 and 2007. It was an old power station called Central Del Mediodía, from the 1900s. The Vertical Garden by Patrick Blanc at the square is also well-known.

• The CaixaForum is located in the Paseo del Prado, in the heart of Madrid's cultural district. It is close to the Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. The centre is home to a variety of cultural exhibitions, including art, photography, design, and architecture. It also hosts a number of educational and cultural events, such as concerts, workshops, and lectures.

• The CaixaForum is a popular tourist destination, and it is also a popular spot for locals. The centre is open to the public, and admission is free for members of la Caixa.

Here are some of the things you can do at CaixaForum: • Visit the permanent exhibition, which explores the history of the building and its transformation into a cultural centre.

• See temporary exhibitions on a variety of topics, such as art, photography, design, and architecture.

• Attend educational and cultural events, such as concerts, workshops, and lectures.

• Enjoy the views from the rooftop terrace, which offers stunning views of Madrid.

• Have a coffee or a meal in the cafe or restaurant.

• If you are interested in art, culture, or architecture, then you should definitely visit CaixaForum. It is a great place to learn about Spanish culture and to see some of the best art and exhibitions from around the world.

Here are some additional facts about CaixaForum: • The building has a total area of 13,000 square meters.

• The centre has a capacity of 2,000 people.

• The Vertical Garden at the square has over 15,000 plants from 150 different species.

• The CaixaForum is one of the most visited cultural centres in Spain.

TIMELINE, ACRHITECT AND OTHER DETAILS

SITE CHARACTER

• • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • •

Project name- Caixa Forum Museum Project type- Museum Developers- Herzog & de Meuron Client- La Caixa Foundation Year of start- 2001 Year of completion- 2007 Includes Temporary And Permanent Exhibition, Educational/Cultural Events No. Of storeys- 5 Total project area- 13,000 sqm Architect- Herzog & de Meuron Footfall- 10,000 visitors per day

• • •

Site area-1300 sqm 600 sqm (6,458 sqft) Vertical Garden Site slope- 100% Shape- site is roughly rectangular Orientation- site is northeast-southwest oriented The south-facing facade allows in plenty of natural light, which helps to reduce the need for artificial lighting.

The north-facing facade helps to keep the museum cool in the summer, which reduces the need for air conditioning.

The public plaza in front of the museum is a great place to relax and enjoy the views of Madrid.

The Vertical Garden on the facade of the museum helps to create a sense of vitality and energy.

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TRANSIT CONNECTIVITY • • • • • • •

CaixaForum Madrid enjoys excellent transit connectivity, allowing visitors to access the museum conveniently using various modes of public transportation. Here are some details about the transit connectivity of CaixaForum Madrid: Metro: CaixaForum Madrid is well-connected to the metro system. The nearest metro station to the museum is Banco de España, which is served by Line 2 (Red Line). From there, it is just a short walk to the museum's location on Paseo del Prado.

Bus: Several bus lines serve the area around CaixaForum Madrid, making it easily accessible by bus. The museum is served by multiple bus stops along Paseo del Prado, allowing visitors to reach the museum using different bus routes.

Cercanías (Suburban Rail): For visitors arriving from outside Madrid, Cercanías suburban rail lines provide an additional transportation option. The Recoletos station, located near CaixaForum Madrid, is served by Cercanías lines C-1, C-2, C-7, and C-10.

Walking: CaixaForum Madrid is located in a central area of Madrid, making it easily accessible by foot from nearby attractions or transit hubs. Visitors can enjoy a pleasant walk along Paseo del Prado to reach the museum.

Cycling: Madrid has a growing network of cycling infrastructure, including bike lanes and bike-sharing services. Visitors who prefer cycling can use the bike-sharing service or bring their own bicycles to reach CaixaForum Madrid.

Overall, the transit connectivity of CaixaForum Madrid is robust, with easy access to metro stations, bus stops, suburban rail stations, and walking routes. This ensures that visitors have multiple options to reach the museum using public transportation, making it a convenient and accessible cultural destination in Madrid.

LOCATION • •

• •

The museum is located in the heart of Madrid, on the Paseo del Prado. The Paseo del Prado is a major avenue in Madrid that is home to several museums, including the Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum.

The CaixaForum museum is located in a former power station that was built in the early 1900s. The power station was renovated and converted into a museum in 2008. The museum is known for its Vertical Garden, which is a large green wall that covers the facade of the building.

The CaixaForum museum is open from 10:00 AM to 20:00 PM, Tuesday to Sunday. Admission is €6 for adults and €4 for children and students.

