Thesis Synopsis_Street Design Guidelines for Patiala City

STREET DESIGN GUIDELINES CASE OF PATIALA CITY A Synopsis of Master of City Planning Dissertation by

SAGAR SINHA 17AR60R20

Under the Guidance of Prof. (Dr.) Haimanti Banerji and Prof. (Dr.) Abraham George

Department of Architecture and Regional Planning Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

CONTENTS 1

2

3

4

5

6

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1

Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2

Aim and Objective ...................................................................................................... 1

1.3

Scope and Limitation .................................................................................................. 1

1.4

Methodology ............................................................................................................... 2

Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1

City Profile and Population ......................................................................................... 3

2.2

Traffic and Transport Network ................................................................................... 4

2.3

Selection of stretches ................................................................................................... 4

Literature Review............................................................................................................... 5 3.1

Literature Study ........................................................................................................... 5

3.2

Case Study ................................................................................................................... 7

Data Collection & Analysis ............................................................................................. 11 4.1

Road Inventory and Land Use ................................................................................... 11

4.2

Traffic Volume Survey.............................................................................................. 12

4.3

Public Opinion Survey .............................................................................................. 13

4.4

Findings ..................................................................................................................... 13

Proposals .......................................................................................................................... 14 5.1

Guidelines.................................................................................................................. 14

5.2

Action Area ............................................................................................................... 15

5.3

Templates .................................................................................................................. 18

Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 19

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

List of Figures Figure 1 Map and Boundary of Patiala Municipal Council ....................................................... 3 Figure 2 Land Use of Patiala Municipal Corporation ................................................................ 3 Figure 3 Location of identified stretches ................................................................................... 4 Figure 4 Land Use abutting the study area along with road hierarchy .................................... 12 Figure 5 Existing Street Section of Sangrur Road ................................................................... 16 Figure 6 Proposed Street Section of Sangrur Road ................................................................. 16 Figure 7 Proposed Street Plan for Sangrur Road ..................................................................... 17 Figure 8 Generic Street Section for 21 m wide road with Residential land use ...................... 18 Figure 9 Generic Street Plan for 21 m wide road with Residential land use ........................... 18

List of Tables Table 1 Right of way and design speed based on road typology ............................................... 5 Table 2 Recommended PCU factor for various vehicle types ................................................... 5 Table 3 Recommended design service volume .......................................................................... 6 Table 4 Level of service ............................................................................................................. 6 Table 5 Data Collection and Technique................................................................................... 11 Table 6 Road inventory and abutting land use of surveyed stretches ...................................... 11 Table 7 Traffic Volume Survey ............................................................................................... 12 Table 8 List of data collected from various surveys and its significance ................................ 13

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE Streets are lifeline for communities and basis of urban economy. These account more than 80% of all urban open public spaces (NACTO, 2012). Streets help in promoting business, provide people with safe place and sense of belongingness whether it is walking, cycling, driving and transit. Thus, all this vitality of urban life leads to sensitive and multi-faceted role of urban streets. Intangible qualities such as image-ability, human-scale, transparency and visual enclosure adds up to the quality to promote street activities.

In the current scenario, urban street development in India calls for an urgent need to– •

Equitable distribution of road space for various users.

•

Ensure legibility of urban areas through adequate signage and other design principles.

•

Ensure safety and security to commuters both physically and mentally.

•

Improve micro-climate along with visual quality and imageability.

•

Improve street by creating a safe, sustainable, resilient and comfortable environment.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE Derive urban street design guideline for selected street typologies based on their character to improve mobility in the city and enhance user experience with special attention towards nonmotorised transport facility.

To fulfil my aim, these are the list of objectives, •

To identify critical stretches across city based on road typology and secondary data.

•

To study the travel characteristics and abutting land-use of the identified stretches.

•

To prepare policy guidelines and layout for various hierarchy of roads.

