Re-Use, material re-usee in urban regeneration through the concept of circularity

Re-Use

Material re-use in urban regeneration through the concept of circularity

University College London Faculty of the Built Environment Bartlett School of Planning Major Research Project

Re -Use

Raphael Saillard, Architect DE, HMONP, ARB Word count : = 10 400

(Main Text: 8 640 + Visual Material: 1 760 ) Being a Major Project in Urban Design and City Planning submitted to the faculty of The Built Environment as part of the requirements for the award of the MSc Urban Design and City Planning at University College London, I declare that this project is entirely my own work and that ideas, data and images, as well as direct quotations, drawnfrom elsewhere are identified and referenced.

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Acknowledgment

I would like to thank my supervisor, Tobias Goevert for his precious advice and reflection through constructive feedback from the beginning of this research. I would like to thank the module coordinator, Filipa Wunderlich and the other supervisors for the online workshop and the adaptation of the course due to the COVID-19. I would like to thank my colleagues and friends of the UDCP program for the discussion around planning practice and the good company. I am grateful for the support of the one that shared my thoughts and my company during this research. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, brother and friends for their support and encouragement for completing this program.

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Table of Content

1. Introduction Research topic and question Concept of research topic Contribution to practice Aim and Objectives

2. Methodology 3. Literature Review Urban Regeneration Circular economy in the built environment Material re-use in urban regeneration Design Principle of material re-use

4. Case Study Review Actlab Multi Circular Retrofit Lab Mellinet

5. Design Framework Framework Toolkit

6. Site Analysis 7. Framework Application 8. Reflection & Conclusion

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Abstract

A

n ecosystem depends on its components interaction to thrive or collapse. The construction industry is responsible for resource excavation and mass waste production which emphasis that our built environment have a considerable impact on sustainability. Circular economy concept has emerged in order to gain efficiency from a linear to a circular resource management seen as a closed loop where waste is a resource for future use.

Reuse practice is one of the three rules to improve our material consumption and management along reduce and recycle. It has economical, environment and social implication that follows the three sustainability pillars. In this research we want to demonstrate the potential of the city as an urban mine able to be rebuilt on itself drawing from its own material and human resources Design principles improve reuse and resource management during the life cycle of a product or project. Findings in the literature review and cases studies enables the creation of a design toolkit that follows the phases of a project development and then applied on a urban regeneration site in London. It shows the potential regarding sustainability and urban metabolism that reuse practice have on project development.

Creating identity, local employment and reducing waste.

Although reuse can be seen as a constraint it is a great source of innovation in all fields of the built environment. Design plays a key role to showcase good practice and potentiality around reuse, raising awareness of the population around sustainability.

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List of Figures

fig. 1 Shifting paradigm factors

fig.32 diagnostic decision-tree

fig.63 surrounding deconstruction sites

fig. 2 ‘‘Limit to Growth’’ graph (google)

fig.33 deconstruction

fig.64 deconstruction axonometric

fig. 3 B. Fuller’’s geodesic structure (google)

fig.34 deconstruction decision-tree

fig.65 construction decision-tree 2

fig. 4 Problematic Conceptualization

fig.35 menu

fig.66 construction axonometric

fig. 5 Methodology

fig.36 menu decision tree

fig.67 Public-space construction

fig. 6 word cloud around CE

fig.37 construction

fig.68 buidings construction

fig. 7 Linear approach

fig.38 construction decision-tree

fig.69 Operation decision tree 2

fig. 8 Circular approach

fig.39 operation

fig.70 Operation axonometric

fig. 9 Material Re-use sustainability impact

fig.40 operation decision-tree

fig. 71 sustainability indicator 2

fig.10 Bellastock reuse cycle (bellastock)

fig.41 sustainability indicator

fig.11 Design principle along material life

fig.42 Aerial view (googlemap)

fig.12 summary of concepts

fig.43 site location

fig.13 Festival in the Actlab (bellastock)

fig.44 The Factory site in1870 (digimap)

fig.14 Actlab in the middle of the tconstruction site (bellastock)

fig.45 Factory site in 1910 (digimap)

fig.15 Deconstruction process (bellastock)

fig.46 Factory site in 1960 (digimap)

fig.16 Reuse principles wheel 1

fig.47 The Biscuit Factory site in the 1960’s (Google image)

fig 17 Storage of reclaimed item ROTOR DC (rotor)

fig.48 Picture of the Biscuit Factory site in the 1960’s (google)

fig.18 Examples of implemented components (rotor)

fig.49 Picture of the Biscuit Factory site in the 1960’s (google)

fig.19 Reuse principles wheel 2

fig.50 Site buildings and area (googlemap)

fig.20 Example of Material Passport (Bamb)

fig.51 Site plan (pictures from AHMM report)

fig.21 Image of the prototype (Bamb)

fig.52 AHMM design (AHMM)

fig.22 Reversability Option (Bamb)

fig.53 Cocoa Studio (AHMM)

fig.23 Reuse principles 3

fig.54 KPF proposal (Grosvenor)

fig 24 Deconstruction and implementation of on site reuse (Bellastock)

fig.55 KPF proposal (Grosvenor)

fig.25 Aerial view of the Hammeau of the Chapus (Atelier Georges)

fig.56 KPF proposal (Grosvenor)

fig.26 Worker sorting reclaimed stone (Atelier Georges)

fig.57 Surrounding developements

fig.27 Reuse principles 4

fig.58 Character Area

fig.28 case studies summary of concept

fig.59 Surounding Activities

fig.29 design framework diagram

fig.60 diagnostic decision-tree 2 (image from google)

fig.30 design toolkit diagram

fig.61 diagnostic axonometric

fig.31 diagnostic

fig.62 deconstruction decision-tree 2

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image credit google image

01.

Introduction

Introduction

B

uckiminster Fuller compares the earth to a spaceship in his book, ‘‘operating manual for Spaceship Earth’’ from 1969. Indeed, our planet is a limited ecosystem with limited resources that has been orbiting in space for several million years. From this point of view, our survival as a species depends on the good use and management of this heritage.

In 1972, a group of scientists namely the club of Rome published a study called the limit to growth, that used computer simulations to produce scenarios on the interaction earth/human system. They showed that unlimited growth was not sustainable and could reach an end with a median scenario in 2050. In 2019, Earth Overshoot Day occurred on July 29 which means that everything taken from the earth from this day is out of its ecosystem abilities to rebuild the resources that have been taken for human consumption. The equivalent of 20 Eiffel tower per hour are used for metal consumption, 1 olympic pool of concrete is poured every 15 seconds. Scientists and academics are warning us against this ever approaching deadline with a new discipline named collapsology, explained by P. Servigne and R. Stevens in ‘‘How Everything Can Collapse: A Manual for Our Times’’. With more than half of the world population living in cities, they stand at the front line of this environmental crisis.

Circular economy, the construction industry and the 3-R rule In the light of those events, new concepts have emerged around a better management of ressources. ‘‘Cradle to cradle’’ (M. Braungart and W. McDonough, 2002) and ‘‘Donought Economics’’ (K Raworth, 2017) are examples of the new shift from a linear consumerist world to a sustainable loop that lies in the concept of Circular Economy (CE).

As nature works in closed loop on every components that belong to its ecosystem, feeding out of each other dejections, attempts are currently underway to apply this organization to our economy. We are shifting our paradigm from a cost/quality/time consideration to a holistic approach which aims at social, environmental and economical sustainability. CE can be implemented in all fields that relates to production and is already in place in major economies such as in the UK through WARP, or LWARB for london.

While circularity grasps a lot of concepts and good practice, many have to do with material life cycle. Recycling, Re-using and Reducing have been at the core of good ressource management (Bellastock, 2018) with material re-use being one of the most intricated theme in the reduction of waste, excavation of resources and awareness on good practice.

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The construction industry is responsible for 40 % of overall GreenHouse Gas emissions, 45% of controlled waste and 50% of material consumption (EU statistics 2019). The built environment plays a key role in exacerbating the scarcity of resources worldwide and its consommation of raw material could possibly double within the next 40 years (OCDE, 2018). Material Re-use as part of the CE strategy can significantly decrease the negative impact that construction generates on natural ressources as well as the level of waste production.

The London Plan advocates for ‘‘good growth’’ promoting CE as a problem solver. It could balance unemployment by training skilled workers along with saving money from waste processing and importation of ressources.

