Police Stations- The Face of the Police

POLICE STATION: THE FACE OF THE POLICEA STUDY OF POLICE STATIONS AND THEIR ARCHITECTURE IN MUMBAI

Rukaiya Lakdawala Fifth Year B. Arch Semester IX, 2019- 20 L. S. Raheja S. O. A

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Rukaiya Lakdawala has successfully completed her design dissertation (part 1) on the topic ‘Police Stations- The Face of the Police, A study of Police Stations and their architecture in Mumbai’ under the guidance of Ar. Arun Fizardo.

The dissertation is undertaken as a part of the academic study based on the curriculum for Bachelors of Architecture program conducted by the University of Mumbai, through L.S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai.

SEAT NUMBER: OCT 19- IX- 025

Thesis Guide: Ar. Arun Fizardo.

L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai

Principal: Ar. Mandar Parab.

L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai

External Juror 1:

External Juror 2:

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DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled: “Police Stations- The Face of the Police, A study of Police Stations and their Architecture in Mumbai� represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Rukaiya Lakdawala Exam Roll No: OCT 19- IX- 025 Date: 23.11.2019

Place: Mumbai

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This book is a compilation of hard work, of not just mine, but a number of people who have given me their support, love and care.

First and foremost, I thank God almighty and His Holiness for showering Their blessings on me, without which I would not be where I am today.

I would like to thank my mother, who has shared impossible sleepless nights with me, motivating me and working beside me, when I had given up all hope to succeed. Her moral support has been the driving force to get me through the course. Love and thanks to my family, grandfather, grandmother, father ( for supporting me and a special big thank you for financing my super expensive course, hoping to repay to back soon), lovely sisters, Aamena and Ajab, for praying for me. For being there for me and helping me every step of the way, trying hard to keep me up from my dangerously sound sleep. I’m grateful for my Nana, Nani, Mamu, Mami, for their showers of love, their support against all the odds. My research would have been incomplete without their presence. I’d like to thank Shabbir, Tasneem bhen and my family for their moral support and help.

I would like to thank my Professor incharge, Ar. Arun Fizardo whose guidance has played an important role in the research. I am grateful to Ar. Anuj Gudekar, Ar. Krishnan V. , Ar. Rohan Patil and all my other teachers whose teachings have shaped me into the architect I am today.

I would like to thank all the police officials of Mumbai who were kind and generous enough to permit me to visit the police stations, and share their stories and experiences which are beneficial for this research. Special thanks to I.P.S. Abhinash Kumar, D.C.P. Of Zone 3, for his assistance and time.

Special thanks to the police force of Coimbatore, for entertaining me, especially D.C.P. Balaji Sarvanan for sharing his insights on the topic and granting me permission to visit the police stations, whose reference made my work go smoothly.

I’d like to thank Feroz Uncle without whose help this wouldn’t have been possible.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my friends (Vaish’s, Chiddi, Shriya, Gargi, Jalkote, Advaith) and every other person who have helped me learn and grow.

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PREFACE

“They

give

me

a

sense

of

uneasiness” “There is a taboo that women don’t go to police stations.”

“On roads itself they act so indifferent, when we are in need, not sure if they could be of help at station” “Police

station

makes

me

feel

uneasy with criminals around there.”

“Don't feel safe enough.”

“A lady alone is very likely to be not treated well by police and other public or criminals around”

“The atmosphere of the police station is not the most comforting.”

“I wouldn’t ever go alone there. As always better to have an eye witness, what if they blame me.”

“It is just generally discomforting.”

“They are scary places. Not really confident about the police.”

Responses of people of Mumbai on whether or not they would feel comfortable to visit police stations unaccompanied and why. Source: Survey undertaken by Author.

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SYNOPSIS

I.

HYPOTHESIS:

The physical identity of the police force, the police stations- its design and appearance- both, directly and indirectly impact their functioning and efficiency, and the confidence that the civilians have in them.

II.

ABSTRACT:

‘The police are to society, what conscience is to a human being.’ The police workforce is one of the most important body in our country to maintain peace and decorum within the states. Any form of distrust in them would set a state of fear and unrest.

Today, most often, the police facilities incur an atmosphere that evokes discomfort to the visitors and the working officials itself. They effectively send out wrong messages about the attitudes and working practices of the police. Taking a deeper look into the architecture of these police stations would help decipher the possibilities and potentials in innovating with these unkempt facilities, to positively impact their working and the effect it has on the society.

While the design of the police domain won’t alone refurbish confidence in the police, well designed, public minded police stations can enhance the image of the police amongst the public, promoting a more friendly relationship with the force and decrease feelings of vulnerability at large.

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III.

AIM: To study the urban police force, as a body to maintain peace and decorum

and the station as a means to facilitate it in terms of its likeability, approachability, identifiability, resolution in comprehensibility and allowing of efficient workability.

IV. NEED OF STUDY: -

An Important Civic Asset- As civic service providers, they hold a very important place in a society fabric to protect society.

The structure that houses them, effectively speaks about the kind of police service they would provide. Police stations in Mumbai, have lost visibility in our cluttered city, with no architecture inherent and identifiable solely to them.

-

Lack of Basic Amenities- The police work from stations, with incompetent infrastructure. Police stations have been an under thought aspect for long.

Since the time the stations were first constructed, their requirements and work patterns have changed, with the stations remaining as were.

-

Trust Factor- Both the complete and partial lack of trust in the functioning of the police force, which is a result of a lack of transparency between the city and the police, has created a sense of superficial fear.

We approach them, but most of the times with a hesitant mind set.

-

Community Disconnect- Policing is most efficient when the community are caretakers of their vicinity themselves. It is not manually possible for a numbered force to eradicate crime from an entire city, alone. However, the police force in Mumbai today can be considered to be disconnected with the citizens. The community and police are two separate entities of one single realm. Can’t the potential of good architecture help bridge the gap between the two? “Making Mumbai a safer and better place to live is our mission and we will work for this in partnership with the community.�

- Mumbai police website

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-

Possibilities to Innovate- In recent years, new interpretations on police buildings have come up and the aspect of their design are being looked at, which effectively could work at improving policing as a whole.

A lot could be further contributed for its research to fit best in the context of Mumbai.

V.

OBJECTIVES:

-

To understand the role and importance of the police workforce in a city.

-

To study ways to achieve transparency in their working both physically (design

strategies)

and

metaphysically

(highlighting

jurisdictional,

administrative drawbacks in the system).

-

To study ways to connect police better with civilians, building a stronger trust bond, which works two ways.

-

Examines the psychological impact of spaces on users- various ways in which police buildings shape people’s confidence in the police.

-

The work space atmosphere has an impact on the work output it can generate out of its users. Deep consideration to this aspect of workability in our city’s police stations today would help for the betterment of our police force.

VI. METHODOLOGY: -

Interviews and interaction with police officials and other relevant individual.( in office and retired)

-

Mapping of police stations both at macro and micro level

-

Internet and book research

-

Photo documentation wherever permitted.

-

Surveys to understand the general image of police men that pertains in society today

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VII. SCOPE OF WORK AND LIMITATIONS: -

This research would be looking at police stations in detail only in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, and putting forth ideas for the same. To set out a comparative analysis, the research would look into the difference in functioning of the police in the adjoining regions of Mumbai, around the country and overseas too.

-

What wouldn’t be included as a part of the study result, is any alterations in the shortcomings of the administrative and jurisdictional specifications of their working. The study would wholly and solely propose modifications to the physical workability of the police stations, primarily aiming to better their approachability and efficiency.

-

Due to aspects of confidentiality and security, not all parts of the station can be photographed.

-

Analysis and design aspects of only the General police station will be taken into account. The quarter settlements, additional police subordinate branches (like traffic, anti-terrorist squad offices, etc.) will not be taken up for the study.

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Contents

I.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 20 I.

Civic services .................................................................................... 21

ii.

Civic buildings .................................................................................. 22

iii. Policing and the police ................................................................... 23 iv. Police Stations ................................................................................... 25 v.

Policing in Mumbai - ........................................................................ 26 History with respect to its growth ................................................... 26 Problems faced in the post-independence era

vi. Police stations in Mumbai ............................................................... 34 a) Non- strategic location in jurisdictional regions b)Compromise in functioning c)Police stations operating from residential buildings d)Police stations facing miscellaneous issues e)Compromise in aesthetics v.

About the policing body- ............................................................... 50 Administrative division, duties and hierarchy .............................. 50

viii. Policing in Mumbai - ........................................................................ 57 History with respect to police-public relations............................. 57 ix. The Police and the People today ................................................. 61 II.

CHAPTER 2 ARCHITECTONICS OF A GOOD POLICE STATION .................................... 65 i.

Design considerations for the city ................................................. 66

ii.

Design considerations for the police personals……………….…69

iii.

Design considerations for visitors & victims .................................. 71

iv. Design considerations for children ................................................ 73 v.

Design considerations for the convicts ......................................... 75

vi. Criteria selection for analysis.......................................................... 76

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III.

CHAPTER 3: vii.

Case studies of police stations in Mumbai ............................... 80

viii.

Case study of police stations in India ........................................ 80

ix.

Case study of police stations abroad ....................................... 80

IV. CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 120 V.

CHAPTER 5: SITE SELECTION ........................................................................................... 124

VI. ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... 131 VII. REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 143 VIII. TABLE OF FIGURES...................................................................................... 146

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I.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A. This chapter introduces policing as a civic/ public utility service, and its necessity and role in an urban city fabric. Knowing this becomes relevant, to understand the role of such functions in an urban-scape.

B. The growth of the Mumbai police force is studied, and its hand in shaping the police body that exists today has been understood. This study indicates how a major part of our policing system is simply inherited from what was being followed in the British era, and the pros and cons of the same have been established.

C. The current state and design of the police stations in Mumbai are looked at and the possible reasons for them existing the way they are, are recognized. This would help solve the existing shortcomings by dealing with it at the grassroots of its occurrence.

D. Police and public are entities in a society and need to bear a particular bond, which is best suited for the interest of the greater city picture. The current rapport of the police and public are understood in the context of Mumbai and taken forward as a means to understand the situation more holistically.

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i. CIVIC SERVICES

The breakdown of the term ‘civic services’ comes down to those services that cater to the city. Also known as public utility services or institutions.

Civic services would include all livelihood related services, communication and transport related services, fire preventive services, security services, health improvement services, justice related services, etc. which ensure the overall safety and smooth living of a society.

These services make all formal cities. With the government at the ace position, these miscellaneous service bodies work alongside and ensure the overall smooth living and safety of a society. By definition they are supposed to foster a strong local, regional and national identity, as well as provide public services and have a positive impact on a neighbourhood.

It is, hence, established that their primary use is to function for the people. And that, the efficient functioning of public services have a direct and important bearing on the daily lives of the citizens. Lack of transparency, non-performance, corruption, or strong disconnect with the society most often are the major causes of failure of the services triggering a negative impact on society.

Figure 1: The different types of civic services people depend on.

Source: Author

Figure 2: The impact of inefficient service Source: (neemascribbles, n.d.)Edited by Author

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ii. CIVIC BUILDINGS Apart from the impact created by the work output of the function, the architecture, catering to these services plays an important role subconsciously as the backdrop. It would have an impact on the people working and providing their service to the city, as well as the citizens who would be utilising these services.

And, accordingly, the design of the structures that house these functions could help evoke a constructive psychological impact or take away from it.

“Architecture becomes the personification of the function it serves.�

Civic architecture eventually even becomes the face of the city, and of the function it caters for. A respectable looking government building, speaks good about the government, and in turn the city. It becomes the identity.

Examples would be the White house and Capitol building in Washington, or in a more Indian context it would be the Parliament building in Delhi, or the High court building here in Mumbai. It adds to the city scape, highlighting the importance of the legislative and judicial system respectively.

It can, thus, be compared to the various organs of the body, which in the end function in cohesion to enable a smooth presence. And the vitality for a healthy condition for the organs go in hand with the requirement of a conscious structure to have a positive ambiance.

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iii.

POLICING AND THE POLICE

Policing is one of the most vital public service institution in a city. Its duties revolve around enforcement of laws which are framed for the common good of the people, and which as a supervisory body will ensure safety in a society.

The Criminal Justice system in India, today, is an integrated system comprising the Police, the Prosecuting Agency, the Magistracy and the Correctional Services.

(Chowdhary, 2014) The “Indian Police” is an umbrella term, which denotes not only state police forces but also various central police organizations, such as Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Rapid Police Force (RPF), and various other. (Balaji D Almale, 2014).

This study focuses on the most practiced form of policing in the urban scenario, the city police force, which falls under The State Police Force, which acts as an instrument for prevention and detection of crime and maintenance of order.