The museum is easily accessible by public transportation. The nearest metro stations are Atocha Renfe and Banco de España. There are also several bus lines that stop near the museum.

PLANT SELECTION Here are some of the plants that are selected for the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden: Begonias: Begonias are a diverse group of plants that come in a wide variety of colours, shapes, and sizes. They are relatively easy to care for and can tolerate a wide range of conditions.

Yuccas: Yuccas are drought-tolerant succulents that can thrive in hot, dry climates. They have long, spiky leaves that give them a distinctive appearance.

Cistus: Cistus are evergreen shrubs that are native to the Mediterranean region. They have fragrant flowers that bloom in the spring and summer.

Cedrus: Cedars are coniferous trees that are known for their majestic appearance. They can grow to be very large, and their branches can spread out to form a wide canopy.

Sedum: Sedums are succulents that come in a variety of colours, shapes, and sizes. They are very hardy plants and can tolerate a wide range of conditions Pilosela: Philomela is a small, daisy-like flower that is native to Europe. It is a drought-tolerant plant that can thrive in poor soils.

Arenaria: Arenaria is a low-growing, mat-forming plant that is native to Europe. It has small, white flowers that bloom in the spring and summer.

Bergenia: Bergenia is a hardy perennial that is native to Europe and Asia. It has large, heart-shaped leaves and clusters of pink or white flowers that bloom in the spring.

These are just a few of the many plants that are selected for the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden. The plants were chosen for their ability to thrive in the hot, dry climate of Madrid, as well as their beauty and diversity. The Vertical Garden is a stunning example of how plants can be used to improve the urban environment.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The design of the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden was carefully considered to ensure that it would be both beautiful and functional. Some of the key design considerations included: The choice of plants: The plants were chosen for their ability to thrive in the hot, dry climate of Madrid, as well as their beauty and diversity. The plants were also chosen for their ability to withstand the wind and rain, as well as the pollution in the city air.

The irrigation system: The irrigation system is designed to ensure that the plants receive the correct amount of water, even in hot, dry weather. The system is also designed to be energyefficient, so that it does not contribute to the city's pollution problem.

The structure of the wall: The wall is made of a lightweight, fire-resistant material that is able to support the weight of the plants. The wall is also designed to be able to withstand the wind and rain.

The maintenance of the garden: The garden is maintained by a team of professionals who ensure that the plants are healthy and that the irrigation system is working properly. The garden is also cleaned on a regular basis to remove dust and debris .

INFERENCES The CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden is a case study of how a vertical garden can be used to improve the urban environment. The garden is located in Madrid, Spain, and it is home to over 15,000 plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize, and enjoy the outdoors.

The CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the Madrid skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a number of benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden demonstrates the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas.

Overall, the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden case study is a success story. The garden has demonstrated the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban areas.

The case study has also inspired other businesses and organizations to construct vertical gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS(ROOF GARDEN) Features

Bosco Verticale

DLF Cyber Hub

Visual

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS(VERTICAL GARDEN) Features

Vertical Garden Santalaia

CaixaForum Madrid

Visual

Location

Milan, Italy

Guru gram, India

Location

Bogotá, Colombia

Madrid, Spain

Concept

Vertical forest with integrated greenery

Landscaped rooftop gardens

Concept

Vertical garden integrated into building facade

Vertical garden as an exterior feature

Size/area

Approximately 9.88 acres (40,000 sqm)

Approximately 2.5 acres (1 hectare)

