Architecture Portfolio

P O R T F O L I O

R U I J I A

M A

An investigation into the realms of nature, humanity, spirituality, and physicality.

Spirituality 01 Ethereal Sanctum Site Making | Space Making | Sacred Manifestations Instructor: Richard Rosa Group Project Location: The Grounds of the Chateau de La Tourette In L’Arbresle, France SU Spring 2023

Serendipity Sky Gardens 05 Ghost City | Garden |Emotion Effect UIA Competition Individual Project Location: Chengdu,Cvhina Oct. 2023

Spirituality The key to architecture is whether it can be remembered for a long time by those who enter it. I want to create architecture that is not only beautiful, but also vibrates the heart and speaks to the soul. As a material place for people's life and activities, architecture should satisfy people's needs for its function and at the same time delight the user's psychology and physiology.

Physicality

Rethinking the Space Usage of British Museum

Nature

Humanity

The structure is the core of the space of expression, and the body is the medium that connects people with the structure. The word "structure" here is not the structure that plays a supporting role, but the word "Intangible" reveals the essence of structural expression. For example, if we draw an analogy between architecture and artwork, the Empathy between human body and the building forms the human experience of the intrinsic role of spatial form.

Nature Between The Mound 04

Site Making | Garden | Material Experiment Instructor: Cecilia Lundbäck Group Project Location: TCastiglione della Pescaia, Maremma, Italy SU Spring 2022

Bring Palmyra House to Turpan Facade Studies

02 Divine Direction Volume | Garden |Sacred Space Kaira Looro Competition 2023 Individual Project Location: South Senegal, Africa June, 2023

Bridge Structure Expirenment

Elephant Utopia 03 Bridge | Boundary |Conflict Group Project Location: Xishuangbanna Yunnan, China January 2023

Physicality

Reference Dollens, Dennis. “Architecture as Nature: A Biodigital Hypothesis.” Leonardo, vol. 42, no. 5, 2009, pp. 412–394. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40540059.

Architecture for Humanity. Design like You Give a Damn Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises. Edited by Kate Stohr and Cameron Sinclair, US Green Building Council, 2006.

Nature knows how to design better than we do. People's feelings for nature, on the one hand, come from the five senses, what they hear, what they see, what they hear, what they feel, green plants are integrated into the building, simple materials constitute the building, at the same time, people interact with these elements, which can be viewed from afar and appreciated from close up, and more exploratory possibilities are available for the spatial layout, to create a space that can be used for different functions according to people's needs, thus bringing a rich and interesting experience to the people.

Humanity The utilization of architecture is highly satisfactory to individuals, and more importantly, the position of individuals within architecture remains unchanged. Architecture should embody a grounded approach, being intimately connected with people. It ought to be an architectural style that may not catch your eye at first glance while walking down the street, but upon focusing your gaze on the building, you will discover its delightful and distinctive qualities once again. Because, it just stands there, not out of place, yet standing out.

01

Ethereal Sanctum

Site Making | Space Making | Sacred Manifestations Instructor: Richard Rosa Group Project Location: The Grounds of the Chateau de La Tourette In L’Arbresle, France SU Spring 2023 By conducting a typology study of the convent, we aim to explore the internal mechanisms and dynamic effects of its form, with a particular focus on the relationship between the corridor and the functional spaces that must be maintained for optimal spatial experience. At the same time, we believe that people’s cognition of the external world is related to the cognitive structure of the individual’s psychological existence. Even if the external information is incomplete, it can be restored through this cognition.

Through the destruction of the traditional convent and reconfiguration of its enclosure relationship, it is possible to create a cloister utilizing the existing buildings, which can serve as an embodiment of the spirit of the place.

More specifically, as a derivative of the old building, our building follows its composition and derivative trend in form, and reproduces the spatial language of traditional churches through the interweaving of corridors of different dimensions and the interaction of functional blocks. Those three cloisters also have different spatial qualities, compositional elements and target objects and the sacred spaces are also emphasized by the corten steel and the pools.

“Architecture is the thoughtful making of space” Louis Kahn “If I can create some space that people haven’t experienced and if it stays with them or gives them a dream of the future, that’s the kind of structure I seek to create.”

