Pmpo gospodje ptujski za splet ang by s.kolibri

Boris Hajdinjak Polona Vidmar

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 929.52Ptujski(083.824) 726:2-523.6(497.4-18)”11/14”(083.824) VIDMAR, Polona, 1971Lords of Ptuj medieval knights, founders and patrons of the arts / [authors of texts Polona Vidmar, Boris Hajdinjak ; photography Boris Farič ; translation into English Tanja Osterman Renault, Irena Bezjak]. - Ptuj : Pokrajinski muzej, 2009 ISBN 978-961-6438-19-3 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Hajdinjak, Boris 245066752

LORDS OF PTUJ – MEDIEVAL KNIGHTS, FOUNDERS AND PATRONS OF THE ARTS Ptuj 2008

LORDS OF PTUJ MEDIEVAL KNIGHTS, FOUNDERS AND PATRONS OF THE ARTS Exhibition publication Editor: Polona Vidmar Authors of the Exhibition and Texts: Polona Vidmar, Boris Hajdinjak Translation into English: Tanja Ostrman Renault, Irena Bezjak Exhibition Design: Sonja Ifko Photography: Boris Farič Graphic Design (Exhibition & Publication): s.kolibri Print: Repro studio Lesjak First Edition: 1000 © 2008 Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj / Ptuj Regional Museum For: Aleš Arih, direktor

The exhibition and the publication are fi nancially supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia, the City Municipality Ptuj, Perutnina Ptuj d.d., as General Sponsor.

Abbreviations PMP=Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj / Regional Museum Ptuj ZAP=Zgodovinski arhiv Ptuj / Historical Archives Ptuj ZVKDS=Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije / Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia StLA= Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv in Graz OeStA=Österreichisches Staatsarchiv in Vienna

Contents 4 INTRODUCTION Boris Hajdinjak 5 THE FAMILY 5 TEN GENERATIONS OF THE LORDS OF PTUJ 8 MARRIAGES OF THE LORDS OF PTUJ: “… a life destined by dowry …” 12 ESTATES OF THE LORDS OF PTUJ – ECONOMIC BASIS OF THE SOCIAL RANK 14 THE COATS OF ARMS OF THE LORDS OF PTUJ: FUR, DRAGON AND ANCHOR 16 PERSONAL DEEDS 16 FRIEDRICH OF BAVARIA BECOMES FRIEDRICH I OF PTUJ 17 BELLIGERENT FRIEDRICH II AND NOBLE BENEDICTA 18 FRIEDRICH III.: »… our renowned father …« 20 FRIEDRICH V: “Political weathercock of the Styrian interregnum” 22 HERDEGEN I.: »…and fought in many foreign countries…« 24 HARTNID IV AND HARTNID V: COSMOPOLITAN COUSINS 26 BERNHARD AND FRIEDRICH IX.: LAST LORDS OF PTUJ 28 PTUJ AND ORMOŽ DURING THE TIME OF THE LORDS OF PTUJ 28 PTUJ 33 THE MINT AT THE PTUJ CASTLE 34 THE JEWS IN PTUJ 36 ORMOŽ

Polona Vidmar 38 FOUNDERS AND PATRONS OF THE ARTS 38 THE PTUJ CASTLE AND THE CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE IN PTUJ 40 CASTLE OF ORMOŽ AND THE CHURCH OF ST. JAMES IN ORMOŽ 43 CASTLE OF VURBERK / WURMBERG 45 CASTLE OF HUMBERK / HOLLENBURG AND THE CISTERCIAN MONASTERY IN VETRINJ / VIKTRING 47 COMMANDRY IN VELIKA NEDELJA 50 DOMINICAN MONASTERY IN PTUJ 55 MINORITE MONASTERY IN PTUJ 58 FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCH OF VIRGIN MARY AT PTUJSKA GORA 59 STATUARY ART WORKSHOP AT PTUJSKA GORA 62 MANTLED VIRGIN MARY THE PROTECTOR 64 CHURCH OF ST. MARTIN IN HAJDINA 66 THE END: “… In the prime of our lives we are surrounded by Death”

68 SELECTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION The Lords of Ptuj, contemporaries of the Counts of Celje/Cilli and Counts of Gorica/Gorizia, yet overlooked for far too long by historians, played an important role among noble families of the high and late Middle Ages on the territory of presentday Slovenia. Ministerials of the archbishop of Salzburg at the beginning, and castellans of the castle of Ptuj, the Lords of Ptuj were from their very beginning considered as one of the mightiest family in the region of Styria and occasionally also in the area of Central Europe. More than three hundred years of the family history (1106/1132-1438) were marked with achievements of a great number of family members who exercised an important influence on the political, economic, and cultural life on the south-eastern limit of the Holy Roman Empire. Military achievements, ownership of large estates and arranged marriages enabled the Lords of Ptuj to take part in high political affairs, influence the economic growth and undertake daring building activities, as well as they were known for ordering precious books. In the first half of the 15th century, namely just before the family died out with the death of the last male descendant Friedrich IX (â&#x20AC; 6th January 1438), the Lords of Ptuj, masters of the castle of Ptuj during 300 years, ranked right after the Counts of Celje in terms of family power, influence and importance for the entire region of Styria. Now, almost 600 years after the death of the last Lord of Ptuj, only a few traces remain in memory of once such a mighty family. Castles, monasteries and churches are the only witnesses of their founders and financial benefactors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Lords of Ptuj.

THE FAMILY Ten generations of the Lords of Ptuj The research of the history of the Lords of Ptuj is based on accurate information related to their genealogy. However, such information, as regards medieval noble families, seems to be rather limited because the preserved sources are often incomplete. The principal problem is to distinguish between individual members of the family who were given the same name, and even more so if they lived in the same period. Ten generations of the Lords of Ptuj comprised 26 men and 26 women. Among men, no less than eleven had the name Friedrich; one of them was born out of wedlock and one became the Lord of Podsreda/Hörberg, since the name Friedrich was characteristic of the family (German: Leitname). Leitname ). There were five women in the family named Anna; two of them were daughters of the same father, a frequent occurrence in medieval noble families if a man had children with two or even more women. Medieval documents often contain somewhat vague denotations of relationships between the family members, which represents a challenge to the masters of the theory of combinations. German word Vetter nowadays denotes the first cousin whereas in medieval documents it could have meant a father’s brother or even his son, as well as a nephew, but most frequently it denoted the relative by blood of the same age or a younger kinsman. The written sources mention women less frequently than men. Likewise Friedrich III, the Lord of Ptuj is mentioned at least sixty-eight times, while the sources refer to his wife Mehtildis only three times after her husband died. Moreover, the family she originated from was never mentioned at all.

Knightly poets (German: Minnesänger) – relatives of the Lords of Ptuj, depicted in Codex Manesse or Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift (http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cpg848/). A. Ulrich I of Liechtenstein was the grandfather of Cunigunde, a wife of Hartnid III of Ptuj.

B. Rudolf II of Stadeck was married to a daughter of Fredrich III of Ptuj.

C. Svibenski/Scharfenberger, supposedly Leopold I or his brother Henrik III, married to Gerberga, the daughter of Friedrich IV of Ptuj.

D. Žovneški/Sannegger, probably Konrad I, belonged to the family of the Barons of Žovnek/Sannegg, later exalted to Counts of Celje/Cilli, connected to the Lords of Ptuj by marriage.

The genealogical tree of the Lords of Ptuj Friedrich I

1132-1137, ? 1106 Friedrich of Bavaria, ? 1111/12-1124 Friedrich Stein = Gotfried of Wieting's sister

Friedrich II

G. (Gertrud?)

1144?, 1153-1167, †before 1178 = Benedicta Ehrnegg-Königsberg 1178

1167/81 = Dietmar I Eichham

Friedrich III

Otto I Königsberg1193-1249,

1180-1220, †1222 = Mehtildis (Trixen?) 1230-†29. IX. 1253

†before 6. VIII. 1251 = Rihca Rohitsch 1237-around 1272 Königsberg (†1395)

Friedrich IV

Heinrich III

1211-1261, †before 23. VI. 1265 1 = 1213 Herrad Montpreis 1208-†before 9. II. 1241 2 = N. N. Sannegg-Lemberg 1265

1211 chaplain of Duke of Au. & St., 1212-1227 notary of Duke of Au. & St., ? 1241-1249 priest Pettau

Heinrich II

†7. IX. 1217, 1196/ 1201-1214 provost Maria Saal, 1202 priest Friesach, 1214-1217 bishop Gurk

Hartnid I

1231-†2. IX. 1251 = Mehtildis Hollenburg 1251-†30. X. 1265

Alhaid

Friedrich I Hörberg

Gerbirg

1239-1246 = Ulrich Montpreis

1274-1291, †before 1301 = Diemut Kranichberg 1301 Hörberg (†around 1334)

1244 -1264 = Heinrich III Schärffenberg

Wurmberg family branch (†around 1385) 1

Friedrich VI

1279-1304 = Herwig †before 28. X. 1332

Anna

Amelrich

1340 Dominican sister in Mahrenberg

daughter

†before 9. VI. 1332 = Bertold V. Emmerberg

Anna

1370-†before 31. X. 1381 1 = 1370 Friedrich II Stubenberg 2 = 1375 Albrecht III Pottendorf

1309-†before 2. IV. 1335 = Agnes Wallsee-Graz 1332 (†18. VI. po 1335 Dominican sister in Graz?)

Hartnid IV mŠt

1336-1382 1 = Elizabeth Ortenburg †before 9. X. 1350 2 = N. N. (Leippa? Vöttau of Lichtemburg?)

Agnes

†before 5. I. 1356 = Peter Ebersdorf

Eberhard

Anna

1379-†before 1. X. 1385 1386-1407, †before 22. III. 1430 = 1379 Susanna Akos = 1386 Otto III Stubenberg (2 = Rudolf Wilthaus, 3 = Burkhard III Maidburg?, 4 = Bernhard Liechtenstein- Judenburg?)

Klara

1333? = N. N.

Abbreviations: gŠt or gKr = provincial governor of Styria or Carinthia dsŠt = regional judge of Styria mŠt = Marshal of Styria Heinrich I

before 5. I. 1147

daughter (Kunigunde?)

daughter

po 6. III. 1167-(† VII. after 1180?) = Lantfrid III Eppenstein

Herburg

Friedrich V

Hartnid II

Katharina

1352-1354 1 = Georg Duino 2 = Hartnid II Weissenegg

Friedrich (born out of wedlock)

1252/54 »gŠt«, 1253-1287

1273-1286

Hartnid III

†before 1299 = (1276/78?) Stephan I Maissau

†before 12. V. 1337 = 1309 Konrad III Aufenstein

(around 1232/41) = Waltfrid Hohenburg

Friedau family branch (†1438) 1

Gertrud

daughter

(around 1230/64) = Rudolf II Stadeck

1255 mŠt, 1277-1279 dsŠt, 1246-†8. V. 1288 1 = Sophia(Sannegg? Pfannberg?) 1264 2 = 1283 Agnes Plain-Hardegg 1275-1302 (1 = Heinrich Pfannberg)

Diemut

around 1200 = Otto Krems

1201 priest Remsschnigg, 1203-1208 chaplain of archbishop of Salzburg

daughter

†11. X. 1243/46 = Ekkehard IV. Tann

Benedicta

Arnold

(around 1189/1223) = Heinrich Leibnitz?

1285-1316 1 = Kunigunde Liechtenstein 1299-†before 9. II. 1307 2 = 1307 sister of Hugo VI Taufers (? Hedwig 1 = 1298 N. N. Lesach)

Herdegen I

od 1325 mŠt, 1340-1350 gKr 1309-†21./23. I. 1353 = 1319 Klara Görz†3. XI. after 1354

Flormai

1350-1378 1 = Heinrich Maissau 2 = 1360/61 Eberhard V. Wallsee-Linz

Gerbirg

around 1320-†before 12. II. 1363 1 = N. N. Wallsee-Graz (1339-1351) 2 = Mehtildis Wallsee-Linz 1370

Hartnid V., mŠt 1354-†before 22. II. 1385 = Wilbirg Rauhenstein 1369-1387 (2 = Heinrich III Neitberg?)

Bernhard , mŠt, 1406 gŠt

1385-†1420/21 = 1406 Wilbirg Maidburg 1392

Friedrich IX , mŠt, 1423 counsellor vŠt, 1430 and 1432 gŠt 1421-†6. I. 1438 1 = Katharina Frangipan 1416-1428 2 = Beatrix Helfenstein †1459 (2 = 1439 Rudolf VI Montfort-Rotenfels)

Friedrich VII , from 1325 mŠt

Anna

1413-1457, †29. III. 1465 = 1413/16 Johann II Schaunberg

1324-1332 = Hugo I Schärffenberg

Elisabeth

1362-1385 = 1362 Hans II Wallsee-Drosendorf

Herburg

1323-1343 = (around 1320) Albero VII Kuenring-Weitra-Seefeld

Anna

around 1370-1393 = around 1370 Hans I Liechtenstein-Judenburg

Friedrich VIII.