Relevance of a Police workforce: It is a function that never shuts its doors, is open for people all round the clock. Organised Police, according to an eminent police officer, B. M.

Mullik, performs

threefold tasks on behalf of the society, it prevents, it integrates and develops, and for the society.

The very term Police signifies:-

Fig. 3: Police force are functional all around the clock Source: Author

P – Politeness

O –Obedience L - Loyalty I - Intelligence C - Courage E - Efficiency Shri Mullik further adds that, “ the police is to the society, what grammar is to language.”, where just as grammar gives a direction and sense of meaning to the words by holding them together, Police too plays a similar unifying role, without which society would be a jungle of individuals, each minding their own interests as savage animals do. For society to remain civilised and progressive, Police is an important component.

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History of the Policing: From when mankind started the need for a supervisory body to protect a settlement/ community/ colony/ territory, from looters, dacoits, thieves and other peace breakers have always persisted. The concept of police has existed in society in one way or another. References to such groups existing is found in the Rig Veda too.

Figure 4: Policing in its primitive form, Source: Author

It is over the years that the concept moved from mere guards, to designated groups of force and fear imposing individuals under a ruler or ruling body, to, now, a formal system of persons as legal law enforcers of people centric laws.

Figure 5: Policing over time, Source: Author

Today, as a recognised urban community, the function of policing has become more formal, with set powers and authorities vested in them.

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iv.

POLICE STATIONS

The place where the police function from is the police station or police house or station house, etc. as known in different places around the world. It becomes the intermediate between the people and the police, a place for them to formally meet.

The very function of the police station hence becomes to embark safety around it, create a positive environ. Even by definition, any civic service for that matter, are supposed to foster a strong local, regional and national identity and provide public services that have a positive impact on a neighbourhood.

However, ironically, the police stations in our city today, are the ones being viewed in negation, something that adds sternness to the city. Something which is always viewed in isolation from its context, as the immediate radius around it won’t lie in the zone of comfort of the citizens to feel free and at ease.

As, a public service providing institution, can’t the police stations building feel like a positive insert in society, redefining the area around it?

“Nobody wants a bunker in the midst of where they work and play,” - Principal architect of Perkins + Will, and part of the team that designed the Los Angeles Police Department.

v.

BEAT FACILITIES

These are sublets of the main police station, to help the police facilities manoeuvre over their jurisdictional area better. They are set up at sensitive points, to makes approach for victims to the police authority easy. Its presence itself helps maintain peace in its vicinity. Beat chowkies hence, only house the function to take down complaints and tend to other problems of the people. Basic facilities that should be made available to them would hence be, the station house/ complaint room for public to interact, toilets, a resting space for the officials, Possibilities and example of them collaborating with other civic structures are seen.

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vi.vi. POLICING IN MUMBAI HISTORY WITH RESPECT TO ITS GROWTH B. The growth of the Mumbai police force is studied, and its hand in shaping the police body that exists today has been understood. This study indicates how a major part of our policing system is simply inherited from what was being followed in the British era, and the pros and cons of the same have been established.

REFER TO THE TIMELINE ON PAGE 27, AND ANNEXTURE 1 FOR DETAILS. INFERENCES: 

Aspect of division of region for better administration can find its origin from that done by Sir Symon Halliday, Superintendent of Police, to better administration.



It was in lines with Colonel Bruces reforms, which recognised the importance of a proportionate manpower to population, to efficiently work out on crime. He divided the police workforce further as Land Police, Harbour Police, Police guards for Govt. Buildings, etc. Office of Commissioner, over the Deputy too was introduced by him.



Origin of beat system too happens during the British era.



The various departments, namely – Deputy Commissioner of Police, Superintendents of Police(1793), Detective branch(1843), sub inspectors of police, Commissioner of Police(1865), 2nd Deputy Commissioner of Police for Crime(1909), 3rd Deputy Commissioner of Police for Port (1914) , the Traffic Police Division after the advent of cars, taxis and trams, (1924), are all a growth seen homogeneously over time with changing times.



The historic stations that stand today administering most of Southern region too finds its planning ordeals in lines with criteria set by Edwardes.



S.M. Edwardes was also the major role player in bringing the Mumbai Police Force is lines with the London Metropolitan Police force, then. He put forward the need for proximity between police workspaces and their living quarters amongst other interventions for better policing.

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POLI CI NGI N MU

Mumbai ,s eesi t spol i ci ng hi s t or ydat eb

pol i ci ng i n Mumbait oday,f i ndsi t sr oo

dat e a maj orpar tofourl aw enf or ci ng t i ced i nt he pas t .

UMBAI :TI MELI NE backt o 350year s.Whati spr act i ced as

oot sand or i gi nsf r om t he Br i t i sh er a.Ti l l

gs ys t em cont i nuest o be whatwaspr ac-

Today, too, the police body comprises of the Commissioner as the leading authority. Mumbai falls under the Maharashtra State Police which is one of the largest police forces in our country. The Director General of Police (DG) heads the Maharashtra state police body under whom directly fall the Commissioners. The main headquarters of Maharastra Police is located in the Fort region of Mumbai, which is the nerve centre of the policy making, planning and implementation for the State Police.

Director General of Police (Maharashtra)

Commissioner of Police (Mumbai)

Joint Commissioner

Joint

Joint Commissioner

Joint

of Police (Law and

Commissioner of

of Police

Commissioner of

Order)

Police (Crime)

(Administration)

Police (Traffic)

Figure 6: Hierarchy Chart of Head Officials, Source: Author

The current Commissioner of Mumbai is Inspector Sanjay Barve, who manoeuvres the police force from the Mumbai Police Headquarters- The Office of the Commissioner of Police- at Crawford Market, Dhobi Talao. A new building has been introduced in the same block as the old Commissionerate office, where the growing need of space is satiated.

The

police

force

comprises

of

officers at 3 levels. At the topmost level are the IPS officers selected at the central level, with ranks beginning from Addl. / Asst. Superintendent of Police or Superintendent of Police to Com. of Police. At the next level officers can enter at Sub- Inspector level and get promoted up till Superintendent or can

Figure 7: Mumbai Police New Headquarters, Source: (DNA, 2017)

enter at constable level and get promoted up till Deputy Superintendent of Police.

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PROBLEMS FACED IN THE POST-INDEPENDENCE ERA Mumbai,

was

unstoppable

a

victim

migration

to

post-

independence. Lack of planning and enough affordable housing solutions to tackle such an inflow of people led to the formation of slums. Eventually, slums itself led to a number of social problems such as unemployment, low quality housing, overcrowded and congested living environments. These problems in turn gave birth to crime and slowly Mumbai became a nest of almost all the topmost criminals in India. Some of the most communally sensitive areas too find their origin in slums further adding onto the aspect of violence. (Warang, 2002) These politicized

unorganised

and

developments

went

unnoticed and the Police in the city were the ones to bear most strain due to the high complexities involved in maintaining a certain level of law and order

with

the

ever

increasing

population.

The

development

plan

then

published in 1981, spoke of organised development of the entire city. It proposed future zoning of land-uses

Figure 8: How the growth of the city had a direct impact on the Police Force, Source: Author

all over the city, while, completely ignoring the need of police stations in relevant,

strategic

locations.

The

police too failed to come to the fore and highlight the need for proper 31

planning of Police Stations. The planners decided upon the land uses for areas, and while doing so the requirement of police stations for that particular land use was neglected.

Figure 9: Fiasco of the 1981 Development Plan, Source: Author

Hence, areas developed, crime rates increased, and need for police started being felt. With no land left for them they were fit wherever it became possible, an afterthought. Migration has continued till date, and we are witnesses to the repetition of history even today.

The most critical impact was seen when the police waited for a part of the city to develop and decided where and how to fit a police station within the area. This led to two major problems. (Warang, 2002) Firstly, such squatter settlements took place upon open spaces which were demarcated on the DP and had lesser development around them (in the outskirts) Due to the disconnect with the thriving city centres, these developments were left unattended until the social, communal and criminal problems related to these settlements got to enormous proportions and until when, over time, the city had grown to them. It was only then that the police intervened and by then all they could do is control these issues. They could not eradicate the problem or the illegal settlement completely.

Secondly, since the police stations were constructed after development had taken place in that part of the city, in most cases enough space to construct a well-planned station was not available. Hence, the elaborate design which was an integral part of its planning during the colonial rule was overlooked.

It was in the 1990’s that the public works department came up with a model design of a Police station building. Worli Police station and Dahisar Police Station are the earliest examples to have been designed in accordance.

However, the PWD lacks architectural guidance. This results in inconsiderate stations catering only to the aspect of providing a shelter to the users and defining its location in society. Beyond this, it neither leaves a landmark nor bears any sensitivity to the individual requirements each of its users.

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Police station and their dates of being made, Pre Independence:-

Figure 10: Dates of establishment of the Modern City police of Mumbai, Source: (S.M.Edwardes) (Warang, 2002)

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vii.

POLICE STATIONS IN MUMBAI

C. The current state and design of the police stations in Mumbai are looked at and the possible reasons for them existing the way they are, are recognized.

In the early years of the twentieth century, when the City Improvement Trust was carrying out its work of developing Mumbai as a large organised city, police stations were being planned and constructed at the same time. Thus, there was a hierarchy in the development of the city and that of the police stations, which has now been lost in the years after independence.

A number of police stations in Mumbai, today, have had to compromise on aspects of design due to the

unorganised rapid development, not

ideal land use allocations, non- informal growth of the city outskirts and space and resource constraints.

They are located in

places which are not the best possible location for its functioning.

The aspects of

exponential growth in population

also hindered the

possibility of design oriented decisions for such functions. For instance, per say a 4 storey building housing 4 families in a locality suddenly cleared to house a towers with more than triple the number of families, with the police force of that area remaining constant. Firstly, the workforce would have to increase – a major problem keeping in mind the shortage in our city, while secondly the effective area of the police station would have to increase too. This in turn has resulted in the formation of police chowkies in closer proximities to the police station, Lack of enough storage, basic amenities for the staff and visitors, especially women and children, are most frequently seen issues.

Hence, post the era under the British, every police station building designed did not even look or feel the same. They were designed in a haphazard manner on basis of the constraints of the context or heterogeneously according to its growing needs, with a major let go made to the function and aesthetic driven design aspects of the police stations.

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a) NON- STRATEGIC LOCATION IN JURISDICTIONAL REGIONS: a) Matunga police station and Sion police station (once Kingsway Police Station) are located in the same compound which is located in the jurisdictional area of Matunga. Sion Police station, hence, functions from an office which is outside its jurisdictional area.

Apart from this, Sion’s jurisdictional zone is an elongated stretch of area, with the police station at one end of it. It would be ideal for the police station to be at a location more central in its location, making all the regions in its area accessible in the shortest possible time, making quick relief service the most effective. (Area of jurisdiction: 3 sq.m, Population of area: ~4 lakhs) (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

Figure 11: Jurisdictional Map under Sion Police, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

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b) Versova Police station is today seated in a location outside its jurisdictional area. Earlier, Versova Police station had under its jurisdiction both regions of D.N.Nagar and Versova. However over time, the drastic growth of population made it difficult for one single police office to control a big area under it, resulting in a division required. Here, it is seen how additionally the growth of population gave rise to new police stations which too needed to be fitted into the existing city fabric now.

VERSOVA JURISDICTION

D.N.NAGAR JURISDICTION

c) With probably no suitable land available for accommodation of the new Versova station (it serves a comparatively higher class of society, hence it would’ve been imperil to keep its existing station ground area intact and not compromise with a smaller, less feasible area). D. N. Nagar police station had to, hence, be made accommodated wherever space came available, and that happened to be in the lower floor of an existing police residential building.

Figure 12: Versova Police station, Source: Mumbai Live

Police stations and their adjacency to a main road is an important aspect for strategic positioning, in addition to other aspects such as proximity to crime prone area, presence of existing police stations around the area, suitability of the land 37

use in the area around, etc. (Rahmani, 2014). This was an aspect seen overlooked many a times in the city too.

-

Amboli police station is one of these station. It was introduced only post 2003, as a new Police station to help in division of the area in terms of crime confronting in the region of Jogeshwari.

AMBOLI POLICE STATION

The police station abuts along the secondary road, Patel Estate Road, which opens up directly in to the arterial S. V. Road at a considerable distance. Apart from this drawback of being cut off from the arterial road, the station too lies at one corner of the entire jurisdictional area.

AMBOLI POLICE STATION

Police hospitals built then are present still date. The police hospital at Nagpada, was built back in 1909, while another one was built at Dadar East. Postindependence, they only came at Mahim and Nehru Nagar, later. Police Notice offices were other policing related function bodies which were built back then. No such development is seen in recent years due to changing times.

