Is this a political statement or just lunch?

Border Crossing Master Studio [BX_file 1-2]

Teachers_ Vibeke Jensen Anders Rubing

Students_ Global Migration Movements_ Auste Cijunelyte Turid Skåden Ingrid Jordheim Eivind Hustvedt International Border Situation_ Henrik Mæland Ingeleiv Midtun Yonghyun Ahn Silvia Garcia Arranz Urban Space and Migration_ Jøran Bjørshol Marielle Nordnes Stefanie Klemm Definitions, Positions and Formats_ Ling Lee Lassi Tulonen Pia Eide Laws and Rights_ Antonio Barbin Jane Mattan Illyrian Belègu Adriana Smets Self Organization_ Øyvind Kristiansen Siri Nordeide Stine Elise Kristoffersen Sebastian Uthaug

Border Crossing Master Studio

Index

2

Who are they?

And what brought them here?

BX_1/2 06 DEFINITIONS, POSITIONS & FORMATS

ABSIMIL

SAHIR

AO

TOMASZ

WEED

Page 51

Border Crossing File 1–2

Index

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

In this project we have tried to look at the divercity of borders, outside and inside Schengen. The security level, what the border looks like, and in some cases what happens in the border areas. We have mainly looked at borders that excists today, except for the berlin wall. We seperated the borders inside and outside Schengen, because Schengen, that used to be a “bordeless” zone, is now constructing more and more borders. What we have seen that more and more changes happens due to keeping controll of migrants.

Questions and answers about a selected few borders: JSA IS THE ONLY AREA WHERE THE NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA COME SO FACE-TO-FACE THEY COULD LEGALLY KISS. WHAT MAKES IT SO UNUSUAL ?

DMZ

Each side provokes one another using their gardening skills on well-kept lawns and plants. It’s like a little competition on who can manicure the biggest hedge. But, there are no guard towers, no barbed wire or electric fencing and there are no visible tanks, military choppers or anti-air installations, nor sharks with laser beams on their heads.

Those are set back in the DMZ spread 250km across the peninsula. What there is, though, are surveillance cameras. Lots of them.

Many face us from the ironically named ‘Freedom House’ in the South. Nothing speaks freedom more than a bunch of surveillance cameras.

A 2.430 KM LONG LINE OF TRENCHES AND FENCES IS BEING PUT UP AGAINST THE PEO PLES WILL BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKI STAN. WHY?

AP

Because governmental borders and ideals are more important than the populations beliefs, and cultural similarities.

WHY DO ONE MAN NEED AN ENTIRE ENCLAVE STATE SURROUNDED AND DEFENDED BY 12 M HIGH WALLS DEDICATED TO HIMSELF WITHIN ANOTHER STATE IN 2016?

VI

Because there was a time when the pope wad needed to unite the Christians, and the vatican state was built to be the centre of the Catholic church.

WHAT CAN THE GOVERMENT GET

BY INTENSIFYING THE BORDER CONTROL?

FTB

I believe increasing surveillance and checks in border area provides the government to get the control the irregular migrant problem rather than terror attacks. Although it helps to decrease potentially exposes of attacks certainly by migrants, and calm down the fears of the people, it can’t ultimately eliminate all terror attack, for example, the Nice attack by the man already lived in France. The French temporary border control consists of a crossing vehicle check and random identification check in border area. These are aiming to check mainly migrants, mostly refugees, come from neighbor countries. Thus, this border control is the efficient method to restrict the influx of irregular migrants.

Page 17

Border Crossing Master Studio

Index

4

/

( (

)

\.

\

\

) \

/

MIGRATION MOVEMENTS With emphasis on Norway, France and Greece

In

Out

\ďż˝\/

Migration routes change constantly, triggered by different factors like famine, cimate crisis, war, genocide, discrimination and religion.

This World Map reflects upon current global migration movement, actors and influences, root causes and triggers, by focusing on France, Greece, while referencing migration routes to and from Norway. ';,.

GLOBAL MIGRATION MOVEMENTS (2015) with emphasis on Norway, France and Greece

Page 10

..,

Border Crossing File 1–2

Index

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

BALKAN ROUTE 2015

1 t 41min 145 km

Munich

20 min 10,5 km

vienna

Freilassing Salzburg 4 t 9 min 350 km

2 t 39 min 231 km

1 t 7 min 93,2 km

Hegyeshalom 3t 249 km

Graz Zacany Zeljeznica

Red Cross

Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km

Upatovac

Sid

55 eu 8h 491 km

taxi

UNHCR

Skopje Gevgelija Reg. UNHCR

45 eu - 50 eu

Presevo Tabanovtse

Food And WAter

Kharta.

Around a thousand went off. transit area: 6000 crossing every day Hara Hotel

10 eu 7 km

IStanbul

Evzonoi Thessaloniki

1.200 dollar 8 t 6 min 525 km

7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eu

Lesbos

12 t 58 min 557 km

Athen Piraeus Port 500 everyday

12 h

REFUGEES STUCK IN BALKAN ROUTE

Munich

vienna

1 t 41min 145 km

20 min 10,5 km

Freilassing Salzburg 4 t 9 min 350 km

1 t 7 min 93,2 km

Hegyeshalom 2 t 39 min 231 km

Graz

Serbia W: - 3 C S: + 26 C

3t 249 km

Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km

Sid

55 eu 8h 491 km

Skopje Gevgelija

Presevo Tabanovtse 10 eu 7 km

IStanbul

Evzonoi Thessaloniki 8 t 6 min 525 km 7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eu

Greece W: + 10 C S: + 29 C

12 t 58 min 557 km

Athen Piraeus Port

Syria W: + 7 C S: + 25 C

REFUGEES STUCK IN BALKAN ROUTE (August 2016)

12 h

Border Crossing Master Studio

Index

6

THE LINK BETWEEN:

NGOs, influx of refugees and economic decline.

-

+ €

€

GNI to AID Volunteer groyp initiatives / NGO’s Refugees accepted

Graphs with different values shows that NGO initiatives goes up as the influx of refugees reaches it’s top, as well as the economy declines.

Page 33

Border Crossing File 1–2

Index

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

“ No Contracting State shall expel or

return (“refouler”) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.

”

The principle of non-refoulement in the 1951 Refugee Convention protects the human rights of the refugees

WHO ARE WE TRYING TO CONVINCE? “ four-metre high wall to stop refugees boarding lorries is part of £17m Anglo-French security package

”

A common fund between the UK and France finances the new wall build along the highway in Calais to prevent migrants jumping onto lorries

Page 25

Border Crossing Master Studio

Index

8

HISTORICAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT >>

COLONIAL EMPIRE > miliary power and urbanization

FRENCH REVOLUTION > City Renovation and urban expansion

PARIS 1600

1789

300

1832

ATHENS

END OF ANCIENT DEMOCRACY > declining political power and cultural oblivion

GREEK INDEPENDENCY > Modern City Plan and spatial division

Border Crossing File 1–2

Index

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

> RECENT SITUATION

t ne io at igr

gd

p

pe

rc

n

ap ita

m

„PLAN VOISIN“- Le Corbusier > modernism and the ideal city

un

em

plo ym

en t

population

1922

2000

2016

1928

ent

ym plo

m

une

population

n

er pp a pit

ca

ne

tm

io at r g i

gd

GRECO-TURKISH WAR > labour migration and urban expansion

Page 41

Border Crossing Master Studio

Global Migration Movements

10

/ ( ( )

\

)

\

\

/

MIGRATION MOVEMENTS Withemphasison

In

Out

France and Greece

Migration routes change constantly, triggered by factors like famine, cimate crisis, war, genocide, discrimination and religion. \\ /

Movement of graphics

This World Map reflects upon current global migration movement, actors and influences, root causes and triggers, by focusing on France, Greece, while referencing migration routes to and from Norway.

Border Crossing File 1–2

Global Migration Movements

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Border Crossing Master Studio

Global Migration Movements

War

Climate disasters

Economy

Tourism

Education

12

Border Crossing 1–2 Studio Border CrossingFile Master

GlobalMigration MigrationMovements Movements Global

BergenSchool School of of Architecture Architecture 2016 Bergen 20016

MIGRATION ROUTES WITH EMPHASIS ON EUROPE

Migration Routes With emphasis on Europe CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE 2014: 170 000 individuals crossing

In 2015 Eritreans, Nigerians and Somalis accounted for the biggest share of the migrants crossing the mediterranean to Italy. Today, its the main route for people from all the west-african countries and central-african countries. Also syrians uses this route, allthough their prefered route is the Balcan route.

In the first five months of 2016, 47 851 people arrived in Italy, which is about the same number as for the same period in 2015 (47 452).

Bus

In october 2016, “The jungle” in Calais was closed down.

Camp Dinghee boat GB, Ireland & Br. islands Visa-free zone

Helicopter rescue Ship / Ferry

Dover Calais

Smugglers fishing boat

Schengen Lampedusa

Smugglers fee

Visa-free zone

15h €174

Smugglers truck Corruption

Milan

House arrest €150

8h €102

Ventimiglia

Tripoli

Bari

Back to home country Ceuta

Melilla

€ Paid by Italian government

Lampedusa Oujda Zuwara

Morrocco

Tripoli Benghazi

Closed border

From Syria

Ajdabiya

Algerie

Canary Islands

Sabha S

a

h

a

r

Egypt

a

(Al-Jawf) €25 (Dirkou) 1600km €180-300

15 days 2362€

Agadez Dakar €120 Bamako €82

Niamey €29

Khartoum

Zinder €12

Ouagadougou €47

Visa-free zone

Abidjan €87

Diffa €26 Ethiopia

ECOWAS Lomé €52

Cotonou €49

Eritrea

Somalia

Border Crossing Master Studio

Global Migration Movements

14

$ 150 STORSKOG GRENSESTASJON $ 150 Time: 3.10

MURMANSK

Northern migration route

$ 150 Time: 26h 27min

Time: 3h20min

NORWAY

The border between Russia and Norway is an alternative route, providing a direct gateway into a schengen Area. Norway is not a European Union member, but a member of the Visa - free zone. This Route is less time conzuming and cheaper; a cost of aproximitly 40 000 NOK. More than 1500 immigrants have crossed into Norway through Russia since 2015.

RUSSIA

ST.PETERSBURG

OSLO

$ 1oo Time: 4h10min

MOSCOW

GERMANY Munich

1 t 41min 145 km

20 min 10,5 km

vienna

Freilassing Salzburg 2 t 39 min 231 km 4 t 9 min 350 km

Red Cross

$ 1.850 Time: 3h45min Visum required

1 t 7 min 93,2 km

Hegyeshalom 3t 249 km

Graz Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km

Upatovac

Sid

55 eur 8h 491 km

taxi

UNHCR

Presevo Tabanovtse

Skopje Gevgelija

transit area: 6000 crossing every day

Reg.

Hara Hotel

UNHCR

Kharta.

10 eur 7 km

Istanbul

Evzonoi Thessaloniki

Balkan Route

The majority of people trying to get to Western Europe travels through the Balkan route and are from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. About 2000 000 tried to reach Turkey to get to the Greek Islands. About 100 000 refugees tried to reach west european countrys such as Germany in 2015. To reach northern eruopean countrys it could mean a cost of about 100 000 NOK.

Food and water

Around a thousand went off.

1.200 dollar 8 t 6 min 525 km

7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eur

45 eur - 50 eur

Lesbos

12 t 58 min 557 km

Athen Piraeus Port 500 everyday

TURKEY

TURKEY

LEBANON

Arctic Route PEOPLE 2. 000.000

Graphs representing the differences between two migration route in relation to the amount of people, price and how long it takes with the various means of transportation.