1385-1386 (1414?)

Agnes

1422-†before 14. VI. 1446 1 = 1422 Johann Mainhard Görz 2 = 1432 Leutold Stubenberg

Magdalena

1430-†before beg. 1436 = 1430 Johann III Abensberg

Marriages of the Lords of Ptuj: “… a life destined by dowry …” The Lords of Ptuj were marrying the members of noble families from Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Carinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, and Italy. The marriages of high aristocratic families from different countries testify to the geographical mobility in the Middle Ages which resulted from their aspirations to arrange convenient marriages. The aim of aristocratic marriages was to improve the family reputation and wealth. The Lords of Ptuj, being the Ministerials of the Salzburg archdiocese, had the objective to marry members of free nobility or families of the count’s rank. Among 53 ascertained marriages in the family of the Lords of Ptuj, the majority were matches with spouses of equal social position, while at least 14 marriages were arranged with members of a higher social rank than that of the Lords of Ptuj. The last, tenth generation boasted the largest share of such marriages as there were 6 marriages altogether and no less than 5 of them with the members of families of a higher rank. Both wives of Friedrich IX descended from families of the count’s rank: one from the family of Krk-Frankopan and another from the family Helfenstein. Only the last generation of the Lords of Ptuj managed to match their women with the members of the families of count’s rank, namely with the Counts of Schaunberg and Counts of Gorica/Gorizia. The marriages represented a severe financial burden for the medieval noble families. The daughters of the Lords of Ptuj had to obtain an appropriate dowry which became the property of the husband’s family if the couple was blessed with children. In this way, the Lords of Ptuj lost their castles Oberweißung in Lungau, Štatenberk in Lower Carniola and Velenje. After they got married, noblewomen generally renounced their right to inheritance from their original families. In case the family of the spouse died out and the circumstances were favourable, the in-laws could improve their fame and wealth. In this way, Hartnid IV, the Lord of Ptuj as well as Counts Ulrich I and Herman I of Celje/Cilli inherited a great part of the property previously belonging to the Graz branch of the Lords of Wallsee, who died out in 1363.

Lipa? (Češká Lípa) Bitovski iz Lichtemburka? (Bitov) Laba/Elbe Praga/Praha

Brno

Donava/Donau Maidburg (Retz) Helfenstein-Wiesensteig München

Inn

Dunaj/ Wien

Linz Wallsee-Linz

Bratislava

Rauhenstein Donava/Donau

Plain-Hardegg

Salzburg Innsbruck

Taufers

Liechtenstein

Pfannberg

Gradec/ Graz Wieting (?) Trušnje (Trixen) Harnek Gorica (Lienz) Celovec/ Ortenburg (Ehrnegg) Klagenfurt Drava/Drau Humberk (Hollenburg)

Videm/Udine

Wallsee-Gradec (Graz) Kranichberg-Cmurek Mura/Mur

Drava/Drau Akoš (Prodavić)

Žovnek Planina

Ljubljana

Rogatec Zagreb

Sava

Pad/Po

Frankopan (Senj)

The origin of noblewomen who got married to the Lords of Ptuj.

Laba/Elbe Praga/Praha

Brno WallseeDrosendorf Abensberg

Donava/Donau

Maissau

Schaunberg München

KuenringWeitraSeefeld Ebersdorf Dunaj/ Wien

Wallsee-Linz Linz

Inn Tann

Bratislava

Emmerberg

Eichham Stubenberg (Kapfenberg) Salzburg Innsbruck

LiechtensteinJudenburg

Eppenstein Gradec/ Graz

PottendorfEbenfurt

Budimpešta/Budapest

Stadeck Donava/Donau

Lipnica KremsCelovec/ Leonrode Klagenfurt Gorica (Lienz) Hohenburg (?) Mura/Mur Vivšnik Aufenstein (Weissenegg) (Karlsberg) Drava/Drau

Videm/Udine

Drava/Drau

Sava Ljubljana Devin (Duino)

Planina Svibno

Zagreb

Sava

Pad/Po

The families into which married the women from the family of Lords of Ptuj.

On 24th September 1333 in Bruck near Lienz, Clara, the wife of Herdegen I of Ptuj, along with her children, announced to her brother Albrecht III of Gorica/Gorizia and to his children, that she was renouncing her claim to inheritance in favour of her brothers. Sealed by the issuer and her husband Herdegen. The deed is kept in StLA.

Estates of the Lords of Ptuj – economic basis of the social rank Medieval noble families were ranked on the social scale by the importance of their wealth. The medieval economy was based on agriculture in particular, while exchanges in kind prevailed until the high Middle Ages, and therefore the wealth of noble families consisted of their landed properties, which bore different titles: allodial, feudal, mortgaged or leased. Besides the landed property, the Lords of Ptuj were entitled also to tithes, levies on vineyards, legal professions, church’s landed property, judicial rights (the Lords of Ptuj owned regional courts of Ptuj, Ormož, Borl, Vurberk, Hekenberk and Schwanberg), tolls on bridges, market dues, taxes paid by inhabitants of boroughs and towns, taxes on crafts, incomes from salt works, mines, quarries and clay pits, as well as incomes from the patronage of religious institutions. The nobility grouped their landed properties into estates which formed the basis of the economic and legal feudal system. Noble families, such as the Lords of Ptuj, usually established the seat of their estate at a castle which thus held a protective, dwelling and economic function. It seems that since the beginning the Lords of Ptuj possessed at least two castles: Stein in Carinthia, and Ptuj. In 1293, brothers Friedrich VI and Hartnid III divided between them the family-owned lands and thus started two family branches named after the residential castles of Vurberk and Ormož; at that time the Lords of Ptuj possessed no less than 10 castles. The following reported division of the property happened in 1363 when the joint property of Hartnid IV and Hartnid V encompassed already 24 castles. The huge estates passed in the hands of the Ormož family branch after 1385 with the extinction of the Vurberk branch, and increased to 29 castles by the death of Friedrich IX of Ptuj. Not all the castles were important or impressive, but nevertheless due to the fabulous family wealth the Lords of Ptuj were the second richest family in Styria, the first one being the counts of Celje.

1 Enzesfeld, 1400-1438

23 Fram – Frauheim, 1324/25-1438

47 Spangstein, 1255-1438

2 Humberk – Hollenburg, 1246-1438

24 Hompoš – Haus am Bachern, 1363-1438

48 Špilje – Spielfeld, 1285-1438

3 Krajnik – Krainegg, before 1345

25 Kebelj – Gibl, 1363-1438

49 Weinburg, 1400-1438

4 Lichtenberg, before 1322

26 Konjice – Gonobitz, 1323 (part)-1339

5 Rožek – Rosegg, 1363-1438

27 Laporje – Laporje, 1272-1438

50 Kunšperk – Königsberg, 1193-1395 Kunšperški

6 Stein in Lavanttal, 1111/22-after 1215

28 Lehnik – Lichtenegg, 1337 and 1354-1438

7 Wartberg, 1363-1438

29 Majdburg – Maidburg, 1400-1438

8 Wildenberg, before 1335

30 Marenberk – Mahrenberg, before 1367

9 Žalem – Seltenheim, 1331-1348

31 Maribor – Marburg, 1363-after 1378

10 Erkenštajn – Erkenstein, 1330-1438

32 Ormož – Friedau, 1273-1438

11 Krško – Gurkfeld, 1335 and 1343 (part)-before 1351

33 Pabštajn – Pabenstein, after 1303-1438

12 Lebek – Liebegg, 1345-before 1392 13 Mirna – Neudegg, 1332-before 1337 14 Gornji Mokronog – Obernassenfuss, before 1353-before 1372 15 Motnik – Mötnigg, before 1426 16 Svibno – Scharfenberg, 1343-before 1349 17 Štatenberk – Stattenberg, before 1241-after 1250 and before 1342-1342 18 Višnja Gora – Weichelsberg, before 1356-1365 19 Oberweißburg, before 1244 20 Borl – Ankenstein, 1255-1438 21 Črešnjevec – Kerschbach, 1272-1438 22 Dranek – Treun, 1255 and 1294-1438

51 Planina – Montpreis, 1250 (part)-1265 52 Podsreda – Hörberg, 1250 (part)-1265 after Podsredski to around 1334 53 Dobrna – Neuhaus, 1346-1438 54 Hekenberk – Heggenberg, 1322/23-1438 55 Kacenštajn – Katzenstein, before 1243-1373

34 Ptuj – Pettau, 1132-1258 and 1276-1438

56 Lemberg pri Novi Cerkvi – Lemberg, 1279-1438

35 Rogatnica – Rogatnitz

57 Ranšperk – Rabensberg, around 1275-1438

36 Slovenska Bistrica – Windisch Feistritz, 1244-1279

58 Rudenek – Rudenegg, before 1345

37 Središče – Polstrau, 1255-1438 38 Turnišče – Turnisch, before 1425-1438 39 Vurberk – Wurmberg, 1246-1438 40 Ernovž – Ehrenhausen, 1285-1438 41 Gleichenberg, 1400-1438 42 Laubegg, 1363-1438 43 Limberg, 1305-1438 44 Lipnica – Leibnitz, before 1219 45 Mantrach, 1312-1438 46 Schwanberg, before 1244-1438

59 Velenje – Wöllan, 1322/23-before 1393 60 Kirchberg am Walde, around 1380-1438 61 Sölk, 1341-1438 62 Landscha, 1400-1438? 63 Maribor – Marburg, 1363-after 1378 64 Mautern, 1422 65 Ormož – Friedau, around 1278-1438 66 Ptuj – Pettau, around 1277-1438 67 Rottenmann, 1356 68 Tržec – Märktl, 1294?-1438 69 Zavrč – Sauritsch, 1255?-1438

60 19

Mura/Mur

Gradec/Graz

44 62

46 9

Celovec/ Klagenfurt

3 7

49 43

40 48

Drava/Drau

8 24

39 23

56 15

21 29

34 22

Sava

Ptuj 20

37 Mura/Mur

28 35

Drava/Drau

Ljubljana

51 30 10 18

13 14 17

50 11

Zagreb Castles, towers, manors and tollhouses known to belong to the Lords of Ptuj. Legend: Tower Castle Manor Income Tollhouse

Sava

The coats of arms of the Lords of Ptuj: fur, dragon and anchor The very first coat of arms of the Lords of Ptuj was a shield with fur fur. The signet of Friedrich III of Ptuj on the document from 1197 is the oldest preserved seal with such armorial bearings. It is among the oldest ministerial seals known so far on the territory of the Eastern Alps. Hartnid I used the signet with the above-mentioned coat of arms in form of six escutcheons arranged as a flower, the so-called rose signet (German: Rosensiegel), fashionable at the time. Fredrich I of Podsreda/HĂśrberg, son of Friedrich IV of Ptuj and the beginner of the side branch line of the Lords of Ptuj, took over the coat of arms with fur, which was in use by all Lords of Podsreda until the family died out around 1334. The Lords of Ptuj inherited the Vurberk/Wurmberg coat of arms charged with a black dragon with curved tail on a golden shield from their relatives Lords of Humberk/ Hollenburg, along with the castles of Humberk and Vurberk. Hartnid I was the first Lord of Ptuj to use the seal with dragon, namely on his second signet. An eloquent proof of excellent reputation of the Lords of Ptuj are the armorial bearings on the signet of Countess Clara, daughter of Count Albert II of Gorizia and wife of Herdegen I of Ptuj, for although she originated from a family of an exalted rank, she always used the seal with the so-called Vurberk coat of arms. The so-called Borl/Ankenstein coat of arms, a silver upside-down anchor on a red shield, was taken over by the Lords of Ptuj when Friedrich VII of Ptuj bought the castle Dranek/Treun in 1294. Herdegen I was the first Lord of Ptuj to use this coat of arms in form of a helmet crest in combination with the dragon on escutcheon. The oldest complete coat of arms of the Lords of Ptuj, divided into quadrants and charged with Vurberk and Borl coats of arms has been preserved in the manuscript by Ulrich Richentalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chronicles of the Council of Constance, dated around 1464, while the variation of the armorial bearings with the added helmet crest appeared in Ortenburg Armorial (Ortenburger Wappenbuch) in 1466.

The deed issued by Friedrich III of Ptuj on 28th February 1197 in Lipnica/Leibnitz bears the oldest seal with the coat of arms of Lords of Ptuj. It is kept in Stiftsarchiv Admont, photo (up) and drawing by Ludwig Freidinger (below).

After the last Lord of Ptuj Friedrich IX had died, Counts of Schaunberg and Lords of Stubenberg from the Vurberg line inherited the coat of arms with dragon and anchor.

Rose signet of Hartnid I of Ptuj from the deed issued on 14th October 1245 in Lienz; kept in OeStA (Alfred Anthony von Siegenfeld, Neuer Siebmacher Bd. IV 7a. Der steirische Uradel. Tafeln zu Lief. 1, Nürnberg 1893).

The second seal of Hartnid I of Ptuj from the deed issued in 1246 in Ptuj kept in Nadškofijski arhiv in Ljubljana (Ludwig Freidinger).