38

b)

COMPROMISE IN FUNCTIONING

d) Antop hill is famously known for its CGS colony (Central Government Employee Society), which is the largest planned mass government housing in Asia. The police station at Antop hill, is built on a ground which was once reserved as recreational land. This is a result of the DP of 1981, where no reservations for police grounds were made, later, resorting to converting

ANTOP HILL POLICE STATION

the existing open space for a police station. Additional part of the open space was used for police quarters too, with a compromise made on the RG of the colony.

Figure 13: Antop Hill Police station, Source: UDRI GIS

This further caused a major concede on the area utilised for the station and the effective functioning of the station.

Figure 14: Present day DP,, showing encroachment on RG, Source: UDRI GIS

Figure : 1981 Development Plan, showing no reservation for police, Source: UDRI GIS

It works from a makeshift, semi pakka

shanty-like

looking

structure.

Area

of

police

station

is

drastically smaller than usual stations,

indicating

a

concession made in some way or another in the departments provisioned and the effective space available for each of the function.

Figure 15: Antop Hill Police station, Source: Google maps image

39

The station has no foregrounds available

for

police functions to spill cars

out.

Police

eventually

are parked along the edge of the park.

Figure 16: Antop Hill Police station, Source: Google maps image

The police functions require considerable space for parking their vehicles, bigger vans, barricades used for traffic and people movement control.

In such cases lack of enough space outside the police station results in it hindering the spaces around and even the easeful work of police. e) A scene outside Paltan road Police station ( Mata Ramabai Ambedkar Marg Police station) shows how police naka bandi barricades are kept on the road due to lack of space in compound for them. This is seen happening at various other police stations.

Gamdevi too is one such station which directly abuts the road without a compound and no provision of a garage or car park.

Figure 17: Lack of enough storage space, results in such spilling over of police amenities, Source: Google maps image

A major consideration quiet often overlooked while building police stations is a clear cut separation of circulation of visitors and persons who are convicted. It is imperil to make any person coming to the station not feel vulnerable, as police have two faces to hold, a compassion driven ones towards any visitor approaching them with a problem, and at the same time, a stern and stricter persona for the offenders.

40

f) The police station at Oshiwara shows a defect in planning, where a psychologically unpleasant atmosphere is created for the visitors.

Figure 18: Oshiwara Police station, Source: Base plan: (Rawal, 2018) edited and inferred by: Author

Firstly, the station house is located at the end of the compound of the police station, which involves a person to pass the other intense police functions.

This not only hampers the privacy of the police functions, the aura of security and stress in the ambience creates tension in the person crossing it.

Figure 19: Entrance and Compound of Oshiwara Police station, Source: Google Maps Images

Secondly, the station house is home to the detention facilities, with the jail units opening into it. This further adds to the level of stress felt.

However, on the contrary, an interesting feature about the police station is the provision of resting spaces in the police inspector’s offices which is rarely found as a provision in any of the police stations, and is most necessarily of great need.

41

g) Amboli police station is a smaller police station of around 300- 320 sq.m, introduced only post 2003. It was a new Police station to help in division of the region of Jogeshwari for better crime confronting.

Its design fails to elaborate in any way for its users, and rather simply stands as a mere physical protection for the function.

The station house has a temporary

lock

up

directly

opening

up

inside

the

room.

Creates a sense of uneasiness

in

the

visitors. No designated waiting

area,

the

corridor gets rendered as the waiting space.

No

ladies

interrogation

room

or

room-

where one space gets used for multiple functions.

Figure 20: Source: Base Plan- (Rawal, 2018) Edited and inferred by: Author

The station seems to have expanded by introducing a floor due to additional need of space. Most stations have resorted to such means of non-homogeneous growth with no emphasis to civic centric designs due to a major lack of architectural guidance in the planning

and

designing teams, which

comprise

mostly of only civil engineers.

Figure 21: Amboli Police station, Source: Google Maps images

42

c) POLICE STATIONS OPERATING FROM RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: Space crunch, high property rates, with lack of adequate funding along with growing need of a more distribute policing(due to increasing crime rates) a number of police stations in our city can be found operating from residential buildings. h) Shivaji Park police station is one of the stations housed in a residential building.

Figure 22: Shivaji Nagar Police station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

Planning of such stations is unique and different with respect to other police station, since it is fitted into the existing framework of a residential building.

Figure 23 & 24: Working environments of police stations from residential buildings, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

i)

Dadar police station too operates from the second floor of a residential building, furthermore inside a residential compound.

j)

D.N.Nagar Police station, falls under this category too.

43

Figure 25: Newspaper article highlighting the problems faced when police stations function from residential buildings, Source: (Khan, 2018)

An article in the Mid-day-Newspaper highlights problems caused due to functioning of police stations from residential buildings.

‘One would imagine that having police presence in a neighbourhood would make its residents feel safe. But, for families of Vrindavan 3 CHS in Malad and Lalubhai Compound in Mankhurd which share their buildings with the police stations of Dindoshi and Mankhurd respectively, the experience has been nothing short of a nightmare.’ (Khan, 2018) The constant movement of visitors inside the premises and the ‘high-handness of the police has taken away from the privacy of the residents. There have been times where the residents have had to face mob protests too due to the presence of the station in their compound.

Parking deprivation is another issue faced by the residents due to the requirement of the police to park the police vehicles and also store seized vehicles.

It further reaches a level of greater disturbance, mentally, when residents have experienced hearing “cries of accused being beaten up. It is horrifying” states one of the female residents living in the compound of Dindoshi Police Station. It tends to make the people living, to stay under constant fear as they are proximate to criminals, Cases of convicts knocking their doors by mistake instead of that of the 44

externment officer’s room have also been reported. Assaulted victims, and accident victims too come to the compound, smeared in blood. It makes it terrifying for both kids and their parents to let their kids be out in the open due to such sternness that fills up the atmosphere.

Problems of huge electricity bills being received by the police stations which their respective station funds is unable to pay off. This has often led to the residents suffering power cuts which happen as a result.

Figure 26: Half of the flats are occupied by the police station and families of the officers, while the rest include people, who have been rehabilitated by the state government, Source: (Gupta, n.d.)

Figure 27: Common entrance for police station and residents, Source: (Gupta, n.d.)

45

d)

POLICE STATIONS FACING MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES

k) Flooding A number of police stations problem

face of

the

flooding,

that causes a standstill to their work. 33 police stations were found to be waterlogged with between three to 11 feet of water during rains

back

in

2005.

(Commission, 2005) . The Vakola and Saki Naka stations had ten to eleven feet of water. Jogeshwari and Nehru Nagar had eight feet. (Commission, 2005) As a result, the lockups in many stations had to be evacuated. The police force was almost completely immobilised by the flood waters, with 60 odd police vehicles stranded. (An enquiry in Mumbai floods) (Commission, 2005) Most police stations were without electricity and telephone connections.

Though they were equipped with wireless sets, these need recharging. The wireless batteries are supposed to last for 12 hours. It highlights the importance of police stations to be self-sustained in terms of power. However, because of the intensive use, many batteries got drained within a few hours. In many places, recharging was a problem as there was no electricity. Thus while the police wireless communication system did not break down, it was patchy in some areas. l)

Unhygienic & unfit contexts

Police stations located adjoining Nallahs (as in the case of Nehru Nagar Police station), or near harmful areas- Dumpyards etc. (Out of shape conditions of living) Electrical power cuts- depending upon region where they are seated, further adds as an obstruction- Hence, police should be self-reliant. For the police stations located in slums, near dumping grounds, or other under developed regions, it becomes important to ensure that the immediate surroundings is fit and sound for the police personals.

46

e)

COMPROMISE IN AESTHETICS

The older examples of police buildings as in the case of Azad Maidan Police Station, Colaba Police Station, Nagpada police station, etc., the building wore a certain language of vernacular which responded to the context. The gabled roof that have been known to best suit the climate of Bombay, along with the porously, cross-ventilated layouts. There are spaces designed for each concerned individuals. The entrance felt welcoming with greenery as a buffer from the roads, the lobby spaces with provisions of seating’s proximal to the greens in a semi-open canopy. The station house designed with the designated zones of functions with good ventilation. Miscellaneously the barracks and private work spaces for the policemen well suited for their daily needs and in the same compound as the police station, keeping in mind the erratic and long work hours of the police persons.

Today, police station solely serves as 4 walls and a roof, constructed for purpose of merely housing the police. No thought put into the well-being of the users, only mere work housing.

“The perception of sarkari offices is dull, drub structures. Environment and ambience have a direct correlation with individuals’ productivity. I wish all police stations across India get a facelift to bring in a better work culture. We all had to work in a depressing atmosphere. But today a police officer walks into the CBI building with lots of confidence” - CBI director DR Karthikeyan ( Apr 2016) who headed the investigating agency from a typical sarkari office who had said these words in context of the new designed CBI office in Delhi. (Sharma S. N., 2015) Compound walls makes it difficult to find, locate the police station. Facades of the stations don’t bear any stark indications too altogether that would speak for the structure itself, the name plate is left as the sole means of identification of the structure.

For those police stations operating from residences, being located in a residential building, and looking like one, makes it difficult to identify easily.

Waiting area of the space is only the space available outside.

47

A survey undertaken, revealed the following results from people pertaining to their opinion on the police stations of Mumbai today.

Rate the environment of any police station you have visited between 1 and 10.

Below 5 & 5- 58.4 % ~60%

Above 5- 41.6 % ~40%

Maximum number of people have rated the ambience of police stations as a 5.

Speaks of how they probably manage to serve the purpose of policing, however, lack any features making them comforting or inviting for the people.

A number of police stations have been rated a 6 and 7 too, indicating how, design has been considered too for certain police stations, letting the people feel at ease.

48

POLICE STATIONS DESIGNED BY PRIVATE BODIES Examples of police stations which were designed by private bodies show a stark difference from the rest of the police stations designed by them. m)

In the case of Sahar police station,

which has been designed by the Airport Authority. Even though it may not be the most perfect example for a station house, what stands undeniable is the though put for the police persons working there and even the face it bears in the society for the police function. A sense of thought for its design is seen.

Figure 28: Sahar Police Station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

n) Similarly, other examples of police station building being designed

by

private

authorities, as for BKC Police Station, Airport Police Station and Powai Police station, the structure bears a statement that it leaves in the neighFigure 29: Powai Police Station, Source: Google Maps Images

bourhood, architecturally.

o) Vile Parle Police station too bears a very gleaming outer look. Clean designation of spaces and functions, allows

smooth

functioning, however the

psychological

criterias of designing are neglected here too.

Figure 30 : Vile Parle Police Station, Source: Google Maps Images

49

v. ABOUT THE POLICING BODYADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION, DUTIES AND HIERARCHY Administrative Division of Mumbai Police:Mumbai, today, is divided into 5 regions- North, Northeast, South, East and West.  South Region  Central region  East Region  West Region  North region Each region is further divided into a number of zones for reasons of better administration, where each zone is headed by the Deputy Commissioner of that particular zone.

The zone consists of divisions where each division includes 2-3 police stations.

ACP is in charge of one division.

Each Police station is headed by a Police Inspector, called, Senior Police Inspector.

-

South Region-

Zone 1, Zone 2, Port Zone -

Central region-

Zone 3, Zone 4, Zone 5 -

East Region-

Zone 6, Zone 7 -

West Region-

Zone 8, Zone 9, Zone 10 -

North region-

Zone 11, Zone 12 Figure 31 & 32: Map of Mumbai showing Police Jurisdictional Divisions, Source: Author

50

Functions of Mumbai Police Force:

Detecting criminal activity and preventing them as well as maintain criminal records.



Maintaining public law and order during festive time, election and natural calamities. Promoting harmony



To control drug, smuggling and other kinds of underworld activities.



Efficient management of traffic to ensure safety on roads.



To look after the registration of foreigners.



To enquire about the missing people. (Mumbai Police, 2019)

‘Mumbai police has been very sincerely working for Mumbai over years without fear. It is committed to maintaining public order, detection and prevention of criminal activity, promoting harmony in the community and strongly combating all terrorist and anti-social activities. Mumbai police are engaged in the protection of everybody including the women, poor section, senior citizens and others..’ (Mumbai Police, 2019)

Police persons have a tough job- night duties, long work hours, physical taxation, etc. The working conditions throw ample light on the lack of importance given to their requirements. The police force here in Mumbai are direly in a need of an up-gradation in facilities.

Duties of Each of the Departments:There are various wings like Crime Branch, Cyber Cell, Detection Unit, AntiTerrorist squad, Law and Order, Traffic police, administration, Social Service Cell, Anti-Narcotics Cell, Wireless Cell, Local Armed Police, Anti Robbery Squad, Anti Extortion Cell, Modus Operandi Bureau, Special Branch Protection and Security, Riot Control Police, Economic Offences Wing, Juvenile Aid Protection Unit, Quick Response Team and so on handling different departments.

