This paper discusses the close relationship between the concepts of health supporting landscapes and sustainability in modern cities (residential, educational built forms) with the help of case studies and research paper reviews. Firstly, the paper will be talking about what makes a garden a healing garden, then about three schools of healing gardens and their theories. Then about how healing gardens are beneficial for human health in detail. After which, we will be discussing about how to address the user groups and their problems and how effectively the garden should be designed so as to overcome the user’s problems. Then we will be talking about how to incorporate healing gardens into built structures with the help of design principles and the analysis derived from the case studies. Lastly will discuss about the different ways in which these gardens can be interestingly incorporated (for examples: roof gardens, podium landscape, vertical edible landscaping) also by addressing the sustainability factor.
Several studies have highlighted the importance of interaction with nature and its role in human health. With regard to hospitals and other healthcare facilities, there is remarkable evidence contending that gardens effective and beneficial settings to enhance restoration for stress persons, family members, and personnel. With growing population and building structures especially in Hyderabad (city in India), it is less likely to designate open and sustainable places for to create the healing gardens. In most cases, the gardens are designed far away from the city Centre, the availability and utilization of the haling gardens are limited specially for elderly people and children. the rate of stress and stress related diseases are significantly increased. The main affected users are students and working people and most of the time the send in a day is in their educational institutions (schools, colleges, universities etc.) and residences as architects if we try to incorporate healing gardens into these areas it would help the users to overcome their burnout diseases. 1
I.AIM
II.NEED AND RELEVANCE
Seminar; Semester 7, Year 4, 2020 21. A.Y. Guides: Mrs.Prashanti Rao Mrs.Bhanu Chitra
The aim of this research paper is to thoroughly examine the design principles of healing gardens for the targeted user groups who are experiencing stress from lack of nature, and to find out different sustainable methodologies to implement healing gardens Also finding fundamental aspects of design which can be implemented in different societies.
ABSTRACT Due to the development of cities which led to modernization and urbanization, populations have tended to choose urban areas as their environment over rural areas resulting in denser urban areas. This has occurred without sufficient consideration of the psychological and social dimensions of the construction of public spaces and buildings. In addition, this led to more infrastructure and less nature in urban sprawl, while on the other hand, modern lifestyle has given different options such as laptops, internet, TV, smartphone and all other modern technological devices that make us feel pressure to fulfill all the demands of a so called social existence. Therefore, the prevalence of depression and stress related problems has risen dramatically. The urban style of life is associated with numerous effects on human wellbeing, primarily related to environmental issues. As a result, the promotion of the wellbeing of urban communities in the 21st century, along with the rising need for sustainable growth and the construction of liveable cities, has become one of the key challenges. Knowledge among architects and health practitioners is being raised of the possible benefits of health type practices in natural environments and in particular, from daily interaction with nature, which can be viewed as a medical preventive method.
KEY WORDS
HEALING GARDENS AS SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES FOR RESIDENCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL BUILT FORMS
Sai Sowmya Jyothirmayee.K, Section B, 1170100702 Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada
Educational built forms, Healing gardens, Landscape architecture, Residence, Sustainability
India's metropolitan cities face a variety of social problems, such as pollution issues, urbanization, global climate change, environmental quality and sustainable growth. Due to urban life styles, multiple detrimental effects on human health are caused when most people have preferred to prefer urban areas as their climate over rural areas, resulting in denser urban areas, which have internally contributed to a rise in environmental toxins such as heavy metals, benzene, radionuclides, carbon and nitrogen dioxides etc. These toxins contribute to environmentally associated illnesses such as carcinoma, chronic and acute respiratory diseases, cardio vascular complications, stroke, headaches, dizziness, reproductive and immune system damage, and premature death. Sedentary habits, high fat diets and elevated levels of social and psychological tension are the other adverse health challenges of urban living. Therefore, promoting heath of metropolitan cities (urban population) is nowadays one among the foremost challenging problems with the 21st century along with the growing needs for sustainable development and establishment of the livable cities.
III.INTRODUCTION
A sense of mental or physical tension is stress. It can come from some event or thought that makes you feel angry, furious, or nervous. Stress is the body's reaction to a challenge or demand. Stress can be positive in small bursts, such as whether it lets you escape risk or reach a deadline. First of all, can we know what triggers stress? There are a few explanations below: a) Being under a lot of strain b) Facing huge shifts that stress about something C) Not having much or any influence over a situation's outcome d) Having commitments that you find daunting e) Not having enough jobs, events, or life adjustments f) Periods of confusion.
V.STERESS AND HEALTH BENEFITS FROM NATURE
IV.MATERIALS AND METHODS To get the answer to my objective I went through literature to understand how previous studies have defined design principles of healing gardens. I will be using triangulation method to find a richer and complete result. Reviewing literature, interviews, Case studies, maps, photos will be my tools. Firstly, have to start with studying previous research papers in order to strengthen conceptual linkage between what was found before and what I will have to find.
Some scholars appear to assert that the healing gardens belong to hospitals and health care centers while others contend that they are personal spaces that could be successfully located in private houses. Vapaa said that, “a healing gardens is a place in which the designers pay close attention to the need and likes of the users or client and is able to provide therapeutic qualities in the spaces that addresses them”. Healing gardens may be divided into different taxonomies as following: the first form of healing gardens is sort of a sanctuary or a natural reservoir during which natural and wildlife are preserved. This is seen by the green environment of the city, which includes the open fields, green lanes, nature parks and greenbelts of the city. A meditation garden inside the hospital grounds or a health care facility is the second form. Lastly, a private garden is the third form. Most healing experts agree that this kind of healing gardens is that as humans are in high touch with nature, the strongest kind of meditation garden with the greatest healing impact. Life satisfaction, psychological well being, social integration and social stability, a sense of identity and cognitive function are improved by interaction with nature in cities in the form of urban gardening, sports events and community gardens. In addition, the dedication to nature practices, such as urban gardening and urban farming, was described not only as a cheap health intervention and a kind of solution focused on nature. But also as a cure for many conditions in the physiological and mental state, so called “therapeutic landscape and healing garden therapy”. In terms of stress related disorders, society is now facing growing difficulties. Knowing how various environments and landscape variables could influence the enhancement of health could help to create new architecture strategies for human health. With a few examples of innovative design solutions, this research paper will explore the evolution of healing gardens, the principles of healing gardens, and strategies to incorporate the design approach sustainably.
