AT3 | Theatre of Refabrication

Architecture Technology Integration Theatre of Refabrication

Rokas Vilciauskas C1925773

1

RECYCLING PROCESS

Introduction

The “G2G” THE “LOOOP”

Building Programme Purpose

With the consideration of the historic background of St. Philips marsh, the aim is to maintain the industrial nature of the current site and pave the way for sustainably produced garments in the future. Currently, Bristol is one of the major textile providers in the whole of the UK. My proposal is aware of the overconsumption in the clothing sector and aims to provide a sustainable alternative.

Concept

Raw Materials

15% of produced clothing is collecting for sorting. 3% is recycled into new fibers. 4.5% are reproduced into new products

Recycling

The goal is to create a canvas for a performance of clothing refabrication system implemented by H&M called the “G2G” that turns an old garment into a new one through an 8 stage process. This is an environmentally friendly system focused on reducing a number of clothes that end up in landfills and providing a sustainable canvas for the operations.

Significance

The role of the “Theatre of Refabrication” is to spark a change on a small scale.

Currently, the process takes 2 days to reproduce one piece of clothing as it’s a new system and is yet to be streamlined.

Therefore, the proposal aims to up the scale of the process and increase awareness among residents of Bristol.

Space

Site Location

Site Context

The project is located in St. Philips Marsh, Bristol.

This is a historically industrial site that is undergoing a rapid urban regeneration process. The site offers ideal connections to major roads and public transport methods, however, not many people come to the site, due to its industrial nature.

The site sits next to a proposed and approved application for university accommodation and office spaces. Thereby, my proposal is aimed at complimenting future developments rather than what is on the site currently. The site sits close to the river Avon and Feeder Canal.

Site Conditions

Response to context / design aims

Winter months get very limited sunlight which is an important consideration in building orientation and potential overshadowing caused by the proposal.

High levels of precipitation mean materials have to be durable, sufficient drainage has to be provided. The annual average temperature is only 10,4°C which means design strategies to keep heat in are likely to be needed to create a sustainable and comfortable design.

My proposal aims to respond to the approved application for an office space. The buildings are linked; therefore, some functions of space would be shared including but not limited to building services.

I will be aiming to maintain the industrial atmosphere of the context and develop a wide-spanning structure reminiscent of industrial sheds currently on the site.

2

Shredding - strips the bits of clothes to smaller fabrics.

3

Fibering - The shredded clumps are filtered to remove dust and extra virgin fibres are added to strengthen the material.

4

Carding - The fibre mix is straightened into a fibre web and pulled into slivers.

Reusing Bricks from on-site demolitions.

Taking advantage of local production to reduce carbon footprint.

6.75% of clothes are used as second hand pieces of clothing in thrift stores

Clothing production per year is higher than 120 billion per year with an annual growth of 8%

Taking advantage of the greenhouse effect through the use of ETFE in retaining heat.

5

Drawing - A final blueprint is prepared to be produced.

6

Spinning - The fibre slivers are spun to create a single yard thread.

Assembly

Retail

Disposal

85% of clothing produced ends up in landfills. 95% of these clothes could have been reused or recycled.

7 8

Twisting and Knitting - Single yarn threads are double and twisted to increase their strength.

Looop knits the recycled yarn into a new design.

Using renewable energy source systems (ASHP) to power buildings operations.

Qualitative Needs

Quantitative needs

Cafe / Restaurant

Currently, the office proposal offers no space for the employees to relax and grab a bite. Therefore, I will be making an addition to add to the proposal.

Winter temperature: 21-23 Summer temperature: 24-25 Air supply rate: 10L/s per person Maintained illuminance: 50-200 lux Noise criterion: 40-45 dBA Structure: Using the structure of office proposal.

Site connection to the office space on the South edge means that building up would cause significant shadow into the office space creating an undesirable circumstance in regards to comfort in the office building space.

Create a common ground shared by both buildings, thereby replacing the space that would have been negatively impacted by overshadowing. Push the site boundary to wrap around the northern part of the office building to not cast any shadow onto the building.

Display space (catwalk space)

Creating a multifunctional mezzanine space that allows for observation of the refabrication process during working hours. And providing a dramatically lit space for fashion shows.

Winter temperature: 21-23 Summer temperature: 24-25 Air supply rate: 10L/s per person Maintained illuminance: 100-150 lux Noise criterion: 25-35 dBA Structure: Supporting a long suspended path.

