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Thephylogenyofagroup,inthiscaseback-bonedanimals(vertebrates),representsthecourseofevolutionarychangeundergonebythatgroupovertimeLabel andexplaineachoneOneoftheimportantcharacteristicsisanotochordNicholasHollandandcolleaguessetouthowthevariedtheoriesadvancedtoexplain vertebrateorigins,beforeLoweetalWhatphylumdowebelongto?BasedonFigureinyourtext,whatphylumwouldbeconsideredtheclosestvertebratesare phylumchordata,subphylumvertebrataoldestchordateswerepikaiaofthemiddleCambrianoldestvertebratefossils(scalesofjawlessfish)arefromtheupper Cambrianvertebrateshavebackboneandbraincasejawlessfish(agnathans)hadcartilageskeletons,somehadbonyplatesonThepurposeofthischapteristo explorethevariouslinesofevidencethatcanbeusedtoreconstructtheoriginoftheverte-brates:thestudyofmodernanimalsthatarevertebrate-likeinsome features,thestudyofmolecularrelationships,andfossilsSEASQUIRTSANDTHELANCELETDownloadreferenceworkentryPDFSynonymsBirdsevolved fromwhatothertypeofvertebrate?Compareandcontrastectothermyandendothermy,includingtheirprosandconsFormorethanmillionyears,vertebrates werere-strictedtotheoceans,butaboutmillionyearsago,theevolutionoflimbsinonelineageofvertebratessetthestageforthesevertebratestocolonizeland. Vol,xvi,pp,illusAlarge-scalestudyoftheexpressionevolutionofDNA-basedfunctionalgeneduplicatesinthreemajormammalianlineages,onthebasisof RNAsequencingdataEvolutionofHeartinVertebrates:TheheartisanunpairedorganbutitsoriginisbilateralEvolutionoftheVertebratesTheCambrian RevolutionTheBigBangofLifesoft-bodiedmulticellularanimalsevolvedinthelatePrecambriansomeofthesewereprimitiveThepurposeofthischapteristo explorethevariouslinesofevidencethatcanbeusedtoreconstructtheoriginoftheverte-brates:thestudyofmodernanimalsthatareEvolutionofthevertebrates: ahistoryofthebackbonedanimalsthroughtime:Colbert,EdwinH(EdwinHarris),FreeDownload,Borrow,andStreaming:InternetThebrainsofliving vertebratesareareflectionoftheverydiversenichesoccupiedbythedifferentspeciesthatcompriseeachmajortaxon(Figure1)–agnathans(jawlessVertebrate Morphology:BasicStructureandEvolutionofVertebratesErikJarvikDefinitionshowhowtheyfitintothedeuterostomes,alargerbranchoftheanimal EvolutionofVertebratesPartI,TheFishesInstead,thepicturenowappreciatedisamuchmoresophisti-catedandfascinatingoneintermsofbothevolution-In whatorderdidvertebratesevolve?$VolTLDRInanembryothemesenchymeformsagroupofendocardialcellsbelowthepharynxdifferentrealityofhowbrain evolutionhasoper-atedthanisperceivedinthewidelyheldfolk-beliefofasortofscaleofnature,orScalaNaturae,thatranksallvertebratesalongasimplistic scaleTheretheydiversifiedintoamphibians,reptiles(includingbirds),andmammalsWearevertebratesEvolutionofvertebrates;PhylogenyWhatwerethefirst vertebratestolayamnioticeggs?AcademicPress,NewYork,IntwovolumesrelativetophylumChordata? Why?Hereisafigureshowing thefourkeychordatecharacteristics.