From a social perspective, the current material consumption crisis has led to the disappearance of certain items and traditional technics that have lost their character and value. Most of what is used to build our environment is extracted, processed and implemented in places spread out across the world. Reuse can raise awareness on our consumption system and insuflate identity in our cities.

resources

Economic Constrains

Social equity and cultural issues resources

cost

quality

cost

emission

quality time

time

Environment quality

Biodiversity

Emissions competitive factors

biodiversity

new paradigm

global context

fig.1 Shifting paradigm factors

Research Question This research intends to provide answers on ‘‘how to maximize material re-use in urban regeneration projects through circular economy concept.

To limit resource excavation and waste production, improve resilience of local economy and add character from heritage elements’’

fig.2 ‘‘Limit to Growth’’ graph

Aim and Objectives The objectives of this research propose to solve the following problems: • Understand the outcomes of material reuse and circular economy in the fields of urban design and planning applied to the built environment • Expand knowledge on design aspect of material reuse and underlying concept to address the three pillars of sustainability in urban regeneration that tackle environmental, economical and social concerns.

• Create a toolkit that can be applied on a specific site approaching the different phases of the project development to maximize reuse practice.

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fig.3 B. Fuller’’s geodesic structure

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Research Topic and Question

The Bermondsey Biscuit Factory, urban regeneration and the Great Estates London still holds characteristic areas that reflect the industrial past of the city. The choice of London and the Biscuit Factory in Bermondsey is motivated by two intentions that correlate the implementation of material re-use and CE in urban regeneration.

Firstly, the site presents a strong identity with the remain of the old factory buildings. It contains resources to implement material re-use as well as some heritage value for a urban regeneration project that could transform this iconic factory into a new landmark for the city.

Secondly, the site is owned by the Grosvenor group, which is comprised of international property owners since 1677 stemming from the noble family of the Grosvenor, now directed by the Duke of Westminster.

Landowners as such are part of what is known as ‘‘Great Estates’’ in England. They often have a long-term vision of their assets, and are attached to heritage and culture conservation. Such developers would be inclined to experiment material reuse on their estates to add substantial value to their urban schemes as well as paving the way to exemplary practices.

Contribution to practice While a lot of frameworks exist to implement circular economy in urban planning, very few explore the more advanced stages of the project, specifically on design code and its implementation on specific sites. This project intends to fill the gaps in the field of circular economy exploring its applicability holistically throughout the different phases. It aims to link technical and design considerations on a theoritical ground with a focus on design.

Climate crisis Identity crisis Economical crisis

Scarcity of resources Waste production ‘‘How to maximize material re-use in in urban regeneration through circular economy concept.

To limit resource excavation and waste production, improve resilience of local economy and add character from heritage elements’’

Loss of place indentity Environmental Awerness

Economical resilience Delocalized production

fig.4 Problematic Conceptualization

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image credit NA architecture

02.

Methodology

Methodology Research Topic and question Contribution to Practice The methodology consists of four stages. Research stage (from May to June 2020), Development stage (July 2020), Application and Reflection (July, August 2020).

The literature research was conducted exclusively online due to the COVID-19 restrictions. Nevertheless a large panel of books, academic articles, web conferences, were consulted. It helped framed the boundary of the research while understanding gaps in the field of study.

Research

Case studies were selected following criteria such as being ongoing or completed projects in Europe with similar scale. The choice to adopt several lenses on the topic aims to go through all stages of a project. The selected case studies relate to specific process of re-use and examples of CE practice that are pioneering from a planning and execution level.

The development follows the finding of the literature review and case studies in the form of a toolkit designed as a circular loop, and informed by a decision tree for each step.

Literature Review

Case studies

Urban regeneration Circular Economy in the built environment Material Re-use in Urban regeneration Design Principles for Material Re-use

Bellastock and the ferme des possibles ROTOR and bruxelles deconstruction BAMB and experimentation MIN nantes Lengarder Group

Summary of concept

Design Toolkit

Development

The application is divided into two sections. First, the site selection based on criteria linked to the research theme. Secondly, the application of the design toolkit on the site simulating a reused scenario to fulfill a program.

The reflection and conclusion part opens discussion from the application part, reflecting on limitation and effectiveness of the toolkit and the next steps to develop this project further.

Aim and objectives

Site

Selection Analyse

Application Framework Application

Analyse of effectivness and limitation on the choosen site

Conclusion

Discussion and further question

fig.5. Methodology

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03.

Literature Review

Literature Review

Urban Regeneration 3.0. Urban Regeneration

C

ities are subject to external and internal pression changing their attractivity and boundaries. The number of city dwellers are constantly rising, and the urban built environment is hosting more than half of the world population. As cities grow or decline, new lands are accessible and opportunity rises.

The term urban regeneration (UR) adresses the problem of urban decay.

The first legal document in the UK for urban renewal can be traced back in the 1970s (C. Couch et al, 2011) which aimed to reduce the deprivation contrast between areas of the city. Today, UR is a process to rebuild and recycle the urban land resources on itself to address social, economical and environmental concerns, as well as limiting urban sprawl. While many forms of urban regeneration exist, this research concentrates on the potential of urban regeneration in its intrinsic value, where the territory is understood as an ‘urban metabolism’ considered as an ‘urban mine’ (A. Bastin 2019).

This approach of UR is correlated with CE to the extend that it considers the city as a close environment to attain a sustainable form of development. While construction industry still holds an important footprint on pollution and waste, a metabolistic approach can reduce the environmental stress induced by urban project as well as reinforce the local network of resources and businesses (A. Bastin 2019) (A Schuurmans & al. 2018). Research on urban metabolism are raising awareness on the geological implication of urban development that transfers huge amount of natural resources from their original location to our cities.

(A. Bastin 2019) The paradigm of the ‘urban mine’ is a key concept that considers the city as a quarry from which it is possible to extract resources. Indeed our cities hold a material stock that needs to be diagnosed and analysed thanks to informational and numerical tools, in order to reveal their full potential, with detailed 3D modeling of cities, GIS and LIDAR data (A. Von Richthofen et al. 2017). Studies reveal the huge potential of Japanese building stock that represents 25 times the steel and 220 times the concrete consumption of the country (Chia-Liang WENG et al. 2002).

Placing urban regeneration in the light of CE can be a revolution, to rebuild the city on itself.

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3.1. Circular economy in the built environment The construction industry is responsible for a significant amount of resources extraction and waste production in the world. It is the result of the linear approach ‘‘take, make, dispose’’ taking raw material to build and discard them at the end of life (EMF, 2015). Recently, a paradigm shift has occured with the adoption of circular economy (CE) model that keeps material in a close loop, therefore reducing waste and resource extraction for the industry (Benachio & al. , 2019). Cradle to Cradle concept (M. Braungart & al, 2002) is a pillar of CE taking the approach of technical and biological nutrients cycle to ensure a resilient material metabolism.

CE in the construction industry can be defined as “building that is designed, planned, built, operated, maintained, and deconstructed in a manner consistent with CE principles” (Pomponi and Moncaster, 2017) or as “restorative by design and aims to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles’’ (EMF, 2015). CE involves all actors of urban project: it needs to be implemented through political will and relies on a strong engagement with local population.

Research on CE in the built environment can be separated in six areas of research : Development of CE in the built environment, Reuse of material, material stocks, CE in project design, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), and Material Passport (Benachio & al 2019). Furthermore, the CE principles are deeply related to the life cycle of a product and can be decomposed in 5 phases that are : project design, manufacture, construction, operation and end of life (Benachio & al, 2019). Each area presents numerous research publications with recent parution date which demonstrates the trend towards CE in the research field. Nevertheless, examples that have been realized are scarce and tools to evaluate its implementation are lacking (Benachio & al 2019). While many metropolis are embracing CE, the number of actors involved and the scope of the systemic changes remain the main obstables for its implementation.

London has adopted the primer ‘‘Design for circular economy’’ in the continuity of ‘‘good growth by design program’’ in 2018. ‘‘Good growth’’ advocates for inclusive and sustainable development while reducing its environmental impact limiting resource consumption and waste generation. The primer revolves around the CE question related to design while providing good examples and tools for developer, urban planner and architect (GLA, design for CE, 2018).