The seal of the Countess Clara of Gorica/Gorizia, married to a Lord of Ptuj, from the deed issued on 24th September 1333 in Bruck near Lienz kept in StLA (Ludwig Freidinger).

The fi rst seal of Herdegen I of Ptuj from the deed issued on 17th July 1321 in Vienna kept in StLA (Ludwig Freidinger).

The second seal of Herdegen I of Ptuj from the deed issued on 6th February 1335 in Slovenska Bistrica kept in Diözesanarchiv Graz Seckau (Ludwig Freidinger).

The seal of Anna of Ptuj, married Stubenberg, from the deed issued on 6th May 1378 kept in StLA (Ludwig Freidinger).

The seal of Anna of Ptuj, married Countess of Schaunberg, from the deed issued on 19th January 1441 kept in StLA (Ludwig Freidinger).

The seal of Agnes of Ptuj, married Stubenberg, from the deed issued on 19th January 1441 kept in StLA (Ludwig Freidinger).

The coat of arms of Bernhard of Ptuj depicted in the Armorial book of donators of the hospice of St. Christopher’s Brotherhood on Arlberg in 1401 (“Bernhard of Ptuj in Styria gives every year 1 gold coin, after his death four gold coins … day year 1401”). The manuscript is kept in OeStA (Otto Hupp, Die Wappenbücher vom Arlberg, Die Wappenbücher des deutschen Mittelalters 1, Berlin 1937-1939).

The coat of arms of the Lord of Ptuj from the manuscript Chronicles of the Council of Constance by Ulrich Richental, with a postscript: »Friderich her zu Bettow, landgrăffe zu Tuggenstain« (Bernhard of Ptuj, landgrave on Borl?). The manuscript from around 1464 is kept in Rosgartenmuseum in Constance (Otto Feger, Ulrich Richental, Das Konzil zu Konstanz I. Faksimile Ausgabe, Konstanz 1964).

The coat of arms of the Counts Schaunberg and Lords of Ptuj in Vurberk depicted in Ortenburg Armorial (1466), kept in Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich (http://mdzx.bib-bvb.de/codicon/ Blatt_bsb00001755,00007.html?prozent=1).

PERSONAL DEEDS Friedrich of Bavaria becomes Friedrich I of Ptuj After having concluded the peace treaty with the Hungarians in 1131, the archbishop of Salzburg Konrad I entrusted the responsibility of his recently (re)built border fortress in Ptuj, one of the essential castles belonging to the archbishops of Salzburg in Styria, to his Ministerial Friedrich, who most probably came from Bavaria and was already the castellan of a less important castle belonging to Salzburg, the castle Stein in the valley of Lavanttal. Friedrich did what was rather customary at that time – he took the name of the castle for his own and thus became Friedrich Lord of Ptuj. The written sources mention him only twice in two different documents as a witness (in May 1132 and in 1137 in Breže/Friesach), but each time his name is recorded with reverence. The origin of such an important social position right from the beginning was most probably due to a woman or rather to a “perfect” marriage, for Friedrich’s wife was the sister of Gotfried of Wieting, the most prominent Salzburg Ministerial from Carinthia. The chronicler of the archbishop of Salzburg Konrad I reports, among other things: “In Ptuj, there was an old castle which had long ago fallen to ruins. The Archbishop had it repaired as it looks today. ... His aim was to protect the border county in case the Magyars following their impetuous inconsistency would break the oath. He can protect it, for he has had castles built on appropriate sites. Hence there are no robbers and no attacks, and everywhere is prosperity.”

Seal of Archbishop of Salzburg Konrad I from the deed issued on 12th June 1143 in Werfen kept in St. Peter in Salzburg (Willibald Hauthaler and Franz Martin, Salzburger Urkundenbuch II. Urkunden von 790-1199, Salzburg 1916).

Belligerent Friedrich II and noble Benedicta The principal task of Friedrich II was to defend the territory along the restless Hungarian border, which was “wrecked and desolated due to frequent assaults of the enemies.” Such circumstances were favourable for the daring and capable noblemen to move the borderline and conquer new territories and consequently to achieve fortune and glory. Friedrich II most probably saw it that way, too; however, his attempt to move the borderline turned out a failure. Notwithstanding, his attempt had upset the Hungarian king Geza II so much that he wrote a letter to the archbishop of Salzburg in 1161 and asked him “to punish Friedrich of Ptuj sternly, likewise whoever dares to disturb his land”. Main characteristics of Friedrich’s noble status can be guessed through allegations found in historical sources which testify of how quarrelsome he was with his relatives and belligerent with his neighbours. He and his cousin Friedrich I of Landsberg had a dispute over inheritance with their uncle Gottfried from Wieting, their former guardian. After “the devil instigated Gottfried’s nephews against him and St. Peter ““, the cousins refused all attempts to settle the matter; and what was more, they robbed and burned their uncle’s estates. Such a violent way of settling quarrels or feuds was characteristic of medieval nobility, as the right of feud was allowed by the law. Gottfried’s nephews agreed upon a compromise only when the archbishop had warned and outlawed them.

Oblaki

The King of Hungary, Geza II in Hungarian Illustrated Chronicle, around 1360. The original is kept in National Széchényi Library in Budapest.

Mostje Zalmanci Strejaci Podvinci Strelci Spuhlja

Prvenci Sobetinci

Formin Placerovci

The eastern part of Slovenske gorice where was located the border between the Holy Roman Empire and Hungary. Marked spots illustrate places where shooters were posted to defend the border. Around 1199, Friedrich III moved the border towards the east, which represents nowadays the border between Slovenia and Croatia. Legend:

the border-line before 1199

names of villages reminiscent of and referring to shooting

written documents related to a settlement of shooters

After Friedrich II died, his widow Benedicta had to look after the family. She descended from the family of free noblemen of Harnegg-Königsberg. Her inheritance enabled the Lords of Ptuj to establish a branch line on the Kunšperk/Königsberg castle. Benedicta took an active part in “the story worthy of Sir Walter Scott” which occurred in 1178. After Styrian magnates William II Count of Vovbre/Heunburg and Herand I of Wildon violently abducted the daughters of Liutold from Waldstein, Benedicta took the girls to her castle that very day. The abductors never saw the girls during their captivity, not even spoke to them. By the agency of the archbishop of Salzburg Konrad II, Liutold, of his own accord, promised to give the abductors his daughters in marriage. It seems that Benedicta collaborated in abduction and that at the same time her noble descent ensured the girls’ safety and what was even more important in the Middle Ages, their honour and chastity.

Friedrich III.: »… our renowned father …« Friedrich III excelled in the military and diplomatic service. In 1192 young Friedrich tried to capture near Breže/Friesach the English king Richard the Lionheart who was returning from the Third crusade. In fact Richard was forced to disembark near Aquileia from where he travelled up north disguised as a low-ranking pilgrim in order to mislead the duke Leopold V and the king Henry VI with whom he was not on very good terms. Although Friedrich did not capture the English king, he nevertheless got hold of 6 of his retainers, and probably even notified the duke Leopold, who finally caught the English king near Vienna. More than twenty years later, Friedrich himself took part in the crusade, and as the escort of the duke Leopold VI of Babenberg he departed for Palestine in summer 1217. The crusaders sailed out from Venice and 16 days later reached the fortress Akkon. Friedrich III enjoyed a special consideration among his fellow-crusaders for the leaders of the crusade entrusted him with an important message; moreover he was thought of as a wealthy man. In Palestine the crusaders did not achieve much, so they sailed to Egypt in May 1218 and besieged the town of Damietta. The greatest military achievement of Friedrich III was the conquest of a part of the Hungarian border land. The legend has it that Friedrich, backed by the Teutonic Knights, would have defeated the Hungarian army on Easter Sunday in 1199, stuck a banner into the ground where the battle had taken place, renamed the place into Velika Nedelja (Großsonntag – Easter Sunday), and established on the spot the Commandry of the Teutonic Knights Order.

The capture of the English king Richard I of Lionheart near Vienna and his submission to the German king Henry VI. The illustration is taken from the manuscript by Peter of Eboli: Liber ad honorem Augusti, 1194-1196. The original is kept in Burgerbibliothek in Berlin.

Heinrich II, Friedrich’s III younger brother, was ordained bishop in Krka/Gurk in Carinthia in 1214 by the express order of the king. The following year he took part in the most important medieval council - the Fourth Council of the Lateran. Heinrich III of Ptuj, one of the sons of Friedrich III, undoubtedly owed his position as a priest in 1211 and a notary of Leopold IV between 1212 and 1227 to his father’s influential personality.

Siege of Damietta between 1218 and 1219. The illustration is taken from the manuscript by Matthew Paris: Chronica Maiora II, around 1255. The original is kept in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

1 1

2 Europe and the Middle East with marked sites where Friedrich III of Ptuj resided according to more or less direct allegations found in various sources. Abc = places where the presence of Friedrich III was directly reported by written sources

Abc = places where the presence of Friedrich III

was indirectly reported by written sources

Friedrich V: “Political weathercock of the Styrian interregnum” Friedrich V of Ptuj, also known under the nickname “political weathercock of the Styrian interregnum”, once again got involved in high politics. After the king of Hungarians, Béla IV, had conquered Styria in his fight for the Babenberg heritage in 1254, young Friedrich V was among the confidants of the new ruler. And as such he was mentioned in 1254 in a document also featuring Maribor as a town for the first time; a year after he was mentioned as Marshal of Styria. It seems that the acquisition of this influential position also comprised the castles of Dranek, Središče and Borl which Friedrich received as fiefs from the king Béla. But the Styrian nobility felt rather unhappy about the Hungarian rule to which they preferred the sovereignty of the “Iron and Golden King”, the Bohemian king Ottokar II. When in 1257 the rebellion of the Styrian nobility broke out, Friedrich’s younger brother Hartnid II occupied Ptuj. A year later the duke Stephen, the eldest son of the king Béla IV and the future king of Hungary, arrived to Ptuj, followed by the king himself leading a huge army in order to punish the rebels. Nevertheless they could not take Ptuj. In fact, Ptuj came under the Hungarian rule only after its owner the archbishop of Salzburg Ulrich had mortgaged it to the Hungarian king. After the rebellion had been suppressed, the king Béla appointed his son Stephen to rule in his stead. Therefore the latter settled with his Cuman wife, Elisabeth, at the castle of Ptuj. In the end, the Bohemian king defeated the Hungarians in 1260, and Friedrich V was on the winning side. Despite that or perhaps rather because of that, Friedrich V, as many other Styrian noblemen, had to send his son as a hostage in token of his own political orientation to the Bohemian royal court. Moreover, Ottokar II entrusted the castle of Ptuj to the Teutonic Knights. In 1268 Friedrich V took part in the military campaign against barbarian Prussians and Lithuanians in ranks of the king’s Bohemian army. The Styrian nobility, less and less satisfied with the reign of Ottokar II, took advantage of the military campaign to plot a revolt against the king. The conspiracy was discovered by Ottokar II who had most probably learnt it from Friedrich V himself. The latter received a similar “reward” as the alleged conspirators, i.e. he was imprisoned and his castles in Vurberk and Schwanberg were demolished. Nevertheless, a year later, the conspirators and the traitor reconciled with the king Ottokar II, or at least it seemed so. In 1276 the leaders of Styrian, Carinthian and Carniolian nobility, among which was also Friedrich V of Ptuj as one of the leaders, gathered in the monastery Rein near Graz and swore allegiance to the recently crowned king Rudolf of Habsburg. In autumn 1276 Friedrich V took part in military operations in Lower Austria and at the siege of Vienna with no less than 200 cavalrymen. Such a significant contribution to the freedom from the reign of Ottokar II must have inspired the well-known Austrian writer Franz Grillparzer (*1791–†1872) who included Friedrich V in the cast of his historical tragedy “König Ottokars Glück und Ende” (King Ottokar’s Luck and End) written in 1825. Once Rudolf had been enthroned, Friedrich V, who was among king’s confidants, held the office of the regional judge of Styria from 1277 to 1279. Friedrich V engaged an important army of knights to fight alongside Rudolf in the famous Battle on the Marchfeld on 26th August 1278. Ottokar II lost his life in the battle and with his death began the rise of the Habsburg dynasty in Central Europe. Some manuscripts of the “Rhymed Chronicle of Styria” (Steirische Reimchronik), written by the chronicler Ottokar of Styria (Otacher ouz der Geul, *about 1265–†1319/20), open the account of the battle with the flight of an unknown nobleman who could have been only Friedrich V according to the description of the arms. Most probably this was not true and Ottokar of Styria cannot be considered as a reliable chronicler especially as other written sources never report on Friedrich’s reputation being diminished. On the contrary, he was largely rewarded by the king and was allowed to build a fortress along the Hungarian border, in Ormož/Friedau. But the decisive event that helped increase the importance of the Lords of Ptuj happened in 1279, when the king Rudolf I offered Friedrich V to take the Castle of Ptuj on lease providing he would protect this royal estate from the archbishop of Salzburg for two consecutive years. That was crucial for the Lords of Ptuj, for they ceased to be just castellans in service of the archbishop of Salzburg, but became leaseholders of Ptuj. Friedrich V felt strong enough to make an attempt to free himself from the feudal dominance of archbishops of Salzburg. After a rather long dispute, in which even weapons were used, Friedrich V finally gave up in 1286 and accepted the role of castellan at the Castle of Ptuj, which became his fief anew. However, the archbishop of Salzburg was forced to make concessions too, for in spite of his intentions he could not revoke the title of castellan and had to restore the fief to Friedrich V. After Friedrich V had died, his two sons, Friedrich VI and Hartnid III, divided between them large family estates comprising ten castles in 1293, which resulted in two family branches – Vurberk and Ormož.