The proposed use of ETFE is susceptible to solar heat gains. The u-Value coefficient is unsustainable due to the heating and cooling needed.

Use ETFE as a secondary rather than primary skin, limiting the solar heat gains through fritting.

Refabrication process

Creating a comfortable space for sedentary use of machinery, with wheelchair access, fire-safe escape routes and dramatic lighting conditions.

Winter temperature: 19-21 Summer temperature: 21-25 Air supply rate: 12.5L/s per person Maintained illuminance: 300-500 lux Noise criterion: 50dBA Structure: Supporting a wide area between vertical support elements.

The mild climate in Bristol and high levels of precipitation can cause the building to be fairly cool if not insulated well.

Use ETFE as a second skin to shield from rain and create a layer between the building envelope and the outside.

1: Site location 2: Proposed redevelopment site 3: Buildings retaining original purpose despite regenaration process 4: River Avon 5: Feeder canal

2

1

Cleaning - Sanitizing the fabric with ozone, removing buttons, zippers etc. Cutting the material into smaller pieces.

Manufacturing

Reuse Use

Sustainability

Longitude 51.4489° Latitude 2.5660°

Challanges in response to the brief

Solution

1: Site location 2: Office building proposal 3: University accomodation building proposal 4: Buildings retaining original purpose despite regenaration process 5: River Avon 6: Feeder canal

Initial calculations / Outer skin

Technical Approach

Application I had originally attempted to apply this strategy to accommodate the catwalk to be completely suspended from the ceiling and allow for very light and airy spaces with no structural elements on part of the ground floor.

Strategy 2 Aside from the trusses, the building uses rigid supports that are not fully restrained and are not systematic therefore, if one element were to fail the structure would remain in tact. This feature operates as a backbone or a stiff core to the building.

Application I had intended to use a stiff-core on two faces of the envelope to retain the majority of the weight and host building services while allowing for the other facades facing the public realm to be covered entirely in ETFE.

Spacing between verti- 3.8m. cal support elements x:

Spacing between verti- 4,5m. cal support elements y:

Spacing between verti- 5,5m. cal support elements y:

Spacing between verti- 4.8m. cal support elements y:

Height of vertical support elements h:

10m.

Height of vertical support elements h:

10m.

Imposed loads

Imposed loads

0,6 kN/m2 , self weight of roof with etfe, + imposed loads of building use C39 4kN/m2. Total 4,6kN/ m2

Imposed loads

0,6 kN/m2 , because the trusses supporting the ETFE are the outer layer they do not hold any apart from itself and ETFE. (Reffered to the Structures 1 lecture for this number)

Taken from UK National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. as a classification C39 (art galery) with an imposed load of 4kN/m2

Dead loads

Estimated all-up load taken from the same code. With an estimation for a suspended floor concrete slab, with a dead load of 6-7,5kN/m2

Dead loads

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Force calculation scheme for the truss uses a wall on one side which is intended to represent the office proposal, thereby making the structures reliant on one another Ultimate area load

2kN/m , as an “All-up” load. Because ETFE self weight is 0,7kg/ m2 in comparisson to that of glass at 15kg/ m2 or 0,164kN/m2 (at 6mm.), therefore I have estimated it to be much lower. + weight of suspended 1st floor reinf. concrete pad (200mm.). 6-7,5 kN/ m2. Total 9kN/m2 2

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Dead loads

(Dead load *1,35) + (Imposed load *1,5) = (9*1,35)+(4,6*1,5)= 19,05kN/m2

Truss calculation Ultimate loading on truss: 19,05*4,5*33=28 597,9kN Bending moment: 9*W*L/128 with 0,62L from A= 9*28597,9*20,46= 41 139,5kNM For a span of 33m. one of the few possible options is rolled steel truss The typical depth of the truss ranges between 1000-4000 with typical spans between 12-45m.

Span to depth ratio 8-15. In this case, the span is 33m. and heavily loaded therefore the depth would be around 33/13= 2,53m.

With the assumed depth of 2,53m. individual element of truss acting under tension is under: 41 139,5/2,53= 16 260,7kN of force. (Ft=Fc) While the thickness of such an element would be 16260700/275(strength of steel)= 59129,8mm2 After subtracting the square root 243mm.