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Urban regeneration Urban mine

Urban metabolism Material Passport

Circular economy in construction development of CE in built environment

LCA analysis Re-use of material material stock

CE in project design

fig 6. word cloud around CE

take

make

use

dispose

fig 7. Linear approach

take make

re-cycle use re-make re-use fig. 8 Circular approach

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Material Re-use 3.2. Impacts of Material re-use in urban regeneration To limit the impact of construction on the environment, a rule of three exists involving re-use, recycle and reduce. Among those, the re-use of building components represents an opportunity often underestimated.

However, re-use is a key component of the 3R rule as it is a preventive action before the creation of waste (Bellastock et al. repar2, 2018, R. Minunno, et al., 2020). While CE of building materials is possible by combining recycling and reusing practices, the reusing component appears as the one with the most significant impact (R. Minunno, et al., 2020). Re-use practice operates a paradigm shift to reconsider waste into an exploitable resource.

Optimizing material and its re-use lie on the adaptative re-use of the existing building on site as well as on the optimisation of discarded materials of buildings being demolished. Sustainability in urban regeneration often means composing with what already exists on site.

Demolition costs can count for as much as 5 to 10% of the construction cost (M. Ghyoot, 2017). Being resource efficient means saving the maximum of the existing structural elements. It also adds a cultural value to encourage heritage conservation into urban regeneration project.

Therefore material re-use lies on the three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, economic and socio-cultural components.

Environment The impact of material re-use limits the stress operated on natural resources as well as reducing the environmental footprint linked to their production and manufacturing (M Ghyoot, Objective re-use, 2017).

The LCA evaluates the impact of re-use on each product to understand how certain practices are more efficient than others (Nubholz et al. 2019).

Re-use has an ecological impact throughout the production chain. It reduces the carbon footprint of the material by enhancing its lifetime.

If designed properly for re-use, some material can last longer before being recycled. Also re-using local materials reduces the logistics and transportation of goods, while minimizing extra resource excavation. It allows a better control of the material flow going in and out of the local urban entity. It saves energy from the processing and transformation of resources. Studies demonstrate that re-use alternatives can reduce carbon emissions by a factor 3 for wood and plastic (Polyplank) and 100 for bricks and concrete (Landager Group) saving energy on every stages of the process (Nubholz et al. 2018).

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environmental impact

waste reduction reduce material extraction control material flow in and out of area save energy of new material transformation less transport induced by new material importation reduced carbon footprint of project

awareness of consumption

Keeping traditional craftmanship creation of places for reuse practice Bring together community around reuse Creation of value through character Heritage value of built environment

social/cultural impact

savings in material cost

Material re-use training of skilled workers employment anchored to place

goal toward efficiency new market around CE and reuse stimulating industry toward innovation local employment creation

economical impact

fig.9 Material Re-use sustainability impact

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Literature Review

Economy Along the environmental impact, material re-use has the potential for local economic growth by implementing new phases in the design process regarding CE impact assesment and emergence of new businesses tied to the logistics and the end of life management. It can become a new market worth billions saving money spent on waste creation and ressources, but also it can be turned into a strategic asset for innovation stimulating industry and users around an efficiency goal (Ellen Mac Arthur Fondation, 2015). Furthermore, the implementation of re-use cycle in the urban process generates a new expertise at the local level regarding the deconstruction and remanufacturing of construction elements. These jobs are anchored to a particular place and contributes to the development of a new sector of activity within the area and are not threatened therefore by delocalization. Studies in the UK and US show that re-use jobs tend to hire more workers than the recycling sector at a 1:7 ratio (M Ghyoot, Objective re-use, 2017). The spectrum of job creation is vast and covers all stages such as material identification, resource extraction, logistics, reconditioning, labelling products, selling and re-implementation. The creation of a re-use sector also implies adequate training for skilled specializations that can balance unemployment and underskilled workers. Nevertheless, it can save money from material purchase and with the UK industry importing almost 25% of its products, it will allow more independency from importation of construction material to gain sovereignty on the construction sector.

Socio-cultural Material re-use adds substantial value to a project by using the character embodied in the reused component. Reusing has a cultural impact on urban project. The heritage that lies in existing structures or components can be reconditionned to serve a sense of place that is often lacking in new development (M Ghyoot, 2017, Bellastock 2018). Material re-use notably adds identity to a project. It creates a value thanks to patina, that new material cannot achieve before a lifetime. Some components are part of the history of cities and reveal traditional craftmanship with technics that are in decline such as stonemasonery or mosaic. Also, the education and awareness of people towards CE lie on showcasing the good practice in our daily environment (Williams, J, 2019). Therefore, places for workshops and local initiatives can launch the begining of a societal transition towards a sharing and circular economy where people are conscious consumers. Putting locality and unicity at the center of consumption (EMF, 2015).

While the main obstacles for re-use are the ‘‘lack of marketability of re-use components and the competitiveness of material recycling’’ - University College London -

(R. Minunno, et al., 2020). Re-use can be an alternative to rampant standardisation, hence revealing the amount of resources available in our urban environment. Beyond the scarcity of resources, re-use practice needs to fall within a limited urban territory that could rely on the mutualisation of services for urban logistics and short supply chain for different construction sites (Bellastock repar2, 2018).

3.3. Design Principles for material re-use Re-use implies several design principles across all stages of the project. Some aspects of re-use in the manufacturing industry can be implemented to the building industry. Studies have been conducted to optimize material flow and reusability over decades. When talking about material in the built environment, it can be difficult to order them into distinct categories due to the number of transformations and deeply intricated components. Nevertheless, a classification could follow the waste recycling standards such as Mineral (earth, stone, bricks, concrete, gravels,etc..), Glass, Organic (wood, paper, fabric), Metal (steel, aluminum, copper), Other (chemical elements, paint, etc..). Material re-use in the built environment implies design practice to enable deconstruction and maximize re-use.

construction

processing of raw material

life of the building

re-use

transformation

Diagnostic of resources The key component of re-use is the diagnostic of resources. It analyses the quality of a second life product and the potential for future re-use.

(Bellastock repar2, 2018). It includes the inventory of material on site in connection with the urban mine concept. It takes into consideration the material stock available by looking at the building type and year of construction and identifying a set of building elements (such as wall, windows, roof, etc..) which can be done using TABULA tool (A Mastrucci et al 2016). Studies rely on GIS data collection to determine the material availability and creating a ‘‘cadastre of secondary resource’’ (Oezdemir et al. 2017, A Mastrucci et al 2016). Other technics involve onsite analysis of structure components to inform a preliminary BIM file before deconstruction or preservation of some parts. In the UK, REBUILD experiment has analysed material stock and re-use process and estimates the reclaim of bricks from building with a 97% scalvage rate (Ajayabi et al. 2019)

diagnostic of resources

expertise and storage

recycle

extraction of raw material

diagnostic of resources

landfill

demolition

material end of life fig. 10 Bellastock reuse cycle

Design for disassembly (DfD) Dfd concept lies on the way material and construction technics are implemented. The aim is to create material that can be scalvaged easily and re-use in future construction. A series of good practice according to Dfd recommends to prefere screws to bolts, avoid glue or chemical assemblage in order to ease dismantlement. It involves detail - 20 -

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Design Principles deconstruction plan with instruction on how elements should be reused, recycled or disassembled. This can be done with a BIM model embeded with the construction model. It also involves responsability regarding toxicity and recycling potential of material (Bellastock, 2018.

R. Minunno, et al., 2020). Dfd practice involves structure and component hierarchy to separate what is set to last - structure - to what can be changed - partition, furniture - in a easy recovery system (Durmisevic, 2006).

Material Passports Waste is a material without identity. One of the components of re-use in urban development is to provide documentation on the material composition of the buildings and infrastructure (Honic et al., 2019), (BAMB, 2018). Today, BIM based model exists to incorporate that layer of data from the design stage. Tools can compared the recycling potential between timber and concrete structure from the design stages (Honic et al. ,2019). A number of information are provided such as ‘‘density, thickness, life endurance’’ (Honic et al., 2019). In the reality of the field, construction components need to comply with design standards that are currently missing for re-used elements. The creation of a building code relative to re-use materials is a first step for common material reuse practice (Bellastock, 2018). Therefore, Material passport is key for future re-use as it provides identity to components that would have been discarded.

Deconstruction In the re-use practice, deconstruction is defined as a new phase of project planning. Compared to standard practice where the end of life of a building is synonym of landfill and waste, deconstruction means careful disassembly and conditionning of the elements (BAMB 2018, Bellastock repar2, 2018). The main obstacles are cost and time that are interrelated.