Being in direct contact with green spaces and being involved in nature helps in improving health. For several years, the benefits that individuals could obtain from plants and nature have been investigated and argued. The importance of contact with nature and its role in human health has been illustrated by many reports. Different facets of nature include trees, grass, water, visible sky, rocks, flowers and also birds have been named to be effective in human health. With regards to hospitals and other healthcare facilities, there is remarkable evidence contending that gardens effective and beneficial setting to enhance restoration for stressed persons, family members, and personnel.
The term healing garden is typically used to refer to the gardens in which healing from illness is intended. In such cases, ‘healing’ does not necessarily mean treatment, but it means the general improvement of health. These gardens mostly deal with spiritual, psychological and physical aspects of health improvement. The general meaning (both physical and non physical) that leads to the recovery process can be explained as the 'healing environment'. Unlike curing, healing is psychological and spiritual concept of health. Because perception is also psychological, it is likely to be a tie between healing and physical context.
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A reaction to acute stress also does not affect health until, since when the stressful condition is over, the strain hormones naturally return to their baseline levels. Stress itself is also not only detrimental, but also necessary. What ends up in the case of stress related illnesses involves a long term rise in cortisol circulation and an increased level of pressure. The consequences of such physiological changes are cardiovascular, biochemical, immunological, and neuronal pathology. Theories in environmental psychology demonstrate that behavioral exhaustion is the result of using direct focus intensively without being recovered.
Third theory. Finally, the third theory asserts the health effects square measure thanks to the very fact that the garden and nature build demands that may softly balance the person’s own ability and management. sensory activity and cognitive practical obstacles cause accessibility problems and handicap experiences together with obstacles within the physical environmental. However, there's reason to speak about the accessibility of the environment in relation to mental practical obstacles or psychological states of ill health still. an individual stricken with a trauma like grief or personal health problem desires AN setting as well as relations that build less significant demands. Journal of Therapeutic husbandry sixty three Family and relatives demand over unknown people. Animals demand but masses and are also additional easy they cannot lie or burden anyone with guilt. Plants demand but animals; they can’t run away either or show ingratitude. Rocks and water demand even less they are there all the time. Generally speaking, nature makes fewer demands than gardens, wherever you'll integrate additional or less demands in the style.
VI.THEORIES FROM SCHOOLS OF HEALING GARDENS
The Healing Garden school According to this school the visitor’s health effects are, above all, derived from the experiences of the garden area per se, its design, and its contents. The following 3 theories are developed within the disciplines of environmental science and landscape Firstarchitecture:theory.The
Intentional fatigue results in lack of concentration, increased discomfort or frustration, and a higher chance of errors. Such hypotheses suggest that by possessing unique traits, nature makes regeneration and reconstruction possible. In comparison, studies in the field of environmental psychology has found that there is an on the spot correlation between human wellbeing and access to nature. As de varies claims, there’s a positive relationship between health and simple access to green space. Healing gardens by having natural setting might be one in all the answers to cater to stress.
primary hypothesis suggests that due to a restorative impact on emotional centers within the neuronal system of the brain, induced by the environment especially by nature like environments and wild nature, the health effects measure square. Speculation sees man as a biological being on the point of nature, adapted to a life. It is possible for man to respond and to trust his automatic reflexes in natural environments. samples of stimuli that generate reflexes that warn North American country or build North American country extra cautious square measure darkness, precipices, snakes, and blood. different stimuli prompt reflexes that build North American country relax, sort of a read over a lake framed by light weight or open meadows. These fast reactions square measure supported innate, memory like functions that have had decisive importance for man’s continuing existence on earth. The city, on the opposite hand, is an unnatural setting for man. within the town, man cannot trust his reflexes however should build use of logical thinking. Open, light, savannah like natural areas have been found to grant the fastest restorative reactions after stress, since they check man’s original home. When you return to such surroundings, the body unconsciously relaxes. If you're severely stressed, this is additional noticeable than once you otherwise feel well. This theory has been tested with success in laboratories Second theory. in keeping with the second theory, the health effects square measure thanks to the restorative influence of verdure on psychological feature functions. the upper psychological feature functions need abundant energy and also the brain might easily be overstrained. This theory relies on the very fact that man has 2 differing types of attention, spontaneous attention and directed concentration. Knowledge of those 2 differing types of attention goes back to the tip of the nineteenth century. One of these sorts is sometimes spoken of as directed attention. it's ruled by and at a similar time a part of the mind the upper psychological feature components and its capability is limited. Directed attention is tired get in a comparatively short time and is incredibly precious. we have a tendency to build use of it in our daily work, once doing work, once driving through AN unknown city, etc. With directed attention we can concentrate on what has got to be done at a similar time as we have a tendency to mapped out all that's unsuitable. The other variety of attention is sort of spontaneous and unconscious; it's situated within the older components of the brain and known as soft fascination. With this type of attention, we have a tendency to register a sharp rustle during a bush or the glimmer of a stone. The capacity of this type of attention is much unlimited, as long as we have a tendency to don't need to mapped out or sift out our impressions. Nature contains fascinating things that attract this spontaneous attention, where new discoveries fascinate while not effortful out, since impressions in nature square measure contained during a larger whole and therefore not in want of being sorted out and sifted out by the directed attention of upper consciousness centres. This theory has been tested many times with positive results.
VII.UNDERSTANDING THE USER GROUPS AND THEIR NEEDS
We know that the healing garden is all about perception as well as activity. But, it is crucial to find the balance between just being in the garden experiencing it and working with gardening. To do that the designers need to have knowledge about the group of people the garden is being designed for, and be aware of their levels of mental power. A healing garden must be able to communicate with the visitor in a supportive and positive way. Depending on the user’s stress level, the garden should consist of different rooms with different characters serene, wild, rich in species, space, the common, the pleasure garden, festive, and culture. Finally, a healing garden, like all public gardens, should strive to be accessible to everybody.