The Hungarian king Béla IV issued on 14th July 1258 a deed “in castris circa Petoviam”. The original is kept in Pannonhalma ((www.monasterium.net www.monasterium.net). www.monasterium.net).

Front (left) and back (right) of the seal of Stephen V, son of the Hungarian king Béla IV, from the deed issued in 1259 and kept in OeStA ( Joseph Chmel, Urkunden zur Geschichte von Österreich, Steiermark, Kärnten, Krain, Görz, Triest, Istrien, Tirol. Aus den Jahren 1246-1300. Aus dem Originalen des Kais. Kön. Haus-, Hof- und Staats-Archives, Fontes rerum Austriacarum II/1, Wien 1849).

Front (left) and back (right) of the seal of Ottokar II Přemysl from the deed issued 17th July 1273 near Bratislava and kept in OeStA (Karl von Sava, Die Siegel der österreichischen Regenten, Wien 1871).

“Oath of Rein”. A deed, issued on 19th September 1276 in the monastery of Rein, bears proof to the oath taken by the most prominent Ministerials of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola by which they swore allegiance to their master and king Rudolf I. Friedrich’s V name on the deed figures immediately after the counts Ulrich III of Vovbre/Heunburg and Heinrich of Pfannberg. The original is kept in OeStA (Maximilian Liebmann, Christentum und Kirche in der Steiermark 2. Vom Hochmittelalter bis zur Gegenreformation, Kehl am Rhein 1997).

Herdegen I.: »…and fought in many foreign countries…« Herdegen I, son of Hartnid III, was besides Friedrich III and Friedrich V undoubtedly the most prominent representative of the Lords of Ptuj. According to written documents he was literate and most probably attended one of the universities, for at least two documents refer to him as a “student” together with his cousin Konrad of Liechtenstein for whom there are proofs that he was a student at the University of Bologna and became later a bishop in Chiemsee. Again another document mentions Herdegen and Ottokar of Styria (Otacher ouz der Geul) the author of the famous “Rhymed Chronicle of Styria” (Steirische Reimchronik).. It is possible that Herdegen was first promised a religious career as the level of his education was rather unusual for a laic at that time. His taste for literature found its expression in the first name of one of his daughters – Flormei, who was named after the heroine of the then popular historical novels. It is therefore assumed that it was thanks to Herdegen that the majority of preserved manuscripts of the “Rhymed Chronicle of Styria” were short of the passage describing the alleged flight and cowardice of his grandfather Friedrich V at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278. Herdegen proved himself worthy especially in the military and political fields. The deed of Otton II of Liechenstein issued on 4th May 1309 in Murau mentiones among witnesses Herdegen I of Ptuj and In 1324 Heinrich, the Carinthian Duke Konrad of Liechenstein (future bishop of Chimesee) as students of Gorizia-Tyrol, helped Padua with an together with Otacher ouz der Geul, the author of the “Rhymed Chronicle of Styria”. The original is kept in StLA. army of 1330 armoured cavalrymen and 296 crossbowmen, in which Herdegen took part with 50 cavalrymen and 16 crossbowmen, thus representing the most important contribution of all the noblemen on the territory of present-day Slovenia. The first significant achievement in the career of Herdegen was the acquisition of the title of the Hereditary Marshal of Styria for himself and his brother (halfbrother?) Friedrich VII in 1324. The title comprised also the castle of Fram and later the castle of Sölk in Upper Styria. The event in itself was important enough to intrigue the most renowned medieval historian in the area of eastern Alps, Janez Vetrinjski (John of Viktring, †1345), to note it in his chronicle Liber certarum historiarum. It seems that the event impressed Herdegen

himself, as from 1325 on he used a new already the third coat of arms charged with the anchor which had been primarily used by the Draneški family. In the following three decades, Herdegen I was often reported as a confidant of the Habsburgs, which earned him the honour to be present at the signature of bilateral agreements with Hungary in 1328 and Bohemia in 1336. He reached the peak of his career as a provincial governor of Carniola, the position he occupied for ten years, from 1340 to 1350, and which enabled him to acquire numerous estates in the region of Lower Carniola. Janez Vajkard Valvasor (Johann Weikhard Freiherr von Valvasor, *1641–†1693), a polymath from Carniola, mentioned Herdegen as a provincial governor of Carniola three hundred years later in his work: Slava vojvodine Kranjske (The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola), published in 1689. The eminent position of a provincial governor was also immortalised in his coat of arms painted in the chapel of St. George at the castle of Ljubljana in the 18th century. The real power of Herdegen I was clearly demonstrated in the outcome of the feud over the castle of Rudenek/Rudeneck in the Upper Savinja Valley between him and the Lords of Wallsee from Graz, the bishop of Krško, Counts of Pfannberg, Counts of Celje, Counts of Ortenburg, and Lords of Planina/Montpreis which ended in Herdegen’s favour. It seems that the reputation of Herdegen was based on his intellectual capacities, for he was often mentioned in various documents as arbitrator in disputes among noble families, monasteries and citizens. For example, he was one of the arbitrators in 1333 in the litigation between the families of Aufenstein and Žovnek (von Sannegg) in which the latter obtained the landed property in Celje - the name they took on and called themselves the Counts of Celje from 1341 on. In 1334 Herdegen administered justice in the dispute between Hungarian magnates Güssing and the family Žovnek.

Sein schilt von golt gab lichten schein In manigem streit und auch in sturm; Von tzobel hat dar in ein wurm Den badel in den spitz gepogen, Tzwifach gepunden und gesmogen, Den podich uber sich gelenkcht Und hinder sich zu ruk gesenkcht, Den munt nach grimmichleicher acht Fur sich geschikcht und auf getan Dar in ein zung, der farbe man Sicht von rubein rote prehen, Sein augen zornichleichen sehen Und gebn nach dem schilde glast. Dem helm auch wirde nie geprast, Dar auf ein ancher, also tzart Von harm geswentzet nach seiner art Sich ordentlich gepogn hat, Dar ob ein quast reichleichn stat

His reputation was preserved also after his death, for Peter Suchenwirt (*about.

Getzirt von phabn federn wol.

1325–†before 1407), a herald and poet, dedicated one of his poems in his work Ehrenrede, to the memory of one of the most eminent representatives of the Habsburg nobility in the 14th century.

Ich chlag, das nicht mer fuern sol Di wappen mer der herre wert, Der si mit sper und auch mit swert So werlich hat ertzaiget… The poem by Peter Suchenwirt, dedicated to Herdegen I of Ptuj. About the coat of arms of Herdegen (lines 105-125):

Grbi Friderika, Gotfrida I. in Hermana I. Coats of arms of Friedrich, Gottfried I and Hermann I, in the church of St. George in Ptuj, are from around 1300. The knights of Pesnica/Pesnitz took part in numerous military campaigns as vassals or mercenaries of the Lords of Ptuj.

The coat of arms of Herdegen I of Ptuj in the chapel of St. George in Ljubljana castle, from the 18th century.

Hartnid IV and Hartnid V: cosmopolitan cousins In 1363, Hartnid IV of Vurberk and Hartnid V of Ormož, both branches belonged to the family tree of the Lords of Ptuj, proceeded to a new division of the family wealth which consisted already of 20 castles. The same year the Lords of Wallsee from Graz died out and their heir, Hartnid IV, significantly increased his economic situation, and consequently the military power of the Lords of Ptuj. Thus between 1363 and 1364 the two cousins took part in the war against Bavaria with no less than 60 armoured cavalrymen and 60 crossbowmen. In 1368, Hartnid V participated in the military campaign to Italy led by the emperor Karl IV of Luxemburg with 20 armoured cavalrymen. The Lords of Ptuj, through their representatives of the time Hartnid IV and Hartnid V, were still closely connected to Vienna and the court of the Habsburgs, even though they had ceased to fulfil court duties. In the 14th century, the Lords of Ptuj had at least two houses in Vienna. The first was situated at the corner of Graben and the former Radstrasse, a town district where prevailed houses belonging to noble families closely linked to the court in Vienna. The second house was in the former street of Johannesgasse. One of the Hartnids was even a member of the elitist knightly order, called “Societas Templois” in 1368. The order was almost entirely composed of members of higher nobility closely linked to Dukes of Austria, or even of members of the Habsburg family. Close relationships with Vienna is also shown in the document from around 1370 in which a permanent mass for the Lords of Ptuj was established in the Minorite Church in Vienna. The identification of the second wife of Hartnid IV, made possible with the help of her coat of arms depicted on the stained glass windows of the monastery church in Vetrinj/Viktring, was astounding. Although the second wife of Hartnid IV cannot be found in any written sources, the comparison of coats of arms permitted to realise that she was a member of the Bohemian noble family called Ronow most probably issued from the Bohemian Lords of Lípa or Bitow from Lichnice/Lichtenburk. By the time Hartnid IV got married to a Bohemian noblewoman, the Bohemian and Austrian ruling families were closely related by family bonds, as the wife of the duke Rudolf IV and the first wife of his brother Albrecht III were both daughters of the emperor Karl IV of Luxemburg. It is possible that Hartnid’s IV marriage was a political one; the same way the state rulers tended to seal their bilateral agreements with marriages, the high nobility of the concerned countries forged political links through marriages. The same can be said of the marriage of Eberhard, son of Hartnid IV marrying Suzanne originating from the family of magnates of Akos. Estates of the Hungarian nobility involved in this marriage bordered those of the Lords of

The portrait of Hartnid V of Ptuj (?), a detail of a tympanum, the presbytery of St. James’ church, Ormož, between 1382 and 1385 (?).

A portrait of Hartnid IV of Ptuj (?); detail of a stained glass window in the presbytery of the former monastery church in Vetrinje/Viktring, around 1390.

Ptuj. A logical assumption would lead to a conclusion that the marriage was part of the independent foreign policy of the Lords of Ptuj who wanted to keep their castle of Borl, situated on the border, away from Hungarian kings. Taste for literature of the Lords of Ptuj spanned from the alleged interest of Hartnid I for historical novels to the antique author Valerius Maximus and the translation of his work Facta et dicta memorabilia. Its German translation was published in 1369, already lurking the humanism and renaissance, and was dedicated to “the exalted lord Lord Hartnid of Ptuj”. The translator Heinrich von Mügeln (*around 1320-† after 1371), was a polymath of a bourgeois origin from Meissen. He was one of the twelve ancient “classic” master singers and was first employed in Prague at the court of the Bohemian king John of Luxemburg and his son, the future emperor Charles IV. Later he moved to the court of the duke Rudolf IV of Habsburg in Vienna, and finally to the court of the Hungarian king Louis I of Anjou. The dedication he left in the above mentioned translation implies that the translation was most probably commissioned and paid for, or came into being by the explicit wish of Hartnid IV or Hartnid V of Ptuj. However the real reason for it remains concealed, but on the other hand it could be attributed to the relations of the Lords of Ptuj with “cosmopolitan” Vienna, or still to the A plan of medieval Vienna with a marked house belonging to the Lords of Ptuj, situated on the corner influence exerted by the Bohemian wife of Graben and Radstrasse (Claudia Brinker, Von manigen helden gute tat: Geschichte als Exempel of Hartnid IV. bei Peter Suchenwirt, Wiener Arbeiten zur germanischen Altertumskunde und Philologie 30, Bern – Frankfurt am Main – New York – Paris 1987).

Translation of the work written by Valerius Maximus: Facta et dicta memorabilia, was dedicated by the translator Heinrich von Mügeln to “the exalted lord, Lord Hartnid from Ptuj” (copy around 1450, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna Cod. 3140, fol. 241v, Otto Fraydenegg-Monzello (Hrsg.), Schatz und Sc hicksal. Neuberg: Steirische Landesausstellung 1996, Mariazell & Neuberg an der Mürz, 4. Mai bis 27. Oktober, Mariazell 1996).

The Lord of Ptuj (Hartnid IV), his wife from the Roniden family and their coats of arms, a stained-glass window in the presbytery of the Cistercian monastery in Vetrinje/ Viktring near Celovec/Klagenfurt, around 1390 (Karl Lind, Archälogische ReiseNotizen, MCC (I.) 18, 1873).