The Police Department Workforce include the following high rank officers under the Commissioner and Joint Commissioners:1) Additional Commissioner of Police 2) Deputy Commissioner of Police for each zone (2 star and 1 star DCP’s too depending on years of service)

3) Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)

51

Within a police station, the following order of hierarchy is followed.

1) Senior Police Inspector (SPI) -

Head of the Police Station.

-

A link between the ACP and the lower rank officers.

-

An invariant part of all the departments of the Police station.

Gives

guidance and look after all management of the Police Station.

2) Police Inspector ( minimum 2 L and 2 G) i) -

Administration Next in seniority after the Senior Police Inspector. Assists the S.P.I in administration.

-

Responsible for keeping track of the happening of the station and work performances of the police persons.

-

Drafts routine duties for all the officers in the station.

-

Responsible for all the monthly salary payments and other allowances.

Custodian of all articles or cash seized in various crimes or deposited, and also responsible for maintenance of all the dead stock in the office too.

(Furniture, articles, equipment’s, etc.)

ii) -

Crime Officer junior to P.I. of Administration, has experience and the genius for the crime work.

-

Efficient disposal of crime, detection of important cases, organizing naka bandis, Motor Vehicle seizures, arrest of absconders, wanted criminals and proclaimed offenders, seizure of arms, maintenance of crime records, history sheets, fingerprints and photographs of criminals.

-

Supervises everyday activity relating to crime, and extract crime work from the Detention Officers and Externment officers.

-

‘Gunda’ staff for handling violators, convicts and criminals. A total of 12 unit’s right from V.T. Station in the south to Kandivali in the north.

52

iii)

Law and Order (Investigation)

-

Is the officer junior to P.I. of Administration.

-

Responsible for maintenance of peace and law and order situations in its jurisdictional area.

-

Deciding police presence in all the strategic locations, and deciding on effective foot, cycle and mobile patrolling, providing protection as per threat perception. Security and protection of public property at sensitive places.

-

Preparing

schemes

for

communal

riots

management,

disaster

management, etc, providing security for V.I.P’s, and also making preparations during various festivals, agitations and V.I.P visits. iv) Public Relations Officer (Community Policing) -

Maintaining public relations

-

Organising Mohalla committees, communal harmony programs

-

Providing help to needy, meeting eminent people on behalf of the police force.

-

Encouraging community involvement in crime prevention.

3) Assistant Police Inspector -

One allotted under each of the 4 Police Inspectors to help out in their work.

-

Under Crime Police Inspector, performs the duty of a Detention Officer.

4) Police Sub Inspectors

-

Posted at Beat chowkies or as, Externment Officer, Station House Officer, Duty Distribution Officer.

Assistant Police Sub Inspectors

-

Posted at Beat Chowkies, or as Station House Officer. Duty Distribution Officer.

5) Head Constable

-

Appointed to assist in work of Station House Officer, as the head of a constable team.

53

6) Police Naik

7) Police Constable -

Ladies and Gents- Evidence room, Record room, 4 constables given walkietalkies to receive direct messages from the head office.

Other Department:1) Mundemaal Evidence room officers and other duty providing officers.

2) Detection Officers ( ASI)-

One or more officers of Assistant Police Inspector’s rank, who has genius for detection of offences under Crime P.I.

-

Maintain the record of various criminals and their modus operandi.

-

Interrogate suspects thoroughly.

3) Externment Officer (ASI, PSI)- Nominated under the supervision of the the PI of Crime.

- Maintains records about the history sheets and other registers like known goons, criminals, etc. by updating records of criminals.

- Submit proposals for preventive action under various acts.

4) Station House Officers (PSI)-

Responsible for the station house, station diary which runs minute to minute all 24 hours.

-

Receives all complaints for cognisable and non-cognisable offences.

-

In case of cognisable offences, he is responsible for instantaneous action, by going to the site of crime and take all legal actions necessary in the matter.

-

Has a team of a Head constable and 4-5 police constables for help.

5) First and Second Relief Officers Beat Officers (PSI, ASI) -

First relief officer takes over the station if the Station house Inspector leaves to visit the site of crime.

-

Second Relief officer takes over when the First relief officer goes to the crime spot.

54

6) Writer ( Police Constable)-

Has a wireless unit set, in his room, which is connected to the main control room and south control room.

-

Gets updates and instructions or orders from the seniors of any sudden happenings to convey to the SI.

-

Writing of charge sheets, entering crime, etc.

7) Accountant (ASI, Head Constable)-

All cash records in the PS are kept in a safe vault in a separate room.

-

The officer in charge work as the cashier and distributes monthly salaries and other dues..

8) Duty Distribution Officers ( PSI ,API) -

Works as an assistant to the P.I. of Administartion, to maintain Muster rolls of all officers. Their leaves, duties, weekly offs, etc are maintained with the help of 2-3 constables.

9) Routine Writer room-

A wireless operator, with wireless transmission equipment is provided which is in constant communication with the Police Control room.

-

The operator receives and sends messages by maintrtaining separate books for in and out messages.

10) Court Karkoon -

Keeping track of the dates for all the court hearings and updating the officers for the same.

-

Updating system by submitting new cases that are filed.

11) Armoury In- charge (Head Constable) -

Keeps watch inall the arms and ammunitions, property, etc kept separately in a room.

12) Motor Transport Department Police cars repair works and co-ordination during beat rounds and patrolling duties.

13) Tadi paar department-

Keeping records of criminals

55

Functioning of Mumbai’s Police Stations:Police station is the smallest administrative unit of the police department recognized by the law. The average strength of the police station in Mumbai is about 25 officers and 200-250 policemen.

Works done by them include:-

Lodging Complaints and FIR’s.

-

Passport Verification

-

Rent Verification and other permits- i.e. verifying documents of permits for rallies, clean up drives, gatherings, alcohol, etc.

-

Filing a case

-

Detention- The police can keep an accused for 24 hours before interrogation.

-

Patrolling, raids, etc.

-

Provisioning Safety and security to VIP’s

-

Involvement with the citizens for awareness, blood donations drives etc.

For administrative convenience, better policing and convenience of the public, it is further divided into certain number of police beats or outposts.

Generally, there are four to five beats in every police station. Each beat is headed by an officer of the rank of API or PSI. The allocated staff is normally 8-10 policemen including ASI, HC and PC.

56

viii. POLICING IN MUMBAI HISTORY WITH RESPECT TO POLICE-PUBLIC RELATIONS D. Police and public are entities in a society and need to bear a particular bond, which is best suited for the interest of the greater city picture. The current rapport of the police and public are understood in the context of Mumbai and further taken forward as a means to understand the situation more holistically.

India has evolved from a non-democratic society under the British Raj to a democratic rule post-independence. The police behaviour and ideas of policing under both these cases of government differ greatly.

Democracy

Non - Democracy

Govt. with elected

Government not elected by

people’s representative

people, self-proclaimed / inherited

Police as Enforcers of law

Police become Enforcers of law

which lie in the favour of the

which people may not want to

people’s interest

agree to

Majorly aiming towards

Majorly aiming towards the

equality and peace.

interest of the rulers ideologies

A people friendly body

A force imposing body.

India for that matter, had been a follower of the latter and has majorly still retained a repressive colonial character, i.e. a crime fighting model of policing (O.P.Singh, 2018). The Indian police system was designed back in 1861 by the British colonisers as a consequence of the Revolt of 1857 and was based on the colonial distrust of the lower rank.

An interview with the D.C.P of Zone 3 in Mumbai, I.P.S. Abhinash Kumar, on questioning about his view on the public- police relation today, highlighted how the past has played its toll in a reverse impact manner, where the city in a way continues to view the police in a non- inclusive fashion.

57

‘The past ethos of the police has in a way affected the way people view police today. The police force has started since the British time, mainly for land owners to collect money. The police had then been responsible for inducing fear in those who failed and refused to pay. This stigma against police has in a way continued till date to some extent.’ The police force till date is a major follower of the Indian Police Act of 1861.

POLICE AND POWER STRATIFICATION -

We can still see majority of the powers vested only in the few high placed police officers, while the constabulary would merely follow orders. This was introduced back then owing to Indian men being at the lower posts and assuring them least possible power in policing.

(Economic Times, n.d.) Hence, there is a horizontal stratification in the hierarchy where police officers holding different ranks are vested with different powers.

However, in the system followed in Great Britain, the constables, the lowest ranking police officers, possess the same powers as that of the higher officers. (Bayley, 1969) In Mumbai most of the constabulary force is made to sit at the desk, in a way a waste of man force. In contrary, the police jurisdiction in the extended suburbs of Mumbai itself, in Vasai for instance, the constables are carrying out the same work as that of the police inspectorshowever, still unofficially. This system could work out effectively in Indian context owing to the already prevalent shortage of police workforce in comparison to the populace. There would be changes that would need to be made right from the Civil service course training stages, to make possible this change.

POLICE AND VIOLENCE

-

There is alongside a vertical stratification in the structure of policing too, where at the station level, there are both armed and unarmed officers.

The unarmed officers are responsible for the internal police station works, locality patrolling, prevention and investigation of crime.

58

While, armed officers are trained in handling weapons and drills and authorised to use constitutional physical force for guard duties, quelling of disturbances, duties in barracks etc.

This is a different working over that of Great Britain where none of the officers bear authority to possess arms and that of the USA where every officer is armed. India recognises the value of having police men uncontaminated by arms but yet the necessity to have a ready, well trained body with power to maintain decorum (Bayley, 1969) . Or, rather is the idea of Great Britain better, does the aspect of armed police keep people in fear of them? And if so is the fear good- in a way it would curb crime. “Police should maintain certain considerable distance from civilians�

-

quoted D.C.P of Zone 3, I.P.S. Abhinash Kumar, from the British book of Policing.

He states how the police are stuck between two contrasting parameters, where, on one end they have to be completely open and approachable for the public, while at the same time they need to be always at a certain distance as fear is a vital tool to eradicate crime.

Another common practice, followed by the policing body is the procedure of using third degree torture. However, laws exist that are not in favour of it, and few of the police stations too are adopting this law, it still does prevail in quite a few stations.

Presence of such methods, build up a harsh image of the police, which is most often repelled by the people. Going to a police station for an honest law abiding citizen can becomes daunting an experience.

It does affect the lifestyle of the police personals too, where acts of such violence, leaves them hard-hearted, apart from psychologically affecting the convict too.

This is questionable too as, the convicts who have been hurt by police are most likely to have had other sources of trauma (in childhood or in adulthood) to have committed crimes. (Sarappo, 2018) A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (2018) has said that exposure to police violence is linked with poor mental-health outcomes. Modern ideologies are rethinking the purpose of police not as a punishing body, but as a counselling, rehabilitating body. More like caretakers of a society, bearing a 59

teacher-student relation, teaching and refurbishing the purpose of life of the convicted.

A separate need for more research on the outcomes of police encounters with people who are already mentally ill is alternately required.

POLICE AND CORRUPTION On asking I.P.S. Abhinash Kumar, on his views on the productivity and efficiency of the police force today, he gave the following answer: ‘ It is very difficult to analyse efficiency of a police force in full accuracy. There are a number of parameters that would come under consideration, where all cases are different. Today, newspaper rate the efficiency of the police with respect to the number of cases closed by the police.

However, each case bears a different context, requires different methods and procedures to work out and different decisions to be taken as an outcome.

Police are not always responsible for not being able to close a case, it varies largely. What it would adversely lead to, is the force getting pressurised by such statistics to simply work on closing cases, leaving possibilities of hastily convicting suspects, which may not always be accurate. Is it really correct in that case to judge the police efficiency? ‘ It could be on basis of the rapport and trust it has earned amidst the community.

Another drawback of the inherited working of the police force which contributes to corruption, is its direct connect as the body under the governing authorities, who have an upper hand over the Director General of Police. Changes have been attempted to be made alter it, where positive outcomes have resulted too, however, what still remains the major drawback of it is the lack of functional autonomy of the police.

Apart from this, other aspects of corruption enter, due to aspects of limited resource payment, poverty.

60

ix.

THE POLICE AND THE PEOPLE TODAY

In the 1970’s the Bureau of Police Research and Development was set up by the government under the Ministry of Home Affairs to take up modernisation of police forces by identifying their needs and problems. This resulted in a huge investment going into modern crime fighting tools like motorised patrolling, quick response to calls, and reactive investigation. This however, majorly lacked and ignored the aspects of crime prevention, i.e. curbing out crime right at its roots.

Inspector O. P. Singh, Special officer for community policing and outreach and the once DGP of Haryana, suggests that police should take up patrolling on cycles to both maintain a closer connect to society to keep them well aware of the problems in their area, including the state of the roads, traffic conditions etc. and which would alongside assist in maintaining their fitness.