According to the idea happiness to the current faculty the health effects are primarily derived from the activities within the garden space. A theory typically places forth among medical and agriculture therapeutic scientists is that the health effects are because of the actual fact that job in a garden is especially obvious, meaningful, and pleasant. Man is inside a vigorous creature, and activity is healthful in itself. If he contains a likelihood to use his body and his mind within the pursuit of enjoyable and purposeful occupations, he feels rewarded. This expertise of being rewarded is particularly apparent in reference to activities and environments that generate questionable “flow experiences.” In flow things a harmonization between the individual’s capability and therefore the challenge is felt, and therefore the demands and prospects in the atmosphere provides a feeling of well being, total commitment, and forgetfulness of your time and self. husbandry will, in an exceedingly straightforward way, stimulate a good variety of psychological feature processes and physical exercises, and, hypothetically, self rewarding flow experiences similarly.
DISCUSSION
1. The HEALING GARDEN SCHOOL, where the health effects are, above all, derived from the experiences of the garden room as such, and its design and contents.
2. The HORTICULTURAL THERAPY SCHOOL, where the health effects are primarily derived from the activities in the garden room.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234072230_What_Makes_a_Garden_a_Healing_Garden 4
Brief understanding about the different theories derived from three schools are as following:
The Horticulture Therapy School
The Cognitive School “The Cognitive school” is the unification of the other two schools; the Horticultural Therapy School and the Healing Garden School. It is combined the effects of experiences from garden and the activities in the garden. It has both roles of being passive and active in garden. It is a delicate interaction between real environment, the observed and perceived one that is undoubtedly important in the design of therapeutic places. The understandings of these interplays as well as the symbolic meaning of objects are necessary for designers in order to obtain healing benefits from the designed environment. To create a therapeutic place a combination of two objects are required; creating the place and facilitating healing process. According to Marcus Cooper and Barrens “understanding how people see their environment and how they react to it is the most critical component of therapeutic design” (Cooper Marcus & Barnes 1999 p.88). First level is what the individual observes and second is how it is interpreted. Lewis (1996) in his book “Green Nature/Human Nature” explains that in human plant relationship, plants in three dimensional environments can affect humans when they are transformed to a mental record of experience while encountering them. The experience subconsciously is associated with the objects. By seeing them again, images of the objects will poke on human’s mind mentally to stored samples of thoughts and feelings which determine how we interpret the object
3. The COGNITIVE SCHOOL, where the health effects are derived from the experiences of the garden room as such, as well as from the activities in the garden room.
Studies have stated that natural settings help to recover from directed attention fatigue, a typical example of directed attention fatigue is the state of mind of students at the end of a semester. Natural settings meet the four requirements for a restorative environment being away, fascination, extent, compatibility. A study on college dormitory window view gives evidence that a natural view Is beneficial for the attention restorative effects of students.
As the user groups (students, teaches, working people) have been selected let’s understand their problems and needs so that it will be easy for designers to pick the rooms wisely.
COLLEGE Stomach and digestive issues, Headaches and other aches/pains, fluctuating weight, Sadness/depression, Self harm, Moodiness, cutting classes, Physical aggression, Sleep problems, feeling overwhelmed, Social isolation, Ignoring responsibilities, Substance abuse, Suicidal thoughts.
Solutions Incorporate exercise into the day
Threats to teacher job performance
Students with busy schedules can quickly become overwhelmed because they are left with no free time to relax. As your child progresses from elementary school to high school, the amount and difficulty level of schoolwork increases and students without good time management skills can experience even more stress. Unlike adults, who can communicate about how stress impacts their lives, children and teens may not recognize or even have the words to describe how they're feeling. Students are experiencing stress at growing rates, with a 2014 Psychological Association study finding teens are even more stressed than However,adults.
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Teachers Threats to teacher wellness For starters, chronic stress triggers a range of physical and mental health symptoms. Physically, stress weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to illness. Stress also exacerbates pain and reduces physical stamina. Prolonged stress may increase risk of chronic fatigue, heart disease and other ailments. Stress also depletes mental stamina. Common symptoms include irritability, mood swings and exhaustion, which may escalate into depression, anxiety and lower quality of life. These symptoms have been identified by teachers reporting high stress. The consequences, however, do not stop with teachers.
The Physical Activity Guidelines recommends at least one hour of exercise per day for children and adolescents to strengthen cardio fitness and keep depression and anxiety at bay. Surprisingly, just 1 in 3 children get physical exercise each day. Parents should encourage younger children to exercise by turning off screens and sending them outside to play. Teens may need more structured activity like organized sports.
parents and teachers can watch for short term behaviors and physical symptoms that manifest when stress becomes a problem. Since age plays a major role in how stress affects us, here are some symptoms for students in elementary school, middle school, high school and college to help identify when there may be a concern.
Symptoms SCHOOL Nausea/digestive issues, Headaches, Frequent physical aches and pains, skipping meals or overeating, Chronic worrying, Fatigue, Sadness/depression, isolating from friends and family, Self harm, Moodiness, ignoring chores/school work, not doing things that used to be fun, cutting classes, Frequent absences, Quick to anger, Sleep problems.
Incorporating healing gardens into education builds
Chronic stress can also impact teachers’ job performance. Unwell teachers have a reduced ability to teach and therefore call in sick. The more absences teachers rack up; the less time they spend with their students. Excessive teacher absences disrupt the flow of instruction, behavior management and connection with students. Research has confirmed that excessive teacher absences are linked to student underachievement. Stress is also associated with high teacher turnover. Nearly half of all new teachers leave the field within the first five years. Among those who stay, nearly two thirds were found in a 2015 poll to be “not engaged,” or mentally and emotionally disconnected from their teaching role and their students’ needs. If nearly half of teachers leave the field within five years, and most who remain are disengaged, there is an epidemic of teachers who are stressed out, burned out and merely going through the motions. Research suggests that active teacher engagement and positive teacher student relationships result in high student achievement. Similarly, without active engagement, teachers cannot connect with their students and teach them effectively
Now as we have the detailed study of the causes, symptoms and few solutions for the stress caused for the targeted user groups, by considering all of these points designers should wisely choose the design rooms, and design principles of healing gardens so as to get positive outcomes.