•

To suggest design intervention for selected critical stretch of the city.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of the thesis is, •

All proposal will be city-specific.

•

To propose generic street section and plan based on land uses and road hierarchy.

•

To give proposals for intervention of street networks based on traffic volume count, land use, public need and activity pattern.

•

To provide better provision for non-motorized transport infrastructure.

1

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City The limitations of the thesis is, •

All proposal will be based on existing road linkages.

•

No proposal will be given to change the existing land-use.

•

Proposal for intervention will be provided for selected street network only.

•

Impact on land-use will not be considered.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

2 STUDY AREA Patiala is the fourth largest city located in the south-eastern part of Patiala. In 1956, it joined the state of Punjab from erstwhile princely state. Located at distance of 233 km from national capital and 67 km from state capital. It is well connected to other important cities by state and national highway. Culturally the city is famous for Patiala suit, jutti, shahi turban and peg. The location of Patiala is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Map and Boundary of Patiala Municipal Council

2.1 CITY PROFILE AND POPULATION In 2008, Local Planning Area of

Special Area, 3.62

Patiala was identified to regulate the growth. It comprises of Patiala Municipal

Corporation

(PMC),

Agricultural, 24.52

Residential, 40.58

Municipal Council of Sanaur and 145

other

villages.

The

total

population of PMC is 4.06 lacs spread over an area of approx. 70 sq. km (Census of India, 2011). 37.7%

Recreational , 3.12

Transportation , 10.09

of total work-force participation is

Industrial, 3.21

involved in administration while 21% is involved in retail. Figure 2

Commercial, 2.84 Public & Semipublic, 11.88

Figure 2 Land Use of Patiala Municipal Corporation

shows the Percentage land use of Patiala Municipal Corporation.

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

2.2 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT NETWORK The city shows a wide variety of carriage way ranging from 4.0 m to 21.95 m, measuring a total of 89.09 km of road length. The present traffic condition shows that a few road has high Volume/Capacity (V/C) ratio with a huge shortage of parking facility. There is an urgent need to address upon the quality of street and parking demand to avoid congestion.

People from near-by village travel to Patiala for work. The modal share reflects more than 1/3rd of total trips being completed by motorized two wheeler (M2W), while 46% are completed by non-motorized means of transit. 3-seater or 7-seater auto rickshaw serve as major means of intermediate public transit (IPT) (Master Plan LPA Patiala, 2011).

2.3 SELECTION OF STRETCHES Based on secondary data, such as traffic volume count (TVC) and land use, a list of major stretches of Patiala was prepared. Further through visual reconnaissance, public discussions and stakeholder consultation with Senior Town Planner Mrs. Mandeep Kaur, the study area was demarcated in the form of selected streets as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Location of identified stretches

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 LITERATURE STUDY 3.1.1 Street Hierarchy Street hierarchy was introduced to segregate streets based on functions and needs as pedestrian streets in the bottom while fast moving roads on the top. This concept demands attention towards the space required for different activities. The present approach allows all set of users such as, pedestrians, bicyclist, cars, etc. It has now became important to understand the need and character of the surrounding. It can be the case that, streets with similar ROW has different function and land-use, thus, has different design requirement. As per IRC-86:1983, street hierarchy is been divided in four category along with design speed, and is given in Table 1.

Table 1 Right of way and design speed based on road typology

Road typology Arterial Roads Sub-Arterial Roads Collector Roads Access Streets

Right of way(m) 50-60 30-40 20-30 10-20

Design speed(km/hr) 80 60 50 30

3.1.2 Passenger Car Unit Urban roads are characterised by mixed traffic conditions, resulting in complex interaction between various kinds of vehicle. So, there is a need to express it in common terms, which is termed as “Passenger car unit� (PCU). Passenger car is considered as reference with its value=1. Table 2 shows the recommended PCU factor adopted by various vehicle types as mentioned in IRC-106:1990.