Whilst the members under compression are under the same 16 260,7 kN of force. With a width of 5m. between points of restraint in the truss.

There are no listed options able to resist the force of 16 260,7 kN at any interval between restraints. Therefore, a solution with a rigid selfsupporting structure similar to that of Media TIC would be needed to resist buckling. This calculation hadn’t accounted for the fact that the suspended footbridge was non-centred, thereby the loading can be expected to be more immense at points.

Initial loading related Issue The direction of the suspended catwalk meant that I would need at least 3 trusses every 11m., there would be forces exceeding 16 260 kN on each bay (1st-floor deck+ self-weight of truss+ imposed load of the activity + ETFE skin+ ETFE binding metal+ lateral restrains for the trusses). The weight distribution would be off-centred meaning that a section of the truss would have to withstand much more weight because of where the catwalk was placed. The immense span of the truss would mean its depth was roughly 3meters, which is also too deep for the site (aesthetically and because of the office building proposal next to it).

Solution After reflecting on the thermal performance of ETFE skinned building (refer to page 6) I realised that using a single skin of ETFE would be thermally unpractical, whilst the suspended catwalk - is structurally difficult given the above-calculated dimensions of sections. Therefore, I decided to go for a building with 2 independent skins. The first outer layer is made out of ETFE skin and the trusses supporting it, the second independent skin is supported by steel, using recycled brick as cladding.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Strategy 1 Media TIC structure is suspended from 4 enormous trusses separated by 14,5m. that hold the square envelope of the building suspended at 38m. height. This allows the ground level and entry-level to be free of any structural features.

Spacing between verti- 17m. cal support elements x:

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The design idea is derived from “The Shed” building in New York that creates a fabric like elevation through the use of ETFE. While the structural strategy has derived from the precedent of the “Media TIC” building in Barcelona.

The “Media TIC” building uses 2 strategies that influenced my structural design decisions.

Final Calculations / Inner skin

Spacing between verti- 33m. cal support elements x:

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Long spanning structure wrapping the building envelope in the ETFE skin.

Final Calculations / Outer skin

Shared structural principle for truss and beam-columns PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Technical Challange

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Structure

Ultimate area load

2kN/m2 , as an “Allup” Load sources from (). Because ETFE self weight is 0,7kg/ m2 in comparisson to that of glass at 15kg/ m2 or 0,164kN/m2 (at 6mm.), therefore I have estimated it to be much lower.

(Dead load *1,35) + (Imposed load *1,5) = (2*1,35)+(0,6*1,5)= 3.6kN/m2

Truss calculation Ultimate loading on truss: 3,6*5,5*17=336,6kN Bending moment: W*L/8= 336,6*17/8=715,28kNM Intend to use a cold-formed open web steel joist truss.

The typical depth of the truss ranges between 300-1000 with typical spans between 5-20m.

Span to depth ratio at 15-25. Therefore in this case the span is 17m. but lightly loaded therefore the depth would be around 17/22= 0,77m.

With the assumed depth of 0,77m. individual element of truss acting under tension is under: 715,28/0,77= 928,93kN of force. (Ft=Fc)While the thickness of such an element would be 928930/275(strength of steel)= 3370mm2 After subtracting the square root 58mm.

While the members under compression are under the same 928,93kN of force and with the span of 1m. between internal members of the truss providing points of restraint. Choosing 203x133x30 metal I beam.

In most cases tension will be lesser than compression; therefore, the chosen I beam would be suitable for both. However, with environmental considerations in mind, a smaller section could be used for tension resisting elements.

Ultimate area load

(Dead load *1,35) + (Imposed load *1,5) = (6*1,35)+(4*1,5)= 14,1kN/m2

Primary beams

Secondary beams

Area supported: 4,8*3,8= 18,24m2 Loading: 18,24*14,1= 257,2kN

Area supported: 4,8*1,9= 9,12m2 Loading: 9,12*14,1= 128,6 kN

ETFE skin roof

Roof

Trusses holding the ETFE with restraints

Fully restraint ETFE skin support

Moment capacity= W*L/8= Moment capacity= W*L/8= 257,2*3,8/8= 122,17kN/m 128,6*4,8/8= 77,16kN/m Due to short spans of 5m. both primary and secondary beams do not bear a lot of weight. Thus I have chosen to use a wide flange rolled steel section because it spans between 4 and 12 meters with a span to depth ratio of 100-500. Knowing that my beams are low weight-bearing depth of section would be 4,8/24= 200mm. thereby, I have chosen to go for the shallowest option of 254x146x37 Wide flange rolled steel section.