WORK STRESS SYMPTOMS in recent decades, researchers have studied the relationship between job stress and physical illness. Examples include sleep disturbances, upset stomach and headache, as well as compromised relationships with family and friends Other symptoms include: Headaches, High blood pressure, Indigestion, Insomnia, Irritability Depression, Short attention span, Loss of appetite, Procrastination, Increased use of alcohol and drugs, Poor job performance etc.
What can be done to reduce teacher stress? Teachers also need to make sure they take care of themselves so that they can take care of others. Without actively caring for themselves, teachers lose the capacity to care for others.
It's important to recognize the common causes of stress at work so that you can take steps to reduce stress levels where possible. Workplace stress can be caused by a number of factors from heavy workloads and over promotion to bullying and blame Someculture.common causes of stress in the workplace include: High workloads, Insufficient workloads, Lack of control, no support, Lack of skills, adapting to change, Job security worries, Blame culture, Weak or ineffective management, Over management, Multiple reporting lines, Lack of communication, Poor physical working environment
2.Understanding user teams and their needs
Given the demands of teaching, it may be easy for teachers to put their own needs last. A comprehensive self care plan may help teachers identify signs of stress and improve their stress management skills. Examples of stress reducing strategies with the most scientific support include yoga, exercise and mindfulness meditation. Yoga and exercise require physical exertion and have benefits beyond physical fitness. Both also trigger hormones that relieve stress and are associated with better mental focus and mood. No specific skills are required for mindfulness meditation, and with even a few minutes of practice most days, benefits include improvements to self awareness, mental concentration and emotion regulation. Now as we have an idea of causes and solutions for the stress caused for teacher’s it will be easy for the designers to focus on what particularly should be incorporated into design so that the user can overcome their problems.
VIII.DESIGN PRINCLES OF HEALING GARDENS
Healing gardens ought to be restorative and useful to participants for rising their upbeat. In coming up with healing gardens it's very decisive to know the user teams and intention of the garden. consecutive step is what the garden offers to it specific user group. consistent with Cooper Marcus and Barnes understanding how individuals see their surroundings however and the way} they react to that, is one in every of the foremost crucial factors of therapeutic style, in another word what people observe and the way they interpret it. “Sound, sight and smell within the atmosphere are external stimuli that are directly known by the acutely aware mind
Since, not all gardens have healing effects they must have special characteristics so as to be referred to as a healing garden. Healing gardens ought to give a feeling of security and safety. By being enclosed off and safe, they might provide psychological peace and house for relaxation. Garden, by showing life with spirited components like trees, flowers, bushes might offer the sensation of security and hope to the visitors. The design of the building ought to provide a feeling of security, since user teams square measure during a lot of vulnerable scenario, they have an inclination to understand depressive or threatening message from their surroundings. so as to push the healing process in healing environments the environment should be unambiguously positive, this means that method of healing ought to be supported by the place. mistreatment art as sculpture or form of garden or façade of the buildings ought to be considered as risk of creating ambiguous or abstract style may increase. Environmental qualities that facilitate for recovery and mitigating stress are often included as predominance of hard scape or designed material, might increase or decrease insecurity and unsafely, crowding, ambiguous style feature and concrete noise. Attachment to the garden is another necessary side in terms of healing gardens. “A garden could be a pre selected surround pure refuge, laden with biological symbolic of safety. They provide a way of rootedness and connectedness to the surroundings”
3.Offering differing types of activities
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1.Feeling of security
Working people Common causes of stress at work Guide
3) made in species: during this surroundings, you'll be able to expertise a spread of various species, both plants and animals.
6) The pleasure garden: The place could be a refuge, that is fencelike, safe and secluded. There are a unit opportunities to be with yourself and skill or play still.
2) Wild: The place is fascinated by wild nature. Plants appears to be self sowed, rocks are lichened and mossed.
The geographical context of the garden has influence on the garden and also the expertise of the garden. it's vital to understand what surrounds the garden. The history of the place is also vital to understand, as a result of it shows however the place reworked to the current appurtenance.
5.Privacy and social interaction
Exercise reduces stress and workout improves psychological well being. It also reduces depression. There ought to be a balance between the gardening activities and simply being passive by experiencing the garden. analysis shows that individuals WHO square measure supported socially square measure typically less stressed and they have higher health standing than those who square measure additional socially isolated. Researches additionally show that patients and staffs prefers natural, spatially self enclosed settings for active socialising but on the contrary they like natural, spatially open settings for additional passive activities such as sitting and viewing scenery or look the opposite individuals. Settings with vegetation are additional most popular over engineered atmosphere for various styles of activities. Designers ought to bear in mind of the balance between the social side and privacy
It is necessary that the garden has totally {different completely different} rooms with different characters. Research shows that gardens or parks ought to have some specific characters so as to be visited by the users. “Healing garden should be ready to communicate with the guests on several levels through sight, smell, hearing etc.” Senses stimulation is one amongst the necessary factors in each the healing Garden college and also the Instorative or psychological feature School. Designers ought to provide totally different issue to awaken participant’s senses. they will be varied as taking note of running water, touching stones, tasting berries or smelling flowers Basic characteristics for rest and activity
8) Culture: A historical place that offers fascination with course of your time.
6.Surrounding and views
5) The common: it's Associate in Nursing open inexperienced field that invitations you to remain and provides vistas and views.
7) Festive: it's a gathering place for social activities and recreation.