Tadad Ando

Site Analysis Dating back to the 16th century, the castle was built by the Michon de la Tourette family and has gone through successive stages of development as it has changed owners.

In 2010 it was restored as a whole, but unfortunately divided into several apartments.

Le Corbusier designed a monastery for monks near the site.

Regard the history and the monastery, this project is going to utilize priciples of space composition and the creation of sacred spaces to form a home for nuns.

Old Drawing of the City

Site Area Existing Buildings Main Road Town Road Altitude

Bring The Chateau Back To Life

Create Sacred Spaces

Decree promulgated to acquire land Jacques Claret 1653 1689

Learn about the structural feature of old house Functionality

Winery

1576 Seigneur de la Tourette

1681 Claret Family became the only owner

Nun’s Daily In A Monastery

Tadao Ando

Le Corbusier

1960 Le Corbusier Designed a Monastry

1943 Tourette Real Estate Company Acquires Estate

Consider Principle of Retrofit

Energy

“Light creates ambience and feel of a place, as well as the expression of a structure.”

“In all my works, light is an important controlling factor.”

Firminy Church

Church of light Use of Axis

Monastery of Sainte Marie de la Tourette

Bring in Nature

Church on the Water

Economy Creation of Space Focus on architectural style

Ronchamp

The Hill of the Buddha

Respect for urban planning Principles of Space Composition

Grid Formation

Axis Control

Spatial Specifity

Spatial Symbolism

Spatial Metaphor

Shape Generation The Main Church

Bakery Auritory

Library

Dormitory

Visitor Nuns

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office

Storage

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residence

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Master Plan

The layout of the overall project follows the shape of the original manor, and the green space formed by the two echoes the internal space composition of convent de la tourette. The distribution of nuns and visitors is located on both sides of the project to ensure the privacy of the nuns and the different spatial feelings of the two groups of people.

The three sacred spaces all use the same design, with the outer rusty iron cover and suspended or raised planes to emphasize the sense of sanctity. The living and working areas are slightly rough concrete structures to represent the hardships of the pilgrimage. The different channel shapes of the project are referenced from Convent, a tribute to Le Corbusier.

Sacred Spaces

Church

Auritory

Library

Bakery Second Level

Dormitory ?

Church-Bakery-Auritory

Dormitory-Library

Living and Work

Bakery Fitst Level

Corridors

Dormitory-Work Space

Southwestern Elevation

Faced concrete

Notrhwestern Elevation

Ordinary Concrete

Laminated glass

Gritty concrete

Corten Steel with hollow pattern

Corten Steel

Overall Exploded Axon Roofs and Covers

The Auritory and library, designed like the church, have corten steel exteriors. The Auritory has a winding path to the prayer area, while the library has varied terrain for nuns to reach the reading area, creating unique spatial experiences

Key Scenes During the Journey Circulation of Nuns Circulation of Visitors

Auritory is different from church, but require patient walking and searching to reach the core.

Passing through the walkway to library, they require slow climbs and turns to reach the interior.

Path in Auritory

Path to Library

The back entrance of bakery turns a transfer from light to dark.

Entrance of Bakery

Interior Structures

The church’s core features a suspended dome with a strategic opening, filling the prayer area with natural light. The use of light concrete enhances the sacred and tranquil atmosphere.

At noon, the light hits the alta and the cross in the middle through the hole in the top, and the prayers face the scene

Sunlight at Altar

The light passes through the pattern gaps of the outer wall and hits the inner wall.

The light passes through the hole of dome and hits the place where people sit.

Sunlight at Seating

Corridor to Church

Walls Barnett Newman’s Stations of the Cross on the curved ramp symbolize a transition from darkness to light, leading from the ground floor to the core. The church and bakery are both well-lit spaces.

After a long curved walkway, a scene of sunlight come to eyesight, the hanging dome becomes a natural division between earth and pure.

Through the curved walkway to reach the prayer space of the church, walk in the direction of the light.

The Curved Path

Entering the bakery area with the most open to sunshine space.