1. 000.000

500.000

100.000

50.000

0

24h

E F F E C T I V E T R A V E L I NG T I M E

Balkan Route PEOPLE 2. 000.000

1. 000.000

500.000

100.000

50.000

10.000

0

24h

E F F E C T I V E T R A V E L I NG T I M E

AFGHANISTAN

SYRIA BEIRUT

Time: 5h38min

IRAQ

IRAN

12 h

Border Crossing File 1–2

Global Migration Movements

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

GREECE - MACEDONIA BORDER SITUATION 1st half of February 2016

People in batches of 100 are allowed to pass through Macedonian border.

Overfilled refugee camp around Polikastro Gas station.

People burn fires to keep warm.

4 buses are waiting at Idomeni ready to transfer refugees to more southern camps.

Refugees block the highway at Polikastro protesting the long waiting time.

Idomeni

camp by Macedonian border

Gas station

Polikastro Officials “frame” the camp, no free movement.

25 buses are waiting at Polikastro ready to transfer people to other camps.

2nd half of February 2016

Slowing the process.

Macedonia announces to start 30min interviews.

All the interviews have to happen at Macedonian border before taking Balkan route.

ID

Refugees have to present valid passport or ID.

Afganistan

Syria

Iraq

Refugees are stuck waiting in no-man’s land.

Problems occur at every Macedonian border.

Those who are not taken by bus - walk.

July 2016

Polikastro

Idomeni

7.

Polikastro

camp is closed down, refugees are being evicted.

People do not like the conditions at overcrowded Oreokastro camp.

They start walking back to the Macedonian border - Idomeni camp.

Some use all their money on taxis.

ID

Refugee camp.

Old tabacco factory.

Refugees who are not allowed through the Macedonian border are brought to Oreokastro by buses.

Oreokastro

Border Crossing Master Studio

1 t 41min 145 km

Munich

20 min 10,5 km

vienna

Freilassing Salzburg 4 t 9 min 350 km

2 t 39 min 231 km

Global Migration Movements

16

1 t 7 min 93,2 km

Hegyeshalom 3t 249 km

Graz Red Cross

Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km

Upatovac

55 eu 8h 491 km

Sid

taxi

UNHCR

Presevo Tabanovtse Skopje Gevgelija

Food And WAter

Kharta.

Around a thousand went

Reg.

transit area: 6000 crossing every day Hara Hotel

10 eu 7 km

IStanbul

UNHCR

Evzonoi Thessaloniki

45 eu - 50 eu

1.200 dollar 8 t 6 min 525 km

7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eu

Lesbos

12 t 58 min 557 km

Athen Piraeus Port 500 everyday

12 h

vienna

Munich Freilassing Salzburg

Hegyeshalom

Serbia W: - 3 C S: + 26 C

Graz Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar Sid

Presevo Tabanovtse Skopje Gevgelija

IStanbul Evzonoi Thessaloniki

Greece W: + 10 C S: + 29 C

Athen Piraeus Port

Syria W: + 7 C S: + 25 C

BALKAN ROUTE OBSTACLES 2016 Due to the Eu- Turkey statement The European union and Turkey aim to stop all irregular migration to Europe to prevent and target the smuggler’s business. This means that irregular migrants who get to Greece from Turkey as of 20 of march 2016 will be returned to Turkey. For every Syrian thats being returned from the greek island another Syrian will be resettled in Europe.

To prevent the flow of irregular migration, some Eruopean countrys such as Turkey, Macedonia and Hungary have began building fences on the borders and in this case people get stuck in both Syria, Greece and Serbia.

Border Crossing File 1–2

International Border Situations

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

IBS

INTERNATIONAL This is a mini atlas of a selection of borders around the world. The focus of the atlas is the contested borders controling the current BORDER influx of migrants to Europe, along with other significant border situations, previous and excisting, old and new. Due to the SITUATIONS compressed format of this Border Crossing files we have not credited the hundreds of sourses we used to compleete this document

1NC 2TDG 3DMZ 4UM 5ST 6AP 1880 7TSB 8TRL 9NR 10BW 11VI 850ad 12BH-N1843 13DTB 14FTB 15SE 16MMB 17SD

1415km 225km 250km 3201km 822km 2430km 394km 2900 km 0,2 km 1500 km 3,2 km 450 km 99km 2900 km 12 km 0,2 km

Border timeline 1900

1910

Border height 160º

140º

1920

1930

0m

120º

100º

1940

1950

1960

3m

80º

60º

40º

1970

1980

1990

6m

20º

0º

20º

40º

2000

2010

12m

60º

80º

100º

120º

140º

160º

180º

9NR 13DTB

60º N

40º

20º

0º

20º

NORWAY RUSSIA

N 60º

DANISH TEMPORARY BORDER

N

17SDB

N S

15SE

N

STRAIT DOVER BORDER

N 20º S

SPANISH ENCLAVES

12BH-N BELGIUM NETHERLANDS

S

14FTB 11VI FRENCH TEMPORARY BORDER

2TDG

S

THE DARIÈN GAP PANAMA COLOMBIA

VATICAN ITAKY

40º S

6ST

8TRL

SYRIA TURKEY

PAKISTAN INDIA

7TSB

AFGANISTAN PAKISTAN

S

1NC

EGYPT ISRAEL

NEPAL CHINA

BERLIN WALL

UNITED STATES MEXICO

S

6AP

10BW 16MBB

4UM

40º

8KMZ

0º

20º

S 40º

MICROCOSM KOREA

MACEDONIAN BORDER BARRIER

160º

140º

120º

100º

80º

60º

40º

20º

0º

20º

40º

60º

80º

100º

120º

140º

160º

180º

International Borders

Legend to the border situaton Concrete wall barrier

Video surveillance

Natutal barrier

Fenced barrier

Manned border control

Motion detection

Controlled Border crossings

Armed border control

Refugee camp site

Closed border

Radar survaillance

International airport

Border Crossing Master Studio

International Border Situations

1NC

18

2TDG

NEPAL CHINA

Panama

THE DARIÈN GAP PANAMA COLOMBIA

Colombia

China The peak of Mount Everest Nepal

The border between Nepal and China is mostly undefined internationaly, except the peak of Mount Everest

When standing on the top of Mount Everest, you`ll be both in China, and Nepal

Diplomatic treaty was signed in 1956 Border lenght 1,415km The highest border in the world lying 8848m above sea level 90% uncrossable 4 border crossings

Nepal’s border with the Tibet region of China measures 1,415 kilometers along the Himalayan range. Over 90 per cent of Nepal’s frontiers with China run through uninhabited altitudes with rocks and snow, glaciers and ice fields.

Of the world’s ten tallest mountains, eight mountains including Mount Everest (8,848m) are located in Nepal’s northern region bordering with Tibet.

It was decided in 1956 that the top of the world, Mount Everest would be devided between the two countries, even though the treaty was signed, and the peak of the mountain was divided between them.

Most of the remaining borderline between the two countries is still undetermined because of the rough terrain along the border. Except the areas around the four border crossings. These border crossings are controlled one way. Meaning that there are only stationed border patrols on the chinese side of the.

Nepali side of the border.

3DMZ PRO PA GA ND

A

AGE LL VI

JO IN T N SE

MICROCOSM KOREA

2

A ARE TY EA RI KOR U C TH OR

1

Blue Houses PanmunGak Pavilion

symbols of communist progress

JO SO INT UT H

Press Building

AREA TY RI A CU RE SE KO NORTH KOREAN FLAG 160 m

1

·JOINT SECURITY AREA (JSA) · Panmunjom

2

FREE DO M

·PROPAGANDA VILLAGE · North Korea A ORE TH K N NOR A ORE TH K SOU

Py

2º tunnel

PROPAGANDA VILLAGE

North Korea

Kaesong

3

E AG LL VI

[1975]

pay no rent or tax

UNITED STATES MEXICO

Shared Securitymost respectful in region Area

4m

Lenght 25,000m

height 5m

The US border patrol was incepted in 1924.

Today there are many kinds of fences along the border.

N

[1974]

3º tunnel Dorasan Station

From about 1904 there has been border patrols. It started with irregular mounted guards patrolling the border to prevent irregular immigrants from crossing.

Border crossing point Comercialised - tied to the border crossing

4ºtunnel

[1990] Korean Demilitarized zone FREEDOM VILLAGE South Korea

"Mexican people, we are not going to pay any single cent for such a stupid wall." -Felipe Calderon

Every year tens of thousands of Mexican immigrants come temporarily to the United States legally to work or study.

spend 240 days of the year at home SCHOOL INCENTIVES

1º tunnel

[1979]

4UM

In 2015 there were 240 reported deaths from trying to cross the border, that is the lowest number of deaths in 18 years.

richest farmers in Korea

·[North Korean Demilitarized Zone · Korea/South Korea/United States/United Nations] on 20 gyan 0k m g

The border between Panama and Colombia is one of the most, if not the most dangerous and hard borders to cross in the world. There are no roads between these two countries, making it the only break in the Pan-American Highway. The border is 255 km long, and runs through some harsh terrain. On the Colombian side of the border there is a large swath of undeveloped land that consist mostly of swam pland and jungle, and this jungle continues over to the Panamian side of the border where the swampland turns into a jungle-covered mountain chain that runs from the Pacific ocean in the west til the Atlantic ocean in the east. These mountains ends in another huge swamp land that runs for another 80 km before coming into Panama where the roads continue. The highest peak of the mountain chain is 1,845 m and the lowest valley reaches 60 m. These are all covered with forest and jungle. Crossing this no mans land is incredibly dangerous due to wild dangerous animals, and the FARC guerilla that controls the jungle. The only safe way to cross the border is by plane or by boat.

”I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will make Mexico pay for that wall.

Mark my words.” - Donald Trump

costly blue-tiled roofs

no glass in their windows electric lights operate on an automatic timer

Lenght 255 km Highest point 1,845 m Controlled by the FARC gerilla 0 bordecrossing Only possible to cross by boat or plane The hardest and most dangerous border to cross

width 4m

lenght 3,201 km height varies

Border Crossing File 1–2

5ST

International Border Situations

6AP

Tyrkey

SYRIA TURKEY

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Afghanistan

AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN

Syria

Political post WW1 border Lenght 822 km 13 border crossings 11 open 2 closed 24-hour suveillance 2,724,937 registered refugees Open - Fenced - Walled Fence hight 3m - 6m Wall hight 5m - 6m

Torkham Border

Pakistan

Lenght 2,430 km 480 km trenched 12 border crossings Partly walled border around Torkham Double wall height 7 m Trench height 3m Trench width 2m 1.500.000 registered Afghan refugees i Pakistan

The Durand Line is the 1,510-mile border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is named after Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat for colonial British India. The border was established after the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878-1880.

Today there are many disputes against the border in which Afghanistan wants to claim some land that they lost after the Second Anglo-Afghan war. Both sides signed the treaty in 1880 in which they determined the Durand Line as their border, but even so there have been multiple hard clashes between Afghan and Pakistani military, where the border at Torkham is the border that have had the most tention.

There are today approximatly 1,500,000 Afghan refugees in Pakistan, and they are mostly born and raised in Pakistan after 30 years, but they are still considered Afghan. They have rights to work, buy houses, and attend schools, but the pakistan government said that this will stop in 2016 when the Afghans are expected to leave Pakistan and return to Afghanistan.