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In healing gardens, being attentive to the necessity of various sorts of communication is crucial. One sort will relate to exacting atmosphere. as an example ponds or water may be the least exacting half or cultivation in garden may be thought about because the most exacting. And between these, there square measure completely different elements consistent with the brain of the visitor; one of them suits her/him. consistent with Ottsson the experiences from the character depends on ones’ life state of affairs. that the garden ought to supply completely different degrees of demand for the participants 4.Different rooms
1) Serene: The place is characterised by peace and silence. there's no rubbish, weeds or perturbing folks. Sounds derived from wind, water, birds or insects.
Accessibility it’s necessary for resident’s exploitation wheelchairs, transport vehicles, walking stick or any forms of movement tools. The gardens should have acceptable conditions for every kind of users to be ready to use them equally and to share their experiences. For example, the peak of areas wherever experimental activities area unit to be designed ought to be as high as possible for user’s vehicles. The dimension of the roads within the garden and therefore the paving stones used should be appropriate for all users.
It is believed that there are a unit some basic options in the environment that offer quality to that and this quality affects the surroundings that makes it a lot of engaging or unattractive.11 These area unit eight characteristics, that are claimed by Patrik Grahn in 1991, that are connected to the concept of however surroundings will have a restorative impact on guests
4) Space: there's a sense of coming into to a different world, that is related to a whole, sort of a beech forest.
7.Accessibility and availableness
Earlier studies of however folks operate in parks and gardens at the Department of Landscape designing at Alnarp have found that experiences of nature have an effect on folks differently, for the most part counting on their life state of affairs. A person’s expertise of nature can depend upon however much he's able to absorb from the atmosphere and how sturdy his mental power is. this might be illustrated with the help of a pyramid, wherever the requirement for environments with few demands is massive at rock bottom of the pyramid and smaller at the highest as seen in Figure one. At rock bottom of the pyramid is that the directed inwards involvement level wherever mental power is extremely weak. What physical activity may be undertaken tends to be personal, like walking, choosing berries, or collecting wood a brief distance into the forest, and disturbances area unit disliked As adjacent to worry establishments. These cultivation beds, often raised, don't seem to be planned or designed to be a part of the construction and composition of a garden space. On the other hand, the cultivation beds could also be planned thus that the cultivation functions well, the accessibility for the patients is great, water is at intervals straightforward reach, convenient storehouses square measure close, etc. however there's hardly a garden space per se. On the opposite hand, landscape architects operating with healing gardens have generally conjointly created things far too straightforward and centered an excessive amount of on the visual aspects. A garden isn't simply to appear at. One might enter a garden and switch from being Associate in Nursing observer into a traveler, experiencing the four dimensions of the garden (three dimensional house and time) with all one’s senses. The garden is exclusive therein it will activate all the senses: sight, hearing, smell, and taste, however conjointly the temperature sense, the muscular sense, and also the sense of touch square measure activated once, as an example, one puts one’s hand on a stone 8
8.Climate Providing protecting sunshade against the summer sun. kids have sensitive skins and if they stay too high beneath the burning summer sun, their skin is well broken. Children with restricted mobility don't seem to be prone to daylight as a result of they cannot move quickly. For this reason, shade areas are required. the sunshine obtained with several latitude filters is that the best. terribly shadow or dark areas, they're not spectacular for folks. additionally, in spring, autumn and winter (higher or lower reckoning on gardens) the youngsters ought to play outdoors so as to warm up with the sun's rays. Lack of lighting within the garden creates Associate in Nursing unfavorable scenario during the activities. Ensuring that the space receives daylight in winter, spring and autumn. At several latitudes, the direct arrival of daylight makes the open air areas additional enticing and snug. Areas of activity ought to be established in the northern hemisphere in the south facade, in the southern hemisphere in the north facade. The tree species ought to be fastidiously selected and designed in such some way on give daylight in heat and cold seasons, in conjunction with the activity areas of the shaded buildings.
9.Selection of plants
10.The Visitor’s Mental Power
Another issue that must be thought of within the style of healing gardens in the upper side is that the selection of plants. With regard to the specific circumstance of a place in this kind of garden, designers sometimes can’t style any desired plant. With despite of those limitations, there are a unit some issues ought to be taken in plant choice. Many users call the healing gardens "green oasis". Plants mostly have terribly necessary characteristics and they offer the essence of the "healing" situation in the healing gardens. however, the plants would like the sun to grow. therefore, designer must concentrate to this subject. The healing gardens ought to contain as several plants as doable. These plants ought to be choose according to their annual performance from the start of spring to the tip of autumn. Every time of the year, a new nature event should take place in the garden. Flowers, fruits and different plants ought to be species which will be harvested and used directly by kids as play objects. It is higher use of aromatic and meditative herbs that grow up locally in the town. Using medicinal and aromatic plants by landscape architects and town planners brings some benefits. Since the water wants of native plants area unit less than of foreign plants, they contribute to water saving and cut back irrigation prices significantly. People's daily encounters with medicative and aromatic plants indicate that they area unit prone to traditional and natural treatments. With concerning to the low value of such treatments and also the low level of facet effects, the health level of the population might increase in society. In planting, less attention is paid to the result of color and lightweight that the created areas, it causes negative impacts on people, increase stress and uneasiness and concentration and visual impairment. as a result of the difference within the leaves of the plants causes completely different reflections. Although the plants area unit in a very composition, they bear seasonal color changes during the year and they have {different totally completely different completely different} color effects at different times. it's necessary to achieve this color result with flowers, fruits, leaves, trunk branches, colours in throughout the year. In addition, the air pollution of Iranian capital is associate indisputable fact. elite plant species ought to be standing against to the pollution furthermore as tributary to the reduction of pollution.