Sunlight at Seating

Reach the Church

Lower Level and Ground Plate Visitors follow a symbolic architectural journey in the church, starting with a gentle slope to the base and then progressing along a designed ramp to the central sanctum, blending physical exploration with spiritual contemplation.

Come to the entrance of the church through the long and narrow aisle that descends

Entrance to Lowerlevel

North-West Section

North-East Section

After entering the church, wash at the sink illuminated by the leaking light.

Sunlight at Water Sink

Engraving Barnett Newman’s Stations of the Cross on the wall.

Sunlight at Seating

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Axon View The three sanctified venues—namely, the church, the library, and the chapel—stand as distinctive architectural marvels. Their unique materials render them striking focal points, with the brown-red rusty iron, in particular, commanding attention. This distinctive hue not only sets them apart from the verdant expanse of the surrounding grassland and forest but also elicits a psychological sensation of ascending into the sky at a leisurely pace.

Church Praying Level

Church Ground Level

Bakery

The State Of Education In Senegal

02

Divine Direction

Volume | Garden |Sacred Space Kaira Looro Competition 2023 Individual Project Location: Southern Senegal, Africa June. 2023 Located at the intersection of three villages in southern Senegal, this primary school combines simplicity with traditional religious architecture and courtyards, creating a harmonious blend of culture and functionality.

The school’s design fosters a dialogue between public and private spaces, utilizing sacred walls. Divided into two main volumes for faculty and students, it incorporates sunken sacred areas and lightweight roof canopies that provide shade from the sun.Artistic manipulations transform the volumes, such as division, stretching, compression, and deformation. Two curved walls serve as a binary language, reinterpreting Senegal’s traditional architectural style.

Culture and History of Senegal

“Architecture is primarily a service to humanity, to create an environment where a human being can develop itself, can be happy, can have what I call wellbeing.”

-Diébédo Francis Kéré

Material Analysis

Design Principles

Average High and Low Temperature 37℃ 36℃ 35℃ 34℃ 33℃

Design Concept Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Average Wind Speed 20km/h 15km/h 10km/h 5km/h 0km/h

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Participation amount in mm/day

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Rain days per month 15 13 10 8 5 3 0

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Structure Concept

Structure Exploded Axon

Ground Floor Plan

The Curved Wall and Support System

1 Main Entrance 2 Security room 3 Office 4 Sick Room 5 Kitchen 6 Canteen 7 The Meditation Space 8 Classrooms 9 Toilets 10 Laboratory Classroom 11 Laboratory Yard 12 Playground

Steel Sheet Roof

A'

Detail Sections

B'

7 8 6 8

5 3

4

8

2 Roof Support System

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1

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11

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12

A'

Brick Wall and Straw'fill Wall

Red Wood Coloum

B''

Concrete Top Beams

Brick and Straw'fill Walls

Concrete Base Beams

Tne Ground

Sustainability is prioritized, with reserved agricultural land at the back of the school. This land serves multiple purposes, meeting self-sufficiency needs and promoting essential life skills through agriculture. During the rainy season, small reservoirs collect and store rainwater for various uses.

Side View

The Front View This primary school seamlessly integrates traditional and contemporary architectural elements, providing a functional learning environment that welcomes the community. Through thoughtful design and sustainability initiatives, it reflects the value placed on education, physical activity, and the well-being of its users.

The Center Yard and Corridor

The Meditation Space Short Section 1:50 1 2 3

4 1

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Canteen Classroom Center yard

4 The Meditation Space 5 Laboratory Classroom 6 Playground

7 Corridor

3

A'

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Long Section 1:50 2

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03

Elephant Utopia Bridge | Boundary |Conflict

Group Project Location: Xishuangbanna Yunnan January 2023 On the one hand, due to the rapid expansion of the single-production land dominated by rubber forests by the residents of Xishuangbanna, an autonomous region in Yunnan, since 1980 to accelerate economic development, the habitat of Asian elephants has shrunk sharply and distributed in fragments. On the other hand, strict protection measures in nature reserves have increased the number of Asian elephants. Asian elephants are forced to leave the reserve frequently, and the frequency of visits to human production areas has increased rapidly.