Refugee camps in size Refugee pressure Closed border crossings

7TSB

THE SINAI BARRIER EGYPT ISRAEL/GAZA GAZA

Gaza

Egypt

Israel Rafa Border crossing

8TRL INDIA PAKISTAN

Pakistan

India

ISRAEL

EGYPT Set up by Egypt between 2010 and 2013 Lenght 394 km Wall Height 6 m and 2m Guarded 24 hours 1 Border Crossings In Rafa The most complex border in the world The Sinai Barrier as it is now known as is a 394 km long and 6 meter high double fence with razor barb wire on one of the sides. It stretches from Rafah to Eilat and took three years to construct. It is one of the worlds most sophisticated barriers between two countries and is one of the largest, most expensive project in Israeli history costing $ 450 million. State delegations from countries like the United States and India have big interest in this border because of its efficiency. Where the number of irregular migration was close to 10 000 in 2013, it was only counted a dozen irregular migrants getting over the border in 2016.

The only place where the public can cross the border is at the Rafa border crossing. It is considered extremely hard to cross this border for people without a stated business, or reason, and tourists will have to wait for long periods to be accepted if they are not rejected. The original border was opened on the 26th of April, in 1982, and the new border was finished in november. 2013

Created by Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947 Lenght 2,900 km Wall Height 3,5 m 150,000 flood lights on 50,000 fence poles Guarded 24 hours 5 Border Crossings Main Crossing: Wagah The border between Pakistan and India was drafted and created By Sir Cyril Radcliffe and is based upon the Radcliffe line from 1947. The border traverses a variety of terrains from the Arabian sea in the south and runs as far north as Shakar Garh on the Pakistani side, before the border continues into the mountain chain and becomes undetermined. Since the independence of India and Pakistan the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between the countries, and is because of this one of the most complex borders in the world, with motion detectors, radars, and cameras along the border. The border's total length is 2,900 km, It is also one of the most militerized and violent borders in the world, a barb wired fence along the whole border accompanied with 150,000 flood lights on 50,000 fence poles to be able to have survailance 24 hours a day.

This makes the border the only border in the world that you can see from space during the night.

Border Crossing Master Studio

International Border Situations

Schengen area

Originally, the concept of free movement was to enable the European working population to freely travel and settle in any EU State, but it fell short of abolishing border controls within the Union. A break-through came in 1985 when cooperation between individual governments led to the signing, in Schengen (a small village in Luxembourg), of the Agreement on the gradual abolition of checks at common borders, followed by the signing in 1990 of the Convention implementing that Agreement. The implementation of the Schengen Agreements started in 1995, initially involving seven EU States. Born as an intergovernmental initiative, the developments brought about by the Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the body of rules governing the EU. Today, the Schengen Area encompasses most EU States, except for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom. However, Bulgaria and Romania are currently in the process of joining the Schengen Area. Of non-EU States, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have joined the Schengen Area.

20

MCS

MIGRATION CONTROL IN SCHENGEN AREA

H

26.03.1995 26.10.1997 01.12.1997 26.03.2000 25.03.2001 ESTABLISHED MEMBERS

26 STATES

POPULATION

419,392,429

AREA

21.12.2007

1995

4,312,099 Km

12.12.2008 - Switzerland 19.12.2011 - Leichtenstein Countries with open borders

2

J

Legally obliged to join

{Index of 2015}

The Essential Features of The Schengen Area

K

- Nationals of any world country, when in the Schengen Area, are free to cross the internal borders of the Schengen countries, without border checks - Shared standards for crossing the external borders of Schengen countries - Harmonized entry and short-stay visa conditions for all Schengen countries - Improved collaboration between the police of member countries - Privileged judicial collaboration between Schengen countries, including a faster extradition of criminals, and easier relocation for execution of criminal verdicts - An advanced shared database, assisting member countries to quickly exchange information about people and goods between them, known as (SIS) The Schengen Information System - Despite the extent of the freedom guaranteed by the Schengen Area, the police enjoys the authority to carry out checks at internal borders and in border areas, in specific circumstances, but this is not considered a border check. The police can require information from people at internal borders about the stay in Schenghen Area and additional associated questions - If lacking to have a complete internal security due to a serious threat, a Schengen country can temporarily reintroduce border checks at its internal borders, but for not more than 30 days

L

C

Obligations of Schengen Member Countries

- To be able, on behalf of other Schengen countries, to control the external borders of the Area as well as to issue Uniform Schengen Visas - To possess the competence that after the abolishment of border controls between Schengen countries, to capably collaborate with other Schengen countries’ law enforcement agencies for a greater level of security - To be equipped in applying “Schengen Acquis” or Schengen rules for controlling land, sea and air borders, issuing short-stay Schengen visas, police collaboration as well as protection of personal data - To be ready to join and put in use the Schengen Information System (SIS)

Schengen Information System [SIS] No!

Not allowed!

He committed a crime in Italy!

GERMANY ITALIAN BORDER ITALY

Border control cooperation

gistration Re

You’ve got eight tikcets in France!

GERMANY

Law enforcement cooperation

GERMANY

Cooperation on vehicle registration

The Schengen Information System (SIS) is a highly efficient large-scale information system that supports external border control and law enforcement cooperation in the Schengen States. The SIS enables competent authorities, such as police and border guards, to enter and consult alerts on certain categories of wanted or missing persons and objects. An SIS alert not only contains information about a particular person or object but also clear instructions on what to do when the person or object has been found. Specialised national SIRENE Bureaux serve as single points of contact for any supplementary information exchange and coordination of activities related to SIS alerts.

europa.eu references by schengenvisainfo.com

EU and Schengen states are trying to control refugees’s free movement in Schengen with temporary borders and SIS. When refugees register the finger prints, they are limited their free movement in Schengen area

International Border Situations

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Temporary border in the Schengen area Existing external border Temporary internal border in 2016 I

Planned external border A Russia built a fence toward Norway and H Border controls in Norwegian ports with Finland during the Cold war. Russia ferry connections to Denmark, Germany re-established the border control from Dec and Sweden 2015. Also, Norway built fence toward Russia in 2016 I Border controls in Swedish ports in the Police Region South and West and at the B Estona and Latvia buildt a fence at their Ă–resund bridge land border in 1945

A B

J Border controls in Danish ports with ferry connections to Germany, and at the Danish - German land border

C Slovenian border barrier. Slovenia constructed razor wire fences with Croatia from Mar 2016

N

D Hungarian border barrier. Hungary started closing the border to Serbia to prepare for the influx of asylum seekers from Sept 2015

K *State of Emergency!

Border controls of the national border surroundings of France were introduced after the Paris and Nice attack from Nov 2015

E FYROM (Macedonian) border barrier.

Macedonian started building a fence towards Greece in Nov 2015

L Border controls of the German / Austrian border from 2016

F Greek border barrier. The Greek M Border controls of Austrians borders with government decided to build a wall on the Slovenia and Hungary from nov 2015 land border towards Turkey from Dec 2012 N EU decided to establish the fence of G Bulgarian border barrier. The border eastern EU countries to resist the barrier erected by Bulgaria towards movement from Belarus and Ukraine in Turkey from Jan 2015 2016

M

D

G E

F

FA K E

B O R D R

SCHENGEN

NON-SCHENGEN

For large sums of money, smugglers and traffickers offer fraud passports and/or risky transport across the Schengen border to rejected asylum seekers and refugees.

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Border Crossing File 1–2

ou

te

Irregular migration rapidly increased in 2015 with internal issues in the Middle East and Africa. Many asylum seekers are coming into Spain, Italy, Greece and finally to Central Europe.

In order to block the great flow of asylum seekers to Schengen. EU and Turkey have agreed to send all irregular migrants back to Turkey to apply for asylum to Europe from there.

10BW

Grense Jakobselv

NORWAY RUSSIA

In the river between Norway and Russia the border is set at the deepest point. On each side of the river there is a border beam.Yellow with black top for Norway and red with green stripes for Russia.

Finland

302 watch towers

Constructed by the German Democratic Republic, starting on Aug 13 1961, the Wall completely cut off West Berlin from the surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.

Boris Gleb

Nikel

Over the border it is illegal to cross the border on foot.

Therefore many migrants have bought bikes (as cars are expensive), to cross over to Norway from Russia.

In the summers Norwegians are allowed to cross the border if its to shallow on the Norwegian side, but they are not allowed to stop the boat there.

If a Norwegian raindeer crosses the border the Russians have to catch it and bring it to Storeskog. Sometimes they shoot it and eat it.

Bornholmer Strabe Skaaten Heerstrabe

Chausseestrabe InvalidenStrabe Friendrichstrabe CHECKPOINT CHARLIE

20 Bunkers

N

The Vatican

Rome

1961

concrete

1964 3,4m concrete

EAST BERLÍN

3,6m

reinforced concrete

Dreilinden/Drewitz

K POINT CHA EC R H C

· Evolutionary process of the physical traces ·

989-Now

Rome

9

1975

Sonnenallee

Waltersdorf Chaussee

Storeskog lenght 200m height 3,5m

VATICAN ITALY

259 dogs vigilance

Oberbaumbrücke

WEST BERLÍN

2m

14000 border

Prinzenstrabe Friendrichstrasse Station

E1 LI

There are 3 fences before you get to the border in Russia. No photoes are allowed in this area, nor to take a photo from Norway to Russia

11VI

3,6m

There is a fake Norwegian border inside Russia

There are 5 hydro-power plants In 1862 the Russian and Norwegian in Passvikelven, 3 Russian, border was officially decided. From around 2 norwegian. year 1500 the border was set at Passvikelven, or Buildt between Varangerfjorden, though some of the main land were 1951 - 1978. undecided. Because of the Russian orhtodox church in Boris Gleb, the border was moved to Grense Jakobselv, Church and Russia got the area around Boris Gleb.

Hydro power plant Town Border crossing checkpoint

N WALL 1961-19 RLI 89 BE

BERLIN WALL PHYSICAL TRACE

Storskog border crossing

The only legal passage between Norway and Russia is trough Storeskog.

22

1961-1 98

9NR

International Border Situations

EAST BERLIN

Border Crossing Master Studio

Checkpoint Charlie has become one of Berlin's primary tourist attractions. An open-air exhibit was opened during the summer of 2006. Gallery walls along the Friedrichstraße and the Zimmerstraße inform on escape attempts, how the checkpoint was expanded, and its significance during the Cold War, in particular the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961. lenght 150,000m height 5m width 4m

12BH-N BAARLE HERTOG/NASSAU THE NETHERLANDS BELGIUM

Rome

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is a walled enclave of approximately 0.5 km2. It has a population of 842 The enclaved State is lying within the city of Rome in Italy, and is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world. It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Bishop of Rome – the Pope. Even though the Romans had control over the area where the Vatican is today from around the year 40 A.D, The Christians built the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's in the first half of the 4th century, and from then on started housing the Christian head, The Pope. The wall that surrounds the state was built by Pope Leo the IV in 850 A.D. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Vatican State is the only place in the world were a library card is the valid paper to enter the restricted zones of the State, and is also mainly secured by military forces from other countries, like The Italian civil guard and the Swizz army.

A religious cultural border Built by Pope Leo IV 850 A.D Lenght 3,2 km Wall Height 12 m Open in the east to all puplic Guarded 24 hours Guarded by the Swizz Army Walled & Open

There are restaurants in this town where you can drink coffee with a friend while sitting in different countries Exclave Belgian land inside The Netherlands Based on medievel treaties 26 Belgian exclaves 6 Dutch Exclaves within the Belgian exclaves Open borders No control

Some houses are put op on top of the border, where you can make dinner in the Netherlands, and eating it in Belgium.