Bernhard and Friedrich IX.: last Lords of Ptuj “… In the prime of our lives we are surrounded by Death” ran the well-known medieval saying. Most probably the last but one male member of the Ptuj family, Bernhard, was the one who thoroughly understood the saying, especially when in only five years, namely from 1382 to 1387, four of five Lords of Ptuj died: Hartnid IV and his son Eberhard, and Hartnid V and his son Friedrich VIII. Suddenly Bernhard of Ptuj, aged between 5 and 10, found himself in possession of fabulous wealth, comprising more than 20 castles. The importance of such wealth required adequate guardianship of mighty and influential noblemen at the court of Vienna: Count Hermann I of Celje, Heinrich of Rauhenstein, Hugo VIII of Devin, and Ulrich IV of Wallsee belonging to the Drosendorf family branch. The guardians managed to preserve the wealth, and at the same time the reputation of the Lords of Ptuj. One of the first recorded deeds of the young Bernhard was to grant in 1399 an important landed property comprising more than 200 farmsteads to the Dominican and Minorite monks in Ptuj “in case the Lords of Ptuj died out”. In spite of his wealth and reputation, Bernhard got involved in high politics only once, namely in 1406 when brothers and counts Leopold IV and Ernst were engaged in dispute, and Bernhard represented the former in his role of a provincial governor of Styria. At this point should be mentioned a hypothesis that Bernhard was among participants of the Council of Constance (1414-1418), as Ulrich Richental (*about 1356/60–†1437) in his Chronicles

Two soldiers, a detail of a fresco composition Resurrection, southern wall of the former Cross Chapel in the church of St. Mary at Ptujska Gora, 1424-26.

The coats of arms of the donators of the hospice of St. Christopher’s Brotherhood on Arlberg depicted in Tyrolean manuscript of the Armorial book of St. Christopher’s Brotherhood on Arlberg probably before 9th March 1394 (Tiroler Landesarchiv, Codex Figdor, fol. 2v-3, Botenbuch der Bruderschaft St. Christoph auf dem Arlberg. Tiroler Handschrift »Codex Figdor«, Tiroler Landesarchiv, bearb. von Werner Köfler, Eduard Widmoser, Innsbruck - München 1976): left count Hans (I, II or III?) of Maidburg and count Herman (I or II?) of Celje; right count Hugo XII (of Montfort) from Bregenz, count Hans II of (Mattersdorf)Forchtenstein, Bernhard of Ptuj (»Lord Bernhard of Ptuj gives every year 1 golden coin, after his death two.«) and (his guardian) Ulrich IV of Wallsee (from Drosendorf). According to the date Bernhard’s guardian provided donation; in 1401 now adult Bernhard increased donation.

of the Council of Constance noted among coats of arms of numerous Council participants the exact heraldic copy of the coat of arms of the Lords of Ptuj. After the death of Bernhard, his son Friedrich IX paid off his father’s huge debts with the help of his brother-in-law the count Johann II of Schaunberg, the adopted son of the mighty count Herman II of Celje. It seems that he played an even more important role in the then political life than his father. In 1423 Friedrich IX was the adviser of the count Ernst, and the provincial governor of Styria in 1430 and/or 1432. To the military campaign against the Hussites led by the duke Albrecht V, Friedrich IX contributed a military troop consisting of 32 armoured cavalrymen, which represented one third of the Styrian army. Family bonds with the mighty Counts of Celje helped Friedrich IX in the very last dispute with the archbishop of Salzburg occurred in 1433, in which Hermann II of Celje as well as Sigismund of Luxemburg, Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia, intervened in his favour. It is possible that this event resulted from the fact quoted in the work “The Chronicle of Celje” telling about the unlucky-in-love Veronika Deseniška who was captured and taken to “a tower situated on a field beneath Ptuj”. An interesting document, from the point of view of the constantly growing literacy in the 15th century, dating from 1434, was most probably written and signed by Friedrich IX, as it says: “Friedrich of Ptuj, Hereditary Marshal of Styria”.

The deed, issued on 12th March 1399, states that Bernhard of Ptuj provided the Minorite monastery in Ptuj with two offices in Haloze the income of which should be split between them and the Dominican monastery in Ptuj. The original is kept in Pokrajinski arhiv Maribor.

A deed, issued on 6th June 1434 in Ptuj, was probably written and signed by Friedrich IX himself. The author writes to Gasper Steindorfer about a dispute regarding the pasture land near Wildbach. The original is kept in StLA.

PTUJ AND ORMOĹ˝ DURING THE TIME OF THE LORDS OF PTUJ Ptuj Ptuj was the property of the archbishops of Salzburg most probably already in 890, or at the latest in 982. The archbishop Konrad I rebuilt the castle of Ptuj and thus created the circumstances for further development of Ptuj into a medieval town. The arrival of the Lords of Ptuj into town resulted in a stabilised situation along the border with Hungary. The development of trade and social life in Ptuj into a bourgeois town depended on it. The economic importance of Ptuj was reinforced also by the establishment of the mint. In the 13th century, the town was surrounded Georg MatthĂ¤us Vischer- Andreas Trost, Ptuj, around 1681. by protective walls, the official town seal was introduced, the first town judge was installed, and two monasteries were built. Ptuj represents a unique example of a town on the territory of present-day Slovenia where both monasteries of the mendicant monastic order were established already in the 13th century, which was quite fashionable and characteristic of a town at that time. The attempt made by Friedrich V of Ptuj to dispose the archbishop of Salzburg of the castle, estate and town of Ptuj was thwarted by the citizens. Most probably the citizens of Ptuj preferred a distant but also less troublesome town master in Salzburg to a master-at-hand living in the castle above the town. Anyhow, the narrated story was not at all an exception in the long history of differences among the Lords of Ptuj, the archbishops of Salzburg and the citizens of Ptuj. Therefore it is not surprising to find in the Town Statute from 1376 the first five articles dealing with their mutual relationships. The Statute of

Plan of Ptuj in the 15th century, after the Franciscan Cadastre from 1824, (Norbert Weiss, Das Städtwesen der ehemaligen Untersteiermark im Mittelalter. Vergleichende Analyse von Quellen zur Rechts-, Wirtschaftsund Sozialgeschichte, Forschungen zur geschichtlichen Landeskunde der Steiermark 46, Graz 2002).

the town of Ptuj, written during the tenure of the archbishop Pilgrim II of Puchheim, is not significant only because it is the only Statute of a medieval continental town in presentday Slovenia, but it also represents the most complete record of the town rights in Austrian provinces, besides the Vienna Town Law. The economic growth and expansion of medieval Ptuj was first of all due to its exceptional strategic position at the intersection of roads connecting Carniola to Hungary and Italy, and to the bridge spanning the navigable river Drava. The very first documents mentioning medieval Ptuj refer to the bridge and tollgate. A valuable insight into commercial relations the citizens of Ptuj were involved in during the second half of the 13th century was provided in 1891 when a treasure-trove finding full of coins was unearthed beneath the castle of Borl, where it had been buried before 1280. Judging by 362 documented coins it was concluded that the most important commercial relations flourished within the region of Styria (more than 80 % of coins), Carniola (almost 13 % of coins), and Slavonia (around 17 % of coins). By 1277 the Lords of Ptuj had already been entitled to the toll collected in Ptuj, which represented one of the key resources of their wealth, especially as the traffic through town was

Facsimile of the Town Statute of Ptuj from 1376, kept in Wolfenbüttel. Articles from 1 to 5 relate of relationship between the town, the Lords of Ptuj and the Archbishops of Salzburg (translation into Slovene by Dušan Kos). About the attitude the (Lords of) Ptuj should adopt towards the provincial prince and Archbishop of Salzburg (1) (Lords of) Ptuj should not start the feud against the provincial master nor neighbours of the here established castle of Ptuj. (2) (Archbishop of) Salzburg should be settled in the castle of Ptuj whenever he wishes so, and (Lord of) Ptuj should leave it to him. But he can keep his granary there, if he wants to. (3) (Lord of) Ptuj should lodge his domestic servants in the twelve lodging houses on the hill, which are added to his residence. About the toll (4) (Lord of) Ptuj should take the toll, which is granted to him for the protection of the castle, as it has always been practice, but should not be taken from the burghers of Ptuj. (Lord of) Ptuj (5) (Lord of) Ptuj should faithfully protect and safeguard our Lord of (Archbishop of) Salzburg and his people in the town itself and outside it.

Ptuj town seal from the deed issued on 12th July 1277 kept in Zentralarchiv des Deutschen Ordens in Vienna (Eduard Melly, Beitraege zur Siegelkunde des Mittelalters 1., Wien 1846).

constantly increasing. The toll remained in their possession until the last member of the family died. The flourishing trade was also fostered by an annual fair at the church of St. Oswald. The fair, first mentioned in 1280, entailed market dues which were also payable to the Lords of Ptuj. The preserved written documents prove that the most important domestic merchandise sold in particular to Carniola and Carinthia was wine, at least from the beginning of the 14th century on. But even more profitable was the

Alois Kasimir, Old Tollhouse, 1891 (photo PMP).

A merchant of Ptuj as a donator, depiction of Crucifi xion in the church of St. George, around 1440. The main source of his wealth (and of town prosperity) was a trade of local wine and a transit trade of cattle from Hungary.

cattle trade between Hungary and Italy, and the trade of “Venetian goods”, both using the main mercantile road passing through Ptuj. The town thrived also on small traders and women as street-vendors already mentioned in the Town Statute in 1376, which also determined the exact number of costermongers (4), salt vendors (24), and wax vendors (8). Various crafts developed primarily to meet the needs of local population. There were butchers, who were among the richest people in town, bakers, tanners, dyers, shoemakers, tailors, strap-makers, potters, and coopers.

Fragments of glassware, glasses from the 15th century, found in Ptuj and Ormož (PMP / ZVKDS Maribor unit Ptuj).

In the wider region there were also beltmakers, goldsmiths, window makers, one painter and one parchment manufacturer. A craftsman with named “SEIDLIN D(E) PETOVIA” produced for the archbishop of Salzburg, Friedrich III, a linen antependium embroidered with silk, gold and silver threads, and gilded plates, one of the most precious Gothic embroideries. In the second half of the 14th century some 2,000 people lived in Ptuj. They all formed a tripartite medieval society, and were divided among “those who pray, those who fight and those who work” with the exception of Jews and the Romani people as from the 15th century on, as neither would seem to fit in any class distinction. There were about 30 priests, while the most eminent ecclesiastic in town was the parish priest at the parish church of St. George. Between 1241 and 1249 this Vessels, unglazed baked clay. Objects dating from the 14th and 15th centuries were found in Ptuj and Ormož (PMP / ZVKDS Maribor unit Ptuj). position was most probably occupied by Heinrich III of Ptuj, which would not be surprising at all. The nobility assumed roles of vassals and civil servants of the Lords of Ptuj. All other Christian citizens of Ptuj formed the third rather differentiated social class. Within the hierarchy of the third class, the upper level was composed of rich “true” citizens or bourgeois who could have been even wealthier than certain noblemen. But the grand majority of other citizens belonging to the third class, either those who had the legal status of a citizen or those who did not, such as workers, apprentices, servants, and beggars, cannot be found in any reliable sources. Besides monasteries, The Lords of Ptuj founded also other public institutions in Ptuj. Thus they founded the first almshouse together with the church of Holy Spirit, probably already in 1315, but definitely before 1328. Almshouses were supposed to take care of socially weak “poor people”, especially those who were sick and old. Another important public institution were baths. The first public baths in Ptuj were mentioned already in 1311, while the Lords of Ptuj had their own near the Lower Court. A stereotyped view of the Middle Ages as being a period of “darkness” and “filth”, is severely challenged by a rather unusual docu-

Tiles, unglazed baked clay. Objects dating from the 14th and 15th centuries were found in Ptuj and Ormo탑 (PMP / ZVKDS Maribor unit Ptuj).

ment dating from 1377 with which Hartnid V of Ptuj gave the baths near the Minorite monastery into a fief to a bourgeois of Ptuj, Matej Bader (a quack doctor). Besides the pecuniary duties and payment-in-kind, the latter would have admitted to the baths without any charges the Lord of Ptuj and his wife, their chamberlain, a marshal, a cook, a hunter, and all their servants and lower-class personnel.

Ptuj almshouse, a detail of the painting Ice on the Drava River by Franz Josef Fellner, 1766 (PMP).

The mint at the Ptuj castle Eberhard II, the Archbishop of Salzburg, and the AustrianStyrian Duke Leopold VI, established the mint at Ptuj castle in the ‘20s of the 13th century. The mint was transferred from Graz to Ptuj, probably due to a profitable transit trade with Friesach Pfennings via Hungarian border. Perhaps the silver for coining came to Ptuj with the merchants from Hungary. The mint coined the Pfennigs after the model of Friesach and half a kreuzer. They minted 210 Pfennigs from 1 mark of pure silver. Generally, the coins from Ptuj were found in Hungary, however they were found in Styria as well. Among the Friesach Pfennings found in Hungary, those minted in Ptuj represent 2.6 % what ranges the mint in Ptuj in third place among more than 15 mints issuing same coins. As for the percentage, there are only two mints ahead of Ptuj: Friesach with 67 % and Šentvid/St. Veit with 19.8 %. This fact is quite surprising taking into consideration that the mint in Ptuj operated only for a decade, and most probably indicates the important role of the coins minted here with regards to the trade with Hungary. The mint in Ptuj ceased to operate after the Duke Leopold’s death, but it is possible that it resumed its operations under the Hungarian authority between 1258-1259, when the then Styrian Duke and future king of Hungary, Stephen V, had his residence in Ptuj.