“Architecture arises out of our need to shelter the human animal in a spatial environment and to enclose the social animal in a group space. In this sense architecture serves our institutions and expresses the values of our culture.”

Robert L. Geddes

Introduction

Strategies

Compared with conflict area 1 and area 3, conflict area 2 has less existing habitat area than existing plantation area. Morover, the percentage of settlement suffered from damge by elephant in area 2 is much greater than other two areas.

Our project is located in conflic area 2 and working on developing strategies for solving human-elephant conflic and elephant fragmented habitats restoration.

Human Land and Destruction

Influence

Asian Elephant Habitats Shrinkage

Future Development Elephant Analysis

Site Zones Analysis

04

Between The Mound

Site Making | Garden | Material Experiment Instructor: Cecilia Lundbäck Group Project Location: TCastiglione della Pescaia, Maremma, Italy SU Spring 2022 BETWEEN THE MOUNDS is an experiential project to create a calm environment that is immersed in the nature. The rough look of the concrete and the insertion of architecture with the soft mounds formulate a strong comparison. Different techniques of pouring create different scales of mounds. The mounds look random but designed and poured with accuracy.

The project on the floodplain of the Ombrone takes influence from the many mound conditions existing between the span from the embankment to the river. The mounds vary in their physical qualities and their significance to the reading of space.

The project employs mounds as architecture, exploring how they can act spatially, organizationally, materially and as a mode of movement. This field of edges allows for spaces of water observation, bird watching, mound playground and hotel cells.

Moreover, we have differentiated the ground type by using earth, vegetation, concrete, and colored concrete.

“Good architecture lets nature in.”

Mario Pei “The beauty of the landscape. Where sands, water, reeds, birds, buildings, and people all somehow flowed together has never left me.”

Zaha Hadid

Ground and Connection

Infrastructural Grounds

Key Bridges

The site is located in the grass next to the ombrone. Access to the site is via surrounding bridges and artificial flood-resistant mounds.The surrounding bridges use different materials due to their age and history. The main materials are stones and steel frames.

Cathedral of Saint Lawrence Ponte Tura

Theory

Museum of Natural History of the Maremma Court of Grosseto - Judicial Offices

European Route E80

Ideology Vicchio Ponte di Campagna San Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo

Rapid Ombron

Principle

Landscape and Flooding

Fornace Porciatti

Like many rivers, the Ombrone is prone to flooding, which can impact the surrounding communities.

Efforts have been made to manage and control the river's flow to mitigate the risk of flooding.The river and its surrounding areas are ecologically significant, providing a habitat for various plant and animal species.

Farm Land

Tributary

Flood Land

Higher Mound Ombrone

N 2000FT

Current

50 years

100 years

Elements Taxonomy

Extract elements from drawing and put on the site

Material Expirement We did a sand experiment about how can we use the pouring technique to define what types of mounds we might use. What we looked specifically is the section of these types. The angles the mounds formutales. The mounds present themselves as volumetric, definitive, disruptive, and continuous as well as flat, transparent, gapped and connecting.

N

1-1

Sand Only

Point Pouring

Line Pouring

Interrsect Pouring

Curve Pouring

Angle Pouring

Section Cut Through Pouring

2-2

Sand And Object

Pour Against Object

Removal of Object

Pour onto Regular Figure

Pouronto Irregular Figure

Section Cut Through Pouring

1-2 2-1

3-1

Figure-Ground Work

We scan two landscape in Marama, then made them into two figure-ground drawings and applyed pouring tecniques to model them. Finally, we overlay and combine them into our final figure-ground.

Ground in Maramma

Ground in Florence

+

3-2

Combination

= Element #1 Forming as Pathes

Element #2 Forming as Main Volumns

Element #3 Forming as Mounds

1-1 2-1

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=

1-2

2-2

3-1

3-2

Axon with Mound Taxonomy

A'

Master Plan

Small Mound

A

Grass Grew After Flood Season

Mound Along Ombrone

Water Level Prediction

A

100 Years

50 Years

10 Years

A'

The Center Piece

The center is partially covered by mound. There are lobby, office, cafe, restrooms, storage, and water observation in side the visitor center. The water observation part is on lower level and partially into the river. The bird observation located next to the cente . they are also covered by mound. This gives a sense that people in the building can see the birds, but birds would not see them.