All in your own house

The border between the two nations Belgium and the Netherlands is typically a normal open border that seperates the two countries from eachother but there are some differences that are very different from many other places in the world. Around the town of Barrle-Nassau in the southern Netherlands there are several exclaves (Baarle Hertog) of Belgium inside the Netherlands, and inside some of these Belgian exclaves there are other Dutch exclaves making this border situation very complex. There are 26 separate Belgic exclaves in total, and 22 of these are located in a cluster by the town Baarle Hertog. The Dutch part of the city is called Barrle-Nassau and concists of 6 exclaves and the mainland of the Netherlands.

The border's complexity results from a number of equally complex medieval treaties, agreements, land-swaps and sales between the Lords of Breda and the Dukes of Brabant. Generally speaking, predominantly agricultural or built environments became constituents of Brabant, other parts devolved to Breda. These distributions were ratified and clarified as a part of the borderline settlements arrived at during the Treaty of Maastricht in 1843.

Border Crossing File 1–2

International Border Situations

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

14FTB

13DTB

French Temporary Border

Danish Temporary Border (Scandinavian Temporary border) DENMARK Danish/German temporary border control

GERMANY

SWEDEN Malø

Copenhagen DENMARK

Oresund train (Copenhagen-Malø)

Passport check at the trainstaion in Kastrup In 2001, all border controls were removed based on the Schengen Agreement.

However, However, in response to the Swedesh closing their border to irregular migrants in 2015, border checks were temporarily introduced on the Danish/German border starting January 4 2016. Prime minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen cited fear of accumulation of iregular migrants in Copenhagen as one of the reasons for this decision.

15SE

· Gibraltar ·

lenght1250 m height 3 m

GIBR AL

[Spain] [Spain]

R TA

[Spain] 1998

lenght 8400 m height 6 m width 6 m

1

Gibraltar [United Kingdom]

alboran sea

open 24 h free people and mercancies flow custom + police

3

Spain

Spain Morocco

Morocco

avoid irregular immigration from Africa avoid commercial contraband France, Germany and Netherlands entrance

avoid irregular immigration from Africa avoid commercial contraband 150-200 Syrian refugees per week

BORD

co

Morocco

Tarajal beach

since 2

NTEX

n wires

r borde ater breakw

Tarajal Crossing pedestrian control vehicle control

detectio

tear gas diffusion system

A LL LI

CEUTA BO Spain/M RD oro E c R

005

2 CEUTA / 3 MELILLA

· FRO

6m

radar and day/night vision security cameras

lenght12000 m height6 m width 6 m

EU

ER ·

Situated on the borders between Africa and Europe (Schengen), the Spanish enclosed of Melilla and Ceuta in Marocco are both surrounded by 6m tall, with heavy police surveillance.

· Melilla ·

[Spain] 1995

TA 2

Spain

3

BELGIQUE

· Ceuta ·

C

[United Kingdom] 2

FRANÇAISE

[United Kingdom] 1909

SPANISH ENCLAVES

1

After the Paris attacks, the French governemnt announced a national State of Emergency, temporarily closed the border and re-introduced passport check of all travelers. In order to prevent another attack, neighbouring countries increased their security efforts to oversee suspicious movements on the border with France. The Nice attack led France to uphold border control until 2017.

ME

Danmark/Sweden border crossing point

Spain

Tarajal beach

Mediterranean Sea

MOROCCO

Despite the risk it represents, groups of African migrants occasionally attempt to scale the fence without being caught by custom police patrols.

Border Crossing Master Studio

International Border Situations

24

16MBB

MACEDONIAN BORDER BARRIER In August 2015 the Former Yougoslav Republic of Macedonia enforced their southern border to Greece. Thousands of migrants forced their way trough the border. The police used tear gas, stun grenades and batons to force the migrants back.

Nov 5 2015, Austria began building a barrier along the part of Slovenia, 6 days ater, Slovenia began building a barrier to Croatia to controll migrant flow.

Nov 28 Macedonia started building the border barrier to Greece. Greece, causing many migrants to become stranded on the Greek side of the border.

Macedonia still allows refugees from Syria, Afganistan and Iraq to cross.

March 9 2016, The Balkan countries announced they would only let migrants who plan to seek asylum in the country or those with clear humanitarian needs enter the countries.

March 20 Turkey and the EU made an agreement to send back irregularl imigrants from Greece to Turkey, unless they have sucsessfully applied for asylum in Greece. Turkey and the EU also made an agreement for every Syrian returned to Turkey, a Syrian migrant wil be resettled in the EU. Those who haven’t tried to irregulary enter the EU will be prioritized.

Migrants have also camped on the railway, closing the railway line between Greece and the Balkan countries from March 2016.

Indomeni Thessaloni-

Indomeni in Greece housed more than 14,000 migrants when Macedonia closed the borders. Numbers decreased after they realised they would not make it further, and some accepted the authorities' offers of other alternatives.

In may 2016 the last of the Indomeni camp was shut down and about 1,529 people were removed from Indomeni to transferred to official camps in Thessaloniki.

'The idea is to send a message to migrants that there is a double fence so give up crossing irregularly,' senior army official

Greece

Macedonia

Highly controlled border

Port of Dover

17SDB

Strait of Dover Border

Shipment check

Strait of Dover is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and the North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. Beeing the shortest distance of the English channel. It was the main border crossing-route between Unitid kingdom and France. In 1994, the Channel Tunnel was built to provide an alternative route by trains, crossing beneath the strait at an average depth of 45m below the seabed. Since United Kingdom has decided not to join in on the Schengen agreement, two border crossing controls to check movement of people and shipment are maintained between the two countries. French and British border police manage the opposite border controls from their ports and the Euro Tunnel stations to watch over the movement of people and shipments forward to each country.

French border control

Security fence

Eurolin

k

In response to the migration 'crisis', France and England have strengthened the securiy level for controling irregular movements of asylum seekers who try to get from France to the UK. In addition, the French increased their already strict security checks as a revenge to the U.K’s Brexit.

U.K border control U.K border control for cargo Security fence Dover Calais Eurotunnel train Eurotunnel Calais Terminal

Border Crossing File 1–2

Laws & Rights

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Border Crossing Master Studio

Laws & Rights

26

Border Crossing File 1–2

Laws & Rights

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Border Crossing Master Studio

Laws & Rights

28

REFUGEE CAMP ‘THE JUNGLE’ CALAIS Given that it is not an official refugee camp, administered by United Nations High Commission for Refugees (“UNHCR”), it is not subject to international norms in relation to accountability and sanitation.

Population migrants

rt

y Po

Ferr

9000 8000 7000 6000

JUNGLE I 2002-2009: Created by Guilherme Simoes from the Noun Project

5000 4000

Self-organized camp: with 135 tents. There was no showers and only 3wc

3000 2000 1000 2002 ECONOMIC SUPPORT

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

The Eurotunnel company spent in 2002 £6 000 000 (€8 000 000) on security measures around the 650-hectare terminal site, such as fences, razor wire, cameras and 360 security guards patrolling daily.

‘THE JUNGLE I’ LAWS AND RIGHTS

The jungle is born after the Sangatte reception centre near the port is closed. After the closure, Britain accepted hundreds of migrants in a deal with the France Gouverment.

PORT FENCE: barbedwire fence that separates the camp from the busy port is used as a washing line to dry clothes FOOD: Each evening, French charily workers come to serve pasta, rice and vegetables.

HEALTH CARE: AME: free healt care for illegal migrants

PORT FENCE: Februari 4 2003: The British and French goverments signed the Le Touqout Treaty in wich they agreed to establish juxtaposed immegration passport controls on Channel Ferry routes. ( not Eurotunnel)

ORGANISATIONS: November 2007: The first instance authority in France, OFPRA, is a specialised institution in the field of asylum, under the administrative supervision of the Ministry of Interior.

HEALTH CARE: December 16 2003: They have to prove that they live in France for 3 months, then they get free healt care.

SOCIAL RIGHTS OF IRREGULAR MIGRANTS:

The criminalisation of migration and repressive policies of detention and expulsions of foreigners seriously affect the protection of the basic social rights of ir general climate of suspicion and rejection against irregular migrants among those who are supposed to provide social services. Migrants in an irregular situati abusers or persons stealing the jobs of nationals. In such a context, law enforcement officials in charge of countering “illegal immigration” often have difficul of human rights violations and in need of protection. In some instances, the police are placed under official pressure to attain quantified targets of “repatriation France. This policy can be particularly harmful to irregular migrants’ access to social rights, because it forces them to live clandestinely and avoid contact wit arrested, detained or deported. According to a June 2015 study by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the main reason for victims of exploit fear of having to leave the country.

Border Crossing File 1–2

Laws & Rights

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

AREAS WHERE ATTEMPTS TO BREAK IN THE LORRIES OCCUR Lorry drivers are being ordered to avoid Calais because of confrontations with knife wielding illegal immigrants who are trying to get to Britain.Cross-Channel haulage firms are advising drivers to use other ports – including Cherbourg, Boulogne and Dunkirk – to transport goods to the UK to prevent migrants clambering into their vehicles.

The 5 camp was demolished in 2014-2015. About £360 000 (€500 000) is being pumped into the site for men branded The Jungle 2 Created by Guilherme Simoes

JUNGLE II 2009 - ...

Jungle I was demolished.

They moved to an other place.

The goverment placed containers next to the jungle migrants camp The French government paid around €25 000 000 ($28 000 000) for the 1500 new residents Created by Guilherme Simoes from the Noun Project

April 2014: Event in the Mediterranean: unprecedented numbers of refugees were risking their lives in over crowed and rickety boats.

2009

2010

2011

In 2014, Britain committed £12 000 000 over three years. This is being used to build a 15ft fence along the motorway leading to the port. As well as the threeyear Calais investment, the UK announced £2 000 000 extra for detection technology such as the heartbeat and carbon dioxide detectors, and £1 000 000 for more dog searches.

2012

2013

2014

2015

JUNGLE I 2002-2009 JUNGLE 2 2009-2015 JUNGLE 2 2015-...

2016

In 2015, the UK and France a fresh agreement on new measures in Calais, including a "control and command centre" and the deployment of 500 extra British and French police. The UK agreed to pay £7 000 000. Also the EU helps to protect the borders. They invested £1.5bn in the development of drones.

In 2016, the UK-funded wall off 1km (0.6 miles) long is being built along the main road to the port in an attempt to deter would-be stowaways. The UK government paid £1 900 000 (€2 200 000) for it. Also The Channel Tunnel invested £4 700 000 ($6 800 000) to build a secure 600m concrete extension, to make it harder to access for migrants, and has demanded £22 000 000 ($31 000 000) from France in compensation for lost revenues. And a food organisation RCK spend over the €1,500 a week on vegetables.

2012: Olympic games in London, more security measures.

Judgament Presisden ot the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Champer). There has been a “slight improvement” in the camps’ conditions, probably due in large measure to an order dated November 2 2015 by the Tribunal Administratif de Lille. They made specified measures, including the provision of water access points, the installation of 50 toilets, the introduction of a refuse collection operation, the cleaning of the site and the creation of internal routes to facilitate access for emergency services.