As my beams.

Corner columns

Edge columns

Area supported: 2,4*1,9= 4,56m2 Loading: 4,56*14,1= 64,3kN *2 (because it supports 2 floors)

Area supported: 4,8*1,9= 9,12m2 Loading: 9,12*14,1= 128,6 kN *2 (because it supports 2 floors)

Moment capacity= W*L/8= 128,6*4,8/8= 77,16kN/m

Moment capacity= Secondary skin W*L/8= 257,2*3,8/8= 122,17kN/m

Primary ETFE skin

Due to low loading on the corner and edge columns I had chosen to go for 152x152x23 Steel I beams

Base pad + foundation

1st floor slab Because of the short spans and direction of span (only in one direction) I have chosen to use a one-way slab approx. 120mm. deep (“The Concrete Centre”) as its an economic and slender option.

ETFE support Because the columns supporting the truss and the ETFE skin had been so small due to low loads I had developed a segment of fully restrained steel profiles that would make mounting the truss easier as well as provide angles for the ETFE to spread out to create a pattern. (see axonometric drawing)

Sustainability Use of ETFE: ETFE is 100% recyclable and requires minimal energy for transportation and installation.

Use of Steel: Steel is chosen because it can be reused or recycled with no downgrade in efficiency. Steel is also produced locally to the site location; therefore, the carbon footprint is further reduced in transportation. Just like a brick (cladding material) properly treated steel can last for decades, further reducing the carbon footprint of the building.

Vertical dead load Imposed + dead load Load transfer Members under compression Members under tension Reaction force

3

Construction Strategy Technical Challange

Constructure Concepts

ETFE Concepts

Because structural steel for a brick cladding is not a common solution as both materials are structural, I had sketched out wall make-up (in plan view) layering and observed the connection between steel-insulation-concrete.

ETFE cushion varies in the application, thermal properties and makeup. Additionally, depending on layering ETFE can inhabit better / worse insulating properties.

A regular ETFE foil has a U-Value of 5.6W/m2K (which is barely better than being outside) whilst a cushion of 4 layers can be a fairly good insulator with a U-Value of 1.4W/m2K (however, not sufficient as pointed out in thermal performance first attempt).

Provide a more effective building envelope compared to that of the ETFE skin.

Wall layering - plan view 1:20

Technical Approach Because the energy performance had been so poor (Refer to the thermal performance page), I had to create an inner skin that had been well insulated and met the UK regulation, to provide for a more comfortable environment.

ETFE Construction: 1. 4 layer ETFE pillow each membrane 3mm.

However they would be deeper after being inflated roughly 200-350mm.

2. Steel supporting the ETFE mounts 50mm.

3. Air gap with support elements between steel and the truss 33mm.

Roof Construction:

Roof Construction

Thermal Resistance m2K/W = Thickness (m) / Conductivity (W/mK)

Material

Thickness m.

Thermal Conductivity (W/ mK)

Thermal Resistance m2K/W

Zinc sheeting

0.7 * 10-3

113

6.19*10-6

Structural matting bitumen underlay

0.01

0.6

0.0167

OSB layer

0.025

0.129

0.194

Vapour permeable underlay

0.009

0.0147

0.612

Fiberglass insulation

0.16

0.035

4.572

45

5.6*10-3

Intumescent coated 0.254 steel I beam section

1. Zinc sheeting 0.7mm.

2. Structural matting bitumen underlay 10mm.

3. OSB layer 25mm.

4. Vapour permeable underlay 9 mm.

5. Fiberglass insulation 160mm.

6. Intumescent coated steel I beam section 254mm.

Roof Detail 1:5

Floor Construction: 1. Epoxy screed 80mm.

2. Damp proof membrane 10mm.

3. Concrete one way slab 130mm.

4. Concrete pour preparation layer (to even it out for the epoxy) 9mm.

5. Intumescent coated steel I beam section 254mm.

Material

Thickness m.

Thermal Conductivity (W/ mK)

Thermal Resistance m2K/W

Epoxy screed

0.08

2.2

0.036

Ground Floor Construction: 1. Epoxy screed 80mm.