Community policing has today become a trend being used in most of the cities abroad today. In India too Bangalore has become one of the first major cities in India to adopt the concept of community policing at large. “The initiative is a success. Community policing is the norm in most countries today. This makes Bengaluru the first major city in India to have a city-wide Community Policing program,� - said T. Suneel Kumar, police commissioner, Bengaluru, while launching the programme on Friday. (The Hindu, 22nd February, 2019) Mumbai police too had taken several initiatives to implement community policing back in 2002-2003. However, the utilisation of this form of policing is partly infamous now. However, police have resorted to take this up for certain matters which are of prime importance and require immediate tending to. Example stone pelting incident in Mumbai railways, police resorted to community policing for additional help.

India and its lifestyle can be considered as majorly extroverted in comparison to the world. In a country like India, police and public relations should be more open in contrast to the present happening, as community policing can be easily established here.

61

A survey was conducted, encompassing majorly the age groups of the working class, roughly around 25-50/60 years of age, in order to scale the situation of the relationship, and trust bared by the society towards the police force.

1) Are you aware of the location of the

8

police station, which caters to your locality?

92

YES

NO

2. Have you ever got acquainted or spoken with any police personal apart from the

35

65

traffic police?

YES

3. Would you ever feel safe to go to a police

NO

33

station, for any work, unaccompanied?

67

4. And why? Answers displayed in preface.

YES

NO

18

5. Have you helped the police in any of their investigations, job executions or simply 82

crime reporting?

YES

62

NO

44

6. What is your view on the police force today?

56

Work oriented and dedicated Indulged in corrupt practices and delaying chores

7. Do you trust the police workforce for the

29

overall safety and well-being of our

71

society?

YES

63

NO

INFERENCES1) Comparing the results as received from Question 6 and Question 7, it gets evident that in spite of a rough 57 percent (mere majority) of the people considering the police to be corrupt, a good 87 percent still trust in the police workforce for their safety. This would greatly speak about how we are highly dependent on them, but are not really confident about our trust being bestowed on them.

2) The presence of any other body as of the police, would definitely be a choice opted for if existed over the existing police force.

It highlights the need of an intervention to bridge this gap between citizens and the police.

3) There is a roughly equal belief and distrust shown in the police (Question 6).

Being a subjective experience based answer, it puts forth that, there are two sides of people, one who can relate with the police as an efficient body, while one as a corrupt, non-work oriented body. Just as not everything can be as clear as crystal, with a fine line defining them as good or bad, it can indicate how vaguely the police force has a delivery of both varying from situation to situation.

4) It can be even considered that a section of the society’s distrust showed in them is also owing to a disconnect which people bear with them, where on basis of an incident or simply an externally heard and carried forth ideology, an image and perception on them has been prepared. A more open and informal relation with them has proven to better policing as a whole.

5) Another important aspect that was revealed that majority of the people who voted in faith of the police, are ones who had bared some or the other kind of acquaintance or a previously known communication with them.

Response received by people for minor cases of majorly phone theft and other smaller burglaries has not been satisfactory.

64

II.

CHAPTER 2

ARCHITECTONICS OF A GOOD POLICE STATION “To design is much more than simply to assemble, to order, or even to edit; it is to add value and meaning, to illuminate, to simplify, to clarify, to modify, to fulfil, to dignify, to dramatise, to persuade, and perhaps even to amuse.”

-

Paul Rand

What we commonly see around in our police station buildings today is straightforward juxtaposing of rooms of designated area, most often primed by a civil engineer inserting decorative interior elements in the name of designing, catering to the whims of the police personals. What results is not design but a structure just standing alone bearing no obligation to the context it serves and the people it caters to. It lacks the ‘value and meaning’.

The police station becomes the interface between the police and the city- a place for them to formally come together. It, in a way, becomes the most important level of police administration.

SPACE AND PSYCHOLOGY A particular part of our brain is attuned to the geometry and arrangement of the spaces we inhabit, directly impacting our mood and well-being. Neuroarchitecture is the study of how the body and brain respond to the built environment. It can be broken down into 4 broad categories, i.e. sensation and perception; Learning and memory.

Architecture SHAPES the BEHAVIOUR of people.

Hence, identification of various parameters of space and how each renders a different feel and impact to the user becomes important to study.

Those parameters would include- Volume, Light, Colour, Material Sensation, etc.

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i.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CITY

An independent police station design alone, addresses only a portion of the important issues impacting the police and community. But, on an urban scale, as a physical embodiment of the neighbourhood safety, it could be the tool to set and redefine what relation the body aims to bear with the community.

Police Station Buildings in an urban design context can be looked at as a civic/public amenity, as an urban insert, aiding as a way finding and selfidentifiable edifice in a city and lastly, as a tool to enhance community connect with the police.

a)

Prominence and visibility

A study of the configurative form of the police stations in the historic part of the city will help understand what good visibility would be for a police station.

Agripada Police Station:Police activities spill out in an intrinsic outdoor compound between the two built forms, which is not directly in good view of the public. As seen in this case the building faces another building, leaving the side façade for the road. This takes away from the visibility of the police station.

Gamdevi Police Station:This station lacks an outdoor verandah or compound, which results in all the police activities directly spilling out in the public realm, the pavement and porch. Police vans are seen parked immediately outside on the road.

Though this station lacks a particular buffer from the main road which would serve their work requirements, the station building looks out boldly onto the streetscape in front, making it very difficult to miss noticing the presence of the police station.

Nagpada Police Station:This station, again holds a compound inorganically formed over time due to a number of additional structures having come up over time around it. The station again doesn’t directly face the road, and has its entrance and front façade perpendicular to the main road, making it difficult to notice. Without the signage, it would be difficult to locate the station.

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Byculla Police Station:Unlike the other three stations, Byculla police station is located on a corner plot, offering a wider visibility perspective of the structure into the veranda of the police station, where the activities spill out.to the people on the road.

b) Self- identifiability Apart from configuration, the faรงade of the building too could have elements that could speak for itself. Colour is another important element which could help in achieving this identification. Something as a common head to relate all the structures with their different configurations, contexts and designs, under the uniting label of one function.

Figure 5 & 6 : Agripada Police Station and Colaba Police Station Source: (Sharma S. , 2019) (Kotak, 2.19)

Figure 7 & 8: Chembur Police station and Cuffe Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

Parade Police station

It has been observed that the historic station of Mumbai bear the colours of Navy blue and yellow as a repetitive element, which effectively helps as a strong associating aspect to the police force.

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In the newer examples of police buildings, the appearance is replaced by a mundane, characterless façade, with the name plate being the only sole bare guidance to label it as a police building. Example: Chembur police station and Cuffe Parade Police station in contrast to Grant road Police station, Nagpada police station and Agripada police station.

However, a drawback in the case of both Nagpada police station and Agripada police station, is their architecture being very similar to that of residential buildings.

As for the heritage police building they should be conserved, to respect its historicity, with smart additions made to meet the newer requirements. All of this too, such that it doesn’t in any way hamper the smooth functioning of the police force.

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ii.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE POLICE PERSONALS

Occupational stress is common to every organization at various levels of hierarchy. The police organization is no exception to this, where, policing is widely recognized as more stressful than any other occupation. A study conducted back in 2014, indicated that out of 100% of the class II and class III force of the Mumbai force, 73% are moderately stressed, whereas 18% are highly stressed police persons. (Police men conditions in the city, 2014) Also, the job of a police men/women exposes them to a lot of violence. Author C. B. Klockars states that how any definition of police invariantly includes the reality of a coercive force (Klockars, 1985). Which implies, that they need to be a little hard- hearted, rather, strong hearted. It shapes and alters their entire outlook towards life- makes them cold. Psychology of violence explains how frustration becomes a part and parcel of it.

Working conditions, workloads, fear of severe injury or being killed on duty, lack of recognition, inadequate equipment, shooting someone in the line of duty, anti-terrorist operations, confrontation with the public, police hierarchy, and lack of job satisfaction are some of the occupation are specific stressors that Indian Policemen encounter in their work environment. (Balaji D Almale, 2014) Design inputs to create an optimistic and positive work environment need to find their way into workstations which would greatly contribute to give a facelift to this profession.

Government offices, per say police stations themselves, have the most redundant environments which offer zero comfort in the workplace. A well designed workspace triggers higher productivity, increased concentration, and better work outputs. This, thus, fosters better trust.

Poor acoustics, poor lighting, and poor indoor air quality need to be addressed.

a)

Experience driven spaces-

Such spaces are known for developing overall wellness, cultivating happiness, more interactions catering to a healthy lifestyle.

In the case of police stations, meditation spaces, gymnasiums, outdoor physical fitness areas, resting and relaxing spaces could be credible good fits.

Regular exercise as well as relaxing techniques such as yoga significantly reduce stress. Police are expected to be physically fit and mentally sound69

b)

Need for natural light and good ventilation-

Courtyards are strong elements in design. They bear the potential to transform a space. From one closed box, restricted with opening only along the sides, the introduction of a void, opening to the sky.

-

Allows a greater amount of natural light to filter into the space.

-

This further could be taken forward, by the introduction of greenscapes, and the resultant in a comforting ambience. The value of green to calm an individual is known. It further purifies the air in the interior spaces. And,

-

It works perfect for a police station as it provisions good security and privacy.

And as architect Charles Correa has pointed out, that in India we have the benefit of a warm climate which permits our architecture to be non- restrictive as seen in regions with cold weather. In such places a person is either inside the structure or outside, as structures there regressively work to keep the extremeness of the weather out.

The station should be regarded as a viable and flexibility structure, to be capable of growing with the community and the department it serves.

Figure 33: Matunga Police station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)

Ventilation: Rodeo type doors for entering the station as seen in Matunga police station, are smart interventions, as they not only serve for the aspect of semi privacy/ privacy, but also are good means to keep the space constantly ventilated, while at the same time keeping dust out. This at the same time offers ease in circulation in the police station, where movement is something constant in the way of working of the officials.

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iii.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR VISITORS & VICTIMS a)

A sense of welcome and appreciation

As seen in the case of a police station in Colombo- the Kolluputiya Police Station greeted the people with a huge double heighted space, flooded with tonnes of natural light entering from windows spanning from the floor to the ceiling.

This space was overlooked by an open workstation happening on either sidesprobably for more private cases of the public.

Figure 34: Section through entrance of Kolluputiya police station Source: Kolluputiya police station

Figure 35: The Main Complaint Room of Kolluputya Police Station.

b)

Source: Author

A sense of comfort and shelter

“We heard a sign of pain. A groan, deep and painful. In the special writer room, abutting the visitor’s hall, I saw the convict. Fallen on the floor, begging the officer for mercy.

We were simultaneously directed to the waiting room, with a library in the name of a bookshelf, an attempt to keep the visitors engaged, to keep them at ease.

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However, that was a failed attempt in our case, as I could still hear the cries.

Faint but still communicating of fear and pain. Well, all of this right at the entrance.

It created a negative environment. For the first time, even as a common law abiding citizen, I felt fear for the police. No doubt, the stigma for the police persists in our society. “- Author ( Experience at one of the Police Stations visited) Hence, a Separate area for both the visitors and convicts becomes a mandate for a police station. This can be seen in the case of Kolluputiya police station.

Figure 36: Entrance for Public and separate entrance for policemen and convicts

Need for public toilets is another aspect to be considered. Most of the stations in Mumbai, use the existing toilets for the police for the public, which in itself are not up to the mark in their cleanliness. Kolluputiya Police station made provisions for both of the above criteria.

c)

Inviting entrances:-

Figure 38: Azad maidan Police station Source: Google Maps Images

Figure 37: Mahim Police Station Source: Google Maps Images

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iv.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHILDREN

Why the need for a child friendly station at all?

IG Vijayan says on the advantage of such police facilities that the design changes will help to overcome legal difficulties in taking children to police stations and talking to them. Apart from this, parents often have to bring their children along. Such a space helps to create a more comfortable ambience, to not resonate negatively with the child.

Most vitally, what it helps is to frame the young minds, to know, that police are not to be feared, it targets the existing dishonour that exists in society for the police.

It develops a rapport right at the grassroots, which will grow over time to become helpful synthesis of the police with the society.

What is really to be child friendly?

As seen in the case study of the C2- Race Course Police station, Colombos Kolluputiya Police Station, and several others have tried to incorporate the concept of child friendliness, all we see in terms of design is mere usage of brightly coloured walls and colourful furniture and toys dotting the space. Is that enough for making the child feel comforted? While partly the attempt and thought used works as a step forward towards ‘designing’ a police station rather than simply erecting walls in space for different functions. It is the outcome which gets failed to achieve, due to such incomplete implementation. What about the journey of the kid. Right from the exterior, the way it is viewed to the journey from the entrance to the station is what the kid will perceive. It will all matter then.