‘THE JUNGLE II’ The Defender of Rights’ 2012 decision, which stated that several incidents of harassment against migrants in Calais, involving the police, had occurred between 2009 and 2011. This document also recorded “police harassment and violence against migrants and migrant rights activists, especially the inappropriate use of tear gas during operations.” based on testimony and documentation provided by NGOs, activists and police officers.

rregular migrants, not least because they create a ion are too often seen as cheats, liars, social benefits lties in recognising an irregular migrant as a victim ns” - I noted this to be the case until 2012 in th social assistance providers for fear of being tation not reporting their cases to the police is the

SECURITY PORT FENCE: Eurotunnel: security controls with dogs, Passive Millimetric Medium Wave (PMMW) and also a control monitor that detect heartbeats.

Ferry: security controls with dogs, Carbon dioxide detector, Passive Millimetric Medium Wave (PMMW is a whole-body imaging device used for detecting objects concealed underneath a person’s clothing using a form of electromagnetic radiation) and also a control monitor that detect heartbeats.

SECURYITY GOVERMENT CAMP (CONTAINERS): The new containers came after Medical charities Medecins dus Monde and Secours Catholigque brought a lawsuit to demand improvement in conditions in the Jungle earlier this year.

Migrants have to registrate before they can live in the official refugee camp. With their palmprint they can enter the camp. Turnstiles wiles and camera’s, are installed to make the camp safe.

France deported dozens of migrants to high-risk countries in violation of international law. ( juin 2015) Example: Deportations of Afghans, Sudanese and Eitreans violate the Article 3 of the European Convention on human rights, wich says that “ No one shall be subjected to torture or to unhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. <-> Conflict with the terms outlined in the Dublin II Regulation and EU Law: they have to go to the first EU country that they entered.

Border Crossing Master Studio

Laws & Rights

Capacity: 3500 Refugees: 3385 Information: Moria-Hot spot: MDM, BRF KARA TEPE: Human Appeal, MDM, MSF

6

30

REFUG

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As of October 2, the number of sea arrivals since the beginning of 2015 has exceed 400,000. Over 40 % of refugees who arrived to Greece by sea in 2015, arrived in September. The average daily sea arrivals during the reporting period was 5,500 persons a day, compare to 4,900 persons a day during the first two weeks of September.

TOTAL ARRIVALS

4 3

Between J refugees a the large m abrupt clos Balkans on stranded in on the Wes

2 1 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Mai

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Okt

Nov

Des Lesvos arr

1.000.573 refugees and migrants arrived Eu from the middle east and north Africa durin Of these, some 850.000 landed on the Greek Lesvos it the first island in Greece the migrants are arriving.

So in this case more then half of all migrants to Europe are arriving to this island. In Desember some 2000 rerfugees were arriving every day. The Turkish mainland and Lesvos coast are 18 miles away from each other. The European border agency Frontex has assisted with support such as finger printing and processing documents in the camp “Moria”.

As an open refugee camp people can come and go as they want to, but mostly imigrants are doing the registration prosedures to get processed to continue their jurny to Europe, where most of the people are trying to reach Germany or the UK.

Immigrants have to apply for international protectio fingerprint prosedures. People are getting registratio food, clothers, info etc. at the camp.

“Better days for Moria” is an organisation that want in the camp. The European Union has agreed on an 700.000.000 euros, over three years to help Greece deal with the backlog of the registration.

Border Crossing File 1–2

Laws & Rights

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

GEE CAMP “LESVOS” IN GREECE

January 1 and April 7 2016, 173,728 and migrants arrived in Europe by sea, majority on Greek shores. The sure of borders along the Western n 8 March left more than 55,000 people n Greece and other countries stern Balkans migration route.

105000

Despite the controversies around the EU-Turkey agreement that came into force on March 20 2016, EU leaders’ committed to determining the individual status of refugees and migrants and prevent collective expulsions, push-back practices or other measures that are harmful to children

Jan Feb Mar Apr rivals pr mont from 2015 to 2016

urope ng 2015. k Islands.

on througt identification, registration and on processed here. People are getting aid.

ts to improve the humanitation situation emergency Aid package of and other countries of the migrant trail

Mai

Jun

Jul

Aug

70000 35000

Sep

Okt

Nov

Des

0

TOTAL ARRIVALS

Relocation. On 26 October, the Greek Asylum Service along with EASO, EU-LISA and UNHCR began a one-month pilot project in Moria hotspot, Lesvos, using asylum and r elocation registration and information tools. The first 140000 30 refugees from Syria and Iraq accepted for relocation to Luxembourg departed Athens on Wednesday 4 November.

Border Crossing Master Studio

Laws & Rights

32

Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2

Self-organization

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

PA R I S : R E V O L U T I O N , R E N O V A T I O N , P R O T E S T A N D S E L F - O R G A N I Z AT I O N

stalingrad metro arc de triomphe place de la concorde

place de la republique

bastille place de la nation

1

2

3

4

5 KM

Border Crossing Master Studio

Self-organization

34

Unemployment

%

30

FRANCE 25

20

15

GREECE 10

Year

5 2015

2000

The French Revolution -

GNI

1789-1799. Place de la Bastille and Place de la Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) where central locations in Paris during the French Revolution years. The storming of the Bastille prison in 1789 is maybe the most iconic event from the revolution.

Place de la Concorde is where luis XVI and many others were executed.

Unemployment rate Source : US dollars

http://www.statista.com/statistics/263698/unemployment-rate-in-greece/

40000

http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/11322

35000

The age composition of the labor force varies to some extent between countries , but mainly include all employable over 15 years. The statistics are compiled by the International Labour Organisation (ILO ) .

30000

25000

20000

Year

15000 2014

2000 Gross national income, ppp, per capita

Source: http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/532

Refugees

Hausmann Renovation of Paris 1853-1870. Most of the medival neighbourhoods of Paris were demolished and new boulevards, avenues, parks and squares were established. The old city fabric were regarded as unhealthy and overcrowded. Hausmann was dismissed from his work in 1870, but his plan was not continued until 1927.

Paris Commune - Bastille A radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from March 18th to May 28th, 1871. Barricades and street battles took place in Paris during what is called “the bloody week” between March 21 and 28.

1871.

Gross national income is income from domestic production and capital individuals

investments abroad, which accrue to those who live in a country . Here's gross national income ( GNI) per capita expressed in so-called PPP dollars .

300000PPP stands for Purchasing Power Parities , or purchasing power. When GDP

is measured by PPP, is taken into account price levels and purchasing power in each country by calculation. Here is GNI converted to current international dollars using purchasing power units. An international dollar has the same 250000purchasing power above GNP , as a US dollar has in the United States. This conversion allows you to more easily be able to compare countries .

200000 150000 100000 50000 Year

0 2015

2000 Refugees accepted

AID

http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/10384

% 0,5

Number of people displaced outside their home country . The figures collected by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) . People who have ongoing asylum application is not included in this overview , nor refugees from Palestine and the West Bank.

0,4

0,3

0,2

Year

0,1

2014

2000 GNI to AID

http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/403

Asylum

The statistics shows the proportion of a country's gross national income ( GNI) annually appropriated in official development assistance. GNI is a measure of a country's total income , and can be defined as a country's net individuals gross domestic product minus property income and wages abroad, according to Statistics Norway (SSB) .

60000

May 1968 Paris -

Makeshift camps - current

Big protests broke out at the Sorbonne University in Paris after the administration shut down the Paris University of Nanterre on May 2nd, 1968. More than 20.000 students, teachers and supporters participated. The massive protests happened on the Champs Elysees and around the Arc de Triomphe.

Police are regularly removing makeshift camps from the area arround the elevated metro line in boulevard de la villette.

July 22. 2016 between 1200 and 1400 people, mostly men from Eritrea, Somalia and Afghanistan were evicted from one of the camps.

Demonstrations - Terror attack January 11. 2015, 3,7 million people gathered and marched from place de la Republique along boulevard Voltaire to place de la Nation chanting “Je suis Charlie” in response to terror attack.

50000 40000

Argument:

30000 20000 10000 Year

0 2014

2000 asylum seekers per year.

http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/3048

%

200

France has the economical momentum and oppurtunity to try to handle the migrant influx in a formal way, by maintaining all the bodies of bureaucracy. At the same time one can se that as the stately debt is increasing and pushing one hundred percent, a clear relation is seen with the decrease of GNi allocated to aid, making the formal aproach not accomplishing much after all, but controling it.

The asylum applicant means a citizen who fled from one country and apply for residence in another. To be granted asylum one must in most states have fled because of persecution or other forms of danger in their homeland. The statistics include asylum seekers who are at all levels of the process, from application , during the wait , and those who have been granted asylum during the year . So this is not the total number of asylum seekers living in the country .

Debt

GNI to AID Average annual wages Gross national income, ppp, per capita asylum seekers per year.

Refugees accepted

150

Unemployment rate Dept in percent of GDP

100

Year

50 2015

2000 Dept in percent of GDP

Wages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#/media/File: Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png

US dollars, PPP

ar

https://data.oecd.org/gga/general-government-debt.htm

50000

The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek Depression) is the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08. The Greek crisis started in late 2009, triggered by the turmoil of the Great Recession, structural weaknesses in the Greek economy, and revelations that previous data on government debt levels and deficits

had been undercounted by the Greek government.

40000

30000

Year 2000 Year

20000

2015

2000 Average annual wages Source: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE

This dataset contains data on average annual wages per full-time and full-year equivalent employee in the total economy. Average annual wages per full-time equivalent dependent employee are obtained by dividing the national-accounts-based total wage bill by the average number of employees in the total economy, which is then multiplied by the ratio of average

2015

Super-imposing individual graphs with different values and their trajectories shows that France keeps its financials quite stable after the ”economic crisis”. this maintaining of economical momentum gives the opportunity to have a formal process regarding the influx.

Border Crossing File 1–2

Self-organization

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

48°53’02.3”N 2°22’06.4”E M A K E S H I F T C A M P : S TA L I N G R A D ( m e t r o ) Top-down process Georges-Eugène Haussmann’s renovation of Paris took place between 1853 and 1870. Commissioned by Napoleon III, Haussmann carried out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public spaces. The motivation for such a huge action was probably in part to be able to control the growing population of Paris. Riots often broke out in the narrow medieval streets and the situations were often difficult to control. In the same era and as part of the same wish of turning Paris into a world metropol the métro system was planned.

The Paris métro opened on July 19, 1900. It carried 1,541 billion passengers in 2012 and is the second busiest métro system in Europe, after Moscow.

The métro is for the most part underground, but some parts are elevated on viaducts. One of these parts is the two kilometre strech in Boulevard de la Villette on line #2. On this strech there are four stations: Barbès Rochechouart - La chapelle - Stalingrad - Jaurès

City center of Paris as it looks today. A result of Haussmann’s renovation. The Paris métro system shown in thin black line with its 16 lines and 303 stations. The red line is showing the elevated part of métro line #2 on Boulevard de la Villette.

Within the camp itself the space is mostly occupied by tents and mattresses.

The viaduct is defining the overall organization as it provides shelter. This results in a linear and narrow camp where most of the space on the ground is Place de la Republique occupied.

Boulevard de la Villette was not created by Haussmann but it is part of the same urban language where you find wide boulevards with about five stories high buildings on both sides that allows for the government to control the population to a larger degree than in a medieval urban situation.

Bottom-up process The viaduct creates physical conditions that accomodate certain bottom-up processes. The most obvious being shelter from rain.

Makeshift camps pop up under the elevated métro station at stalingrad from time to time. They are not legal and the Paris police clear the camps, but as soon as the police is gone, the camps are back.

Notre-Dame

Camp Spaces of negotiation Unsheltered sidewalk Outward negotiation

Sheltered campsite Internal negotiation

Unsheltered sidewalk Outward negotiation

Shelter provided by the viaduct.