Today, very few elements of the built environment has been thought as de-constructable and this minimizes the potential of deconstruction. If Dfd is implemented at the begining of the project, deconstruction can save material, resources, time, energy and money. Yet buildings have a greater life cycle and a large number of actors involved which can present obstacle in the deconstruction if it is not thought at every stage of the process (Bellastock repar2, 2018).

Reversability To optimize material flow and waste, it is easier to change the configuration of a space than to consider ‘‘tabularasa’’. Reversability implies notions of modularity and Dfd. While most spaces are composed of static elements that are implemented until their end of life, reversability offers an alternative to this linear process (Bamb 2018). It is defined as the - University College London -

possibility for elements to hold different programs without changing the infrastructure or structure of a space or building. Evolving from a shool to a house to an office space with implementation of few elements.

When designing a space thinking about reversability often means to extend the life span of the construction (Durmisevic, 2006, 2018).

Adaptive Re-use Beyond reusing material, the built environment is composed of existing structures that hold great potential. Adaptive re-use presents an heritage and conservation value changing the program of a building that has reached its end of life (B. Plevoets etal. 2011). From programmatic change to complete refurbishement, adaptive re-use is a key material saving concept. It is a way of ‘‘maximizing the residual utility of existing assets’’ (B. Sanchez et al. 2019). It consists of keeping the whole or parts of the building or place while implementing a new program. This concept is an old trick ranging from antique building that evolved over time to modern transformation of factory and warehouses adapted into cultural program (Williams, J, 2019).

recycling of rest material raw material

Material supply

Production

assembly

use service

end of service life

design for reuse design for reconfiguring / upgrading material design for recycling/upgrading material design for Disassembly

fig.11 Design principle along material life

Life Cycle Assesment To measure the environmental impact of actions towards carbon neutrality or circularity, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework is used. It touches upon every aspect of a product from extraction to disposal. It considers the kind of raw material used, energy and water consummed during the manufacture, transportation, second or third life and recycling process (Eberhardt et al. 2019). It is compiled into documentation that can inform the quality of a product and make improvement of its life cycle.

Discussion Material reuse can be implemented into urban regeneration project through as set of design principles that enhance the life time of: buildings, building components and public space. Reuse is tightly linked to CE and represent an opportunity for the future of the construction industry. It adresses directly sustainability concerns by operating a paradigm shift on all level towards a more resilient city/society. Reuse practice still faces many obstacle from being at an early stage of implementation lacking of standard and examplars. But this practice has a bright future ahead when we concider the growing concern of the population toward sustanainability.

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Literature Review

Summary of concept Summary of Concept

Material Passport

LCA

The litterature review outlines key themes and design principles around reuse

Adaptive Re-use

Deconstruction

resource optimization Reversibility

ign principle s e s d

Construction technics Design for Disassembly

Reuse

Reduce

encourage innovation

Economical

sus tain es m e able CE th

Project life-cycle

Diagnostic of resources

Recycle

Waste reduction

Environmental Economy of raw material

Cost saving

Social lower carbon emission

Economical resilience Heritage value

Identity of place

Awareness on Sustainability

fig.12 summary of concepts

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image credit ROTOR

04.

Case Study Review

Case Study Review

Actlab

Actlab Paris Bellastock is a French association founded in 2012 promoting re-use in urban project as assistant to the contracting authority (ACA) or project management support. Their report Repar2 was the starting point of a toolkit for project manager and local authorities to develop re-use in architecture and urban project.

Actlab was the first re-use laboratory manifesto in France created as part of the construction site of the Eco-neighborhood Fluvial on Saint Denis Island in 2012. It was a co-construction built with the scalvage material from the ‘‘Printemps warehouse’’ that was on site. The project hosted debates and a festival promoting their action. Artlab and Bellastock conducted experiments about reusability of material such as paving from concrete aggregate or public space furniture and street lights with metal and wooden elements.

fig.14 Actlab in the middle of the construction site

fig. 15 Deconstruction

Outcomes:

diagnostic of resources

material stock

deconstruction resource center fig.13 Festival in the Actlab

• Expertise in diagnostic of existing resource, re-use practice, planning deconstruction and material stock • Building a base camp in-situ that experiments with re-use organising a festival and building temporary pavilions to promote re-use according to transient urbanism.

• Experimentation on re-use practice for public space and future project of the development • Bringing together community around recycling and reusing practice on co-construction structures.

• Education and workshops around EC and re-use with community • Informal market place • Setting standards for material re-use

fig.16 Reuse principles wheel 1

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Multi

ROTOR DC Brussel Rotor is a cooperative design practice and a deconstruction company in the field of the salvage of building components. An online marketplace showcases all their resources stored and conditioned for re-use they dismantled.

Multi Brouckère Tower. Brussel For the Multi project in brussel, ROTOR was in charge of reimplementing reclaimed materials into the future project. As an example of adaptative re-use, most of the existing structure will be kept and refurbished into new use. The project sets high standards in terms of circular economy and local re-use.

fig. 18 Examples of implemented components

Outcomes:

Adaptive Re-use

Deconstruction

fig 17 Storage of reclaimed item ROTOR DC

Material market place

Repurpose

• Expertise in dismantle of materials • Optimizing material life cycle by re-injecting reclaimed elements into new projects • Open market place for reclaimed elements providing easier access to reused material • Adaptative re-use of existing structure with implementation of material dismantled, conditioned and sold for the new project • Create local work and expertise around re-use • Value creation around re-use to reach high standards in environmental quality and carbon neutrality

fig.19 Reuse principles wheel 2

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Case Study Review

Circular Retrofit Lab

Circular Retrofit Lab Brussel BAMB experiment on pilot projects to come up with circular solutions for the construction industry. The CRL projet uses existing structure of student housing and tests its possible transformation into other programs. BAMB research the possibilities offered by modular structures to adapt them into office space, school, housing or exhibition space. By keeping the structural element and changing the partition or the facade, they optimize the lifetime of the building. The interior are transformed using CE concept, reconditioned and reimplemented according to the needs of the project.

fig. 22 Reversability Option

fig.20 Example of Material Passport

material Passport

Modular structure

LCA Design for Disasembly

Reversability fig. 21 Image of the prototype

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Outcomes:

• External and internal structure modularity for more flexibility resulting in optimized chain value for building and its components • Design for disassembly and deconstruction practice • Circular business model with reversible elements • Material Passport implementation

fig. 23 Reuse principles 3

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Mellinet

Mellinet Casern Nantes An urban regeneration project will transform the old casern into a mixed used neighbourhood of 1,800 housing units, 11,000 sqm of public facilities and 9,000 sqm of retail and services area. Twenty casern buildings will remain and be refurbished to host workspaces for startups using adaptative re-use adding heritage value to the new neighbourhood. The project is divided into six ‘‘hameau’’ that will hold their characters and distinct densities.

Bellastock will be involved in the conditionning and reimplementation of construction elements from the deconstruction of some of the casern buildings.

Casern building partially kept

fig. 25 Aerial view of the Hammeau of the Chapus

fig. 26 Worker sorting reclaimed stone

Outcomes: Repurpose

Adaptive Re-use

Resource Diagnostic

• Base camp with local design companies involve on site • Mixed-used urban develpment refurbishing historic building into contemporary use • Management of material flow from scalvage components during the life of the project to provide construction elements for public space and buildings

Heritage

fig 24. Deconstruction and implementation of on site reuse fig. 27 Reuse principles 4

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Case Study Review

Summary of Concept Summary Case studies show many practice in reuse corelated with the deisgn principles and sustainability themes found in the literature review.

themes Case studies Actlab

Multi

Circular Retrofit Lab

Mellinet

environment

economy

reclaiming material from deconstruction optimize life cycle of material

-cost savings on deconstruction and limit new material implementation

reclaiming and conditioning of material with deconstruction

new local skills regarding deconstruction market place of material

research on reversability of modular structure

-reclaiming material from deconstruction adaptive reuse of existing structure

social

CE principles

Transitory urbanism with a resource center that will experiment on reuse Conduct workshops with the community

diagnostic deconstruction material passport

Reclaiming material for the refurbishment of the building

diagnostic deconstruction material passport design for disassembly adaptive reuse

market of lease on building components

Educate and train on reversability and design for disassembly technics

Cost saving from refurbished structure

Project center on site experimenting on reuse activities with community to advertise on reuse

material passport design for disassembly reversibility life cycle assesment

deconstruction adaptive reuse

fig. 28 case studies summary of concept

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

image credit BELLASTOCK

05.