Figure 39 : Child Friendly room in Kolluputiya Police station, Colombo Source : Author

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Figure 40: Proposed Child Friendly Police Station at Kozhikode, Kerala.

Source: (Srinivas, 2018)

A proposal for one such station, is made by Architect Srijit Srnivasan from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It would one of the very few police stations actually designed by an architect if implemented. The Bureau of Police Research and Development Programme of the Central government has taken up the Kerala project which would soon be taken forward to other states too.

On designing for kids, principal architect of Ross Barney Architects take on making spaces where kids could grow, develop and blossom are as follows.

a) Scale- Keeping in mind the kid as the key user, all anthropometric data would be derived with respect to them. The space should be contained in terms of its volume, where the kid should not feel overpowered and hence lost in an expanse of area.

b) Natural lighting-

plays a major role too, to maintain a positive

environment and a visual connect to the outside for the kid to not lose orientation. Closed rooms could incur a feeling of unsafety and discomfort for the young user. Again, the sills of the window would have to be low for them to be able to peer outside.

c) Colour- could be useful tool for way-finding for kids and offering directions without sign boards.

d) Less is more. There is a concept of ‘too much stimulation for children’ where it has been established that they do a better job in a more muted, calm environment to be able to focus on what’s in front of them.

(Berney, 2019) 74

v.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CONVICTS

For prisoner, the jail facility must be located within the police station, special design features must be incorporated to accommodate the function of movement of the prisoners within the police station. They should enter the police station through separate secure entrance. A receiving garage separated from the public inflow must be incorporated.

With respect to the well-being of the prisoners itself, Policing is way more than simply catching people who commit crime and detaining them. It’s more about cleansing the society of its vices. This doesn’t come alone with the removal of the persons who commit it. It comes by cleansing the thoughts and ideals of the persons committing it. And that comes from educating, eradicating the problems at grassroots that cause crimes to be undertaken.

Senior Inspector of Coimbatores’ R.S. Puram police station, states how as police men, their job majorly involves them to be counselling. An insightful conversation with him revealed how having professional counsellors as a part of the police workforce itself would be a positive reform in policing.

Analogously, police are the teachers, and the wrong doers the students. No matter how hideous it may sound at first, but the ideal colourful and illusory way of a safe society would be via this means.

Conditions of detention cells in Mumbai jails are not good. They are located in cut off zones with minimal entry of natural light. Basic provisions like toilet blocks in cells are lacking too most of the times.

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vi.

CRITERIA SELECTION FOR ANALYSIS On a Macro city-wide spectrum:-

1. Accessibility- Organised and proximate connectivity to all the regions that fall under the jurisdictional area of the police station.

Ideal location for police stations:-

Source: (Rahmani, 2014)

2. Visibility and Identifiability- Easily noticeable and recognisable by the citizens. A structure that speaks well of the police body.

3. A well designed building as a good incarnation of the police body itself of the city (easily identifiable tool). Material, colours, volume, Form, Faรงade, green scapes, effectively overall design, would be part and parcel of this parameter.

On a Micro user-oriented spectrum:

Physical and emotional wellbeing: - For an ideal work environment:1. Natural lighting- Sunlight penetration into the space, for a healthy space.

2. Natural ventilation facilities- Fresh breathing air- Good circulation of air in the space- free of dampness etc i.e. good ventilation.

3. A healthy, safe context- As in cases of some police stations which are located besides nullahs, morgues, dumping grounds, highly polluted regions- All of these functions in the surroundings, eventually cause unhealthy living conditions with foul odours, harmful gases, pollutants in the air, infection carrying mosquitoes, etc standing as a health hazard to the police.

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As a job, they should feel to own up to it, feel proud, and for that need to be provided with those kinds of facilities and work place which they feel proud to go and work. It should be a place worthy enough to call an office.

This would even include calamity free zones. Police stations of Sakinaka, Byculla out of many others face problems of water entering their work space, completely stagnating the work in the station at those times.

4. Enough provision of Basic amenities in the form of spaces for restto regenerate and rejuvenate, etc.

-Resting Spaces, with provisions of mattresses, couches, good furniture.

-Spaces to stay fit and meditate- feel at peace

-Canteens, dining space- Police officials spend most of their time at the station, facilities of such spaces which could compliment for a good diet and healthy food intake that is a requirement for their sound health.

- Well designed toilets, and changing rooms for both men, women, visitors. Spaces for women with infants, and spaces for kids to feel safe.– (very important for the mental well-being of a person too)

- Enough waiting areas for public -Provisions of enough and good ergonomically designed furniture’s customised to the need and work of the police officials.

-Enough space to carry out their work- enough space to provision for storage of items vital to a station (eg. Evidences, records, ammunitions, cash and resources) -Enough parking spaces, both for the police vehicles and public.

- Good temporal conditionsProvisions of good fans, air coolers, natural cross ventilation measures etc.

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-Wireless room design- Good circulation of air to help let out heat.Facilities for motor transport, Its repair work etc.

5. A pakka structure, safe and sound to work in, with good well designed spaces. Some stations have problems of water leakages, percolations during rains, hampering their working.

6. Privacy aspects- Enough sound and acoustical qualities, between complain area and waiting area. Provisions of separate rooms for women.

7. Sustainable, modern features- Provisions of rainwater harvesting to be self-sufficient with its water requirements. Renewable energy resources, to be self-reliant in cases of power cut offs, etc.

It is a function that works all year round, hence in cases of such sustainable measures, a lot of energy can be saved. / /1

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III.

CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES

Case studies of existing police stations and design proposals are covered in this chapter.

vii. CASE STUDIES OF POLICE STATIONS IN MUMBAI Keeping in mind the timeline the police force of Mumbai has undergone, it is established that the stations in Mumbai have changed in character over time.

Hence, an old police station built in the British era is taken and compared to a Police station post-independence.

-

NAGPADA POLICE STATION

-

CHEMBUR POLICE STATION

-

BKC POLICE STATION

viii.

CASE STUDY OF POLICE STATIONS IN INDIA

Apart from this, police stations from different parts of India have been considered to know where the country stands when it comes to architecture of this civic functions, and where Mumbai stands with respect to them.

-

VASAI POLICE STATION

-

COIMBATORE RACE COURSE POLICE STATION

ix.

CASE STUDY OF POLICE STATIONS ABROAD

Finally, case studies from around the world are considered to establish the benchmark of design possibilities for a police station.

-

JACKSONVILLE POLICE HEADQUARTERS

-

POLIS STATION

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Link to CASE STUDIES:https://issuu.com/rukaiya.l/docs/combinepdf

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CASE STUDY 5 : JACKSON VILLE’S NEW POLICE HEADQUARTERS- THE POLICE MEMORIAL BUILDING Location- Jacksonville, Florida.

Front elevation of the Police Headquarters Architect- William Morgan Project Year- 1978 Background- In 1966, a study called Blueprint for improvement was conducted by the government of Jacksonville, Florida, to improvise on its efficiency. It looked at all the different aspects of city and county government, at the end of which was revealed that the Old Police Headquarters building of Jacksonville was severely inadequate to the needs of the police. As a result, the birth of the new police building, the Police Memorial, as the new place of work for the police component of the city was the result.

Aim of the Project- The architect’s vision aimed at unifying two civic facilities that by traditional standards, then, seemed to be incompatible- A functioning Law enforcement agency and a Public park. “It lends a totally new and humane image to the normally Stern and Forbidden Function.”

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Unique Features- The roof of the Police Agency’s structure steps to create levels for a park above. This lends a totally new and humane image to the normally stern and forbidding function.

Ariel view showing the public plaza Planning

2 floors structure, with a parking underground, and public park on the roof.



Cut out voids along the edge of the site, bring ample of light to the basement parking below. The structure is majorly windowless to cater to the security and privacy aspect of the police function. Natural light is majorly brought in from 2 internal courts.

Roof plan of the structure

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Materials and Construction Technique

Exterior

walls-

concrete

with

In-situ

casted

Fluted

Bush

Hammered Finish used, which is interrupted by smooth concrete bands at floor slab levels, breaking the façade. 

Treads

of

the

staircase

have

recesses which visually creates a Figure 41: Wall texture aircase detail Source: (Hoyt, 1980)

buoyant effect. 

and

Morgan developed an innovative system concrete

of

structural

‘trees’

where

precast each

column supports two cantilever beams at right angles. The beam in turn supports 2 edge beams which attached to the adjoining column (tree) by the flat concrete slab over the intervening space. This beam patterns occurs in all directions to obtain perfect symmetry.

Structural layout detail

This helped create aesthetically pleasing patterns on the ceilings, reduce floor to floor heights due to reduced beam depths and also freed up slab space to further be utilized to accommodate services.

Present Situation and Implications- However, at some point over time, this publicly accessible rooftop park was declared a security hazard and closed, transforming the complex to the formidable structure Morgan’s original vision intended to soften.

What this structure majorly lacked—transparency as the brief didn’t demand for it. Security was the primary aim.

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Secondly, a newspaper article indicated how this building was one on the list of top 7 highest electricity consuming civic/government buildings in the city, which indicates the repercussions of the design ideology to remove the windows to cater to privacy from the public plaza.

Inferences- In that case the introduction of a Public space may not always be

Figure 42: Barricades to the public park Source: https://www.moderncities.com/article/2016-nov-7-buildings-that-dont-look-asas-they-once-did

Figure 43: Demolition works Source: https://www.moderncities.com/article/2016-nov-7-buildings-that-dont-look-as-goodthey-once-did

a success. It would majorly depend on the locality culture and the crime rate there. This idea Failed in Jacksonville. What would be the implications here in Mumbai?

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CASE STUDY 6: POLIS STATION - TOWARDS COMMUNITY-CENTERED POLICING This case study has been taken up to discuss an ongoing intervention being made by Studio Gang in Chicago, the U.S.A. It can be considered to become the future of police station design.

‘Polis Station’ is a research project that seeks to contribute to the national dialogue on policing reform by exploring how design can help people imagine changes in police-community relations. Studio Gang undertook a significant engagement process, beginning with conversations with community leaders, public officials, neighbours, youth, and local police officers. (Studio Gang, 2015) The 10th District police station in North Lawndale was chosen where a strong desire for more safe spaces to play—basketball, especially—emerged from conversations with community members and officers. Seizing this aspiration, Studio Gang worked closely with the community to develop and build a half-court on a little-used portion of the station’s parking lot.

By

providing

safe,

shared

outdoor

recreational space on police property, this simple

intervention

is

supporting

new,

everyday overlap between the worlds of police officers and neighbors. It has also lead to future investments by donors in the neighborhood. (Studio Gang, 2015)

Figure 44 & 45: 10th District Police Station Intervention , Source: (Studio Gang,

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THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL The proposal further looks at revamping the entire area around the police station. It introduces a plethora of community spaces which would foster people to engage, giving birth to a more vibrant city life.

Reorients police stations toward their communities to become sites of social connection

where

officers

and

neighbourhood

residents

can

find

many opportunities to interact in non-enforcement situations.

Expanded community Meditation Garden

space to the station

Stations as a fullservice community centres

Fitness centre

Play courts

Explored how the spaces of the police station could be reconfigured to accommodate new programming that -

improve public safety,

-

enhance social cohesion, and

-

strengthen the economy of the surrounding neighbourhood.

Figure 46: 10th District Police Station Intervention, Source: (Studio Gang, 2015), Edited by Author

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IV.

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION

‘ The physical identity of the police force, the police stations- its design and appearance- both, directly and indirectly impact their functioning and efficiency, and the confidence that the civilians have in them.’

1. Police stations in Mumbai are in a dire need of attention today. They have had to compromise on aspects of design due to the unorganised rapid development, not ideal land use allocations, non- informal growth of the city outskirts and space and resource constraints. The aspects of exponential growth in population has also hindered the possibility of design oriented decisions.

Hence, post the era under the British, every police station building designed did not look or feel the same. They were designed in a - haphazard manner on basis of the constraints of the context or - heterogeneously according to its growing needs, with a major let go made to the function and aesthetic.

2. As for the public- police relations that exists today, the past has played its toll in a reverse impact manner, where the city in a way continues to view the police in a non- inclusive fashion. A part of policing still inherits the colonial crime fighting module of policing. All around the world, the aspect of policing is being rethought and research reveals new interpretation to the way policing with the people can be undertaken and the how the police station itself, can be more than just a building housing a body that offers for the citizens, and to itself be an insert providing to the greater city picture.

Architecture has for long been known for being the silent hum in the backdrop of daily life. It hold the potential to shape lifestyles and communities. (Studio Gang, 2015) This potential could help refurbish these physical and conjectural shortcomings faced by the policing body today.