Open Yard Bird Observation Hotel Cell

Visitor Center

Mian Void Plan

B

Ombrone

Physical Sand Model

B'

Mound Around Hotel Cells Human Space

B

Water Observation 100 Years

50 Years

10 Years

Current

B'

05

Serendipity Sky Gardens GHost City | Garden |Emotion Effect

UIA Competition Individual Project Location: Shuangliu, Chengdu, China Oct. 2023 “Serendipity Sky Garden” is an architectural marvel that has significantly enhanced the development of our community. This innovative project embodies a design concept that ingeniously incorporates elements inspired by the beauty of natural landscapes, particularly drawing from the majestic forms of mountains. The project’s architectural ingenuity successfully mitigates the conventional heaviness typically associated with concrete structures, providing an aesthetically pleasing and harmonious environment.

In the pursuit of a more vibrant community life, the project incorporates rooftop gardens seamlessly into its architectural design. These serene gardens are easily accessible via dedicated vertical pathways, facilitating residents' enjoyment of natural beauty and tranquility.

“Architecture is the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by man, that the sight of them may contribute to his mental health, power, and pleasure.”

John Ruskin

Sichuan

Chengdu

Road High Proximity to Amentities Mid Proximity to Amentities Low Proximity to Amentities Low Population Density High Populatiom Density

The south of Chengdu is a region that has developed rapidly in recent years, which has led to a state of rapid saturation of real estate. By comparing the distance and occupancy rate of several newly-built communities and residents to places they need for life, we found that the problem in Changshun Community is the most serious, and the community building density is relatively high.

Greenery Airport River and Pond

Community Design Display

In the pursuit of a more vibrant community life, the communitry incorporates roof gardens seamlessly into its design. These serene gardens are easily accessible via dedicated vertical pathways, facilitating residents’ enjoyment of natural beauty and tranquility.

Additionally, the project capitalizes on the low floor area ratio of the original community by constructing a spacious activity platform on the fourth floor. Serving as a central communal hub, this platform fosters social interaction among residents and provides a stark contrast to the external urban landscape.

Platform elements

Roffgarden elements Platform 2

Plant layer

Covering layer

Railling

Lift Conecting Stairs Road Platform 1

Floor slab

Healing place

Path

Activity place

Garden

The Roof Gardens

The Platforms Corridor elements

Ground elements Ground platfrom

Railling

Plant layer

Lift

Covering layer Shear wall

Corridor

Floor slab Gound Floor

One-way street

Shear wall

Passway

Muti-way street

The Corridors

The Ground

Section Cut Though Mid Yard

Other Works

Thesis: Rethinking the Space Usage in British Museum Course: HOA 473 London Musuems: Art, History, and Science in Contemporary Culture Instructor: Dr James Hicks Location: London, England Individual Project

By examining in depth the nuances of the internal spatial organization of the British Museum, this paper hopes to make an academic contribution to the discourse on the optimal use of space in museums. Through a rigorous exploration of the arrangement of the Parthenon statues, it seeks to make sensible proposals to enhance the spatial dynamics of the museum, thereby enriching the overall visitor experience and preserving the cultural heritage within its walls.

Exhibition, research, office, and logistics are the functions of museums in the traditional sense. These functions can no longer meet the needs of the people for museums. People’s satisfaction with the leisure and entertainment attached to the museum directly affects people’s overall impression of the museum. The design of the museum has gradually added auxiliary functions such as commerce, catering, and parking through reconstruction and expansion, and has developed in a complex manner with the functions of the original museum. Through the integration of aboveground and underground functions, it can meet the needs of users in various aspects and increase the comfort experienced in the building.