Table 2 Recommended PCU factor for various vehicle types

Vehicle Type Bicycle Two Wheeler (Motor cycle, scooter) Passenger Car, Pick-up Van(4W) Auto-Rickshaw/Tri-seater Rickshaw(TSR) Cycle-Rickshaw Light Commercial Vehicle Bus/ Truck/ Heavy Commercial Vehicle

Equivalent PCU Factor 5% 10% 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.75 1 1 1.2 2 1.5 2 1.4 2 2.2 3.7

Understanding the need of smoother traffic movement, it is always recommended that Level of Service (LOS) C should be adopted for design of urban roads which is considered as 0.70 of 5

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City maximum capacity. This gives us exact freedom to manoeuvre and even small increase in traffic flow won’t affect that traffic flow as well as control the infrastructure cost. Design service volume for various road categories as referred in IRC-106:1990 is given in Table 3.

Table 3 Recommended design service volume

Type 2 Lane (One-Way) 2 Lane (Two-Way) 3 Lane (One-Way) 4 Lane Undivided (Two-way) 4 Lane Divided (Two-way) 6 Lane Undivided (Two-way) 4 Lane Divided (Two-way) 8 Lane Divided (Two-way)

Arterial 2400 1500 3600 3000 3600 4800 5400 7200

Sub-Arterial 1900 1200 2900 2400 2900 3800 4300 -

Collector 1400 900 2200 1800 -

3.1.3 Level of Service (LOS) LOS is defined as the ratio of total PCU of vehicular flow upon recommended design service volume. It is defined as a qualitative measure describing the operational conditions such as travel time speed, interruption, comfort, convenience and safety. Highway capacity manual has defined six LOS of a mid-block section designated from A to F as given in Table 4.

Table 4 Level of service

Level of Service A B C D E F

Quality Free-flow Reasonable free-flow Near free-flow Medium flow At capacity flow Congested flow

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Speed (kmph) 80 70 60 50 40 15

V/C 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.85 0.9 1.0

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

3.2 CASE STUDY Street Hierarchy

Delhi National Highway Arterial

Footpath

Kerb Height

Pune 60(within city); Through Traffic Street 90(outside city)

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

60-80m 45-60m Sub30-45m Arterial 18-30m Local 12-20m Pedestrian Exclusive/ Less than 6m NMT Variable dead width/frontage along with minimum 1.8m of pedestrian zone and approx. 1.8m of plantation or MUZ. Width of footpath varies as per land-use.

Mobility Corridor Mobility Corridor with NMT Feeder Street Neighbourhood street Width of footpath depends upon pedestrian count (preferred min width: 2.0m).

A minimum frontage of 0.5m as per land-use is required MUZ of 1.0m is necessary

International Ann Arbor Street Design Manual Street based on frontage content: Destination Commercial, commercial, Mixed, Civic and University, near Neighbourhood.

North Carolina Complete Streets Guideline Recommended width of sidewalk or MUZ is 6 – 12ft, while 5ft can be provided in low-density area. Streets must have 6-8ft of green zone.

Should not exceed a maximum height of Should not exceed a New York City street 150 mm. maximum height of 150 mm design manual On arterial, 100 mm is preferred.

Cycle track should be at +100 Kerb should not be less than Corner kerb is also considered. mm level with carriage-way 6 inch and can be as high as 10.5 inch.

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Standard-IRC IRC 86:1983 Arterial

50-60

Sub-arterial

30-40

Collector

20-30

Local

10-20

IRC: 103-2012 states a minimum of 1.8m for footpath with specific LOS of street and pedestrian count.

Width of footpath is also based on land-use IRC 86:1983 Three type of kerb: Barrier type; semi-barrier type; mountable type.

IRC 103:2012 Should not exceed 150 mm height

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City Cycle/ Track

NMT Minimum width should be 2.0m for cycle Minimum with of 2.0m for track while 2.5m for NMT track. one-way and 3.0m for twoA minimum of 0.7m buffer between MV way traffic and NMV lanes.