The Friesach Pfenning issued by the Archbishop of Salzburg Eberharda II, coined in Ptuj between years 1222 and around 1232, bearing the inscription EBERHARDVS EPS (type CNA I, C g 1) (PMP).

The Friesach Pfenning issued by the Austrian-Styrian Duke Leopold VI, coined in Ptuj between years 1222 and around 1232, bearing the inscription DVX LIVPOLDVS (type CNA I, C g 5) (PMP).

A capital with Babenberg lily, found at the eastern plateau of the Ptuj Castle Hill, around 1230 (PMP).

The Jews in Ptuj In the High Middle Ages, the Jews influenced the economic growth significantly, for as non-Christians they were excluded from the ecclesiastic prohibition of lending money at interest. The first written source mentioning the Jews in Ptuj dates from 1286 and records the sale of a house of the Ptuj town judge to the Jew Jacob. This record is among the earliest mentioning of the Jews in Styria. Taking into consideration that the Jews were considered the property of the provincial princes, to whom they paid high taxes for protection and supplied them with low-interest credits, we can assume that they had settled in Ptuj with the consent of the archbishop of Salzburg and in accordance with his financial interests. Despite that, the Jews had always been pushed to the margin of the medieval society and discriminated also on the grounds of their looks. In the 20’s of the 14th century, the Jews in Ptuj were so numerous that they formed a Jewish community proved by the existence of a Jewish cemetery, a synagogue and Jewish Street mentioned for the first time in 1344. The first mentioning of the Jewish judge in 1333 corroborates the significance of Jews in the economic development of Ptuj. The Jewish judge was actually a Christian, usually a distinguished citizen or lower nobleman, whose task was to ratify contracts and decide in the disputes between Christians and Jews. Written sources recorded several monetary transactions that involved Jews in Ptuj, however none of these enterprises matched Israel’s (Iserl or Iserlajn). Israel was the son of “Chij” and lived in Ptuj between 1333 and 1350; afterwards he resided in Maribor until he died. His business was so prosperous that he also employed his sons and grandsons as well as their wives. After he died, his property was worth at least 10,000 gold coins, which was a huge sum at the time - an equivalent to the value of 22 houses like the house the Lords of Ptuj had in Vienna. Among the clients of Israel’s family bank were important dignitaries of the Church, such as the archbishop of Salzburg, the bishop of Krka/Gurk, the abbot of Gornji Grad, as well as members of high nobility: Counts of Celje/Cilli, Counts of Gorica/Gorizia, Counts of Ortenburg, Counts of Schaunberg, Lords of Wallsee, and Lords of Ptuj; the latter, judging from the preserved sources, were less weighed down with debt in comparison with the other noble families. Only one document dated on 17th July 1362 stated that the Lords of Ptuj, Friedrich VII and Hartnid IV, and “Gorgel Schurph”, and Friedrich of Ormož, along with their heirs, owed 750 pounds of Viennese pfennigs to Jew Moshe, Iserlajn’s grandson (from Maribor), his wife and their heirs. The significance of the Jews in Ptuj diminished at the end of the 14th century although four articles of the Ptuj Statute from 1376 still referred to them. By the order of the archbishop of Salzburg almost all Jews in Salzburg were burnt at the stake in July 1404 after they had been accused of the alleged desecration of the Host and of committing a ritual murder. Their property was confiscated on behalf of the archbishop. The pogrom had extended to Ptuj and the Jews here were “merely” confined until September 1404, when they were released and finally banished, while their property was confiscated in favour of the archbishop. The synagogue was converted into the church of All Saints and the Jewish street was renamed into All Saints’ Street.

Ptuj Statute, 1376, articles 96-99 referring to the Jews in Ptuj (translation into Slovene by Dušan Kos). The Jewish judge (96) The Jewish judge is to take care of the Jews according to their rights. About the Jews (97) The Jews shall annually submit to the town judge’s railings the letters they hold against the citizens and announce their claims thereby. The Jews (98) But their matters of real estates they hold from Christians, they shall submit before their Jewish judge on Thursday, thus exercising their rights. The Jews (99) On church valuables, on bloody garment, on raw goods, on unsheaved wheat, and on cut, yet not finished garment, the Jews shall not lend.

Jews with the characteristic hat, known as pileum cornutum, a detail of the fresco painting Christ the Martyr, castle chapel in Humberk/Hollenburg, around 1370.

The gravestone of Rabbi David, son of Rabbi Moshe, who died on 8th December 1343. The gravestone was remade from a Roman altar (translation into Slovene by Robert Čepon, PMP). This stone was set above the head of Rabbi David, son of Rabbi Moshe. He took his leave to the eternal residence on Sunday, the 20th day of the month Kislév in the year 104, without millennium. May his soul be preserved in the Ark of life! Amen. Amen. Amen. Forever and ever!

All Saints’ Street, in the Middle Ages known as Jewish Street, and the church of All Saints, formerly a synagogue, a detail of the painting Ice on the Drava River by Franz Josef Fellner, 1766 (PMP).

Ormož Ormož, as a settlement was first mentioned in 1273, and as a borough between 1293 and 1304. Its development depended on and was favoured by a successful protection of the Hungarian border reinforced by the castle which was built by Friedrich V of Ptuj. In 1331, Herdegen I of Ptuj and his brother (half-brother?) Friedrich VII, conferred upon Ormož town rights, and thus provided the conditions for its further development. The decision was most probably taken also in view of economic interests generated by the vicinity of the Hungarian border, not to neglect the acquisition of a new residence for the Ormož branch of the Ptuj family. Anyhow, it is still quoted as an example, unique in what is today Slovenia, of a town receiving its rights from a non-princely person, and at the same time a rarity because the fact was dated with precision. The town rights entailed the construction of a defence wall around Ormož and the formation of a community first mentioned in 1354 with its own town seal. The economic significance of the town can be proved by a short-term stay of the Jews in the mid 14th century, tollage revenues and annual fairs the income of which belonged to the Lords of Ptuj. According to the list enumerating those who were liable to a wine tithe from the estate of Ormož in 1482, it can be deduced that there were at least 30 families living in Ormož at that time. There were: the mayor, a shoemaker, a blacksmith, a ferryman, two pedlars, a potter, a castle warden, a medical practitioner, a butcher, a cooper, a weaver, a tailor, and a mason. Georg Matthäus Vischer- Andreas Trost, Ormož, around 1681.

Besides the citizens, the nobility closely linked to the Lords of Ptuj lived in Ormož, too. Between 1273 and 1377 there are traces of the knights of Ormož, at the end of the 14th century of the Ormož family branch of Herbersteins, and at the beginning of the 15th century of the knights of Lušperk/Luschberg. Heinrich II of Lušperk/Lusperch, his wife and son Ahac were rich enough to act as benefactors to the hospice of Brotherhood of St. Christopher on the mount Arlberg. The elderly and sick inhabitants of Ormož were taken care of in the almshouse, first mentioned in 1420. The public baths provided for the basic hygiene.

Coats of arms of Heinrich II of Lušperk, steward in Ormož, and of his son Ahac; depicted in the Armorial book of donators of the hospice of St. Christopher’s Brotherhood on Arlberg in 1411. The manuscript is kept in Munich (Otto Hupp, Die Wappenbücher vom Arlberg, Die Wappenbücher des deutschen Mittelalters 1, Berlin 1937-1939).

Plan of Ormož in the 15th century after the Franciscan Cadastre from 1824, (Norbert Weiss, Das Städtwesen der ehemaligen Untersteiermark im Mittelalter. Vergleichende Analyse von Quellen zur Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Forschungen zur geschichtlichen Landeskunde der Steiermark 46, Graz 2002).

FOUNDERS AND PATRONS OF THE ARTS The Ptuj castle and the church of St. George in Ptuj Probably in 1131, the Lords of Ptuj settled in Ptuj castle that had been built by Konrad I, the archbishop of Salzburg. The castle complex encompassed a tower – the keep, a palatial building upon the castle hill and an outer ward comprising the garrison houses and outbuildings. The contract with the archbishop constrained the Lords of Ptuj to move from the castle whenever the archbishop resided in Ptuj. Most probably, because of this obligation, the Lords of Ptuj decided to enlarge the castle as they needed their own residence within the castle complex. Therefore, in the 14th century was constructed a two-storey palatial building with the ground plan in the form of a horseshoe. The castle chapel was arranged in the western wing, where Almerik of Ptuj established an altar in 1330. A new church, built on the spot of an older one, was dedicated to St. George by the Archbishop Konrad I. It is unlikely that the church was parish in the 12th century, as it was but the successor of a church within the Early Medieval Court that belonged to the archbishops of Salzburg. It was a sort of proprietorial “court church” and its significance should be discussed along with the destiny of the Ptuj castle. The western gallery in the church was most probably intended for the owners of the castle, the archbishops and Lords of Ptuj. Not later than in the middle of the 13th century, the Lords of Ptuj initiated the construction procedures in the church. For the presbytery, they commissioned the stained windows that contained the depiction of their armorial bearings, which remained visible until the 19th century. They provided money for the vaulting of the northern aisle, and most likely, they had the western gallery rebuilt in 1370; perhaps they also commissioned the statue of St. George, dating from 1380, and intended for the main altar.

The Ptuj castle with a palace yard.

The church of St. George in Ptuj.

Building history of the Ptuj castle (author: Branko Vnuk) Antiquity till 5th centuryEarly Middle Ages 6th - 9th century Romanesque period 11th - 12th century Gothic period 13th - 15th century Renaissance period 16th - first half of 17th century Baroque period 17th - 18th century Renovations 19th and 20th century

The palmette capital found during the renovation works near the northern part of the castle walls. Perhaps the capital belonged to the castle chapel or to another representative place at the castle, around 1250.

The statue of St. George from the church of St. George in Ptuj, around 1380.

Castle of Ormož and the church of St. James in Ormož Rudolf of Habsburg generously awarded Friedrich V of Ptuj after the victory in the battle of Marchfeld. The latter was even allowed to build a fortress close to the Hungarian border in Ormož / Friedau. The first building period, accomplished after 1278, saw the construction of a three-storey fortified house situated in the southern part of the castle layout, and probably a fountain to the northern part. Around 1300, the house was added a square walled courtyard. The northeastern side, being the most vulnerable, was reinforced by a three-and-a-half-storey tower with walls three metres thick on the ground floor. There was a chapel on the second floor with a semi-circular apse supported by three corbels. The upper floor was equipped with crenallations – merlons. A two-storey residential palatial building was built at the southwestern corner of the courtyard at the same time. On the west wall of this building have been preserved two big Gothic windows with tracery thus bearing witness to its origin at the beginning of the 14th century. The northern side of the castle was protected by a moat. North of the moat developed a palace yard with outdoor buildings. The fortified house most probably served as a residential building to the castellans, knights of Ormož, while the representative building on the west was used as a residence by the family branch of the Lords of Ptuj from Ormož in the 14th century.

Castle of Ormož.

Building development of the Castle of Ormož in the Middle Ages (author: Igor Sapač).

Semi-circular chapel apse in the Ormož castle tower.

The interior of the chapel apse in the Ormož castle tower.

Gothic window with tracery in the western wall of the castle’s palatial building, early 14th century.

In 1331, the Lords of Ptuj bestowed upon Ormož the town rights. The settlement then also got the church of St. James. In the Middle Ages, the Order of Teutonic Knights in Velika Nedelja exercised patron rights over the church. Although no sources have been found regarding the construction of the church, there are assumptions that the Knights received the church from the Lords of Ptuj. In 1354, the countess Klara Goriška, widow of Herdegen of Ptuj, introduced the eternal morning mass in Ormož, and for this purpose granted the Commandry in Velika Nedelja some land. In 1376 her son Hartnid V of Ptuj did the same and the Church of Ormož found itself in possession of important landed property in exchange of a Daily Mass service at

the altar of St. Catherine. The provincial komtur Friedrich von Wobarth and the komtur Bernhard from Velika Nedelja vowed that the Knights would strictly fulfil their obligations, failing that the priest of Ormo탑 would have to explain himself to the Lords of Ptuj, the town judge and the town of Ormo탑. In the Middle Ages the church had a nave of a longitudinal plan, a twobay presbytery ending in a form of a five side of an octagon, a sacristy north of the presbytery, a side chapel, and probably a bell-tower on the western side. The most prominent part of the church was the presbitery with ribbed vaults getting light through six two-partite lancet windows decorated with traceries consisting of trefoils, quatrefoils and multi-lobes foliation, while the eastern window was adorned with an extremely rich variation of a fish bladder. Above the sacristy entrance a lunette depicts the Passion of Christ and in front of him a kneeling and praying Lord of Ptuj in his armour. On the other side is the coat of arms of Lords of Ptuj including the dragon from the castle of Vurberk, and the anchor of the castle of Borl on the helmet.