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DESIGN INTENT

1. Mumbai police has taken several initiatives to implement community policing back in the past, the utilisation of this form of policing is partly infamous now.

On an urban context, a design proposal looking at police stations as a civic amenity and insert would a great tool and attempt in today’s time, to relapse the trend of community assisted policing by fostering better rapports between people and police. It could bear an identity of its own, indicative of the policing practice of the city, and effectively getting rendered as a way finding and additional liveability-enhancing edifice in the city.

2. Police persons have the second toughest job after medicine. Working conditions, heavy workloads, fear of severe injury or being killed on duty, lack of recognition, shooting someone in the line of duty, anti-terrorist operations, confrontation with the public and lack of job satisfaction are some of the occupation are specific stressors that Indian Policemen encounter in their work environment.

Design inputs to create an optimistic and positive work environment need to find their way into workstations which would greatly contribute to give a facelift to this profession. A well designed workspace triggers higher productivity, increased concentration, and better work outputs. This, thus, fosters better trust.

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3. Victims and visitors are important people a station needs to cater too.

Victims most often come with a traumatised state of mind.

The station ambience in such cases should be of the same manner how one expects the ambience for a patient to be at a hospital- a hopeinducing, positive and happy environment. A sense of welcome, comfort and confidence should be felt.

4. Police in many places around the world and India too, are organising programs to connect better with children, in attempts to foster better trust equations and removing of typical taboos that exist. Afterall, they are the future of the city. Concept of kid friendly police stations, and kid friendly spaces in police stations take this strategy of better community connect and are viable interventions that could find their way to Mumbai city.

From the exterior, the way it is viewed to the journey from the entrance to the station is what the kid will perceive. The scale, colours used, natural lighting, presence of visual connect with any exterior space and clutter will all govern the perception of a child when coming to a station.

5.

For convicts, the jail facility must be located within the police station,

special design features must be incorporated to accommodate the function of movement of the prisoners within the police station. They should enter the police station through separate secure entrance. A receiving garage should be a part of the security entrance.

Provisions of decent inlet of light and fresh ventilation must be taken care of. Research today speaks of architectural means to refurbish the intent of caging a person, from punishing motives to effectively counselling and repurposing their lifestyles.

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V.

CHAPTER 5: SITE SELECTION

The criteria chosen for Site Selection - Police stations functioning from residential building were located. A total of 3 sites were considered for this study, which are as follows. Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of them against one another, the site which would offer maximum scope to design, in terms of the workable area and a relevant location in the city fabric, was then chosen.

Dadar Police Station (Refer to Annexture II for more details) Opposite are Ground structure- commercial use- retails/ wholesales, etc.

Area- 1300 sq.m Pros -

Two access roads- flexibility in designing.

In a residential compound- no segregation from live and work.

Cons -

Kind of hidden, dense fabric- identification/ way finding/ visibility- kind of a hindrance.

Antop hill Police Station (Refer to Annexture II for more details) AreaSurrounded by a completely residential context in the midst of the CGS Colony at Antop Hill.

Pros -

RG doesn’t see a lot of users- only a few kids playing cricket- no major amenities as such- not neglected as such. But could be used as a modum to set an example of how police station can function using a green RG.

Cons

-

Very silent and private- not a very vibrant zone that is flourishing with city life.

-

Only one access road- that too inside a closed gated community

-

RG additionally rented out for other functions.

Even though police are functioning from an informal place- however, they have the entire lane to themselves- smooth for their functioning- seem dsorted.

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D.N.Nagar Pros -

2 access road- one is arterial Andheri link road.

Vicinity around is well-developed- not to cut off while not too clustered.

Cons -

It lies in the aerodrome zone, hence, height restrictions would persist.

Metro line 3 is coming up on Andheri Link Road, offering design limitations too.

SELECTED SITE: D. N. NAGAR POLICE STATION

The site selected for proposing a new police station is at D.N. Nagar. D.N. Nagar police station runs from the ground floor of a residential quarters building. A total of 4 police quarters are present in the compound.

Total site area:- 4250 sq.m

Figure 47: Land use Mapping and area of plot , Source: UDRI GIS

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SITE JUSTIFICATION:-

a) Since it runs from a residential building, the criterion discussed earlier for a good police station are not satisfied here. For example, Identifiability, Visibility, Likeability, are all at stake in the case of this police station, as it is more of an afterthought.

In terms of existing problems on site:-

b) Compound wall with jaali makes it difficult to find, locate the police station. c) Being located in a residential building, and looking like one, it is difficult to further identify easily.

d) Waiting area of the space is only the space available outside. e) The unique planning pattern of fitting functions inside a residence has, eventually rendered opaqueness to the police work and body. It comes in a major hindrance with respect to the transparency that such bodies should possess to maintain trust.

f) Natural lighting here is low, adding to the dimness of the space- not a very positive ambience.

g) Location of the site was very good and strategic. It is advantageous as it had 2 roads of access, one being an arterial road and the other a secondary road, thus, offering a freer hand in designing on the site.

Figure 48: D.N.Nagar Police Station Plan, Source Author

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Figure 49: D.N.Nagar Police Station Plan, Source Author

Figure 50: road adjoining Police Station,(South- west), Source, Author Figure 53: Andheri Link Road, Source: Author

Figure 51: Road adjoining Police Station(north-west), Source: Author Figure 52: View of Police station building and quarters from tertiary road, Source Author

127

DESIGN PROGRAM:-

PUBLIC USED SPACES:-

Space of Entry

25 sq.m

Space to wait

25 sq.m

Space to enquire (Area for preliminary squad)

9-10 sq.m

Space to lodge complaint

35 sq.m

(Area for Station House officer, First and Second Relief Officer, Writer)

Pantry Public Toilets- Men Women

Public Relations Officer

25 sq.m

Space for writer

12 sq.m

Crime Police Officer

25 sq.m

Space for writer

12 sq.m

Detention officers space

24 sq.m

Detention Staff space-

30 sq.m

Writer room for detention officers

12 sq.m

Externment Officers Room Writer for Externment Officer

36- 42 sq.m 9-10 sq.m

Temporary cell roomsMen, Women, Juvenilles

12+ 12+ 9 sq.m

Prison Visitors area

15 sq.m

Store for Prisoners

18 sq.m

Interrogating space

20 sq.m

Record Room (current and past)

15 + 15 sq.m

Ammunitions/Armoury room

35 sq.m

Treasury Space

20 sq.m

Wireless Room

25 sq.m 30 sq.m

18 sq.m 25 sq.m 20 sq.m

ADMINISTRATIVE (SEMI PRIVATE AND PRIVATE) AREAS:-

Senior Police Officer’s room (Space to work)

35 sq.m

Rest Room for Senior Inpector (Space to rest)

15 sq.m

Space for Special Writer

18 sq.m

Law and Order Officers Room

30 sq.m

Space for Writer

12 sq.m

Administrative Officers Room-

30 sq.m

Space for detaining people ( Detention officers room)

Space for Writer

12 sq.m

Accountant’s room

30 sq.m

Space for Duty distribution (officer)

25 sq.m

Court Clerks Room

20 sq.m

128

Dispatch room and Postal Sorting room

18 sq.m

Store Room

9-10 sq.m

Lost and Found Property Room

15 sq.m

QUARTER SETTLEMENTS: Proposed Area- 3200 sq.m (v/s existing 2640 sq.m)

AMENITY AREA:Fitness room (gym) Games room/ sports ground Multipurpose Hall ) Space to read/ learn

60-72 sq.m 420 sq.m 200 sq.m 54 sq.m

(library)

Lounge area and Work 42 sq.m space for officers sq.m Lounge area and Changing space for constables

24 sq.m

Lunch Space

30 sq.m

Kitchen and Canteen space

15+ 36 sq.m

Rest Rooms- Men Police Officers

50 sq.m

Toilets for Men Police officers

30 sq.m

Rest Rooms - Women Police Officers

40 sq.m

Toilets for women police officers

25 sq.m

129

130

VI. ABBREVIATIONS

PWD – Public Works Department Add. CP- Additional Commissioner of Police ACP- Assistant Commissioner of Police SPI/ SI- Senior Police Inspector PI- Police Inspector API- Assistant Police Inspector PSI- Police Sub- Inspector ASI- Assistant Police Sub- Inspector HC- Head Constable PC- Police Constable BPRD- Bureau of Police Research and Development ATS- Anti Terrorist Squad PS- Police Station

131

VII. ANNEXTURE 1: HISTORY OF THE POLICE WORKFORCE TIMELINE : PRE-INDEPENDENCE ERA

1661-The policing

in

system

Mumbai

of

began

Portuguese, the first formal police body of Bombay.

1662- Mumbai given as Dowry to the British and,

of Police above in power, in lines with reforms happening in England at that time.

1793-1808-

The then governor, Sir

500 men with subedars at Mahim, Sion and Sewree. It was formed to deal with street-level

1st Superintendent of

police

Augier, organised the Bhandari Militia of

organized

Post of Deputy of Police,

further reinforced with a Superintendent

The East India Company

got established here.

1669-

1793-

with

establishment of a police outpost by

1668-

Source: (S.M.Edwardes)

modern

gangs

“

[he

was]

perhaps

the

most

powerful chief of Police Mumbai ever had…” 

Under his tenure , for the first time Mumbai was divided into divisions

that

for better administration.

robbed sailors in 1669.

1769- Introduction of formalised Police training at Nashik.

1779-

First executive Deputy of

Police was appointed- Sir James Todd

Figure 55: Disposition of the Police Force in 1793, Source: (S.M.Edwardes)

Dongree and the woods (Present Figure 54: An armed police constable of Bombay Police Force in the 1700's,

day Dhobi Talao, South Girgaum, 132

Bhuleshwar, western Dongri and

Post this point a lot of work was done

Mandvi) experience a lot of crime.

on achieving better connectivity.

Hence, divided into 14 Police Stations.

1860- other railway lines sprung up across India

1869-

Service

of

streamers,

 Became an age of Police

started on the west coast. Major

severe

trade outbreak due to American Civil

extremes

where

punishments

like

pillory

and

flogging was common.

War (1861), Opening of Suez Canal (1869), England’s factories of cottton mainly, All of this attracted fortune hunters.

1864- Population was 8, 16,562.

1855appointed

Sir as

Charles

Forjett

Superintendent

of

Police.

Figure 56: 1812- Strength and Cost of Force, Source: (S.M.Edwardes)

1770-1845 -onwards a lot of time spent reclaiming Mumbai for better connectivity

1843divisionsbranch

Figure 57: The master of Disguise, Sir Charles Forjett, Source: (The Mumbai Protector)

1855-1864- During his term, he

Bombay divided into 4 A,B,C,D

+

comprising

A 10

detective hawaldars

helped eradicate highway robbery almost completely.

Known for killing 2 rebels in

formed to control crime

1847-

Beat

system

got

Esplanade Maindan (present day, Azad Maidan).

introduced.

The beat system:-

1853-

1857- Revolt of 1857

First railway line started

running from Bori Bunder to Thane.

133

1864- Colonel Bruce - Inspector

With this Bombay police was now

General of Police with Government of

at par with that of Calcutta and

India- was dispatched to investigate

Madras.

The office of Commissioner also,

and make changes for better running

dates

of the force.

back

to

Colonel

Bruces’

reorganisation and it is till date that it Recommendations

made

by

is followed, where the commissioner is responsible

him:1456 men as “work could not be

for

both

the

Police

department and the fire department.

done by fewer hands.”

Divided the men as followsLand Police. 1239 Police Guards for Govt. Buildings 116 Harbour Police 101 +

84

Dockyards

policemen -

paid

for by

Govt Marine

department + Few police men guarding graveyards, burning Grounds- paid by municipal corporation Except harbour police, the police Figure 59, Source: (S.M.Edwardes)

force in 1865 was further broken down into:Superintendents -6 Inspectors- 22 Sub inspectors - 12 Jamadar’s-24 Hawaldars-62 Men-1216 Mounted police -13

Figure 58: Constable Bombay Police Force, Source: (The Mumbai Protector)

134

1864-

Sir

Frank

Souter

was

Later half of the 19th century,

appointed the Superintendent of

many important historic buildings

police.

the

came

got

Municipal Corp., Prince of Wales

However,

reorganisation,

in

post 1865

he

appointed as the 1st Commissioner of

up-

V.t.

Station

,

GPO,

Museum.

Police with 1 Deputy under him.

1870- Bombay Port trust formed 1872- 1914- A lot of war vessels built. A number of docks got built including-

Princess

dock,

Victoria

Dock, Merewether Dock, Alexander Dock.

1914-

A

third

deputy

Commissioner of Police appointed for the Port of Bombay.