The Stalingrad-camp (black) is not the only one in Paris. Several camps have appeard and then disappeared again. People move from one place to another as the police clear camps. (Blue showing other camps on the east side of the city centre).

FACILITIES:

There are two different groups of users of the built métro environment. You have the commuters and tourists using the métro and its structures the way it was planned for. You also have the people in the makeshift camps using the structures as shelter and a sort of temporary home. This negotiation of space allows for life to go on as usual both under and over the viaduct.

No common showers

Common WC (limited)

No medical care

No organized childcare

No food

No organized education

no organized cleaning

No family priority

No houses

No internal reception

Tents

No external protection

Border Crossing Master Studio

Self-organization

36

51°57’10”N 1°51’32”E CAMP: CALAIS, FRANCE Calais is situated on the French coast, 25 nautical miles from the UK. The goal for many of the migrants stuckin Calais is to get access to England but the border controls are strict and highly supervised.

Eurotunel Ferry

London

“The Jungle” started out in squalid conditions after the Sangatte reception centre closed in 2002. With the centre being shut down different squats popped up in the city of Calais. At this point migrants with same nationality and religion settled together but after the influx in the summer of 2015 these small camps grew into the large camp we see today.

Dover Calais Sangatte

“France finally says it will knock down the jungle” - The Sun, September 2nd 2016 As France is planning to demolish the camp and evict thousands of people, the migrants are storming the highway trying to get over the channel and in to the UK. Migrants have for a long time tried to smuggle themselves in trucks arriving at the port in Calais. The police are heavily armed and the drivers stop in the border control to have their vehicle checked. If they are cought with migrants they are given a £2.000 fine per migrants.

Photo: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33240475

Jules Ferry Centre 500 woman and children.

Provide for showers, toilets and one hot meal per day. These facilities are also availible for the people in “the jungle”.

Containers were provided as accomondation for 1.500 people in January 2016. To get access to the container camp migrants have to scan their palm. The NGO responsible claim that this is just the access system and that is it not to register them. A lot of migrants are doubting this system and saying no to the containers. saying that they would rather be outside and free, instead of inside the container and be prisioners in France.

.

Port Border controls

Calais

’’Jungle’’ medical services

Migrant detention centers Eurotunnel entrance Migrants have tried to storm the tunnel several times.

Resembling urban structures. The camp includes a mosque, a church, restaurants and a nightclub.

10.500 10.000 9.500 9.000 8.500 8.000 7.500 7.000 6.500 6.000 5.500 5.000 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500

The reception centre in Sangatte is opened by the French Red Cross on request from the French authorities after migrants have been seen sleeping on the steets in Calais.

After the Sangatte centre shut down migrants sleep in squats and outdoor camps.

The camps are repeatedly raided and demolished before popping up in other places around the city. The migrants get food from volunteer soup kitchens.

The reception In April 2009, 190 migrants are arrested in a centre is raid but within July another camp is developed. Camps are still closed due to In September the police again close down two fragmented, overcrowding. camps - affecting 800 people. giving some There are now identity 2.000 migrants There are more than 4.000 empty buildings in through in Calais and Calais but the authority have a zero-tolerance on structures made the centre can squats. by groups. only house 600.

1999 2002

2009

Number of migrants in Calais.

Migrant influx in the summer earase the lines and the camp is merged into one defined “tolerated” area.

It is now estimated that almost 10.000 people live in “the jungle”.

(30.08.2016)

2014 2015 2016

Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2

Self-organization

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

A T H E N S : C R A D L E O F D E M O C R A C Y, ECONOMIC CRISIS AND MIGRANT INFLUX

1

2

3

4

5 KM

Border Crossing Master Studio %

The statistics shows the proportion of a country’s gross national income (GNI) annually appropriated in official development assistance.

0,25

0,20

0,15

0,10 2000

AID

This dataset contains data on average annual wages per full-time and full-year equivalent employee in the total economy.

30000

25000

2015

US dollars

25000

20000

2000

TECHNOLOGY CARE

Gross national income is income from domestic production and capital investments abroad, which accrue to those who live in a country .

30000

15000

CULTURE

MAIN MIGRANT SETTLEMENT

Year

Wages

Average annual wages

CIRCLES SHOWING LOCATIONS FOR DIFFERENT SELFORGANIZED CHARITY EVENTS IN ATHENS FROM 2013-2016.

HEALTH

US dollars

2000

SOLIDARITY

38

2014

35000

20000

EDUCATION

ENVIRONMENT

Year GNI to AID

Self-organization

GNI

Gross national income, ppp, per capita

Year 2015

individuals

The asylum applicant means a citizen who fled from one country and apply for residence in another. The statistics include asylum seekers who are at all levels of the process.

60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

2000

Asylum

asylum seekers per year.

Year 2014

Quantity

150

120

90

60

30

0 2000

200

Solidarity

Volunteer group initiatives / NGO’s

Year 2015

%

100

2000

Debt

Dept in percent of GDP

Year 2015

individuals

35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000

5000 0 2000

Refugees Refugees accepted

Year 2015

%

30

25

20

15

10

5 2000

Conclusion: When we se the bad economy of Greece in the graphs, it seems as the city of Athens as a body is capable of being somewhat self sufficient. but not completely autonomous as the government complies to the needs of the bottom-up initiatives. The bottom-up initiatives exceeds the top-down initiatives for the ones in Number of people displaced need in autumn 2010. This relation outside their home country ac- shows the possibilities and the cepted in Greece. The figures power of self organizing. collected by UNHCR. People who have ongoing asylum application is not included in this overview, nor refugees from Palestine/West Bank.

GNI to AID Volunteer group initiatives / NGO’s Refugees accepted

The Greek government-debt crisis is the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.

150

50

The statistics show that the amount of volunteers, and charity increases as the economy in the country in general is quite bad. These numbers represent number of bottom-up initiatives that organizes events for people in need.

Unemployment Unemployment rate

Year 2015

The age composition of the labor force varies to some extent between countries, but mainly include all employable over 15 years. The statistics are compiled by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).

2000

Super-imposing individual graphs with different values shows that NGO initiatives exceed GNI accrued to aid in autum 2010.

Sources: http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/403 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/532 http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/3048 http://www.synathina.gr/el/%CE%BF%CE%C%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#/media/File:Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/10384 http://www.statista.com/statistics/263698/unemployment-rate-in-greece/

2015

Border Crossing File 1–2

Self-organization

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

37°59’35”N 023°43’38”E S Q U AT : C I T Y P L A Z A H O T E L CITY PLAZA HOTEL ATHENS, GREECE

REFUGEES

HOTEL

395 REFUGEES MEDICAL CARE FAMILY PRIORITY (180 CHILDREN)

ABOUT THIS SQUAT City Plaza Hotel is a self organized squat in Athens, Greece. The squat was started in April 2016 by a group of volunteers in Athens after the building had been abandoned for some time.

It is a place mainly for families, people with disabilities or others that has severe struggles or existing poor living conditions. There are today 22 single parent families. It is not a place for ’’first settlement’’ but for those who are staying in Athens for a longer time, waiting to get their asylum application processed. There are waiting lists to live in the hotel and people are standing outside every day trying to get a room. Many have settled here after first staying at the unofficial airport camp.

ADRESS:

Acharnon 78, Athina 104 34, Greece.

SQUAT:

Self organized, financed through solidarity offerings and donations.

Refugee kids helping out with the vacuming of the rooms.

NATIONALITIES: Afghans, Kurds, Syrians, Palestinians, Iranians, Iraqis and Pakestanis.

FACILITIES:

Private showers

Private WC

Medical care

Childcare

Food

Education

Cleaning

Family priority

Inside

Internal reception

Tent

External protection

City Plaza Hotel, seen from the outside.

Refugees drying their clothes or their private balconies.

WHAT DO THEY GET?

The hotel is built in preparation for the 2004 Olympics with government loans.

The hotel is used for the 2004 Athen Olympics, to host event guests.

The business subsequently fall into banckruptcy amid allegations that the owner flee without paying the workers’ final salaries.

The hotel is now used as a squat for refugees. The former employees have heard what activists are doing here, and they publicly support them.

>2004 2004 2009* 2016 *estimated year due to the economic crisis.

Each family has their own room of the hotel, while all inhabitanst are provided with breakfast, lunch and dinner, as well as with hygiene products and other essentials.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

In a framework of self-organization and coexistence, there are teams for cleaning, cooking, security, education and childcare, medical care, communications, reception, as well as regular assemblies of refugees and solidarians..

19951995200120012004 2005 2011 2016 9 1969 2004 2005 2011 2016 1938 1969 1995 2001 2004 2005 2011 2016 saarinen. construct a new ellinikon airport is competition for responsibility of west terminal is now airport with better closed and athens hellinikon olympic ellinikon as a management and use the ellinikon Border Crossing Master Studio Self-organization of space of the airport´s west only used by olympic capasity in spata, a international airport complex is innstalled metropolitan park airways. town east of athens. in spata is opened. on the former airport. and residential area. former airport. terminal is opened.

ellinikon is now sheltering 3.612 immigrants

40

3 7 ° 5 3 ’ 5 4 ” N 0 2 3 ° 4 3 ’ 4 6 olympic ” E airways olympic airways museum opens C A M P : E L L I N I K O N A I R Pmuseum OR T in the opens in the

olympic airways

westterminal terminal museum opens in the west west terminal

ELLINIKON AIRPORT ATHENS, GREECE

canoe slalom

hockey field 1.286 1.286

canoe slalom TENTS

REFUGEES

hockey field 1.286

hockey canoe slalomfield softball fields

3.612 REFUGEES MEDICAL CARE

baseball field softball fields baseball951field

softball fields ABOUT THIS CAMP

baseball field 951

LEGAL CAMP

hellinikon metropolitan community clinic

951

hellinikon The camp at the airport is an emergency camp withmetropolitan little supervision. It starter as a squat but is hellinikon arrival area now organized by the government. Conditions are community poor, and with authorities the clinicthe absence ofairport 1.375

ADRESS:

metropolitan community clinic Elliniko 167 77, Greece.

CAMP:

Emergeny camp, suitable for first timearrival settlement. airport area

camp is more or less self-organized.

children playing on an abondoned airplane.

The ellinikon camp is in theory a organized camp but with the absence of authorities children playing abondoned the on campan is highly self-organized.

airplane.

Children playing on an abandoned plane. children playing an abondoned The ellinikon camp ison in theory a organized airplane. camp but with the absence of authorities the camp is highly self-organized.

The ellinikon camp is in theory a organized camp but with the absence of authorities the camp is highly self-organized.

1.375 NATIONALITIES: Syrians, Afghans, Iranians, Kurds ++

airport arrival area 1.375

FACILITIES: facilities

Common showers (limited)

Common WC (limited)

the camp is legal and the risk of being evicted is small care Medical

Childcare

no internal Foodreception or security

Education

the residents are sharing a limited number Cleaning or showers and toilets

Family priority

legal and the risk of being mall

Inside

Internal reception

Tents

External protection

HOCKEY FIELD 1.286 refugees

reception or security

BASEBALL FIELD 951 refugees

of being

ts are sharing a limited number and toilets

ty The Ellinikon

Airport’s west ited number terminal is opened.

Opening of the east terminal.

Architect: Eero Saarnen.

METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY CLINIC AIRPORT ARRIVAL AREA 1.375 refugees

Decision is made to close Ellinikon and construct a new airport with better capacity in Spata, a town east of Athens.

Ellinikon Airport is closed and Athens International Airport in Spata is opened.