Where the Sculptures were Supposed to be

Section Drawing of Idea

The degree to which museum Spaces are visited

Frequent

Firstly, the British Museum can add one floor for the room on the left hand of the front door and move the pantheon sculpture to the frieze area of the new floor. These sculptures were designed to be in Athens at the Parthenon, displayed high in the sunshine. To display them low to the ground, inside out, means that no one can truly appreciate them in their proper context; everyone misses out on an opportunity to better understand Classical Greek art and culture. The museum can lift them to a higher level, and, with the gate with ancient Greek temple style, the sculptures would have the opportunity to convey their ideas.

Secondly, the British Museum should reduce the number of works per room, especially for the Egypt room on the second floor. Due to a large number of cultural relics and limited room space in the Egyptian Museum on the second floor, tourists cannot spend enough time in front of the cultural relics to appreciate and read the introduction of the cultural relics.

Instead of putting so various relics in one room for such a long time, the museum could reduce the number of exhibits and replace some of them every quarter.

The Position of Sculptures I Proposed

Since cultural relics are non-renewable, we should be cautious about any materials and methods attached to cultural relics. We must think deeply about how to better protect and use museum collections, and find more ways to improve the value of cultural relics protection and use. According to its actual situation, each museum is changing the previous display design methods, actively researching new fields, and new science, innovating design thinking and display modes, and at the same time effectively improving the environmental conditions for the preservation of cultural relics, truly achieving cultural relics protection, prevention should be the first aim, so that the cultural relics in the collection are properly and effectively protected, and provide a reliable and useful basis for display and research.

Bibliography “Architecture.” The British Museum, https://www.britishmuseum.org/ about-us/british-museum-storyarchitecture.

The design of museum exhibition halls should first take the characteristics of the crowd as the starting point, and reasonable adjustments should be made to the display height and vision of the booth. The architectural layout of the museum exhibition hall should be designed according to the activities carried out and the flow of people. The space of each exhibition item in the museum should have greater adaptability and flexibility to facilitate the continuous enrichment and development of cultural activities.

Level of Crowded

GARCÍA-DOMÉNECH, Sergio. “URBAN AESTHETICS AND SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ACTUAL PUBLIC SPACE: A DESIRABLE BALANCE.” Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, vol. 10, no. 4, 2015, pp. 54–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/ stable/24873541.

Last, the British Museum should provide a certain safe distance for cultural relics. It is very important to reserve space for the display of cultural relics.

Reasonable use of the space to display exhibits and make full use of the space will give people an open and comfortable exhibition experience.

Many large-scale cultural relics do not have obvious protection measures in the British Museum, which are not as good as the cultural relics in the Egyptian Museum on the first floor. They are exposed to the air for a long time, and due to the large number of tourists walking and talking, the air quality deteriorates, causing the surface of the cultural relics to be damaged. Some tourists also touch cultural relics with their hands or hold objects.

Zaccarini, Matteo. “THE ATHENS OF THE NORTH? SCOTLAND AND THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE FOR THE PARTHENON, ITS MARBLES, AND ITS IDENTITY.” Aevum, vol. 92, no. 1, 2018, pp. 179–96.

JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26497064.

Francis, Mark. “Community Design.” JAE, vol. 37, no. 1, 1983, pp. 14–19.

JSTOR, https://doi org/10.2307/1424592.

NOORDEGRAAF, JULIA, et al., editors. “Exhibition Strategies.”

Preserving and Exhibiting Media Art: Challenges and Perspectives, Amsterdam University Press, 2013, pp. 309–88. JSTOR, http://www. jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wp6f3.17.

Facade Analysis Course: ARC 561 Survey of British Architecture Instructor: Amber Bartosh & Davide Sacconi Location: London, England Other Group Members: Ruoxi Li, Danlin Sun

Analyse, represent and interpret selected buildings in London, which have made an exemplary use of the "screen" as a device to articulate the relationship between architecture and the city.

Guildhall, London

London School of Economics Marshall Building, Grafton Architects

Guildhall a municipal building in the Moorgate area of the City of London, England.

The building has been used as a town hall for several hundred years, and is still the ceremonial and administrative centre of the City of London and its Corporation.

The building is a major new development for LSE. The language and rhythm of the facades of the new building each have their own integrity, expressing the life of the activities within but responding to the strata, grain and rhythm of Lincoln’s Inn Fields as well as to the surrounding streets to the south and west.