Design Framework

Design Framework

Material Re-Use

Social

Economy

g

-waste reduction -economy of resources -life cycle optimization

-creation of local identity -reuse education -heritage value creation

-Local employment -money saving by saving resources

re us e

Environment

lin

Each phase of the toolkit is informed by a decision tree diagram that allows specific answer for different scenarios. The toolkit is then tested on a site that relates to the field of study of this research.

Design yc

The literature review identifies key strategies to cross-reference with project life-cycle to respect a circular economy logic. From the previous research chapter, six key aspects have been identified to maximize re-use in urban regeneration. They are developped accordingly to every step of the construction process from design to end of life.

Raw material rec

The present Design Framework sets up strategies from the literature review and case studies on how to implement material and space reuse in urban regeneration project taking into account a closed loop organisation. Therefore, it is structured around the life cycle of a project from design to construction and deconstruction phases.

Circularity

Manufacture

End of Life

Operation

Diagnostic Deconstruction Design for Disasembly Material Passport Adaptative Reuse Reversability

Construction

Longevity Adaptability Flexibility Reusability

Project Life-cycle

fig. 29 design framework diagram

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Design Toolkit 1. The Diagnostic

-inventory by local company -preservation of heritage asset

0.the site

5. Operation and use

-upgrade of building and public space -change of use with reversability -life cycle assesment lllllllllllllll lllllll

2. Deconstruction

llllll

-reclaiming elements -resource center for storage

lllll llll

llll

llll lll

l

4. Construction

-implementation of elements -implementations of material passport

3. Menu of Possibilities

-experimentation with reclaimed elements -protocol of reuse and Dfd fig.30 design toolkit diagram

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Design Framework fig. 31 diagnostic

Diagnostic Analysis of existing structure based on heritage value and condition

Site

Existing building on site? yes

no

Is the building suited for adaptive re-use?

Is there surrounding demolition site or ongoing project in the area?

yes

no

Refurbish Heavily with reused material

1. The Diagnostic

*

Reveal heritage asset Prevent unecessary construction

yes

Is the structure reusable ?

Deconstruction of remaining elements to clear structure

Analyzing existing asset

yes

no

no

Diagnostic and deconstruction of resources for project.

on online market place

Deconstruction of building

• New planning phase of diagnostic before construction • Local actors (cf ROTOR, Bellastock) conduct systematic analyses of buildings and elements on site. Training of business if necessary • Workshop and community involved in diagnostic of heritage elements

Adaptative Re-use

Deconstruction and Re-use

Deconstruction

Re-use

• Setting up framework for following deconstruction phase • Starting the Life Cycle Assessment Analysis for the following steps

* Diagnostic phase is a preliminary stage where the site and its composant are analysed. It aims to prevent unecessary construction or removal of heritage elements therefore reducing raw material excavation.It will also develop new skills and business around diagnostic expertise.

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fig. 32 diagnostic decision-tree

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Design Toolkit

fig. 33 deconstruction

Deconstruction Plastic

Wood

Glass

Metal

Mineral

Reclaimed material

Organic logo?

se Reu

Material Type Building kept

cle Recy

Structure kept

Re-use possibility? yes

rce

Transformation needed?

Cen

ter

yes

no

What use ?

2. Deconstruction*

Storage of claimed material

Disassembly and Storage of reclaimed elements

Structure

• New planning phase of deconstruction instead of demolition to landfill

Public Space

• If no resource or recycling center in the area, create on site place for storing and conditioning of elements to re-use on site or sell

Infrastructure

• Resource center for training and experimenting new implementation technics of material with local business and contractors.

• Careful disassembly of elements according to diagnostic phase

Carefull disasembly of all elements and procecssing to recyclng facilities

Upcycle

Res ou

no

-Disassembly -Material passport information -Storage until reuse -If identity value, reuse on site

preparation and storage in resource center before implementation or selling

Facade / skin

• Involvement of local community in disassembly through on-site workshops

fig. 34 deconstruction decision-tree

• Prefer reconditionning re-use and recycling before landfill to minimize waste creation * Deconstruction phase will aims to limit landfill waste and optimize recycling. It optimizes material and building life cycle. It generates local expertise in a new field with new market for entreprises.

• Implementation of components informed by Material Passport

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Design Framework fig.35 menu

Menu

infrastructure

Type of construction

housing

Infrastructure

Building

-Road -Bridge -Other

Public Space

-Housing -Services -Office/Retail

-Square -Playground -Park

public space Structural Work

Material Stock

Existing Structure?

rce

Earth

Cen

ter

Concrete

Material Stock

yes

yes

no

Gravel

Steel Timber Concrete Adaptive Reuse

no

Earth Concrete Adaptive Reuse

Sidewalk Wall Signage

3. Catalogue of possibilities

*

Composing the future space with reclaimed components

Paving Other

• Setting up target of re-use/recycled elements in the construction phase • Showcase tested elements in facade or public space

• Design for disassembly embedded in reuse technics • Providing clear inventory of material stock along orientation on reuse practice. *

Finishings Possible features Insulation Partition Plombing Floor covering Paint Other

Pavilion Cables Plombing Paint Other

% reused material % new material suited with reuse pratice

Catalogue of possibilities aims to create standards and certification for reused material to facilitate their future implementation. It raises awerness of the community through communication of reuse practice. It creates new skills for worker and companies in the reuse industry.

- University College London -

Pavement Seatings Lighting Furniture Playground

- 38 -

gravel

X m3

***

concrete

Xm

***

steel*

X m3

**** **

timber*

X m3

***

earth

3

Xm

***

stone*

X m3

***

wood*

X m3

***

X m3

**** **

X m3

***

tile

X m3

***

plaster

X m3

***

copper cable*

X m3

***

wooden floor

X m3

**** **

paint

X m3

***

plastic

X m3

***

metal* glass brick*

3

Finishings

• Experimenting with re-use technics to set standards certification for future reused elements

Window Skin Cladding Roof Balcony

Heritage Value

Second Work

Second work Possible features

Quantity

Structure

Res ou

Gravel Sand

label

better recoverability * fig. 36 menu decision tree

- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

fig.37 construction

New public space with reused elements

Design Toolkit

Construction

New building with new elements suitable for future reuse

Expected life of construction Short

Long ( >10 years)

(temporary/<9 years)

Market for element of construction

Refurbishment with reused elements

Future Use requiring frequent changes no

yes Design for disassembly Modularity

Possibility to recover elements

New envelop with reuse element

no

yes

Dfd Longevity

Dfd Reversibility

Implementation of reused materials yes

no

Material Stock New material will provide substantial residual waste Are there local business with expertise in the field

4. Construction*

• Design flexible and reversible structure • Limit construction waste and new material implementation • Design for disassembly for new construction • Inform the construction elements with BIM information for future deconstruction with material Passport

yes

Are the company trained on reimplementation technics

Support

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company willing to work around reuse no

yes

Local Training with resource center

no

Seek companies Maximize recycling Implement reusable elements suited for Dfd

*

Construction phase aims to reduce new material implementation therefore carbon footprint of the project by implementing reused component from the previous stages. It generates new character out of waste material.

no

no

yes

Implementing material reuse in construction

yes

fig.38 construction decision-tree

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Design Framework fig. 39 operation

Operation New public space feature

repurpose building or public space

Change of use

community demand of new feature

Residual material from construction yes

no

Use of household waste Involving community in reuse process

yes

Material Stock no

yes

no

Elements from local area

new development or waste

• • • •

5. Operation and use

Upgrade during operation and practice of reuse with community

Conducting workshop

Involving local company

waste management for reuse/repair around workshop in designated place experimentation around reuse in construction and public space implementation of new element through reuse repair and repurpose spaces according to evolution and needs

Education and awareness

Informative notice for resident on process

Implementation from first step of the loop fig. 40 operation decision-tree

*

Operation and use phase aims to maintain closed loop material management on site limiting waste. Educate on good practce. Discover new vocation for underskilled workers therefore generate employment.

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Design Toolkit

Sustainability effectiveness indicator

Summary The design toolkit is a step by step process to implement material re-use in urban regeneration project. It impacts all stages of the construction from design to operation. It includes key design principles from the literature review.

3. Provide local employment 2. create local expertise

Diagnostic is the first phase of the toolkit being the preliminary step that decides on which process to adopt and implement for each element.