2. Concrete pour preparation layer (to even it out for the epoxy) 9mm.

3. Structural impact sound insulation layer 135mm.

4. Damp proof membrane 10mm.

5. Concrete foundation 270mm. at shallow deeper at edges.

Structural insulation layer

0.135

0.021

6.429

Wall construction:

Damp proof membrane

0.01

0.014

0.714

Concrete foundation

0.27

2

0.135

U- Value

1/ (0.036+6.429+0.714+0.135) = 0,136 W/ m2K

U- Value

1/ (6.19*10-6+0.0167+0.194+0.612+4.572+5.6*10-3) = 0,185 W/ m2K

Ground Floor Construction

Wall Construction

Thermal Resistance m2K/W = Thickness (m) / Conductivity (W/mK)

ETFE Skin Detail 1:5

Thermal Resistance m2K/W = Thickness (m) / Conductivity (W/mK)

Material

Thickness m.

Thermal Conductivity (W/ mK)

Thermal Resistance m2K/W

Brick

0.102

0.6

0.17

Cavity

0.033

0.64

0.051

Water repellent mineral wool

0.07

0.035

2

Damp proof membrane

0.01

0.014

0.714

Mineral wool insulation

0.25

0.035

7.14

Steel section with mineral wool between

0.05

0.081

0.617

Fire-resisting gypsium plasterboard and wall finish

0.03

0.182

0.165

U- Value

1/ (0.17+0.051+2+0.714+7.14+0.617+0.165) = 0,092 W/ m2K (Excessive insulation, this can cause moisture, as heat would not leave the envelope, thickness of insulation should; therefore, be reduced)

4

1. Brick 102.5mm.

2. Cavity 33mm. With brick ties every meter and fire stop with every floor.

3. Water-repellent mineral wool 70mm.

4. Damp proof membrane 10mm.

5. Mineral wool insulation 250mm.

6. Steel sections with mineral wool between 50mm.

7. Fire-resisting gypsum plasterboard and wall finish 2×15 mm mounted on aluminium battens 50x65mm.

Paving construction: 1. Natural local stone slab 50mm.

2. Sharp sand compacted to 30mm. joints of slabs filled with sand 3. Final compacted Type 1 Sub-base 150mm.

4. Compacted subgrade 150mm.

Full section 1:20

Lighting

Thermal Performance U-Value

Ocupants

With staff included I had assumed that no more than 20 individuals would be using the space at one time.

Metabolic gains/ Person

Given the type of activity which is relatively calm and the clothing worn I had assumed that the metabolic gains per person would be min. 160 max. 200

Equipment gains/ Person

Given that all the machinery would be operating at one time I had given a min. value of 93 and max. value of 116 because the machinery is not doing particularly heavy duty work.

Solar heat gain coefficient

Because ETFE is a transparent material the SGHC would be very high at 0.94 which would cost overheating in summer time and a need for cooling during winter time. So I have used a fritted option of ETFE which creates a silver pattern on the underside of the skin to reduce the solar gains, lowering it to 0.2

Lighting Levels

Lighting levels required for the industrial use buildings is fairly high at 500 to 700 lux

Variables

Technical Challange

ETFE U-value ranges from 5.6 to 1.4 depending on the amount of layers used. For this instance I had taken the best possible U-value of 1.4m2 K/W

Because there are a lot of machinery work stages taking place in the building like knitting, weaving, yarn manufacture, cleaning etc. the lighting levels vary.

It is also likely that there will be a variety of materials being used as it’s a recycling process. Therefore, I will be basing my analysis on a presumption that most places should remain under 300 - 500 lux levels at all times (mostly because contrary to the standard, human involvement is not as apparent in my building as its mostly done by the machines), and at certain moments (like weaving) it will be accepted if the lux levels go above 750 lux.

Create a scenario which comes close to meeting the lighting requirement for the building use, thus positively impacting on the required amount of daylighting whilst avoiding overheating.

Technical Approach First attempt

Outcome

With my first attempt I had tested out thermal performance of a building if it had been wrapped in ETFE with no secondary layer of insulation.

Because the U-value had been so poor 1.4m2 K/W in comparison to UK standart (0.13m2 K/W for walls and roofs) the building had been overheating in summer (despite the use of fritting) and needing a lot of additional heating in winter, thereby making the building highly unsustainable even with the most efficient system.