Lunette depicting the Passion of Christ and a Lord of Ptuj, end 14th century.

Ground plan of the church of St. James in Ormo탑 showing different building phases (author: Robert Peskar).

Madonna with child, church in Ormo탑, produced by the statuary workshop in Ptujska Gora, after 1400.

Castle of Vurberk / Wurmberg In 1246, Hartnid I saw himself in possession of the manor and castle of Vurberk inherited by his wife Mathilde von Hollenburg. The coat of arms with a dragon was taken over by the Lords of Ptuj from the Lords of Hollenburg. It figured on the seal used by Hartnid I who passed it down to his posterity, although it was often combined with the »upside-down« anchor from Borl. One family branch of the Lords of Ptuj took on the name of the manor in the 14th century.

Seals of Hartnid I of Ptuj; the more ancient one has »fur«, the other »the Dragon of Vurberk«. Georg Matthäus Vischer – Andreas Trost, Castle of Vurberk, around 1681.

The Lords of Hollenburg built Vurberk in the second half of the 12th century. The original fortified castle comprised a three-storey residential building situated to the north of the building complex, and a walled courtyard. Between the second half of the 12th century and the second half of the 13th century, the western part was added a four-storey tower leaning to the residential building with its northern side. The tower most probably housed a chapel, and at the same time served as a defensive tower.

Vurberk coat of arms, Styria Heraldic Books from the 17th century, StLA.

Between 1267 and 1268, the king Ottokar II Přemysl had the castle levelled with the ground in order to »fill up the defensive ditch with the castle walls«. Ottokar lost the battle on the Marchfeld, and in 1278 the Lords of Ptuj had the castle of Vurberk built anew. Few modifications to the old structure consisted of a new residential building in the southern part of the walls and a representative Knights’ Hall on the first floor. During the fourth building phase in the 14th century, the western residential building was added thus linking two older ones: the one in the northern and the other in the southern part of the castle. Simultaneously the western gatehouse tower was built.

Building development of the Castle of Vurberk in the Middle Ages (author: Igor Sapač).

Castle of Humberk/Hollenburg and the Cistercian monastery in Vetrinj / Viktring The manor and castle of Hollenburg became the property of the Lords of Ptuj in 1246 as a part of the inheritance to which was entitled Mathilde von Hollenburg, wife of Hartnid I of Ptuj. The Lords of Ptuj used the castle as one of their many residences, but in the 13th century their newly married sons established their own households there, while the core of the family continued to live in the Castle of Ptuj. In the 14th century, the castle was used as a residence by the so-called Vurberk family branch. Castle of Hollenburg.

A scene with St. George fighting the dragon, the castle chapel.

Depictions of Hartnid IV of Ptuj and his son, the castle chapel.

The castle of Hollenburg was built on a steep slope above the river Drava. Polygonal castle layout was adapted to the form of the hill. Amelrik of Ptuj had in 1330 an altar built in the castle chapel, which leads to the conclusion that by then important construction works in the castle had ended. Already in 1348 the castle suffered in a destructive earthquake. Hartnid IV of Ptuj had the castle renovated. Most probably during his ownership, the residential part on the east, the chapel of St. Nicholas and the sacristy were built. The chapel was decorated with paintings around 1360. On the east wall have been preserved scenes of Crucifixion, the Veil of Veronica, St. Nicholas featuring in two scenes taken from his legend, St. Christopher, St. Louis and St. Dorothea. The northern wall shows the Passion of Christ and St. George fighting the dragon, while the southern wall displays St. Barbara and St. Margaret. The knight kneeling in front of St. Dorothea is most probably the portrait of Hartnid IV,

while a similar kneeling figure near Christ probably represents Hartind’s teenage son whose name is unknown. The youngster wears clothes which were in use by the nobility around 1360 – a cross-belted coat and a dagger stuck into his bag.

St. Margaret with a dragon.

The Lord of Ptuj (Hartnid IV?) and his wife, a stained-glass window in the presbytery of the Cistercian monastery in Vetrinj near Celovec / Klagenfurt, around 1390.

Neighbourly relations between the manor of Hollenburg and the Cistercian monastery in Vetrinj / Viktring were not what one could call friendly, especially in the Middle Ages, for the two parties were engaged in disputes over some judicial rights. Nevertheless, the Lords of Ptuj were also benefactors of the monastery, as can be deduced from a few deeds of donation. In the late 14th century, the Lords of Ptuj commissioned for the church presbytery a stained-glass window on the theme of Passion. The window was realised by the so-called ducal workshop in service of the Habsburg family and their loyal nobility. The lower part of the window shows the Lord of Ptuj and his Lady in entreating posture (most probably Hartnid IV and his wife who originated from Bohemia), and their coats of arms. Their precious clothes and even more the superb quality of the window painting explicitely hint to the wealth and importance of the Lords of Ptuj, as well as it implies the financial range of their artistic orders.

Coats of arms of the Lords of Ptuj and Bohemain Lords of Lípa or Bitow from Lichnice/Lichtenburk, stained-glass window in the presbytery of the Cistercian monastery in Vetrinje/Viktring near Celovec/Klagenfurt, around 1390 (author: Karl Lind, Archälogische Reise-Notizen, MCC (I.) 18, 1873).

Coat of arms of Albert of Bitow depicted in the Armorial book of donators of the hospice of St. Christopher’s Brotherhood on Arlberg in 1401. The original is kept in OeStA (Otto Hupp, Die Wappenbücher vom Arlberg, Die Wappenbücher des deutschen Mittelalters 1, Berlin 1937-1939).

Commandry in Velika Nedelja Friedrich III of Ptuj got acquainted to knightly orders at the latest in the time of Crusade to Jerusalem in 1217. He granted the Order of Teutonic Knights a piece of land at the eastern edge of the Empire, which he had managed to take from Hungarians. The legend has it that on Easter Sunday in 1199, Friedrich conquered the Hungarian army with the help of Teutonic Knights and founded the Commandry at the site where the battle had taken place. According to the preserved historical sources, it may be presumed that in the early 13th century the Lords of Ptuj granted a church and landed property situated on the Hungarian border to the Teutonic Order. In 1235, the Order was given patron rights over the church as well. The Commandry in Velika Nedelja was established not later than in 1247 when komtur of Velika Nedelja was mentioned. The Commandry developed rapidly due to donations of the Lords of Ptuj and their relatives as well as to the purchase of the landed property. The Lords of Ptuj had retained their founderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights until they died out in 1438.

Commandry of Teutonic Order in Velika Nedelja.

Most probably, the Lords of Ptuj contributed to construction, reconstruction and furnishing of the castle and church. The initial castle built in the 13th century was rather modest in shape of a two- or three-storey residential tower of square ground plan. It was constructed in the western part of the present castle. Soon after the first building phase was finished, the castle was added a narrow two-storey extension that probably housed a two-storey chapel. On the northern side of the extension a new one was built in 1300. Simultaneously or soon afterwards, the solid residential building was added an even larger enclosed courtyard equipped with a well and two outbuildings. Further reconstructions of the castle followed as late as in the middle of the 16th century. After World War II there were sculptures of outstanding quality found in the castle chapel: the sculptures of St. Barbara, St. Catherine and Pietî ż which were made soon after 1400 in the statuary art workshop at Ptujska Gora.

Building development of the castle (author: Igor SapaÄ?, 2007).

The church in Velika Nedelja was constructed in the early 13th century at the latest. As regards the type, it ranks among the churches with choir bell-tower. The church with a comparatively long nave continues towards east with a bell-tower of a longitudinal rectangular ground plan with a barrel vault and ends with a semicircular apse covered with a semi-dome. Originally, the nave was covered with a flat wooden ceiling. A Romanesque design of the church is well preserved; two heads carved of stone embedded in the exterior wall of the church and the baptismal font in the apse belong to the same period. In the first decades of the 15th century the church was decorated with wall paintings set up in horizontal belts. The paintings depict full-size standing male and female saints, the scenes from the New Testament and the legends of the saints. The most monumental among the paintings was the depiction of St. George fighting the dragon on the southern wall of the nave; unfortunately only a fragment of the dragon has been preserved to this day.

Drawing of a section of the castle and church, 1772.

St. Barbara and St. Catherine in the castle’s chapel, 1939.

Pietà in the castle’s chapel, 1939.

The church of Holy Trinity in Velika Nedelja.

Baptismal font with stylized heads.

Unidentified Saint abbess (?), Saint Bishop, St. John the Baptist and St. Margaret (?), the northern wall of the church nave, early 15th century.

Dominican monastery in Ptuj In 1230, Mehtildis, the widow of Friedrich III of Ptuj, founded the Dominican monastery in Ptuj by the agency of the Archbishop Eberhard II. The church and monastery were built according to the order’s regulations of the mendicant friars, who originally came from Breže / Friesach in Carinthia; however, the size of the buildings exceeded the then standards in Ptuj. In the monastery, the Lords of Ptuj had their archive and family tomb. They supported the monastery with regular annual revenues. In 1399, Bernhard of Ptuj issued a deed of donation thus ensuring the monastery its existence also in case the Lords of Ptuj died out. The friars promised to pray for the souls of all family members of the Lords of Ptuj and of Wallsee, to attend anniversary services and masses for the dead, and to pray by the tomb of the Lords of Ptuj. On the granted piece of land beneath the Castle Hill, some buildings, which were later included in the monastery, most probably existed already in 1230. After the foundation of the monastery, the following buildings were constructed: a church with a large

A Dominican friar – prior praying in front of the image of Martyr Christ, passage from the church to the eastern monastery wing, around 1340.

Ground plan of the Dominican monastery around 1420 (author: Branko Vnuk).

The view of Dominican monastery.

Georg Matthäus Vischer – Andreas Trost, Dominican monastery in Ptuj townscape, around 1681.

longitudinal choir and a presbytery of unknown shape, the eastern wing of the monastery with a chapter hall and dormitory and the southern wing with a refectory. Before 1251, Hartnid I, the son of foundress Mehtildis, had the monastery buildings included within town walls, which resulted in friarsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; renunciation of mendicant orderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s regulations to build monasteries outside the town walls in front

The western wall of the chapter hall.

Biphore on the left side of the entrance to the chapter hall, around 1230.

Biphore on the right side of the entrance to the chapter hall, around 1230.

of town gates. However, the monastery buildings became an important part of medieval town fortifications. As early as in the 13th century the initial presbytery was razed and replaced by a long choir that consisted of two almost quadrangular cross-vaulted bays concluded in a form of five sides of an octagon. The southern wall of the presbytery was added a sacristy, a bell-tower was constructed in the southwestern part of the nave and the church was connected with the western wing of the monastery. In 1302, the monastery was severely damaged by fire. During the extensive restoration works, the western wall of the eastern wing of the cloisters, the passage from the church into the eastern wing, the wall of the triumphal arch, and the lancet vault above the tomb of the Lords of Ptuj were painted with frescoes. In the first decades of the 15th century, new cloisters were built. On the ground-floor, the cloisters were covered with cross-ribbed vaults. On the inner walls, figural consoles support the vault system, whereas on the external walls it rests on octagonal engaged pillars. On the points where the ribs meet are figural keystones. Architectural elements are marked with stonecutters’ signs. The same signs can be found at Ptujska Gora, in Ptuj Provost’s church, as well as in Celje, Maribor and Varaždin thus bearing witness to stonecutters’ migrations from site to site at that time. On figural consoles are depicted both coats of arms of the Lords of Ptuj. In the corners of the

Dominican friars praying, the western wall of the eastern monastery wing, around 1330.

Helmet with the embellishment of the Lords of Ptuj above the family vault, around 1340.

Cloisters, around 1420.

cloisters are embedded four consoles, which show more distinctive portrait features in comparison with other figural consoles. Perhaps they represent the portraits of Bernhard of Ptuj, his wife Wilbirg, countess of Maidburg, his son Friedrich IX, while the console with depiction of a middle-aged man could be the portrait of Ulrich of Wallsee.

Coat of arms of the Lords of Ptuj, the console in cloisters, around 1420.

Bernhard of Ptuj (?), the console in cloisters, around 1420.

Friedrich IX of Ptuj (?), the console in cloisters, around 1420.

Wilbirga, the countess of Maidburg (?), the console in cloisters, around 1420.

Keystones in cloisters, around 1420.

Ulrich IV of Walsee (?), the console in cloisters, around 1420.