Figure 60: The longest serving Commissioner of Police, Sir Frank Souter, Source: (The Mumbai Protector)

1875- He was knighted the title

End of 19th century- plague broke out- many deaths- led to creation of city improvement trust to develop

Prince of Wales

suburbs

for

residential

purposes to remove congestion.

1899-

Robert .H. Vincent- helped in security of red light areas In 1894 had bars fixed to the ground for protecting the helpless prostitutes- it’s seen till date.

His son, F.A.M.H. Vincent- In 1895

1906- Population was 9,77,822

he was the first I. P. S pass out(1st

1909-

Second

Deputy

Commissioner created for CID

batch) to later became the Police Commissioner of Bombay.

135

police body and continued to evoke awe even after Independence.

Figure 61: The man who 'Caged' ProstitutesSir R. H. Vincent, Source: (The Mumbai Protector)

In June 1909 he was appointed as D. C. P-

Figure 62: Paltan Road Police HQ, Source: (House, n.d.)

He appointed a regular CID, and under him the CID entered a period of remarkable activity.

Sir Robert Vincent was the first to occupy it.

CID staff divided into - Foreign And Political,

1909-

Sahyadri

built

as

the

Crime,

residence for the Commissioner of

Miscellaneous.

Police and was first occupied by

Later post 1st World War- CID split

Edwardes and later by F. A. M. H.

into 2

Vincent

1911- Police Gazette published and continues till date.

1910- Edwardes remodelled the Mumbai Police on the pattern of the London

Police headquarters was first at Byculla.

In 1894-96 the present building

Crawford Market, as it would then be in the main pulse of the city, where riots were very frequent. The building,

Police

and

introduced the system of proper registration of crime at jurisdictional police stations.

of the police headquarters was built, on a site chosen by Sir Frank Souter, at

Metropolitan

1910-1916-

Police

stations

underwent a revamp under module set by Edwardes where 13 out of 17 police stations were redesigned and worked on.

symbolised the imperial power of the

136

police

station,

1st

Superintendent

of

floor

by

Police

the and

preferably the 2nd floor as the place of his stay.

1910-

Colaba

,

Agripada,

Nagpada Figure 63: The visionary who brought Bombay police at par with Scotland Yard, Sir S.M.Edwardes Source: (The Mumbai Protector)

To all these existing stations,

1913- 2 more stations on new model came up at Princess street and Maharbawdi( V. P. Road)

structural alterations and additions

1914- 2 new buildings of the

were made. Edwardes put forward

Harbour Police and the Dock Police

the need of proximity of the officers

at Mody Bay & Frere road

from their work place to allow for the

1916- 3 more police stations at

best policing, as the officers would be

Khetwadi, Hughes Road, Esplanade

quick to report in case of emergency.

Maidan End of 1916- new buildings at Gamdevi,

Lamington

Road

and

Paltan Road Soon Mahim, Parel and other areas, police station’ work began.

1907- Trams introduced.

1911- Taxis introduced.

Figure 64: Divisions and sub divisions of the police body, 1916, Source: (S.M.Edwardes)

All these new police stations were now

planned

with

an

19201917-

trams

Policy

of

greater

Indianisation passed.

Inspector

looked at the welfare of Indian officers too.

decker

came in

increase

provision of barracks/ quarters. He

Double

Khan

Saheb

Meer

Ahmed Ali became 1st Indian officer to be inspector in charge of a Police

Also the module followed was,

station at Parel station.

ground floor being occupied by the

137

1924-

Traffic

police

1940’s

division

started.

- Police station’s at

Borivali, Andheri, Kurla, Santacruz,

1926- Bus service started

Ghatkopar- Bombay suburban district

1935- Modus Operendi Bureau

police.

1946- Bombay suburban and

under Crime Branch 1938- Anti Gambling Squad

Bombay City combined to form greater Bombay

TIMELINE: POST-INDEPENDENCE ERA

1947- 1st Indian Commissioner 1951- Bombay Police Act- where Bombay

police

lost

its

1973of

Additional Commissioner

police

for

administration

separate

introduced and D. C. P for Crime

identity and merged with the police

upgraded to Additional Com. Of

force of the state.

police for Crime for better Supervision

1959- Anti Goonda branch, now social service branch under inspector

over Crime and administration in Mumbai

and sub inspector staff in crime branch 1960’s- Back bay reclamation

1976-

Computers

introduced.

However, Mumbai police properly went digital only after 20 years.

completes and comes out to be a

1995- Control room was digitised

success

1997-

1964- Tram service discontinued

1965- Dog Squad

police

went

online 2005- Tourist Squad created.

1970s - Nariman point started emerging as new business hub

Mumbai

2009-

Cyber

Crime

branch

established as a separate police station.

The police have progressed slowly and are still in that process. A long way to go for them. Back in the 1960’s most police stations were still without telephone connections. (Bayley, 1969) The advent of computers to the police force itself happened in the 1976, which was put to full use only in the 1990’s. The introduction of the wireless control rooms to connect the police stations all over the city only started function in 1995 while the Mumbai police went online in the year 1997.

138

Figure 65: City Improvement Trust, Source: (Bombay 100 years ago, n.d.)

139

VIII. ANNEXTURE II ANTOP HILL POLICE STATION Context 

Area 1380 sqm



Along the road, functions spill out on the road.

Figure 66 : Antop Police Station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019)



Very silent- majorly only because it’s a completely residential colony, no commercial activities at ground level. R. Ground is lent out for functions such as marriages. Antop hill police station sits actually inside a gated community, however access to no person is debarred in there.

Figure 67 : Antop Police Station, Source: Images and Editing by Author, Map from UDRI GIS

140



The thesis talks about police stations as a civic asset- something people are going to see and look upto the police. But this location is too cut off from the busy city fabric, to be a very relevant civic asset.



With respect to if the police stations presence affects the usage of the playground, it would be, but not entirely as, firstly, the ground is pretty big, standing at one end of the ground, one doesn’t feel the presence of the station.

Rather the ground is more like an amenity for the police. It’s a very good example of how availability of such a ground has positively enhanced the working of the police. We find people filing complaints, interacting with the police in the semi- open porch of the police station. It’s a serene, ambience, not much noise, peaceful. Additionally a group of officers were found sitting beside the station, with the ground as the backdrop, working on a case together by discussing.

Figure 68 and 69: Context around antop hill Police Station.

Figure 70: Land use Map of Antop Hill, Source: UDRI GIS

141

DADAR POLICE STATION Context 

Area - 1180 sq.M



Possibility of it being a police quarter as land use revised in dp as police land



In an existing dense fabric, in the centre of an existing block, hence, kind of cut-off, hidden.



Old building itself, like a quarters settlement—full compound. Looks like a residential Building.

Figure 71, and 72: Dadar Police Station, Source: Author Figure 73: DP land usage: Source UDRI GIS, Edited by Author

142

IX.

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X.

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: The different types of civic services people depend on. Source:

Author................................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 2: The impact of inefficient service ............................................................ 21 Fig. 3: Police force are functional all around the clock...................................... 23 Figure 4: Policing in its primitive form, Source: Author ......................................... 24 Figure 5: Policing ....................................................................................................... 24 Figure 6: Hierarchy Chart of Head Officials, Source: Author .............................. 29 Figure 7: Mumbai Police New Headquarters, Source: (DNA, 2017) .................. 29 Figure 8: How the growth of the city had a direct impact on the Police Force, ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 9: Fiasco of the 1981 Development Plan, Source: Author ...................... 32 Figure 10: Dates of establishment of the Modern City police of Mumbai, ...... 33 Figure 11: Jurisdictional Map under Sion Police, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019) .................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 12: Versova Police station, Source: Mumbai Live..................................... 37 Figure 13: Antop Hill Police station, ........................................................................ 39 Figure 14: Present day DP,, showing encroachment on RG, Source: UDRI GIS ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 15: Antop Hill Police station, Source: Google maps image .................... 39 Figure 16: Antop Hill Police station, Source: Google maps image .................... 40 Figure 17: Lack of enough storage space, results in such spilling over of police amenities, Source: Google maps image ..................................................................... 40 Figure 18: Oshiwara Police station, Source: Base plan: (Rawal, 2018) edited and inferred by: Author .......................................................................................................... 41 Figure 19: Entrance and Compound of Oshiwara Police station,..................... 41 Figure 20: Source: Base Plan- (Rawal, 2018) ......................................................... 42 Figure 21: Amboli Police station, Source: Google Maps images ....................... 42 Figure 22: Shivaji Nagar Police station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019) ........................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 23 & 24: Working environments of police stations from residential buildings, ........................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 25: Newspaper article highlighting the problems faced when police stations function from residential buildings, Source: (Khan, 2018)............................ 44 146

Figure 26: Half of the flats are occupied by the police station and families of the officers, while the rest include people, who have been rehabilitated by the state government, Source: (Gupta, n.d.) .................................................................... 45 Figure 27: Common entrance for police station and residents, Source: (Gupta, n.d.) ...................................................................................................................................45 Figure 28: Sahar Police Station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019) ......... 49 Figure 29: Powai Police Station, Source: Google Maps Images ........................ 49 Figure 30 : Vile Parle Police Station, Source: Google Maps Images ................. 49 Figure 31 & 32: Map of Mumbai showing Police Jurisdictional Divisions, Source: Author................................................................................................................................50 Figure 33: Matunga Police station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019) ...70 Figure 34: Section through entrance of Kolluputiya police station ..................71 Figure 35: The Main Complaint Room of Kolluputya Police Station.

Source:

Author................................................................................................................................71 Figure 36: Entrance for Public and separate entrance for policemen and convicts .............................................................................................................................72 Figure 37: Mahim Police Station ............................................................................. 72 Figure 38: Azad maidan Police station ..................................................................72 Figure 39 : Child Friendly room in Kolluputiya Police station, Colombo............ 73 Figure 40: Proposed Child Friendly Police Station at Kozhikode, Kerala........... 74 Figure 41: Wall texture and staircase detail ........................................................115 Figure 42: Barricades to the public park ............................................................. 116 Figure 43: Demolition works ...................................................................................116 Figure 44 & 45: 10th District Police Station Intervention , Source: (Studio Gang, 2015) ................................................................................................................................ 117 Figure 46: 10th District Police Station Intervention, Source: (Studio Gang, 2015), Edited by Author ............................................................................................................118 Figure 47: Land use Mapping and area of plot , Source: UDRI GIS................. 125 Figure 48: D.N.Nagar Police Station Plan, Source Author ................................. 126 Figure 49: D.N.Nagar Police Station Plan, Source Author ................................. 127 Figure 50: road adjoining Police Station,(South- west), Source, Author ......... 127 Figure 51: Road adjoining Police Station(orth-west), Source: author ............. 127 Figure 52: View of Police station building and quarters from tertiary road, Source Author ................................................................................................................ 127 Figure 53: Andheri Link Road, Source: Author .................................................... 127

147

Figure 54: An armed police constable of Bombay Police Force in the 1700's, ......................................................................................................................................... 132 Figure 55: Disposition of the Police Force in 1793, Source: (S.M.Edwardes) ... 132 Figure 56: 1812- Strength and Cost of Force, Source: (S.M.Edwardes) ........... 133 Figure 57: The master of Disguise, Sir Charles Forjett, Source: (The Mumbai Protector) ........................................................................................................................ 133 Figure 58: Constable Bombay Police Force, Source: (The Mumbai Protector) ......................................................................................................................................... 134 Figure 59, Source: (S.M.Edwardes) ....................................................................... 134 Figure 60: The longest serving Commissioner of Police, Sir Frank Souter, Source: (The Mumbai Protector) ............................................................................................... 135 Figure 61: The man who 'Caged' Prostitutes- Sir R. H. Vincent, Source: (The Mumbai Protector) ........................................................................................................ 136 Figure 62: Paltan Road Police HQ, Source: (House, n.d.) ................................. 136 Figure 63: The visionary who brought Bombay police at par with Scotland Yard, Sir S.M.Edwardes Source: (The Mumbai Protector)................................................... 137 Figure 64: Divisions and sub divisions of the police body, 1916, Source: (S.M.Edwardes) .............................................................................................................. 137 Figure 65: City Improvement Trust, Source: (Bombay 100 years ago, n.d.) ... 139 Figure 66 : Antop Police Station, Source: (Mumbai Police website, 2019) ..... 140 Figure 67 : Antop Police Station, Source: Images and Editing by Author, Map from UDRI GIS ................................................................................................................. 140 Figure 68 and 69: Context around antop hill Police Station............................ 141 Figure 70: Land use Map of Antop Hill, Source: UDRI GIS ................................. 141 Figure 71, and 72: Dadar Police Station, Source: Author.................................. 142 Figure 73: DP land usage: Source UDRI GIS, Edited by Author ........................ 142

148