1. construction cost saving

Deconstruction is the second stage, implementing material passport of reclaimend elements. Each material is either transformed for re-use, recycled or re-implemented depending on their condition.

The third stage is the menu of possibilities taken from the case studies, such as Actlab. It aims to create construction certification for the reclaimed elements. It proposes to train skilled workers on re-use practices and maximize the reuse spectrum. It is a transitory phase that adverstises about re-use for the local community.

The construction stage follows the design principles of Dfd and reversability. The life cycle assesment of the product starts when the material is implemented. It aims to re-use the waste produced by the constrution on site thanks to the resource center.

waste reduction .1 raw material economy .2 new material stock .3

1. character and heritage value 2. community implication 3. education on reuse

The Operation and use optimize the material life cycle by implementing new features or reusing waste material into urban space features.

The toolkit aims to find optimal solution on material re-use at every stage of the process. The loop can be started again after the end of life of the develpment, working as a circular loop of decision making.

fig. 41 sustainability indicator

An effectiveness indicator based on environmental, economical and socio-cultural aspects finally evaluates the impact of the Toolkit with regards to sustainability.

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

image credit Wang Shu

06.

Site Analysis

Site Analysis

Site selection

fig. 42 Aerial view

United Kindgom

L

ondon is a global metropolis with the intention to lead the competitive battle over innovation and attractivity. Since the industrial revolution, the city has been constantly changing and adapting to societal change.

From a manufacture city, it has become a financial superpower. In the light of recent events, the city has shifted its position to adress climate crisis and has presented its goals to become a pioneer in terms of carbon neutrality and sustainability. Therfore London is a perfect candidate to experiment over re-use and circular economy - for which the Mayor has already provided guidelines.

Greater London

Urban regeneration projects are numerous in London but few have a heritage and character value comprable to the Bermondsey Biscuit Factory. The site is located in the borough of Southwark close to Bermondsey Park. It is part of the Blue Bermondsey BID (Blue area on the map).

The triangular site of 4.4 hectars is composed of 11 buildings. The train track starting from London Bridge station cuts the site from the South by a viaduc. Recent refurbishment schemes have attracted businesses in the Biscuit factory with 7 buildings hosting creative entreprises around a car park. Four storage sheds hold various activities from karting to distribution but the attractivity is in decline and businesses are starting to move away.

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Southwark Borough fig.43 site location

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Biscuit Factory - Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

1870 site 1910 site

Historical background

History The Biscuit Factory site has taken various configurations over the last centuries. James Peek and George Hender founded the Biscuit brand in 1857 in the Dockhead in Mill street. Due to a devastating fire, they moved the factory to Clement’s road in 1866 where they remained for over a century. With the successive leadership of the company, the plot was filled with factory facilities changing the original low density housing environment. In 1937, over 3,000 employees worked on site which provided medical, dental and optical amenities for their staff. The Peek Frean brand eventually developed other sites abroad and established factory overseas. A total of 4,000 people worked on site during the golden age of the factory making it one of the biggest companies in London. This site has a strong history and heritage value for the community of Bermondsey and remains one of the ultimate great vestiges of the industrial background in the area. fig.44 The Factory site in1870 (digimap)

fig.45 Factory site in 1910

fig.46 Factory site in 1960

© Landmark Information Group Ltd and Crown copyright 2020. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

© Landmark Information Group Ltd and Crown copyright 2020. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

0

50

100

150

200

Scale 1:5000 250

0 300

350

Projection: British National Grid

fig.47 The Biscuit Factory site in the 1960’s (Google image)

- University College London -

fig.48 Picture of the Biscuit Factory site in the 1960’s

- 45 -

50

400

100

450

150

500 m

200

Scale 1:5000 250

300

Projection: British National Grid

350

02, 2020 11:16 500 m 400 Sep450 Raphael Saillard University College London

Sep 02, 2020 11:22 Raphael Saillard University College London

fig. 49 Picture of the Biscuit Factory site in the 1960’s

- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Site Analysis Building E (storage) 9 500 sqm Building D (office) 5 000 sqm

Building F (storage) 14 000 sqm

In-sight The Biscuit Factory is now known as the Tower Bridge Business Complex which is part of the blue Bermondsey BID. It is composed of a factory shed logistics buildings with a range of business from leisure, architecture, design, logistics, offices, gym, etc... An open air parking space is at the entrance of the site surrounded by the old factory building now refurbished for offices. The site is still a flourishing place of work, being one of the largest employers of Southwark. More than 80% of the companies are centered around the South building complex (A, B, C, D).

Building BC (office) 4 000 sqm

Building A : 7 500 sqm

Building K : 9 000 sqm

fig. 50 Site buildings and area

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Building J : 6 000 sqm

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Building H : 4 000 sqm

Building G (storage) 5 500 sqm

- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

In-sight

fig. 51 Site plan (pictures from AHMM report)

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Site Analysis

Site current proposal In recent years the site has been subject to several design projects aiming to intensify the Biscuit Factory site with new housing, office space and retail.

The first study was conducted in 2012 by Alford Hall Monoghan Morris which proposed a middle scale development with new buildings while keeping most of the exiting office cluster. Their operation ended with the construction of the new office building ‘‘cocoa studio’’.

Following this study, the Grosvenor company turned to KPF for a higher density scenario that is currently in planning process. This £500 million design proposal puts forward taller buildings with as much as 1,548 new homes, taking the adjecent school plot to create a new facility as well as 3,000 jobs which would strongly contribute to the Bermondsey delivery plan with regards to the GLA target. It focuses on providing high quality development while offering 35% of affordable housing.

fig. 52 AHMM design fig. 53 Cocoa Studio

fig.54 KPF proposal

fig.55 KPF proposal

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fig.56 KPF proposal

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Surrounding development Chambers Wharf

Surrounding development Southwark is a blooming borough with some 967 planning applications currently being addressed (cf. London planning permission site). 18 projects have entered a preliminary phase or are ongoing in a one kilometer radius around the area.

Many sites imply demolition which can be seen as an opportunity for reuse practice.

47 Tanner St

Decathlon and What

Dockley Road

Compass School

Maydew House Abbeyfield Estate

Bermondsey St.

Rotherhithe School

94 Southwark Park rd.

365 Old kent rd

Demolition

196 Southwark Park rd.

Welsford St.

Refurbishment

Bombay St.

Surrey Canal Triangle

Varcoe Service station St James rd.

Ruby Triangle

60 Hatcham rd.

In construction stage In design stage

fig.57 Surrounding developements

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Site Analysis

Character

Character Area The site is in a central location in London, close to landmarks such as Tower Bridge, the Shard on the North West. Canada Water and Canary wharf to the East. It is located in a residential area still holding part of logistics and light industrial factory shade. Jamaica Rd to the North and Southwark Rd to the South represent the two High streets surrounding the site. While most of the area is composed of low to mid residential housing, there is some higher density area characterised by new development.

d. ica R Jama

Industrial and services n Cleme

d mon Dr um

Places of work

ts Rd.

Rd.

Low rise housing (1-2 stories) Low-Mid rise housing (2-4 stories) Mid rise housing (4-7 stories)

Southwark Park R

New Mixed used development

d

High street Parks Schools fig.58 Character Area

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Activities

Local Activities Bermondsey Biscuit Factory is close to many amenities and services such as schools, art galeries, shops and sport facilities. The blue market only 100 meters away can be described as the town center of this neighbourhood. Bermondsey subway station is only 200 meters away from the site. Creative and artisanal businesses florish under and around the viaduc.

Bermondsey Station St James Church

Bermondsey Spa

Sugarhouse Studio

800m radius

Skallywags Nursery

Compass School

Green Lab

Tennis court

Construction Youth Trust workspace biscuit factory

400m radius

PureGym

Arena Stone Ceramics

Southwark Primery School Southwark Park

Arch ClimbingWall

Athletic Center

Blue Market Carpenter Service limited

car repair

Uprising Popup Shop

steel solution FedEx

Southwark Recycling Center 500m

Nursery Pre-school

Gallery Archcollective

fig.59 Surounding Activities

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image credit google image

07.

Framework Application

Application fig.60 diagnostic decision-tree 2

Site

Existing building on site? yes

no

Is the building suited for adaptive re-use?

Is there surrounding demolition site or ongoing project in the area?

yes

no

Refurbish Heavily with reused material

Diagnostic After processing the decision tree, three buildings which have great character and heritage value will be conserved included one that is less than 5 years old and does not need any refurbishment.