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IX.Design with nature to support the human health in cities: evidence from cities all over the world
warm by the sun or the sense of individual at this level is mentally active, sorting impressions he carries with him, and not terribly willing to be fed with new impressions that he needs to arranged. This individual needs to assume things over while not being disturbed. he's not alone however instead along with himself. On successive level within the pyramid square measure those that have somewhat bigger mental power. they start to take associate degree interest in their social surroundings and wish to observe individuals around them, however they are doing not have the strength to require active half in what they're doing. They are content with emotional participation. They manage to be a bit friendlier and might speak a bit with neighbors; they're not as sullen and delinquent because the individuals at the lowest of the pyramid. Yet another improve within the pyramid active participation is found. associate degree example of this level is associate degree individual World Health Organization is a component of a bunch doing one thing together. This individual possesses the mental power of giving and sharing. at the side of people associate degree individual at this level will produce things, such as organizing a dinner or serving to arrange and lay out a flowerbed. At the highest of the pyramid is that the outgoing involvement level, wherever the mental power is incredibly strong and one is in a position to guide a bunch of individuals. Men and women at this level will take initiative in beginning things and carrying them out. they're guilty of the creative processes and ensure things get done. Only individuals on this level square measure mentally robust enough to completely follow through on their ideas and plans without robust support from the encompassing cluster. Visitors in a very healing garden possess a varied amount of mental power representing all quantity the degree} of the pyramid. Therefore, a healing garden should be designed to suit guests of all levels of mental power. The healing garden should be designed to form different degrees of demand on the traveler. Specific demands would possibly embody being at the side of different people on one level and cultivation of a bed that requires a lot of care to survive on another level. There should be areas or rooms wherever one will retire in camera but conjointly rooms wherever one is at the side of several people at an equivalent time.
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X.Case study Torup “The Healing Garden”
The aim is an improved quality of life and increased work capacity. The healing garden will be continually developed with long term partners in the region, so that it can gradually be adapted to the needs of other societal groups. Work in the health garden is based on the theories derived from garden therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy and psychotherapy. In addition to direct stress reduction it also provides increased knowledge and techniques for the individual to manage her to his life situation and stress in the future, and it is adapted to the needs of each individual.
Results Reviewing literature indicates that deign principles of healing garden include:
2. It should provide feeling of security and safety
The city of Malmo, with funding from EU social Fund, is building a health garden in malmo. This proposal is a basis for how the garden can be designed. A health garden is fully in line with the proposal is a basis for how the garden can be designed. A health garden is fully in line with the promotion of environmental, social and economic upon a well documented and existing strong interest in nature and gardening, among employees and the general public. The health garden also demonstrates a new, more sustainable way to take care of your employees and, by extension, other residents of the city.
The purpose of the health garden is to work in preventive way with employees in the city of malmo who are at risk of becoming ill from stress
3. Offering different types of activities according to individual’s mental power which also explains the necessity of preparing different spaces or rooms for privacy and social interactions
Thus, as the selected cases shows, all types of healing gardens and therapeutic landscape provide multiple benefits (as nature based solutions) and are developed according with the principles of biophilia. They mostly free assessable designed and open to the large community what gives people sense of social inclusivity and social cohesion, enable the needs of disable users to accommodate and experience the nature. This explains why they became a perfect are for recreation and rehabitation and more and more attract people as welcoming space that could be used for exercise, gardening and an escape from the normal nursing home routine
Discussion
1. Understanding user groups and their needs
The malmo health garden is located on the outskirts of the torup recreational are, about 10km east of malmo. Torup, or the beech wood, as the area is popularly known, is part of the largest contiguous forest area in the vicinity of mallmos and has long been one of the favorite recreational areas of malmo residents. Health garden vision is that no employee in malmo should suffer from stress. Its aim is to prevent stress related illness among employees in the city of malmo. Courses and seminars operations in the torup health garden is based on finding methods to detect prevent and manage stress related illness and staying in a green healthy environment. Managers and leaders in the city of malmo have opportunity to strengthen health leadership through training in stress management. Employees have the opportunity to increase their understanding of stress effects on body and soul. Courses are restricted to individuals who work but at the same time they are at risk of being sick. The team of treatment includes one landscape architect, occupational therapist, therapist, gardener and wellness coach. Examples of course content, lecture, garden activities, creative exercises, crafts, light physical activity, relaxation techniques, etc. in the garden vegetables, fruits, herbs and flowers are being grown and opportunities to get acquainted with animals such as dogs and occasionally hires Ardennes horse are available. In addition, other visitors, which can be field trips or student ate evening classes and the like that may be arranged on site.
10 Figure 2 Figure 3
4. Offering diversity of rooms to fulfill eight characteristics
Figure 5 Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How Na… (slideshare.net)
4. It is helpful that all the fragments of natural pieces within HKU be systematic planned and designed as an integrated garden network.
X1.Case study 2Hon Kong university Natural space usage patter: 1.small in size, not encouraging large groups of people to access/stay
3. In this scenario, the concept of healing garden would be very useful and can be an important reference to the natural space design in HKU.
2. In contrary, natural settings in the form of courtyard gardens, atrium gardens and other similar types are suitable for high density compact campus.
5. History and geographical context can affect the experience from the garden
Enhance view from surrounding rooms: Maximize windows viewing from surrounding windows, provide visual buffer (shrubbery for instance) where necessary to graduate access of privacy, mitigate a feeling of being in a “fish bowl”.
1. The compact HKU campus cannot accommodate wide and grandiose green open spaces commonly found in other universities in the world.
2.One important function: to bring natural views to surrounding paths and windows, to enhance the physiological effect (stress attenuation, attention restoration, etc.)
Possible reasons: hot and humid climate/insects/limited green space/lack of facilities/busy study and little spare time.
Figure 4 Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How Na… (slideshare.net)
2. Space morphology and user perception
5. By borrowing healing garden concept in HKU, green space design, it is possible to enhance user’s mental health and well being.
Healing gardens are suitable for HKU campus
1. Enhance visual connections of the healing gardens and their surroundings
Therapeutic natural space design strategy at HKU
Figure 6 Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How Na… (slideshare.net)
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Figure 7 Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How Na… (slideshare.net)
3. Suggestion on designing the two courtyards: a meditation garden and an event garden Meditation Surroundedgardens:bylibrary and reading rooms. The theme is tranquility. Composed of several zones to be designed for better privacy. Greenary buffering zones to be designed for better privacy surrounded by library reading rooms with access into the Quietgarden,water features; relatively dense vegetation canopy Event garden: Close to the entry or lobby of the complex, is proposed to play a more public role. Less greenery and more hard paving Jet of fountain is preferred to create some background sound. One side open to cafeteria or tea house to enhance usage of the garden.