Adaptation

Outcome

With the adaptation to the first attempt I had changed the idea of only using ETFE as a main skin. Instead ETFE makes up an outter layer of a completly independant inner building envelope with an air pocket between.

As a result a significant improvement in building performance can be noticed because the U-value which had been poor in the initial testing had been dramaticly improved to align with the British standart, thereby making the building better insulated meaning heat was retained in winter and the envelope kept cooler in summer.

The approach is solely focused on coming close to meeting the required lux levels while creating an environment that resembles an industrial shed but made open. Focusing on natural light to create a welcoming environment during daytime required for operations and allowing for an opportunity to control the light levels in the space during shows.

December 12pm.

Very dark even the windows do not provide a lot of daylight because of the ETFE skin that obstructs the sun.

For all photos below output lux range is between 350-850 lux.

June 12pm.

Very dim except for the front of the room which should be the brightest at the lux levels for weaving reaching 750lux.

Adaptation

December 12pm.

Very dark in the center of the envelope, some bright spots close to openings.

June 12pm.

A well lit environment meeting the lux level demands.

Conclusions Initially, I wanted to create a very dramatic industrial shed like setting reminiscent of the buildings in the area that could be found on site today.

However, that posed an obvious issue in regards to lighting. Maintained lux requirements for the activity taking place in this building is at least 300500 lux and can go up to 1000lux. In the case of the 1st proposal, a lot of artificial light would have to be used to meet the requirement (just like in a traditional industrial building), because of how blocked off the building would be it would not display any “theatrical” presence. Thereby, the final proposal offers a different solution that is much lighter with bigger openings, thus more inviting and nicer to inhabit during the daytime. However, even with big windows, the lux levels in the winter months would not be sufficient thereby, artificial light would need to be used.

Conclusions Despite displaying significantly improved results by using the ETFE as outer skin rather than a primary one the envelope still needs heating in winter and cooling in summer. Results aren’t exactly correct as they do not display the impact of ETFE secondary skin as the second test focuses on the inner envelope and windows. The use of ETFE as an outer skin would cause a greenhouse effect despite large openings. This means the need for heating would be lowered because the heat would be retained in the envelope; however, in summer it could cause overheating and require additional cooling despite passive ventilation strategies. Thereby, I believe using an ETFE with fritting (lower SHGC) would help the building stay warm in winter. Then I would have to account for cooling in Summer, and because ETFE is essentially an air pillow that needs constant airflow a combined system could be used to power the use of ETFE and help ventilate the building at the same time. I propose the use of an air source heat pump (ASHP) as it can both heat and cool, the system functions as air to air and would be shared by the office building and my proposal as it needs adequate space and can sufficiently support both buildings.

Sustainability Despite what looks like a space that is overheating (June 12pm) after imputing the same volume/ area parameters in the energy balance worksheet the results aligned with the expected operational energy targets for 2030. Thereby, window placement and dimensions are justified.

5

Ventilation

Access / Fire Escape Routes

Ventilation Strategy

Horizontal access / fire escape routes

The ventilation strategy revolves around the idea of limiting the need for mechanical ventilation through a developed strategy of passive ventilation. To be more precise my strategy is focused on limiting the need for heating. To help achieve this, I am intending to create a greenhouse effect with the help of the outer skin of ETFE. The air leaving the building (moving upwards) would get partially trapped between the ETFE layer and the air pocket thus increasing the temperature in the building by limiting the heat leaving the building. Significant openings in all facades would ensure the building does not overheat and thus appear as a greenhouse effect on a small scale.

In an attempt to create a central point of interaction the proposal offers ground level entry from all directions, sufficient to accommodate wheelchair access. This means that requirements for fire escape routes are easily met because at each point in the building there are at least two directions to head towards for an exit.

1

4 5

2

Route 3

ETFE skin

A

The ETFE outer skin gets its structural stability through pneumatic pressure (around 250-300 pa) as a result it should be connected to a separate air handling unit from which air pipes run to every individual cushion. As the cushions need to maintain pressure and not create airflow the energy consumptions are minimal (approx. 60-120W max. The footprint of a unit is 1m * 0.5m and can be connected internally or externally.

Duct work

A

Parameters

Provide adequate acoustic insulation in the factory space, minimising its impact on the mezzanine and also limiting reverberation times in the atrium.