- University College London -

no

1

New development

Reusable flexible structure - 54 -

Diagnostic and deconstruction of resources for project.

no

on online market place

Deconstruction of building

Deconstruction and Re-use

Adaptative Re-use

3

Structure frame with character

Is the structure reusable ?

Deconstruction of remaining elements to clear structure

The operation is done by a local entreprise taking example of the ROTOR expertise. They analyse carefully the potential of all building features creating a documentation on pre-deconstruction technics. It is based on the decision tree and factors such as their condition and adaptability of the building to the future project.

Authentic facade

yes

yes

Deconstruction

3+

Re-use

0

Deconstruct to reclaim beams

Deconstruct to reclaim envelop - Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

Deconstruct Refurbish Building BC -partially good condition -refurbishment and extention possibility -

Refurbish Building D -partially good condition -refurbishment and extention possibility -

Deconstruct Warehouse building F : - medium condition with heterogeneous elements - low character value - deconstruction and reuse

Repurpose Warehouse building F : - good condition - characteristic of warehouse building with value - refurbishment and extention possibility

Repurpose Refurbish Building A -Good condition -High Identity value -refurbishment of lower building for resource center

Keep Building JKL -Very good condition -good character value -Keep

Deconstruct Building J -Heterogenous building in poor condition -low character value -deconstruction for reuse fig.61 diagnostic axonometric

- University College London -

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Application bricks

Wood

Glass

Plastic

Metal

Mineral

Organic logo?

wood

se Reu

Material Type

cle Recy

Re-use possibility? yes

no

yes

After a careful diagnostic of the potential resources of the site, the deconstruction phase starts the reclaiming process. Material are sorted by re-use type before being disassembled and stored for future use.

Thanks to the Bermondsey recycling center, the rubbles can be processed locally. The material that can be reimplemented on site are conditionned for future use and stored in the resource center that is located within the old warehouse building to the south of the site.

no

What use ?

Upcycle

Carefull disasembly of all elements and procecssing to recyclng facilities

Transformation needed?

Deconstruction

gravels/rubbles

Bombay St.

Compass School (+/-)

-Disassembly -Material passport information -Storage until reuse -If identity value, reuse on site

Structure

1800 unit

(+/-)

2880 m2

(+/-)

2120 m2

Public Space Infrastructure

Dockey Road

preparation and storage in resource center before implementation or selling

Facade / skin

fig. 62 deconstruction decision-tree 2

metal cladding

Maydew House

metal frame

Chambers Wharf

Other develpments nearby provide also resources for future reused material. Local craftmanshift can propose a range of services from the reclaiming or reconditionning of materials creating additional jobs in the construction industry.

47 Tanner St (+/-)

Decathlon and What

Dockley Road

40 unit

Compass School

Decathlon

Hatcham

metal beam

Maydew House Abbeyfield Estate

Bermondsey St.

Rotherhithe School

94 Southwark Park rd.

365 Old kent rd

196 Southwark Park rd.

Welsford St.

Bombay St.

window frame

Surrey Canal Triangle

Varcoe Service station St James rd.

Ruby Triangle

60 Hatcham rd.

Southwark rd.

Surrey Canal fig.63 surrounding deconstruction sites

- University College London -

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- Major Research Project - Raphael Saillard -

(+/-)

2739 m3

(+/-) 500m (+/-)

1456 m

2

(+/-) 8480

m3

metal beam and frame concrete rubbles

(+/-) 2470

m2

brick color red

Resource Center -storage of reclaimed material -experimentation on reclaimedmaterial to pass standard certification before construction -market place for materials

(+/-) 981

m2

(+/-) 2494

m2

fig.64 deconstruction axonometric

- University College London -

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Application Menu Type of construction

Infrastructure

Building

-Road -Bridge -Other

Public Space

-Housing -Services -Office/Retail

-Square -Playground -Parc

Structural Work

Material Stock

Existing Structure on site?

Catalogue of possibilities

yes

Timber Concrete

Concrete

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reuse

Sidewalk Wall Signage

Window Skin Cladding Roof Balcony

Paving Other

80% reused/recycled material used 50% new material suited with reuse pratice

Pavilion Cables Plombing Paint Other

gravel

X m3

***

concrete

X m3

***

steel*

X m3

**** **

timber*

X m3

***

earth

X m3

***

stone*

X m3

***

wood*

X m3

***

metal*

X m3

glass

**** **

X m2

brick*

+10000 m2

*** ***

tile

X m3

plaster

X m3

***

copper cable*

X m3

***

wooden floor

X m3

**** **

paint

X m3

***

plastic

X m3

***

Finishings

Finishings Possible features Insulation Partition Plombing Floor covering Paint Other

Pavement Seatings Lighting Furniture Playground

Heritage Value

Second Work

The target for re-use is set by the amount of reclaimed materials before construction. Here an estimated 80% of the reclaimed material can be reused on site.

Earth Concrete

Second work Possible features

The resource center conducts workshops involving the community to raise awareness on the possibilities offered by re-use practice.

It can also train local entreprises such as metal workers or carpenters on the technics for future re-use. The site then becomes a laboratory for material re-use involving a wide range of actors. The center can construct pavilions and organise events to advertise re-use on site.

no Gravel

Steel

Earth The material reclaimed are tested in the resource center. It acts as a transitory facilities experimenting with technics of re-use in order to have certification on re-implementation of the material.

yes

no

Quantity

Structure

Gravel Sand

label

better recoverability *

fig. menu decision-tree

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fig. possibilities examples

+ metal pole from decathlon store

small metal beam

window from Maydew house refurbishment

stone/concrete pavement

concrete blocks

bench for public spaces

+ metal beam

metal grid

stone rubbles

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= wood section

gabion block

stone rubbles

concrete structure/wall with recycled concrete aggregates

road structure

corrugated metal

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= wood bench

timber structure or wall

=

=

+ gravel

concrete aggregates

bike shelter

=

+

=

=

= concrete rubbles

Store front

brick pavement

=

= Door frame from school

x

= brick facade with pattina

bricks

Street light with solar panel led

+ Concrete block from warehouse

=

=

= facade metal cladding

metal slab structure

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Application Construction Expected life of construction Short

Long ( >10 years)

(temporary/<9 years)

Market for element of construction no

yes Design for disassembly Modularity

Dfd Longevity

Dfd Reversability

Implementation of reused materials yes

Throughout the project, the aim is to follow the expectation of the Grosvenor scheme to intensify the site by creating new homes and jobs.

The current scheme is set for approximately 800 new homes on the Bermondsey Factory site.

no New material will provide substantial residual waste

Road network is created using the rubbles of the deconstructed warehouses. New buildings have target to incorporate reused elements.

They are implemented in structure for concrete wood or metal. Or facade for metal cladding, bricks, etc. The public spaces have reused features from surrounding sites to create streetlight or benches. The waste from the construction is also carefully sorted and reimplemented in the new project for public space feature.

Construction with new material will be guided by the design for disassembly principle and reversability adapted to the possible changes in the use of the structure or public space.

no

yes

Possibility to recover elements

Construction

Once again, the entreprises trained by the resource center will be in charge of the reimplementation of the material making sure to follow design for disassembly process

Future Use requiring frequent changes

Are there local business with expertise in the field

no

no

yes

yes

yes

Are the company trained on reimplementation technics

Support

company willing to work around reuse no

yes

Local Training with resource center

no

Seek companies Maximize recycling Implemant reusable elements suited for Dfd

Material passport with BIM model is implemented for every elements to ensure the traceability of the components for future reuse.

Resource Center Bermondsey recycle center - University College London -

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fig.65 construction decision-tree 2

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New construction (Dfd process & reversibility)

Resource Center

Public space with recycled elements

Green space with earth from construction

Construction kept / refurbished (adaptive re-use)

Extension

Public space with reused elements

Road with reused rubbles structure

Resource Center -train worker on reuse practice -storage for reusable waste from construction

New construction with majority of reuse (>50%)

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New construction with new material suited for reuse

New construction with minority of reuse (<50%)

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fig.66 construction axonometric

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Application paving with reclaimed bricks street light with reused metal beams and solar panel

bike shelter with reuse metal beams and window frames

garbage can from reused metal grid

Reused elements in the public space raises awareness and sensitivation towards sustainble reuse practice

Bench and planter with gabion structure made with stone rubbles and reused metal grid

Paving with transformed concrete block Public bench with timber frame and concrete blocks

fig.67 Public-space construction

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Glass windonw from reclaimed glass, either recycled or reused after conditionning

Facade with reused bricks

Reused elements on buildings give more identity to the built environment and the development

urban furniture with wood reclaimed from construction

reused window frame for store front

fig.68 buidings construction

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Operation repurpose building or public space

community demand of new feature

Residual material from construction yes

no

Operation and Use

During the operation, re-use is promoted onsite as a marketing element.