Parallel parking for cars while angular parking for twowheeler. Maximum 22m uninterrupted parking bay.

Halting for auto-rickshaws is prohibited 50mts prior and 20m after the bus stop with a maximum capacity of 7 numbers.

North Carolina Complete Streets Guideline Minimum width of cycle track should be 5ft while if combined with sidewalk it can be 10ft.

A minimum of 2ft space must be there between MV and NMV lane.

IRC 11:2015 Segregated cycle track (2.5-5.0m) for arterial and sub arterial roads, cycle lane (1.5-2.5m) for collector road while mixing with MV traffic for access and local roads.

Under special condition minimum 3.0m width is required for common NMT (including pedestrian) IRC 103:2012 Minimum 2.5m wide bicycle crossing must be provided IRC 86:1983 Parking lanes may be provided on all sub-arterial and collector street in business and shopping area.

Parallel parking of 3m (desirable) or 2.5m (minimum) width.

On-street Parking

NA

Median

Compulsory provision with designed Wider median depending upon Ann Arbor Street Design IRC:86-1983 speed more than 20 kmph or ROW more ROW and specified footpath Manual Compulsory median with than 24mts. width. roads of 6 lane or more

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New York City street design manual On-street parallel parking provision should not be less than 6ft 8inch.

May convert some parking space to some other use.

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City Minimum 6ft wide median should be provided or else it can be compensated by narrower raised median.

Median should be at least 40ft wide.

Refuge Island

Lighting

Minimum width of 1.2m and 1.5m in case Minimum width should be Complete Streets, Chicago of trees in median.

1.0m.

Preferred width is 8 – 10ft.

Provided at an interval of It should not be less than 6ft.

150m.

New York City street design manual It should be 6-8ft wide and 710ft long.

North Carolina Complete Streets Guideline Must for streets wider than 50ft.

For arterial, sub-arterial and high On central median at a Complete Streets, Chicago pedestrian activity mast lighting should be distance of 25-30m and at a Lighting for vehicular traffic placed at a height of 10-12m while for height of 9-15m. should be 18-24ft high while pedestrian it should be 3-5m high.

In between footpath and MV for pedestrian it should be Light with a lux level of 30 is enough for at a distance of 25-30m and at 12-16ft high. non-shopping area while 20-25 lux for a height of 9-15m.

Light level of 4.5-18 lux for shopping areas.

For footpath a height of 6.5m streets while 15-36 lux for and at a distance of 15m. intersection.

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Not necessary if carriage way is inadequate to cater peak traffic volume 5m is minimum desirable width while 1.2m is absolute minimum IRC 103:2012 Should not exceed 250 mm height IRC:103-2012 Minimum width should be 1200 mm.

Pedestrian crossing in residential area should range between 80-250m and commercial/ mixed use should be 80-150.

Bicycle crossing should be added to all at-grade crossing with ROW<30m IRC 103:2012 Up-lighting is prohibited Pedestrian lighting at a height of 4m while for vehicular traffic it should be 9m White light of 25-40 lux at for footpath and 80 lux at intersection

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City For local/ neighbourhood at a height of 8-10m and at a distance of 25-27m.

Same as IRC guidelines.

MUZ of 1.0m width is necessary for all set of roads based on urban street design guidelines template.

MUZ

Same as IRC guidelines

Signage

Signage should be designed to give a sense of identity.

Visual Signage should be preferred for amenities and general information.

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Should be installed on the edge of road at height 2.4m.

Design, colour and font should be in accordance to IRC 67:2012.

Marking on roads should be in accordance to IRC 35:1997.

Must be provided at an interval of 20-30m North Carolina Complete Streets Guideline Streets must have 6-8ft of green zone.

New York City street design manual May convert some parking space to some other use.

New York StatePermit is required before installation.

Size, area, ground height, location, legibility, colour, lettering and material is defined.