I am aware (From CIBSE Guide A, table 1.5) that the noise criterion for sedentary use factory space is 50dBA. Thus, the proposed wall construction falls in line with BS 8233:2014 guidance, to meet the adequate dBA levels.

Conventional bricks have a high reflection rate and would need to be tested out in acoustic performance.

Because the site is away from heavy traffic the conditions outside would not be a major factor; however, the buildings in the close proximity to the proposal are office space and university accommodation, thus sound transmission from the inside of the fabric to the outside is of importance.

The expected reverberation time set out by “How buildings work“ for this space is 1,52,0s.

Because of operations in the building I will be looking into the frequencies of 1000Hz.

Outcome / Adaptation The reverberation time after the first iteration is within the parameters; however, after testing out lighting conditions and construction strategy, I had decided that I would rather use a more reflective interior finish surface to accomplish a more “clean” aesthetic inside.

Thus I had decided to use a plasterboard + lime finish on the interior walls. Additionally, the space needed some soft materials to lighten the atmosphere. Thus I added curtains to the design, so the interior feels more cosy and acoustic performance (reverberation time) is improved.

Material

Sound absorption Sabines coefficient

Mark

Material Area m2

Material

Sound absorption Sabines coefficient

R

326

Plasterboard 10mm thick, mounted on 90mm. fiberglass tied to 25mm. of OSB

0.55

R

326

Plasterboard 10mm thick, mounted on 90mm. fiberglass tied to 25mm. of OSB

0.55

179.3

179.3

F

326

Epoxy screed flooring

0.04

13.04

F

326

Epoxy screed flooring

0.04

13.04

W1

87.2

Smooth brickwork with flush pointing

0.04

3.488

W1

87.2

Plaster finish on solid backing

0.03

2.616

W2

137.9 x 2 Smooth brickwork with flush pointing

0.04

11.032

W2

137.9 x 2 Plaster finish on solid backing

0.03

8.274

W3

37.7

Smooth brickwork with flush pointing

0.04

1.508

W3

37.7

Plaster finish on solid backing

0.03

1.131

A

82.5 x 2

Double glazing, 2-3mm. 0.03 glass, 10mm. airgap

4.950

A

82.5 x 2

Double glazing, 2-3mm. 0.03 glass, 10mm. airgap

4.950

B

49.5

Double glazing, 2-3mm. 0.03 glass, 10mm. airgap

1.485

B

49.5

Double glazing, 2-3mm. 0.03 glass, 10mm. airgap

1.485

265.5

Curtains in folds against the wall

106.2

214.803

Rt60= (0.161*2503)/ 214.803= 1.876

Total Sabines

Reverberation time 6

16.8m

3

15.4m

4

11.2m

5

17.8m

Because of the interconnection between the buildings, a lot of building services are covered by the office building proposal such as electric station, water supply, heating system for the office. Thereby, my proposal accommodates 2 utility rooms (1150x1550) (Letter A) in the main segment, and one large section in the interlinked building part (3400x3700) (Letter B). The utility rooms are used to provide space for cooling and heating systems and structural stability of ETFE skin (2 air handling units).

Sprinklers In this instance (according to gov. app. document B, table 8.1) it is not necessary to provide sprinklers to my building as it does not exceed 7000m2 on any floor.

However, due to the fire resistance properties of steel, I deem it necessary to provide sprinklers.

B

W1

Material Area m2

Reverberation time

2

In terms of vertical escape routes, one staircase is sufficient, because the 1st-floor height does not exceed the height of 11m. above ground level.

(Government Approved document K, paragraph 3.3 condition d). The air pocket between the roof and ETFE would function as a smoke reservoir to make sure the lift remains operational for a duration of time to evacuate the disabled from the upper floor.

A

Mark

Total Sabines

21.5m

A

Concepts

Technical Approach

W2

1

Vertical access / fire escape routes

Building services

I have chosen to calculate the duct size through calculations based on the required air changes per hour (due to the fact that proposed air supply rate per person calculations would be largely inaccurate due to the volume of space). The overall volume of this part of the building is 3184.2m3. The CIBSE guide B2 recommends 4 air changes per hour for my type of building (sedentary use, large open space).

The maximum speed of air allowed in the ductwork for industrial buildings is 10m/s-1 for main ducts, 8m/s-1 for branches and 5m/s-1 for run-outs.