Ellinikon Olympic complex is innstalled on the runway of the former airport.

at ellinikon Waiting tothebemigrants registred.

As are thewaiting to get registered.

Macedonian government has classified As the macadonian border has classified Afghans as economic imigrants, there is are a afghans as economic migrants there majority ofaAfghans at Ellinikon. majority of afghan at ellinikon.

the migrants at ellinikon are waiting to get registered.

As the macadonian border has classified afghans as economic migrants there are a majority of afghan at ellinikon.

the migrants at ellinikon are waiting to get registered.

As the macadonian border has classified afghans as economic migrants there are a majority of afghan at ellinikon.

International architectural competition for Ellinikon as a metropolitan park and residential area.

Hellinikonsa is founded and given the responsibility of management and use of space of the former airport.

Ellinikon is now sheltering 3.612 refugees.

1938 1969 1995 2001 2004 2005 2011 2016

Border Crossing File 1–2

Urban Space & Migration

The Idea of the City: push and pull factors of urban migration

«(…) if the city is the world which man created, it is the world in which he is henceforth condemned to live. Thus, indirectly, and without any clear sence of the nature of his task, in making the city man has remade himself.» - R. Park

“the city [is] a projection of society on the ground that is, not only on the actual site, but at a specific level, perceived and conceived by thought, [...] the city [is] the place of confrontations and of (conflictual) relations (...), the city [is] the ‘site of desire’ (...) and site of revolutions”. - H. Lefebvre

In our research we look at todays migrant situation in Paris and Athens, comparing the two cities’ diffent approaches today and their former history of immigration, and try to recognize the push and pull factors of both cities.

Cities have arisen through the geographical and social concentration of a surplus value, and it is not only similar to- but also based upon capitalistic development. Urbanization requires access to surplus product, and capitalism needs urbanization to absorb the surplus product in order to gain profit, hence urbanization and capitalism walks hand-in-hand.

research

If there is scarcity of labor and too high wages, existing labor has to be disciplined or fresh labor forces must be found, for example by immigration. Migrants are often seen as a temporal labor force, and sadly often exploited, yet immigration offers a positive contribution to cities, in its diversity and capability to provide labor force where capitalism expands. As migration also contributes to urban expansion, new markets appears and new products and lifestyles can be promoted, yielding a seemingly ever-growing circle of urban and capitalist growth – but what if the profile of coming migrants are changing?

Today’s cities are fundamentally characterized by diversity, which promotes social cohesion and becomes a driving force of social interaction in residential and public environments. While social diversity may result in social inequalities and lead to patterns of spatial segregation, cities with low spatial segregation has experienced an increase in socially mixed environments, and diversity is instead mainly related to social opportunities.

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Paris

France has a long history of colonization, dating back to the 16th century onwards, and was by 1900 the second largest colonial empire in the world, and consisted of the overseas countries, the protectorates and mandate territories.

Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France has experienced relatively low levels of emigration, as it had close to the slowest natural population growth in Europe, and emigration pressures were therefore small. However, France have had large amounts of migrants, many of which migrated from the old French colonial areas, and are not counted as immigrants as they are legally French citizents at birth.

Over the past 30 years French immigration policies went from an ‘’assimilationist’’ to a more ‘’integrationist’’ approach: up until the 80’s immigrants had mainly raised economic conserns >>

urban planning strategies & monuments Bastille Saint-Antoine i Paris 1370-1382

Versailles Castle - was the French royal family‘s main residence from 1682 to 1789

political events Paris = capital

by Clovis the Frank Paris Colonial Empire >>

migration flows & push/ pull factors Push: Many workers and Christians came to the city of Paris to build churches.

population

Push: while the worling-class neigh bourhood of the Faubourg Saint Antoine on the eastern site and the city grew more and more crowded with poor migrants from other regions of France.

400.000

timeline 508

1600

1700

Border Crossing Master Studio

Urban Space & Migration

42

>> in relation to unemployment, but now a greater attention was given to cultural consequenses of their presence, and their consentrations in specific neighbourhoods led to an area-based approach to public policies. During the 90’s this consentration became increasingly understood as problematic, and fear of cultural separatism and ‘’ghettos’’ impacted national policies by allocating more means to disadvantaged areas.

In the 2000’s the workplace became a site of change from integration to anti-discrimination as the government established a higher authority to fight discrimination, giving possibility to prosecute both public and private employers through public policy tools. In this process, the word diversité became favoured for its ability to embrace a range of specific categories: immigrants, disabled persons, sexual minorities, religious- or gender groups.

Walls of Paris Gallo - Roman Wall First Medievil Wall Wall of Philip II Augustus Wall of Charles V Wall of Louis XIII Wall of the Ferme générale Thiers wall Munisipaliity limit today

1:200.000

Creation of the suburbs as middle class areas, 1790

Many military monuments Arc de Triumphe (1806-36) > First railway to Paris 1837

City renovation by Georges-Eugène Hausmann > Modern business streets, avenues and boulevards

> During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names, but the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris, (commemorated by the July Column on Place de la Bastille), brought a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I, to power.

French Revolution

Restoration

> The city grew to the north and west, but the poorest neighborhoods in the center became even more densely crowded. > He launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.

Paris Commune >>

rea

M

600.000

nA tai

660.000 550.000

Pull: The population of Paris had dropped by 100 000 people during the revolution

1789

„Bloody Week“ >> Franco- Prussian War

li

po

o etr

Eiffel Tower

1800

Push: Beween 1799- 1815, it surged with 160 000 new residents

1833

Push: As the population of Paris grew, so did discontent in the working-class neighbor hoods.

1857

1871

1887

Border Crossing File 1–2

Urban Space & Migration

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Urbanization Expansion of urban areas where four neighboring municipalities and parts of a greater number of surrounding municipalities were incorporated into the city. Paris is divided in 20th arrondissement, which from 1860 includes the 12 former arrondissements of 1795. Arrondissements are numbered in a spiral pattern from the center outward. Each arrondissement is divided into four quarters ( „quartiers“).

In France, a banlieue is a suburb of a large city. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the city proper.

For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris area live outside the city of Paris.

Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor—Versailles, Le Vésinet, Maisons-Laffitte and Neuilly-sur-Seine are affluent banlieues of Paris, while Clichy-sous-Bois,Bondy and Corbeil-Essonnes are less so.

City Proper

Urban Area

Metropolitan Area

1:200.000

H. Lefebvre: Right to the City

2.900.000

Exposition Universelle

Peripherie expressway > Middle-class families move to the suburbs

Exposition internationale

WWI

WWII

Algerian War for Independence

Pull: After WW1- WW2 In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter.

Push: At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world, including Picasso, Modigliani and Matisse made Paris their home

1914 1918 1922

Many new residential districts as low cost solution for a rapidly expanding population, (Baliens).

2.850.000

2.715.000

1900

Centre Georges Pompidou (1977)

Le Corbusier Fondation 1922-25 Ideal city - Plan Voisin de Paris > The pavilion exhibition - „Plan Voisin“ - his provocative plan for rebuilding a large part of the center of Paris. Vision of a ideal city and importance of concreat as a material for building the future city’s.

Strengthen infrastructure

Paul Delouvrier (city planning)

1937

1945

1949

1954

Events May 1968 in France > Results in the breakup of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses

Pull: Artist and worker stream of people from all over the world - Musée d‘Orsay Museum (1986)

1968

1973

Border Crossing Master Studio

Urban Space & Migration

44

Grand Paris

The `Métropole du Grand Paris` is an public establishment for inter-communal cooperation, an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs.The region came into existence on January 1, 2016 and includes the City of Paris, the communes, towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburb.

Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons. The Métropole is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. Its responsibilities include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment.

The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families.

1: 2.000.000

> Middle-class area are in the north and eastern Paris, (Le Courneuve neighbourhood)

The bike system Velibe, was introduced in 2007

by Bertrand Delanoe

Paris - reunited with its suburbs when the Metropole du Grand Paris came into existence > Paris is the fifth most expansive city in the world for luxury housing > 26 temporal camps in Paris evacuated til now in 2016

2.152.000

Pull: The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.

1990

2.234.000

2.241.000

Push: In the early 21st century, the popu lation of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young peo ple moved into the city. Because of work and education

2007

Push: The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014.This ma kes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union

2013

2016

Border Crossing File 1–2

timeline 700

Urban Space & Migration

508

0

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

300

population 300.000

migration flows

push/ pull factors

political events

pull: political stability, [employment]

push: wars, declining political power _to Western Europe

Ancient Democracy

[Ottoman Empire] Reforms of Solon: • liberation of citizen • redistribution of political power • duty of political participation

urban planning strategies

creation public urban space - Polis/ Agora • discussion/ action • negoziation • representation

research

Schools of Aristoteles, Sokrates, Platon

Athens

1

2

3

Athens has a broad history of both emigration and immigration, due to its turbulent past and shifting between economic wealth and conflict. Its geographical location gave the city a perfect position for trade by sea, and with its ancient history of citizenship and slavery, Athens has long been a city of great diversity.

Historically Athens is a gateway to Europe. After WWII and until very resently Greece was known as a country of emigration, Deprivation and lack of job vacancies led many Greeks to migrate abroad to well-grown countries. As the trend turned in the 1990, Greece became a receiver country after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Lack of regulation caused the migrants’ exploitation in the housing and labor markets, and the first program to deal with migration referred to migrants as temporal labor force. >> < municipal development [1>2>3] 1:500.000

Border Crossing Master Studio

Urban Space & Migration

1821

46

1832 1834

6.000

pull: political stability, economical growth

Greek Revolution >> Greek Republic

Modern City Plan

by Kleanthus / Schaubert

>> The issue of integration was first mentioned in the legal framework for migration in 2005, under the guidance of the EU directives and policies.

In recent years, the dept crisis and the increasing amount of immigrants has caused the government to intensify border controls, arrests and evictions. The bad economy and the fact that most residences are privately owned has made the migrants settle in affordable flats (often on ground floor) in central districts. This effect has redused the prosess of spatial segregation in the city centre, contradicting social segregation theories of other western cities.

However, the raising power of the Golden Dawn and increased anti-migrant or racist attitudes have resulted in less use of public spaces due to fear of discrimination or violence, hence increasing stereotypes by reducing social interactions, bonding and social integration.

1:40.000

push: urban density, economic crisis _to US, Egypt

[Age of colonialism]

>> neoclassicistic public Buildings, spatial division east-west • social higher/ social lower class • narrow streets • no countervailing public space

Border Crossing File 1–2

1896

100.000

Urban Space & Migration

1914 1918 1922 1928

1938 1945

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

1949 1951

1967

1974

1981

200.000 453.000

800.000

885.000

pull: peace, political stability _from Asia minor

pull: wealth, education _from rural areas

push: political isolation _to UK, Germany, US, Australia

in

a lit

po

ro

et

M a

e Ar

WWI

GrecoTurkish War

WWII

Civil War

Greek economic miracle

Military Junta

first modern Olympic Games

joining EU

law of horizontal property >> Polykatoikia • residential units • 4-6 storages • replace detached housing

pracice of antiparochi systeme • tax privilegs • easy building permits

>> unlicensed buildings • spartial segregetion/ social inquality • lack of public open space • air pollution

1925 E. Burgess: concentric zone model

1982 C. Price: the city as an egg

steps of migrant settlement [1>2>3] >

3

Quotes > Park, R. (1967), On Social Control and Collective Behavior, Chicago: Chicago University Press, p.3. > Lefebvre, H. (1996[1968]), Writings on Cities. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 109.