Configuration of an open space could have impact on occupant’s physiological feelings. One of the indexes indicating the characteristics of an urban space is aspects ratio (D/H, D = width of the space; H: height of the building flanking the space).
D/H>1 open and spacious feeling, D/H<1 oppressive feeling, D/H=1 a critical turning point
4. Choose the right plant species Balance aesthetic, ecological and health consideration (climatic concern, ecology, native or non native) Native and non native Why use exotic plants: aesthetic reason Non native plants cause several problems a. Use more water and require more maintenance work. b. Some like monopolizes the local resources. c. Disrupt local bio cycle.
Figure 8 Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How Na… (slideshare.net)
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SomeEnlargerevisions:the courtyard dimension in the S N orientation Combining two or all the three courtyard as one courtyard
Na…
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5. Green roof / wall as alternative for a compact campus Sky/roof garden in the centennial campus design similar features should be introduced to the main Campus. Results This case study will be helpful as the research paper has students and teachers as targeted user groups. We can understand how does a healing garden foster mental recoverySenseprocessof control and access to privacy Social Physicalsupportmovement and exercise Access to nature and other distractions. Also from this case study we can learn few design guidelines such as: Offer a sense of security and control Provide various space patterns Install sufficient plants and water features. special concerns in a high density context: Select and locate trees to bring down the scale of Verticalsurroundingsgreenery or water curtain to soften hard boundaries Use trees with tall trucks, narrowly spread canopies to provide green outlook from the upper windows or nearby high rise buildings. We can also get an understand about how to apply healing gardens concept to university campus General usage pattern of campus green open space: Stay: venue for activities like sunbath Trespassing: landscaped pathways To see and enjoy: visual enhancement of surrounding windows and paths XII.Examples of affective vegetation for good results of design 13
Figure 10 Therapeutic garden (slideshare.net)
Figure Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How (slideshare.net)
In the case of the organization of extensive landscaping with the planting of trees, it is necessary to carefully calculate the wind loads. It is worth paying attention to the signs of extreme loads on the plant layer: a. degree of sunlight (especially for pitched roofs); b. wind loads (‘wind rose’, a zone of strong winds); c. danger of frost; d. strong gas contamination in the center of the city
1. Podium landscape of residential zones Greening the roof not only improves the quality of the air, but also protects against electromagnetic and ultraviolet radiation, has excellent noise insulation, delays and filters rainwater, reducing the load on storm sewers.
The formation of extensive landscaping is not technically complex and usually does not entail heavy loads on the structure of the building. If necessary, the base of the roof is treated with various compositions: primers, fungicides, hydrophobic agents. Then the root protective membrane is laid on it. Roofs with a slope of less than 4 degrees must necessarily be equipped with a drainage system. The fertile layer of earth 5 20 cm high is used as a basis for planting, the same as for an ordinary lawn. To prevent mixing of the drainage layer with the fertile soil, they are separated by a geotextile. Since a flower garden of this type on the roof exists by itself, dendrologists choose plants that require minimal maintenance. Lawn on such roofs gradually grows, other plants germinate on it and even birds can settle, as plants growing on the roof attract insects, and they attract birds.
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Figure Podium landscape of residential zones IOPscience
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Figure 12 Podium landscape of residential zones IOPscience
Figure 13 Podium landscape of residential zones IOPscience
Nowadays, a variety of complex spatial solutions of courtyards are gaining in popularity. They can be at different levels, partially located on a natural base. An interesting solution is the construction of bridge transitions, under which passes the roadway. With this organization of the transport scheme, you can walk the entire territory on foot, never meeting a car. Special ramps are also being built for the entrance to the building of emergency services, which also serve to move between tiers of people with disabilities. The courtyard usually remains closed and only residents of the complex have access to it. This allows you to maintain order and security on the local area. However, sometimes public areas remain accessible to visitors. For example, in a residential complex ‘Garden Quarters’ the central square with a shopping gallery, cafes, restaurants and an artificial pond will be accessible to any pedestrian, but only local residents will be able to climb to the upper levels directly to the local area. Complex type is characterized by the presence of various combinations of podiums. This can be a complex multi level system that combines both linear, island, and surrounded types. A variety of complex combinations of coatings
Correctly mounted ‘green roof’ will last more than 60 years, which is much longer than usual roof, because it has additional protection, so the initial costs for its device pay off in the process of operation. Classification of podiums was developed based on the study of world experience in the field of podium building design. Four main types of podiums were identified: linear, island, surrounded and complex. Schemes and examples are presented in Table 1.
For the competent design of roof structures, it is necessary to calculate the following characteristics: a. volume of average annual precipitation (according to local meteorological services); b. timing of summer periods of drought; c. air flows, turbulence zones and vortices. All materials used for the organization of drainage and other layers of roofing construction are calculated in their saturated state.
XIII.Different ways in which healing gardens can be interestingly incorporated
are roofs with inclined surfaces, including curved surfaces When tilting up to 30 degrees along the perimeter of the roof, there is usually being arranged the threshold, which will keep the vegetation from slipping. If the slope of the roof exceeds 30 degrees, then several thresholds can be set at equal distances from each other. They are located perpendicular to the roof slope for soil retention with abundant and prolonged precipitation. It is possible to use special holding cells (Figure 7). One of the features of gardening of steep slopes of roofs is the selection and planting of plants that do not need special care. These include a limited set of herbaceous vegetation and a variety of ‘carpet’ type. Modern requirements for construction are based on the principles of sustainable development and careful attitude to the environment. The arrangement of the adjacent territories on the podium meets these trends. Podium of various types can be an excellent solution for the arrangement of the yard area where necessary, to improve the ecological situation and increase the comfort of the residential environment.