Thereby the cross-sectional area of ductwork required is: 3184.2*4= 12736,9 B 12736,9/ 3600= 3,53m3/s W3 3,53/10= 0,35m2 - 0,66m (in diameter) 3,53/8= 0,44m2 - 0,74 (in diameter) R|F 3,53/5= 0,71m2 - 0,94 (in diameter)

Acoustics

Distance

0.4

316.996

Rt60= (0.161*2503)/ 316.996= 1.271

Material Fire Resistance Properties Structural Steel

ETFE skin

Brick cladding

Unprotected steel frames can resist fire for approximately 15 minutes. According to requirements set out by the steel construction institute for structural steel, this period of resistance must be increased substantially (for my building use and height) to 90 minutes in a structure without sprinklers or 60 minutes with sprinklers. In this case, the intumescent coating would be used to create a protective coating that would expand when subjected to temperatures around 250°.

This solution is ideal because the steal is exposed and the aesthetics are important thereby, a solution like SFRM steel coating is not desirable.

ETFE foil is considered a low flammable and self-extinguishing material in the event of a fire, the heat of smoke will cause the foil to soften and shrink away from the fire source and create natural ventilation. ETFE melts at a certain temperature, opens and works as a natural smoke vent. Thereby the material is not under conditions to meet the fire resistance requirement.

An individual brick offers high levels of heat resistance, with the ability to withstand a maximum temperature of 1200°C. This is partially due to a fact that a fire kiln is used to produce the material.

Brick achieves A1 non-combustible classification, thus meaning brick is ideal for fire resistance. Firestop is used as an extra layer of protection (see construction page) to restore continuous fire resistance of wall assembly.

Sustainability Strategies

I have opted for using an ASHP system as my renewable source of energy. ASHP can be used for both heating and cooling. The system works by transferring heat absorbed from outside air to indoor space. The air handling unit mounted on the outside is connected by refrigeration lines to the air handler. In winter the system extracts warm air from outside and takes it inside, in summer the process is reversed, hot air is transferred out, and cold air is brought in. Typically ASHP units operate through underfloor heating; however, an option with air extractor fans is viable. I had chosen not to use underfloor heating, because of the machinery that could be damaged by continuous heating. The system had been chosen because of its 300% efficiency, high seasonal coefficient of performance, easy installation and low maintenance.

I had originally intended to use geothermal heating because it can both heat and cool and scores high in its seasonal performance; however, to install geothermal heating it either has to be a large surface area (which is not available in this instance) or by digging in piles vertically, which is not ideal for current site soil stability in relation to river Avon.

Other sustainable design strategies take advantage of the site. Because the site of the proposal is due to undergo demolition works of existing buildings (mostly brick sheds), some of the bricks would be reused or recycled and used in the proposal, the remainder would be sourced locally.

The structural steel is sourced locally as there is steelworks in the same area within a kilometre, thus this is an effective strategy to cut down on the carbon footprint.

(Other strategies had been mentioned in previous pages.)

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5. LeCuyer, Annette, ETFE Technology And Design (Basel ; Boston : Birkhäuser, 2008) 6. “Sound Absorption Coefficient Chart | JCW Acoustic Supplies”, Acoustic Supplies <https://www.acoustic-supplies.com/absorption-coefficient-chart/> [Accessed 4 May 2022] 7. Steel Construction Institute, Steel Building Design: Design Data (The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd, 2015) 8. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, CIBSE Guide A: Environmental Design (London : CIBSE, ©2006., 2021) 9. “What Are The Pros & Cons Of Air Source Heat Pumps (2022)”, Greenmatch.Co.Uk, 2022 <https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2016/02/prosand-cons-of-air-source-heat-pumps> [Accessed 4 May 2022] 10. “What Is An Intumescent Paint? - London Structural Steel Fabricators - Steel Beams, Rsjs, Steel Bars, Steel RSJ Suppliers, Fabrication, Design & Erectors - Steelo Ltd”, London Structural Steel Fabricators - Steel Beams, Rsjs, Steel Bars, Steel RSJ Suppliers, Fabrication, Design & Erectors Steelo Ltd, 2020 <https://www.steelo.co.uk/blog/2018/12/04/what-is-an-intumescent-paint/> [Accessed 4 May 2022] 11. <https://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf> [Accessed 4 May 2022]

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