If going beyond design consideration, decision of architectural review board will be final.

IRC 103:2012 Should be minimum 1.8m wide and can accommodate facilities like plantation, parking bay, hawkers zone, street furniture, bus bay, street light etc.

IRC 67:2012 Should be installed 600mm to 3m beyond carriage-way Overhead sign should be minimum 5.5m of clearance.

Size, clear height, colour, font, material, orientation is defined IRC 35:1997 Road markings related to traffic lane line, no overtaking zone, bus lane, bicycle lane, pedestrian crossing, parking, speed breaker and many other are discussed.

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

4 DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS Primary survey of various type was conducted to gain deeper understanding of study area and city profile. Apart from the list of data mentioned below in Table 5, visual reconnaissance and activity pattern of various road stretches were also performed.

Table 5 Data Collection and Technique

Data Road Inventory and abutting land-use Issues regarding the streets and infrastructure facilities Master Plan 2031 Accident Data (Location and Cause) Traffic Volume

Source/ Data Collection Technique On-site Survey Public opinion survey and discussions Available Online TRIPP, IIT-Delhi TVC Survey

4.1 ROAD INVENTORY AND LAND USE Visual reconnaissance survey, recognition of major abutting land use, road inventory along with major activity followed were identified on 18 stretch. Table 6 shows the findings.

Arterial Arterial Sub-Arterial Sub-Arterial Arterial Arterial Sub-Arterial Collector Local Arterial Sub-Arterial Arterial Collector Local Arterial Collector Local Local

Median

Sangrur Road Lower Mall Road Income Tax Colony Road Jagdish Marg Rajbaha Road Jail Road Mall Road Factory Area Main Road Gurubax Colony Road Rajpura Road Bhadson Road Nabha- Bhupindra Road Tripuri Main Market Road Lehal Colony Road Patiala-Sirhind Road Chotti Baradari Road Dharampura Baazar Road Lakkad Mandi Road

Footpath

Type

Carriage Way

Name

ROW

Table 6 Road inventory and abutting land use of surveyed stretches

24.0 24.0 22.5 14.0 29.6 22.7 22.7 15.4 7.4 26.0 15.3 19.0 11.5 6.1 20.8 10.8 8.0 6.1

14.0 14.0 11.0 7.5 21.0 14.0 14.0 7.5 5.0 21.0 9.0 14.0 5.5 4.0 14.0 5.5 4.0 5.5

Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y N N N N N

Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N Y N Y N N Y Y N N

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Land Use 1

Land Use 2

PSP PSP Commercial PSP Residential PSP PSP/ Comm Residential Comm/ Resi Comm/ Resi Comm/ Resi PSP Comm/Resi Residential Residential Residential Comm/ Resi Comm/ Resi

PSP Commercial PSP Residential Residential Recreational PSP Residential Comm /Resi Comm/ Resi Comm/ Resi PSP/ Resi Comm/Resi Residential PSP PSP/ Comm Comm/ Resi Comm/ Resi

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City Along the walled city area of Patiala, major commercial and mixed use development is observed with a very low carriage way of 4 m. The abutting land use identified along the selected stretch and road hierarchy is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Land Use abutting the study area along with road hierarchy

4.2 TRAFFIC VOLUME SURVEY Traffic volume count was performed at 16 locations as identified through secondary data and discussion Senior Town Planner of Patiala- Mrs. Mandeep Kaur. This will help in understanding the condition and need of localities. Table 7 shows the findings from the survey.

Figure depicts the TVC survey locations in Patiala.