2. Bio facade as a vertical edible landscape in high rise buildings
15 Figure 10 biofacades
XIV. Landscape architecture and sustainability Sustainable Design & Construction
1. avoids resource depletion (energy, water, and raw materials); 2. prevents environmental degradation (caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle); and creates built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe, and productive.
Rapid urbanization has caused the emergence of high rise buildings in the urban area and the green spaces on the ground lever are gradually diminishing. This phenomenon has initiate many people to integrate the greeneries with the building regardless the limitation of the space allocated. This subject has attracted attentions among the researchers and related professional in combining edible and medicinal plants as a bio façade, which is planted on a transitional space in high rise building. Providing food to accommodate the basic human need now is possible in an urban context in a way that is socially, economically, and ecologically manner. The main objectives of edible landscaping in the urban is to engage the community in growing their own vegetables by having their own sources of food even at the smallest scale possible and at the end it would increase vegetable consumption. Growing food plants in the urban will lower the consumption of fossil fuel for transportation, decrease the pesticides used, as well as to reduce the expenditure on fruits and vegetables. The presence of edible bio façade in building are known to provide benefits, it could modify the microclimate that could reduce the energy consumption, filter out pollutants, provide food in small scale, a sustainable aesthetic element and also as a stress reliever. However, there are some issues that need to take into account, those are the regularity of maintenance and handling the pest problem. The location of the edible bio façade will determine the most appropriate plant species to be planted to prevent from the abiotic stress which may impact the growth performance. In the high rise building, balcony could be utilized as a green space. Moreover, balcony is the most accessible and privately owned transitional space. In Figure 1, it illustrates the application of bio facade in a balcony. The bio facade will be attached on each side of the wall; thus it will not obstruct the view as illustrated on the visual cone. The view of scenery outside the balcony should be maintained since it will be a stress reliever for the occupants. Since years, people have been attempting to integrate plants to the building. The effect of plants in building is undeniable. Beside as a climate modifier and food supplier, plants could significantly affect the psychological condition of the building occupants. A study by Taib & Abdullah (2012) resulted that the presence of landscape in high rise building could bring a therapeutic effect. Based on the survey conducted, the building occupants mostly use the landscape in order to take a short break from the work (resting), to get some fresh air, to enjoy the company of others, and to enjoy the landscape provided. Wong, Tan, Tan, Sia, & Wong (2010) also agreed that VGS are able to increase visual interest to plain walls and roofs, as well as beautifying the urban environment with a living art. Moreover, VGS could rejuvenate and revitalize the building occupants who are in contact with the greeneries. It is also proven that access to outdoor greenery can help reduce stress levels in our hectic urban lifestyle, thereby promoting a more efficient workplace.
XV.
1. Keep sites healthy (ecologically intact).
[1] Stigsdotter, Ulrika & Grahn, Patrik. (2003). Experiencing a Garden: A Healing Garden for People Suffering from Burnout Diseases. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture. 14. 38 48.
2. Heal injured sites. 3. Favor living, flexible materials. 4. Respect the waters of life. Pave less. Consider the origin and fate of materials. Know the costs of energy over time. Celebrate light, respect darkness. Defend silence (attenuate noise). Maintain to sustain (minimize maintenance and fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide demands) Conclusion
The main aim of the research was to understand the user groups and the design principles of healing gardens so as to provide an affective design solution for the user’s problems. Also the case studies were chosen by keeping the user groups in mind. A detailed study has been done on the targeted user groups in this research paper, also few design principles and innovative ways of implementing the same have been listed down which can help designers to implement healing gardens in Hyderabad in innovative ways. But if I want to think globally as an international student who is from a place which is different in culture and geographical location, then there are 4 major aspects which should be carefully address they are geographical context, society, economy and design. By keeping the space constrain problem faced by Hyderabad in mind different ways of implementing the healing gardens by using modern technologies have been quoted in the research paper. As sustainably has also become one of the concerned factor in 21st century few methods have been listed down which can be helpful for the designers to design a sustainable healing garden.
10 Principles of Sustainable Landscape Construction
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Top Strategies for Building Green Choose a Sustainable Site 2. Maximize Water Efficiency Save Energy Make Smart Use of Materials and Resources Safeguard Environmental Quality
1. Build on land previously used (brownfields, gray fields, and other areas with older buildings, parking lots, etc.). Protect existing ecosystems (structure & functions). Use native and adapted drought tolerant plants. Integrate natural features for amenity and function. Minimize building/paving footprints. Minimize earthmoving, soil compaction, and soil erosion. Fully use sun, prevailing winds, and existing vegetation.
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Sustainable Sites and Landscaping
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References No Conflict of interest
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[2] Valente, Renata & Marcus, Clare. (2015). Healing Gardens: Design processes and realizations of beneficial environments. Techne : Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment. 9. 180 190. 10.13128/Techne 16120. 16
Six Fundamental Principles Optimize Site Potential 1. Optimize Energy Use 2. Protect and Conserve Water 3. Use Environmentally Preferable Products 4. Enhance Environmental Quality 5. Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices
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[6] Stephen Lau. (2014). introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus How Natural Space Design Promotes Healthy (2020). Stress in school.
DOI
[10]UniversityAzadeh
Therapeutic
[9] Lee R. Skabelund (2007). Landscape Architecture and Sustainability. Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning Kansas State
[3] Diana Dushkova and Maria Ignatieva (2020) New Trends In Urban Environmental Health Research: From Geography Of Diseases To Landscapes And Healing Gardens. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, Vol.13, No 1, p. 159 171 10.24057/2071 9388 2019 99
[4] Stigsdotter, Ulrika & Grahn, Patrik. (2002). What Makes a Garden a Healing Garden?. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture. 13. 60 69.
[5] Samanth.M.G. (2015). Therapeutic Garden.
Shahrad (2012). What are the design principles of Healing Gardens. For people who are suffering from stress related diseases?
[7]UniversitiesStaffwriters
[8] Concordia St.Paul (2015). Understanding work stress: Causes, Symptoms and Solutions.