Material: Foam Core Dimention: 1.4m x 1.85m x 0.8m

Material: Foam Core Dimention: 1m x 1.6m x 0.4m

Bridge Structure Expirement Course: ARC 211 Structures I Instructor: Roger Hubeli Location: Syracuse, NY Other Group Members: Runhe Song, Mirwais, Noory

The goal of the class is to offer the students an approach to structural thinking that allows them to generate an intuitive understanding of structural forces and systems in relation to architectural space and form. Through the use of structural diagrams and historic and contemporary case studies the students learn about the basic principles of structural systems, their historic development, design possibilities as well as their construction processes.

General Project Description

Still Images from the slow-motion video during failure

Test Data Collected Load at failure: 251.9lbs Efficiency Ratio=Load/Weight=1007.60

For our project, we studied the Easton-Phillipsburg Toll Bridge. This bridge caught our attention as it endured many floods and storms while other bridges fell during its period of time. As this bridge mostly uses scissors-truss support, we maintain that in our model. The overall shape of this bridge is arc shape with adges and corners. We interpret the diagonal thin elements side steel members into one surface with trangular hollows.

Description how you assume the bridge will fail: Because our bridge is a massive truss structure, so as the load increasing, the failure of bridge will start with a crush of structural junction. The junction will loosen slowly while other structures hold the load. When the junction totally crush, the bridge will eventually fail.

Side View Dimensions

Axon of bridge with indication of location of assumed failure

Image of Tested Model

Bridge start deformation

This intersection failed.

1. What was the mode of failure?

Material: Plywood Overall weight of construct: 1.1 lbs

The mode of failure was a shear failure.

Failure Moment

2. Why did it fail?

The bridge failed because the main, long two structural pieces of the bridge were too thin.

3. How could the failure have been avoided?

The failure of the bridge could have been avoided if the two main pieces of the bridge were thickened. If they were thickened, they would have been able to better support the load

4. What if you would have attached the load differently?

To test the bridge we had the load attached at the middle point. If we had instead attached it at one of the bottom chords of the bridge, then it would have failed sooner. This is because the load would have been weighingdown on one side of the bridge more, meaning the load would have been distributed unevenly.

Bring the Palmyra house to Turpan Course: ARC 322 Building Systems II Instructor: Nina Sharifi Location: Syracuse, NY Other Group Members: Jinwei Cao,Ruoxi Li, Danlin Sun

The type of architecture changed due to the differences of contexts of sites. The original building can be regarded as a private vacation villa in the coconut forest while the new buildings are the community located downtown in Turpan. Therefore, the noise and the privacy should be focused as we change the site.

As for the new design, we considered the climate, daylight, thermal condition, heat flux, structure arrangement in order to have a better performance for the new building. However, there are flaws in the new design that can be noticed. Tupan, China does not own sufficient vegetation, which means the material for the house needed to be transported from other places, which would increase the cost and decrease the efficiency during construction.

Original Envelope

Original Facade

Original Thermal and Visual Comfort Prediction

Redesigning

Nandgaon Summer June 22nd

1. Make the“open” facade more “closed”because the facade should prevent the new buildings from noise and to protect privacy.

2. Insulation is added in the new design because of the huge difference of temperature in Turpan.

Redesigned Facade and Section

3. The louvres are fixed in the new design.We chose to keep the major characteristic of the original building. Louvres can help with the ventilation so that the new buildings can use natural ventilation to bring the moisture out, but we would also consider natural ventilation to improve the air quality.

However, the fixed louver would limit the daylight, which would result in improving thermal condition.

Redesigned Thermal and Visual Comfort Prediction 4. Spaces between most columns

Original Facade Elements

Turpan Summer June 22nd

are the same for reducing the cost and improving the efficiency due to the high population density in China.

Thermal In Turpan, summers are warm while win- ters are extremely cold.

There are also big temperature differences between days and nights. The new designed facade helps keep the heat and cold out.

The addition of glazing give opportunity for passive heat to be generated through solar radiation absorption.