Table 7 Traffic Volume Survey

Name of Road Sangrur Road Income Tax Colony Road Jagdish Marg Rajbaha Road

PCU Count 4506.0 1538.2 2538.4 2620.0 12

Design Capacity 3600 2900 1200 4800

V/C Ratio 1.252 0.531 2.115 0.546

Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City Jail Road Mall Road Factory Area Main Road Gurubax Colony Road Bhadson Road Nabha Road-Bhupindra Road Tripuri Main Market Road Lehal Colony Road Patiala-Sirhind Road Chotti Baradari Road Dharampura Baazar Road Lakkad Mandi Road

3776.2 3920.4 1499.0 1585.6 2453.6 2807.8 2281.4 730.6 5962.4 2089.8 1454.4 1050.4

3600 2900 900 1200 3600 900 3600 900 -

1.049 1.352 1.666 2.045 0.780 2.535 1.656 2.322 -

4.3 PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY A total of 212 sample surveys were performed in three sets of questionnaire. This includes shopper/visitor survey (47), shop-owner/hawker survey (76) and user-perception survey (89).

Table 8 shows the list of data collected from various surveys.

Table 8 List of data collected from various surveys and its significance

Survey Type Shopper/Visitor Survey

Shop-owner/Hawker Survey

User-Perception Survey

List of Data Collected

Significance

Trip distance and mode of travel Availability and duration of parking Willingness to pay for parking Shopping from hawkers

NMT infrastructure On-street parking

User-perception Operating hour & number of customers Availability and duration of parking Willingness to pay for parking User-perception Quality of street Perseverance to design feature

Levy of parking fee Allocation of dedicated space to hawkers Infrastructure facilities Provision of various infrastructure and services Dedicated off-street parking space Levy of parking fee Infrastructure facilities Street elements Street elements

4.4 FINDINGS Patiala is fourth largest city in Punjab and is the administrative headquarter of Patiala district.

Government offices and institutional building can be easily identified along the arterial roads where as hospital and mixed-use development can be seen in sub-arterial and collector roads.

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City 2/3rd of the total sample collected was of working population i.e. aged between 25 and 60. The preferred mode choice cane to be motorized two-wheeler and four-wheeler while a strong connection with non-motorised mode can also be inferred. Of 212 sample survey, about 60% of the trip accounts to less than 2.5 kms, thus, can be easily bicycled.

A total of 245 fatal injury and deaths were registered in 230 fatal cases between 2013 and 2016.

Motorized four wheeler (M4W) being the major source while M2W and pedestrian being the major victims. (TRIPP, 2018). Area near Gurudwara Dukhniwaran Sahib, Fountain Chowk, and bus stand were the major accident prone area. The major causes of accident was found to be drink and drive as well as over-speeding.

The survey reflects traffic congestion and road safety as three important issues in city which is a result of no/poor NMT infrastructure and inadequacy of vehicular parking space. The commuters are quite satisfied with the numbers and performance of IPT in the city but it accounts to only 14% of the total trip conducted, which is a result of high travel cost and lacks to reach the inner area of the city.

As a result, there is a strong need to improve pedestrian infrastructure facility, provision for NMT infrastructure along with channelized on-street parking facility. Signage, street markings and landscape feature together with barrier free design intervention must be considered.

5 PROPOSALS 5.1 GUIDELINES As Patiala is an administrative city and has high share of short trips as well as private motorised modal share, the street design guideline aims to improve modal share by providing safe, sufficient, comfortable and convenient NMT infrastructure. The guideline has been prepared for all set of potential users to provide tools and strategies, thereby reinstating vibrant urban public realm. It consider the adjoining land use and amenities for pedestrians and cyclists in addition to movement of vehicles, ensuring an equitable distribution of road space across all stakeholders. Thus, designing and developing street for safety of all road users. This will help decision maker in improving of existing urban transport scenario and its development in medium-sized cities of India.

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

5.1.1 Classification of Streets The streets have been classified based of traffic pattern, vehicular speed, function as well as road width. It includes arterial (more than 24 m), sub-arterial (15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 24 m), collector (10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 15 m) and local or access road (less than 10 m). This proposed street classification is Patialaspecific as streets may have similar ROW but different land use and overall design requirement.