Size/Area

Covers approximately 3,100 square meters

Covers approximately 460 square meters

Plant selection

Diverse selection of native and adapted species

Ornamental plants and shrubs Plant Selection

Diverse selection of over 85,000 plants and 100+ species

Varied selection of plant species

Biodiversity

Promotes biodiversity and supports ecosystems

Limited focus on biodiversity

Biodiversity

Promotes biodiversity and supports ecosystems

Limited focus on biodiversity

Air quality

Improves air quality through plant absorption

Limited impact on air quality improvement

Air Quality

Improves air quality through plant absorption

Limited impact on air quality improvement

Noise Reduction Acts as a sound barrier for noise reduction

Limited impact on noise reduction

Acts as a sound barrier for noise reduction

Limited impact on noise reduction

Noise reduction Thermal insulation

Provides thermal insulation for energy efficiency

Limited impact on thermal insulation

Thermal Insulation

Provides thermal insulation for energy efficiency

Limited impact on thermal insulation

Aesthetics

Visually stunning with lush vertical greenery

Unique and eye-catching vertical garden design

Maintenance

Regular maintenance required for plant care

Regular maintenance required for plant care

Sustainability

Emphasizes sustainable practices in design

Incorporates some sustainable features

Accessibility

Not applicable

Accessible to the public

Aesthetics

Visually stunning with vertical forest concept

Beautifully landscaped with decorative elements

Storm water management

Manages storm water runoff through plant absorption

Limited focus on storm water management

Sustainability

Emphasizes sustainable practices in design

Incorporates some sustainable features

Access and circulation

Designed for easy access and circulation

Provides well-planned pathways for movement

Transit connectivity

Good transit connectivity in the area

Convenient access to public transportation

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CONCLUSION The dissertation on "Maximising Green Spaces in a Building Complex through Alternative Landscape Design Elements" with respect to roof gardens and vertical gardens has explored the potential of these alternative landscape design elements to enhance the sustainability, aesthetics, and well-being of building complexes. Through an in-depth literature review, it was established that roof gardens and vertical gardens offer numerous benefits, including the promotion of biodiversity, mitigation of urban heat island effect, improvement of air quality, storm water management, energy efficiency, and the creation of green spaces in urban environments. These alternative landscape design elements have the potential to transform underutilized spaces into thriving ecosystems, enhancing the overall liability and sustainability of building complexes.

The objectives of the study were successfully addressed through the development of a methodology that included site analysis, design considerations, plant selection, structural evaluation, and maintenance strategies. By implementing a comprehensive approach, the study has demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of incorporating roof gardens and vertical gardens within a building complex.

The scope of the research has covered various aspects, including design considerations, environmental benefits, social and economic impacts, and challenges associated with the implementation and maintenance of roof gardens and vertical gardens. Case studies and best practices have been examined, providing valuable insights into successful projects and highlighting the potential for innovation in this field. While the research has shown the immense potential of roof gardens and vertical gardens, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study. Factors such as structural constraints, high initial costs, limited plant selection, maintenance requirements, and regulatory constraints may pose challenges to the widespread adoption of these alternative landscape design elements. Further research and collaboration between architects, landscape designers, engineers, and policymakers are necessary to address these limitations and overcome barriers to implementation.

In conclusion, the dissertation has highlighted the significance of maximizing green spaces in building complexes through alternative landscape design elements, specifically roof gardens and vertical gardens. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable urban design and provide practical insights for architects, urban planners, and stakeholders involved in creating greener and more sustainable built environments. By embracing these alternative landscape design elements, building complexes can embrace a harmonious coexistence between nature and architecture, fostering a healthier and more sustainable future for urban communities.

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REFERENCES 

"Evaluating Rooftop and Vertical Gardens as an Adaptation Strategy for Urban Areas" by Samira Akhter Tumpa, Md. Akiful Islam Fahim, Mazedur Rahman, and Md. Monirul Islam.

This paper evaluates the potential of roof gardens and vertical gardens to mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve air quality in urban areas.



"The Benefits of Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens" by the National Roofing Contractors Association. This paper provides an overview of the benefits of green roofs and vertical gardens, including their ability to reduce energy consumption, improve air quality, and provide habitat for wildlife.



"The Potential of Vertical Gardens to Improve Urban Liveability" by Jessica M. Ogden and David J. T. Sumpter. This paper reviews the potential of vertical gardens to improve urban liveability by providing a range of benefits, such as increased biodiversity, improved air quality, and reduced noise pollution.



"The Impact of Vertical Gardens on Urban Microclimates" by Mariagrazia Ierna, Mariacristina Di Carlo, and Vincenzo Corsaro. This paper investigates the impact of vertical gardens on urban microclimates, finding that they can significantly reduce air temperature and improve air quality.



"Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens: A Review of Their Benefits and Limitations" by Jennifer A. Green and Emily E. Talley. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the benefits and limitations of green roofs and vertical gardens, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand their potential.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

https://www.slideshare.net/ArchDuty/vertical-gardens-dissertation https://agriculture.auburn.edu/departments/hort/educational-opportunities-abound-on-rooftop-garden/ https://www.scribd.com/document/397627836/Vertical-Garden-Dissertation-Report https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45441 https://www.niu.edu/communiversitygardens/_pdf/projects/Vertical-Rooftop-Gardens.pdf http://www.greenroofs.com/ https://www.oregonlive.com/hg/2021/06/how-gardeners-can-create-vertical-landscapes-in-small-spaces.html https://improveoutdoors.com/vertical-garden-ideas/ https://thursd.com/articles/vertical-gardens-offer-various-health-benefits-you-should-know-about https://www.hgtv.com/outdoors/landscaping-and-hardscaping/design/vertical-garden-design

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