The current project has led to the saving of more than 80% of the reclaimed material. The resource center is still used as a storage and a market place for reclaimed elements. The community along with new companies seeking training in re-use practice can be involved in creating new features such as greenhouses or pavilions in the public space. The resource center acts as a community hub.

Use of household waste Involving community in reuse process

yes

no

yes

Conducting workshop

no

Elements from local area

new development or waste

Involving local company

Education and awareness

Informative notice for resident on process

Implementation from first step of the loop

fig.69 Operation decision tree

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Extention of the office with metal facade clading and light metal structure

Playground with large household waste and left from the resource center involving the community in the construction process fig.70 Operation axonometric

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Sustainability effectiveness indicator

3. construction cost saving 2. create local expertise

Sustainability indicator

1. Provide local employment

-The application provided waste reduction thanks to the systemic reuse and recycling of elements all along the process of the project. Reusing reclaimed material from deconstruction enables economy in terms of raw material. Not all reclaimed material were used and the resource center can still sell or reimplement some material that were salvaged.

-Local employement are created thanks to the resource center and the training on reuse practice. A local expertise was partly achieve because of the specificity of some element that were implemented on the project. It is hard to balance the construction cost saving when implementing a new system in construction.

-Heritage value from the adaptive re-use of existing building along identity value fromthe reuse of reclaimed elements in the public space.

waste reduction .1 raw material economy .2 new material stock .3

1. character and heritage value 2. community implication 3. education on reuse

fig. 71 sustainability indicator 2

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image credit Philippe Samyn

08.

Reflection & Conclusion

Reflection & Conclusion

This major research project is an attempt to imagine a city that could be rebuild on itself, intensified perpetually, sustainably. It started from the belief that material flow can be re-organized into a circular loop seeing new resources instead of waste. While many scientists are raising the alarm on the scarcity of resources and rampant waste production worldwide, new practices have emerged around circular economy (CE).

For the built environment, CE is linked to the 3-R rule of recycle, reduce and reuse. This paradigm shift takes place throughout theconstruction process from extraction to waste. While recycling and reducing are well-known concepts, re-use appears to have the biggest impact on the environment, but is yet minimally implemented. It allows to expand the life span of materials while creating a new economy anchored locally.

Re-use has a socio-cultural value in terms of heritage and awareness towards sustainability.

Re-use practice face many obstacles from certification to a lack of knowledge and good practice in the field. Nevertheless, cities around the world start to embrace CE principles and propose new solutions.

The literature review and the case studies revealed clear design principles for re-use. By giving identity to our waste, through material passport and ensuring technical feasability with reversability and Dfd process.

Life cycle assesment is the effectiveness indicator of material re-use and allows feedback to improve the process. It seems that all the tools are available to ensure complete reuse of our built environment.

Even if the principles have emerged in the research field, there is still a gap to fill between theory and practice. It is mainly due to the cheap price of raw resources and the cost of the change induced by the paradigm shift. But re-use can be seen as a new source of value for the generation concerned about sustainability. It is a rational way of promoting environmental good practices and can be a marketing feature for urban regeneration.

The toolkit follows the life cycle of a project development to ensure material re-use at every stage. The decision trees proposed at each stage are an easy process to follow and it informs decision-making. The design principles from the literature review and the case studies enable true effectiveness at every scale. The toolkit can be applied to every project, scale and works as a close loop ensuring the circular approach of the research.

- University College London -

In the project application, 50% of the existing building stock were preserved. Which represents a huge saving in terms of waste and energy. Approximatly 80% of the material were reused in the operation.

It is a great opportunity in terms of urban metabolism. Following the decision tree, we can imagine that almost all of the material can be reused or recycled in the process if all the design principles are taken into consideration (>90% considering broken or hazardous materials).

Looking at future development in London, it could lead to cuting raw material excavation and importation by 3/4th on urban regeneration projects. New material will still need to be imported for structure and other specific features but if they follow the design principle of re-use they will be available at the end of their first operation life. With most of the material being imported to the UK from EU and elsewhere, the toolkit will enable less dependency on imported materials and a better control over the prices of material for the construction industry.

The waste from the construction are also reduced and re-used. Thanks to new facilities such as the resource center, and local recycling center, material can be stored, conditioned, recycled and sold for future operations. Therefore, we can imagine that London could reach a 90% waste reduction with the application of the Toolkit. According to studies of the literature review we can imagine that carbon emission can be reduced by 100 for bricks and concrete and by 3 for wood and plastic, making London construction industry nearly carbon neutral.

But re-use is not only about sustainability. Re-implemented material have an identity value that is priceless. While new development schemes will take a life-time to gain identity, 50% of the building have reclaimed bricks or other elements on facade creating a neighbourhood with character from the beginning of its occupation. New residents will be sensible to this approach raising the quality of life on the site.

means adapting the way we design our built environment. There will still be some material that cannot be reused or recycled if we do not change our mindset and practice. Designing building and public space is also about designing the end of life of the project.

To reflect on this research, it would be necessary to have a numerical tool to understand the material composition of the built environment such as GIS data. Numerical indicators would be easier to quantify and to assess the impact in terms of volume. While this project speculates on reuse certification and standards for material, an online platform of good practices and certification documents could help the implementation of reuse and recycled elements and inform the decision makers. Finally, assesment methods such as BREAM could include a more detailed re-use section with measurable targets for future construction and masterplanning which would encourage the industry to incorporate this practice in their project.

Re-use practices have to involve stakeholders of the development ranging from developers that can adapt their projects to the material and building stock available. Engineers and manufacturers proposing products that are suited for Dfd, with elements that can be reclaimed and recycled. Urban designers and architects that design spaces that are reversible and composed with reclaimed elements. Urban design has a key role to experiment on the many possibilities of re-use demonstrating its innovative aspect before its constraints. Design adds sensitivity and creativity to re-use. It is the visible feature that will change the way people look at sustainability.Creating identity and quality with reclaimed elements is at the front row to raise awareness on the new paradigm shift that circular economy represents. The constraints are then transformed into oportunities.

Re-use is also about economic concerns. By training skilled worker, it will generate local employment in a variety of field from the diagnostic phase to the deconstruction and reimplementation of materials. Those skilled workers are anchored to a place and do not face the risk of delocalization.

Nevertheless, this site takes into consideration that not every development in the area reclaim their material. Therefore the material intake from surrounding developments would decrease. Also, the re-use principle works if the project aims at using technics suited for re-use practice. It

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Raworth, Kate. Doughnut Economics : Seven Ways to Think like a 21st-century Economist / Kate Raworth. 2017. Print.

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Sustainability , 11 (2) , Article 423. (2019) (2019): Sustainability , 11 (2) , Article 423. (2019). Web. -Sanchez, Benjamin, Rausch, Christopher, and Haas, Carl. «Deconstruction Programming for Adaptive Reuse of Buildings.» Automation in Construction 107 (2019): 102921. Web. Video : Re-using rubble / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fomDRoB00GQ Recycling concrete / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNNPLQkqipE World Circular Economy Forum 2019/ https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Lcp1V7F-BwY&list=PL5XRiYm1aQFOjwEoKVegob6XQ28IIGMEd&index=9 Web -Recycled material - Archdaily monthly topic - july 2020 https://www.archdaily.com/tag/adtopic-2020-recycled-materials?ad_ source=monthly_article&ad_medium=bottom_link -FCBRE / https://www.nweurope.eu/projects/project-search/fcrbe-facilitating-the-circulation-of-reclaimed-building-elements-in-northwestern-europe/ -Buildings as Material Banks (BAMB) https://www.futurebuild.co.uk/industry-news/bamb-buildings-as-material-banks Magazines Le Moniteur / Economie circulaire N°6077 DU 27 MARS 2020 Reports -Bellastock ADEME, REPAR2, mars 2018, web -Ellen Mc Arthur Fondation, Towards the Circular Economy Vol. 1: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition2012. web -Ellen Mc Arthur Fondation, Delivering the circular economy: a toolkit for policymakers, 2015. web

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