5.1.2 Footpath The width of footpath is determined based on street classification, land use, ROW and pedestrian traffic and should have universal accessible design feature. It is recommended that footpath be designed as per IRC 103:2012. Footpath should have a clear walking zone of 1.8 m with 2.4 m of vertical clearance along with dead zone and multi-utility zone. In special case, it can be reduced to 1.5 m. Tough and anti-skit pavers should be used for construction along with barrier free design features. It should have a uniform height of 150 - 250 mm above the road level.

5.1.3 Cycle Track Cycle track is an essential feature for the safety of cyclist from fast-moving vehicles, even infrastructure will promote use of bicycles. An unobstructed clear width of 2.0 m for one-way and 3.0 m for two-way should be provided along with vertical clearance of 2.4 m. It is recommended that bicycle infrastructure must be designed as per IRC 11:2015. It is always preferred to segregate cycle track with plantation/ verge or parking lane. In special cases it can be reduced to 1.5 m for one-lane and 2.4 m for two lane, while, combined footpath and cycle track should not be, in any case less than 3.5 m. It is preferred that cycle track should at a level of 100 mm above the carriage way or separated by kerb in case of at grade track.

In similar fashion, other street elements such as carriage way, parking, pedestrian crossing, traffic calming measures, street light, street furniture, MUZ and a few others have been discussed.

5.2 ACTION AREA For action area development, the study involved selection of 5 out of 16 stretches this has been studied. One of the example for Sangrur Road is illustrated below, while other cases were worked upon in similar manner.

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

5.2.1 Street Sections

Figure 5 Existing Street Section of Sangrur Road

Figure 6 Proposed Street Section of Sangrur Road

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

5.2.2 Street Plans

Figure 7 Proposed Street Plan for Sangrur Road

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

5.3 TEMPLATES Residential, commercial and public semi-public land use has been identified as major land uses in the survey. Thus, a few generic templates has be attached for based on various ROW and land use as a reference. Streets with varying ROW and ROW that are not given in templates, should be designed referring the template of smaller ROW. One of the street section and plan is shown below as a reference, while other cases were worked upon in similar manner.

5.3.1 Street Sections

Figure 8 Generic Street Section for 21 m wide road with Residential land use

5.3.2 Street Plans

Figure 9 Generic Street Plan for 21 m wide road with Residential land use

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Street Design Guidelines: Case of Patiala City

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY (2015). Ann Arbor Downtown Street Design Manual.

(2011). Census of India. Government of India.

(2013). Chicago Complete Streets.

(2012). Code of Practice, IUT. Institute of Urban Transport.

IRC-103. (2012). Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities. Indian Road Congress.

IRC-11. (2015). Recommended Practice for the Design and Layout for Cycle Tracks . Indian Road Congress.

IRC-35. (1997). Code of Practice for Road Marking. Indian Road Congress.

IRC-67. (2012). Code of Practice for Road Signage. Indian Road Congress.

IRC-86. (1983). Geometric Design Standard for Urban Roads in Plain. Indian Road Congress.

(2011). Master Plan LPA Patiala. Department of Town and Country Planning Punjab.

NACTO. (2012). Urban Street Design Guide.

(2015). New York City Street Design Guidelines.

(2012). North Carolina Complete Streets Planning and Desisgn Guidelines.

TRIPP. (2018). SDG Oriented Planning and Design For Neglected Cities and Community Participation-Patiala, Punjab. Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme, IIT Delhi.

UN-DESA. (2019, January 09). 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved from United Nation: Department of Economics and Social Affairs: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-worldurbanization-prospects.html (2016). Urban Street Design Guidelines, Pune. Pune Municipal Corporation.

UTTIPEC. (2010). Street Design Guidelines - ... for equitable distribution of road space.

WHO. (2013). Pedestrian safety: A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners.

Yang, Y., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2013). Walking Distance by Trip Purpose and Population Subgroups.

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