Minorite monastery in Ptuj Soon after the Dominican friars settled in Ptuj, Friars Minor or Minorites came to town. The Minorites followed the example of St. Francis of Assisi by refusing the acquisition of property and by living on charity. They gained support of ecclesiastic and secular authorities by their lifestyle and public activity as well as by calling up to Crusades and preaching against heresy. Like the king Ottokar II PĹ&#x2122;emysl, the king Rudolf of Habsburg, and numerous Styrian and Austrian noblemen, Friedrich V of Ptuj supported the Minorites, too. He had the Minorite church and monastery built on the south-eastern edge of Ptuj. The tradition of the monastery has it that the Minorites came to Ptuj in 1239. However, the oldest preserved parts of the church and monastery are dated in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;70s or the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;80s of the 13th century. The Lords of Ptuj sustained the monastery with regular annual revenues. In 1399, Bernhard of Ptuj issued a deed of donation for the Minorite monastery thus ensuring the monastery its existence also in case the Lords of Ptuj died out. He assigned half of the revenues of the Jesenice and Podlehnik offices in Haloze to the Minorites, and the other half to the Dominicans. For that donation, Ptuj Minorites honoured Bernhard of Ptuj as their founder. In the late 17th century during the guardianship of Casparus Dietl, Bernhard of Ptuj was depicted on the refectory ceiling, while the inscription about his merits at the foundation of the monastery was engraved above the entrance to the monastery. The church constructed in the 13th century comprised the presbytery in the form of a long-choir and a nave which was not vaulted

Presbytery of the Minorite church.

but could accept a great number of people. Simultaneously was built the eastern monastery wing with the chapter hall. The presbytery contains some entirely preserved and also partly reconstructed architectural elements from the early Gothic period: the capitals with vegetable ornaments, keystones with depiction of the Lamb of God and Holy Hand, rose windows, and gargoyles in form of animal heads. The interior of the presbytery was adorned with ornamental painting. Special attention was paid to wall paintings that were found behind two baldachin altars during restoration works from 1930 to 1932. The altars were situated by the triumphal arch at eastern corners of the nave. Behind the altar on the left side was depicted Christ the King and the group of seated figures, possibly the apostles or perhaps St. Peter and St. Paul, St. Francis, and St. Anthony of Padua. Behind the altar on the right, there was the depiction of the Death of St. Francis surrounded by his mourning brethren. Precious paintings that came into being around 1280 in the so-called â&#x20AC;&#x153;dentiform styleâ&#x20AC;? were almost completely

Two biphores shedding light to the chapter hall, around 1280.

Crucifi xion, around 1300-1310; taken off the southern wall of the Minorite presbytery.

Depiction of Christ the King behind the left side altar, a photograph from 1930.

The Lamb of God, a keystone from the Minorite presbytery, around 1280.

A capital with vegetable ornaments, a fragment of the baldachin altar (?), early 14th century.

destroyed during the bombing in 1945. The Death of St. Francis was the only preserved painting with such motive in Central Europe. The saintâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s face reflected his portrait features formed in the art of painting in Central Italy. Somewhat younger, from the early 14th century, are two depictions of Crucifixion that have been taken off the presbytery wall after World War II. The excellent depictions represent the artistic influences of Upper Rhine area. A monumental sculpture of Madonna with Child also dates back to 1300. Joseph Straub re-chiselled a bit this Gothic sculpture and incorporated it into the Baroque main altar. It is presumed that the sculpture of Madonna with Child came to Ptuj as a result of connections between the Lords of Ptuj and the Habsburgs.

Bernard of Ptuj attending the handover of renovated monastery of St. Peter and Paul, fresco painting by Matthias Echter on the ceiling of summer refectory, 1693.

Madonna with Child, around 1300.

Main entrance to the monastery with the inscription mentioning Bernard of Ptuj; from the manuscript of Leopold Stadl, 1732, StLA.

Matej Sternen, drawing of the painting The Death of St. Francis.

Depiction of The Death of St. Francis behind the right side altar, a photograph from 1930. A crocket capital of the triumphal arch of the Minorite church, around 1280.

A capital with vegetable ornaments, a fragment of the baldachin altar (?), early 14th century.

Foundation of the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora Art works commissioned by the Lords of Ptuj reached their quality peak during the time of Bernhard of Ptuj. Together with his cousin and guardian Ulrich IV of Wallsee they had a church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, built on a steep slope at the edge of Haloze Hills. Master builders, stonecutters and sculptors, who built and furnished the church, most probably originated from Prague and the statuary workshop working at St. Vitus cathedral. Before the end of the 14th century, a group of master builders from Prague, among them Wenzel Parler, moved to Vienna to work on St. Stephen’s church. Therefore it can be presumed that Bernhard of Ptuj and Ulrich of Wallsee got to know and hire the masters of Parler’s group in Vienna, where they both had houses in their possession. On the other hand, Ulrich of Wallsee maintained close relations with the priest of Mary am Gestade church which resulted in some similarities of both churches; as a master of the household of the Duke Wilhelm, from 1395 to 1398, Ulrich was also close to The pilgrimage church at Ptujska Gora, the Habsburg family. The master builders around 1400. constructed at Ptujska Gora a three-nave hall church with gradated presbytery and a bell-tower in the western part of the church. Very soon the church became The presbytery of the pilgrimage church the centre of pilgrimage, and was called at Ptujska Gora. »Hill of Mercy« in the 15th century. The tradition has it that the church was founded by a count of Vurberk on the precise spot where his blind daughter recovered the sight. Another legend narrates about numerous noblemen trying to build the church, which was finished only by an extremely rich Lady. Both legends contain probably some true facts, as it is quite possible that the »Count of Vurberk« - Bernhard of Ptuj, and Ulrich of Wallsee had the church built in recognition of some unknown experience that happily ended, while numerous noblemen contributed to the building and furnishing of the church, as prove their preserved coats of arms.

Coat of arms of Bernhard of Ptuj in the presbytery.

Coat of arms of Ulrich IV of Wallsee in the presbytery.

The interior of the pilgrimage church at Ptujska Gora.

Statuary art workshop at Ptujska Gora The building site at Ptujska Gora became soon after 1400 the place of a new statuary art workshop in which sculptors produced statuary following the orders of the founders of the church and their family members, among whom were the Counts of Celje and Lords of Stubenberg. The statuary works belong to the International Gothic Style period, known as a »soft« or even »beautiful« style in Central Europe. The works reflect Prussian-Silesian and Prague influences, while the origin of mastersculptors has not been sufficiently determined yet. The leading master made the sculpture of St. James, first placed in the northern side altar, while nowadays it stands on the console in the nave. To the same period belong the statues of the Rosary altar: Madonna with child on the throne, St. Catherine, St. Andrew, and two kneeling donors. The most monumental work of art produced in the workshop is the relief of the Mantled Virgin Mary – the Protector, now embedded in a huge Baroque

Our Lady of Compassion, soon after 1400, Velika Nedelja commandry chapel. St. James, soon after 1400, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

The Rosary altar, soon after 1400, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

Madonna with Child, soon after 1400, Pokrajinski muzej Maribor.

The »Celje altar«, soon after 1400, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

altar. The relief of angels supporting coats of arms of the Lords of Ptuj and Counts of Maidburg, as well as reliefs: Death of the Virgin and Adoration of the Magi, used to be a part of a bigger altarpiece, and are nowadays exhibited in the tower within the defensive system at Ptujska Gora. The same workshop signed the works of art such as: Madonna with Child (now kept in the Regional museum Maribor), Madonna with Child on the Throne (kept in the church of St. James in Ormo탑), while Our Lady of Compassion, St. Barbara and St. Catherine are kept in the Regional museum Ptuj. Around 1430, the Lords of Dobrna commissioned the altar of St. Sigismund or St. Oswald. Its design copies the older Rosary altar. Beneath the statue of St. Sigismund is a coat of arms with a sign of the Order of the Dragon. The Order was founded by Sigismund of Luxemburg and his wife Barbara of Celje, and the member of the Order who commissioned the altar was Sigismund of Dobrna.

St. Barbara, soon after 1400, Velika Nedelja commandry chapel.

St. Catherine, soon after 1400, Velika Nedelja commandry chapel.

Our Lady of Compassion, soon after 1400, chapel in Breg near Ptuj.

Adoration of the Magi, soon after 1400, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

Death of the Virgin, soon after 1400, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

Angels supporting coats of arms, soon after 1400, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

Coat of arms with a sign of the Order of the Dragon.

St. Sigismund or St. Oswaldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s altar, around 1430, the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora.

Mantled Virgin Mary the Protector Under the widely spread cloak of the Virgin Mary, 82 figures seek refuge. The relief is now embedded in the huge Baroque altar, although it was originally placed above the entrance door of the church of Virgin Mary at Ptujska Gora. A pilgrim entering the church would seek the protection of the Virign, in the same way as all cut-out figures on the relief. They are of different social classes, of both genders and different ages. Members of the high clergy, the pope, cardinals and bishops kneel to the right of the Virgin, while high nobility, the king and the queen, the duke are gathered on her left. Only two figures bear their coat of arms, presumably Bernhard of Ptuj and his wife Wilbirg of Maidburg. AvguĹĄtin StegenĹĄek made an attempt as to recognise the historical figures, such as the Counts of Celje and their kinsmen, and the then politically prominent persons. According to his assumptions the royal couple could represent Sigismund of Luxemburg and his wife Barbara of Celje, the old man between them could be the Count Herman II of Celje, and persons behind the royal couple, Barbaraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brothers and sisters.

Mantled Virgin Mary the Protector, relief, the pilgrimage church at Ptujska Gora, early 15th century.

Bernhard of Ptuj (?).

Wilbirg Countess of Maidburg (?)

Sigismund of Luxemburg (?).

Church of St. Martin in Hajdina Master-builders who arrived around 1400 to Ptujska gora to build the pilgrimage church there, were soon employed at other building sites by Bernhard of Ptuj, namely in the presbytery of St. Jamesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; church in OrmoĹž and St. Martinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s church in Hajdina. From the original church of St Martin only the presbytery has been preserved, which is nowadays used as a side chapel. The one-bay presbytery has a vault in the form of a rhomb, while the ending in a form of a five side of an octagon is covered by a stellar vault. It used to be connected to the church nave by means of a large steeply pointed lancet triumphal arch. The vault is supported by semi-detached columns of a simple profile and attached to some sort of inside buttresses. These are fullsized reaching the ground in the presbytery ending, while they are supported by consoles along the side walls. Beneath the windows the wall is somehow dematerialised by very shallow niches which slightly resemble those in the chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows in Celje. The interior looks quite monumental which is due not only to the shallow niches and emphasised vertical elements, but also to the exceptional quality of mascarons adorning consoles and capitals. Mascarons in relief distinguish themselves by their luxuriant hair, huge noses and mouths, and protuberant eyes, thus showing direct connection in terms of style with mascarons in the cathedral of St. Vitus in Prague. The stonecutter who chiselled the mascarons for the church in Hajdina, must have come to Ptuj from Prague or Vienna, for it is obvious that he knew about the works of the Prague statuary workshop and the mascarons which were produced during the first decade of the 15th century for the churches of St. Stephen and St. Mary am Gestade in Vienna.

Presbytery in the church of St. Martin, fi rst decade of the 15th century.

Mascarons on consoles.

Mascarons on semi-detached capitals.

The End: “… In the prime of our lives we are surrounded by Death” The last Lord of Ptuj, Friedrich IX, died on 6th January 1438, before he reached the age of 40. His death most probably occurred at the castle of Ptuj for his last written document preserved to this day was dated in Ptuj on 19th December 1437. In the Dominican monastery in Ptuj, presumably three days after his death, his signet was destroyed, the shield and helmet bearing the coat of arms of the Lords of Ptuj were deliberately broken, and the banner with their coat of arms was torn accompanied by the well-known saying: “Today still the Lords of Ptuj, and never again!” The last Lord of Ptuj was buried in the Dominican monastery. The fabulous possessions, comprising not less than 29 castles, were divided between the heirs of the Lords of Ptuj after long The deed issued on 19th December 1437 in Ptuj reads that Friedrich heritage proceedings. IX of Ptuj asked his liege lord, the Archbishop of Salzburg, Johann II, to retify the bequest of castellany and regional court of law in The lion’s share of inheritance went to the counts of Ptuj to the Count Johann II of Schaunberg. The original is kept in OeStA (photo by ZAP). Schaunberg and lords of Stubenberg, although the then provincial governor and future emperor Friedrich III also claimed quite a significant part of the heritage. Thus nowadays a very few traces on castles, towers, manors, houses, monasteries and churches in Ptuj bear witness to the once mighty family of Ptuj living in Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Vienna, in Salzburg area and Lower Austria,… “…Sic transit Gloria mundi.”

Field of a shield with the coat of arms of the Lords of Stubenberg, from Vurberk castle, 16th century (PMP).

The drawing of the tombstone of Friedrich IX of Ptuj in the manuscript Ehrenspiegel by Leopold Stadl, 1732. The manuscript is kept in StLA.

The tombstone of Friedrich IX of Ptuj with the inscription: “In the year of Our Lord 1438 on the day of Epiphany passed away the noble lord Lord Friedrich of Ptuj, the Hereditary Marshal of Styria. May God be merciful on him.” The tombstone must have been commissioned by the heirs of Friedrich IX, probably the counts of Schaunberg, around 1440, and is thought to have been sculptured by the “Master od Seeon”, probably Hans Paldauf in person, who had a workshop in Mühldorf am Inn. The tombstone covered the family tomb of the Lords of Ptuj in the Dominican monastery.

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