2

Links > http://www.statistics.gr/en/home/ > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire [08.09.2016] > http://www.athenssocialatlas.gr/en [08.09.2016] > http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_9. aspx#top > http://www.academia.edu/4983818/Residential_and_entrepreneurial_settlement_of_migrants_in_ Athens._A_comparative_study_of_Kypseli_and_Metaxourgeio_neighborhoods

1:200.000

1

Border Crossing Master Studio

1991

Urban Space & Migration

2001

2004

2008 s

48

2011

2016

789.000 664.000

pull: wealth, employment _from Balkan (Albania)

push: economical cricis, unemployment _to Central/ Northern Europe

EU bailout package

[Collapse of Sovjet Union] Summer Olympics

big scale projects realised with EU funds, PPP

1991 S. Sassen: the global city

Literature > Harvey, D. (2008), The Right to the City. New Left Review Nr.53, p. 23-40. > Makrygianni, V., Tsavdaroglou, Ch. (2013), „The right to the city” in Athens during a crisis era. Between inversion, assimilation and going beyond. > Escafré-Dublet, A., Lelévrier, C., Tenfiche, S. (2014), Divercities: Assessment of Urban Policies in Paris, France. Lab’Urba, University Paris Est, Créteil. [online available] > Maloutas T., Souliotis N., Alexandri G., Kandylis G., M. Petrou (2013), Divercities: Assessment of Urban Policies in Athens, Greece. Greece: EKKE. [online available] > Alexandri, G. (2016), Diversity in the context of crisis in Athens’ city centre, Greece: EKKE. [draft version] > Arapoglou, V., Maloutas, Th. (2011), Segregation, Inequality and Marginality - in context: the case of Athens, The Greek Review of Social Research. p.

135-155.

1:40.000

pull: peace, wealth _from Asian/ African unrest countries

Street revolts

new-organisation of spartial governmental structure and policies according to EU conditions

>> increasing political partizipation of migrant representative organisations

Definitions, Self-organization Positions and Formats

Do We Have A Name For Them?

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

Tomasz (EU/Schengen Area)

Tomasz is Pole. Poles are currently the largest migrant group in Norway. Poland joined the European Union in 2004, which enabled the free movement of labour and triggered a significant migrant flow from Poland to Norway and other European countries.

The Pole arriving in Norway is most likely a skilled worker in the construction or manufacturing sector. An unstable labour market and rather poor employment opportunities in Poland combined with cheap flights, a straightforward migration process, efficient communication technology, and much higher wages in Norway are the key motivations for Polish labour migration. For example, in Norway a construction worker earns about eight times more than in Poland.

Definitions, positions and formats are explored through four different scenarios of migration; regular work related migration within, and from outside the Shengen/EEA area, successful asylum application that grants a residence permit in Norway, and a rejected asylum application that leads to an irregular situation.

The four different situations are demonstrated with fictional but conceivable stories of four individuals from different countries.

Ao (non-EU/non-Schengen Area)

The goal is to highlight the different motives and backgrounds for migration and the processes different migrants are going through, and to eventually try to gain an understanding of the situations these migrants are living in. Particular attention is paid to what kinds of needs migrants face within their migration routes and processes, what kind of responses there are to those needs, and what are the spaces where these needs are provided for.

Ao is a Ph.D students from China. Many of the Chinese migrants arriving in Europe and Norway are educated professionals who are rather affluent and have access to information about opportunities and requirements in different countries, and therefore have the ability to migrate. The key motivation for migration is often to improve one's living standards by integrating in a European society where, for example, healthcare and other social services are seen to be of better standards.

The persons representing the different migrant groups are a Polish and a Chinese labour migrant, a Syrian refugee who is granted asylum in Norway, and a Somalian refugee who becomes a so called 'paperless' by not leaving Norway after a rejected asylum application. The different stages of the migration processes are presented in intercomparable diagrams. The legal and formal processes are presented on a timeline that is linked to a diagram of needs and responses, and to a map of geographical movement. On the timeline there are also drawings of the spaces where different needs are communicated and responded to. The individual situations can then be linked to a diagram representing the relationships between different definitions and positions of migrants.

Sahir (granted for asylum)

Sahir is an asylum seeker from Syria. In 2011 protests in Syria inspired by the Arab Spring led to a civil war that has continued since. The conflict between the Syrian government and rebel groups has developed into a complex crisis also involving radical islamists (ISIS) and different ethnic groups in the area, as well as foreign nations. The situation has caused a large flow of Syrian refugees towards Europe, many of them aiming towards Scandinavia and northern Europe.

One important aspect is also to emphasize the diversity of types of migration and the different definitions used. For example, in the media migrants are often depicted as a single group even though the motivations and processes vary greatly between individuals depending on their situation as either regular or irregular, or forced or voluntary migration.

Absimil (denied for asylum)

Absimil is an asylum seeker from Somalia. The Somalian state disintegrated after a civil war in 1991. The power in different parts of the country is now held by a provisional government in conflict with different ethnic and religious groups and self-declared autonomous regions. Somalia is among the poorest and most insecure countries in the world. The ongoing chaos and anarchy has led to a large flow of refugees seeking protection in the neighbouring African countries such as Kenya. However, the lack of opportunities or assistance also motivate people to attempt to travel further and seek asylum in Europe.

TOMASZ

Statistics (spring 2016): Immigrants in Norway 698 550 Polish: 97 700 Somalis: 28 300 Syrians: 9700 Chinese: 8350 Irregulars: approx. 15 000

AO

Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2

identity, how people see themselves formal status definitions biased labels

TOMASZ

AO

Border Crossing Master Studio

Definitions, Self-organization Positions and Formats

50

66° 33'

CITIZENSHIP

40°

CITIZENSHIP

CITIZENSHIP

WEED

CITIZENSHIP

ABSIMIL

SAHIR

0°

Different definitions of migrants used in different contexts and for different purposes. identity, how people see themselves formal status

SAHIR

ABSIMIL

definitions biased labels

CITIZENSHIP

refugees asylees displaced persons

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

VOLUNTARY

Definitions, Positions and Formats

FORCED

Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2

REFUGEE STATUS

OFFICIAL IMMIGRATION

adoptive citizen naturalized citizen migrants

aliens immigrants expats expatriates new inhabitants long-term short-term

circular migrants international students foreigners foreign workers economic migrants

TOURIS

PILGRI

skilled economic migrants low-skilled economic migrants

MIGRATION

NOMA STATELESS

outsiders newcome visitors

refugees asylees clandestines uprooted people displaced persons asylum-seekers

MIXED MIGRATION MIXED FLOWS MIXED MOVEMENTS

slaves victims

IRREGULAR IMMIGRATION

of human trafficking

foreign workers irregular migrants dreamers

searching for

human smuggler

ILLEGAL SITUATION

Diagram describing different definitions of migrants and migr status/position associated with those definitions and the relat different positions.

Border Crossing Master Studio

Definitions, Positions and Formats

52

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

BANK

Residence card LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TRAINIG

EDUCATION

RESIDENCE PERMIT

TAX OFFICE

Photo and fingerprint taken

renew the residence permit annually applying for permanent residence permitafter 3 years applying for citizenship after 7 years

CITIZENSHIP

Most people from EU/Schengen area will keep their original citizenship but commute permanently between their own state to another.

FULL ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN NORWAY

HEALTHCARE

CITIZENSHIP

OFFICIAL IMMIGRATION

much cheaper ease of communication

PRIVATE DOCTORS IN POLAND

IMMIGRA

IRREGULAR IMMIGRATION

language barrier, unfamiliarity with the Norwegian system

assistance in preparing necessary papers/formalities information on welfare benefits language training help in finding accomodation and job

WORK COMMUNITY

JOB PLACEMENT COMPANIES (E.G. ADECCO)

i

nfo

TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES

POLISH COMMUNITY IN NO CHURCH

i

nfo

TOMASZ

SOCIAL NEEDS

dicision to migrate

POLAND

NORWAY Within 3 months Get an ID number and tax deduction number

Border Crossing File 1–2

Bergen School of Architecture 2016

NORWAY

CHINA

WORK

long-term contract SOCIAL INCLUSION

ATION OFFICE

N

Definitions, Positions and Formats

ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOL

SOCIAL NEEDS

CHINESE ALIEN IN NORWAY

HOUSING

MONEY

INTRODUCTION OF SCHOOL

MONEY

DIGITAL RESOURCES/ SOCIAL MEDIA RESIDENCE PERMIT

i

i

nfo

OFFICIAL WEBSITE

nfo

INTERNATIONAL NEWS CHANNELS/PUBLICATIONS

WEBSITE OF UDI

online registeration printed documentation/visa application

HEALTHCARE

TRAVEL AGENCY

applying passport handing in the application buying airplane ticket

dicision to migrate

AO Norwegian embassy in Beijing ID, passport, job offer in Norway

long-term short-term

TOURISM

Before Ao give up his citizenship in China, he can’t have it in Norway and still protected by his original state.

CITIZENSHIP

N

Y

ORWAY

Diagrams representing the migration processes of different groups of people. On the bottom of each diagram there is a series of images depicting different stages of the migration routes and the spaces one passes through on his/her journey. The diagrams above that timeline describe the different needs migrants have (white boxes) and what are the responses to those needs (black boxes), and how they relate to each other.

reading direction

CITIZENSHIP

Border Crossing Master Studio

Definitions, Positions and Formats

54

SYRIA

NORWAY

SAHIR

HEALTHCARE INTERNNTIONAL NEWS CHANNELS

DIGITAL RESOURCES/ SOCIAL MEDIA

PEOPLE BACK HOME

OFFICIAL INFORMATION

SHELTER officials not willing to facilitate attempts to seek asylum

FOOD

NORWEGIAN ORGANIZATION FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS(NOAS)

NATIONAL NETWORK/ PEOPLE MET DURING JOURNEY

i

nfo

TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES

POLICE OFFICE

RECEPTION CENTRE

Photo and fingerprint taken HUMAN SMUGGLER

UDI

dicision to migrate

Tuberculosis test Interview with UDI

Before they register with police, they are all so-call irregular migrant for the destination country.

Because of some reasons, they don’t have protection from their original countries. in a nother words they are stateless people.

The period time for UDI to exam their document and grant the status costs 3 to 15 mounths.

Sweden Denmark Germany Austria Hungary Macedonia Greece Turkey

ILLEGAL SITUATION

IRREGULAR MIGRATION

STATE

They might have the same process applying for the refugee status, or directly skip the process to register their identity.

They won’t have any legal protection from both their original state and Norway. And they have to hide from police or any public organ.

dicision to mig

fear and lack of sleep inactivity avoid public spaces and public transport Red Cross Church City Mission Children without residence have a right to attend primary and lower secondary school.

For people over 18 entry to attempts to seek asylum system is almost impossible. support and recognition existential meaning purpose and sense of community

PEOPLE’S GOOD WILL

no ID number = no access to public health services or welfare support

LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICE

MENTAL HEALTH

HEALTH CENTRE FOR UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS

HEALTHCARE

SHELTER

HOUSING

SHELTER

connection often lost after getting irregular status

F

NATIONAL NETW PEOPLE MET DURING

mainingful activity live with friends EDUCATION

WORK

MONEY

NATIONAL NETWORK/ PEOPLE MET DURING JOURNEY

TRANSNATIONAL COM

i

nfo

HUMAN SMUGG

informal or directly illegal RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES

Move to another receptioncentre or live independently Work permit up to 6 months MONEY

Photo and fingerpri

SOCIAL NEEDS

WORK

POLICE OFFIC

MOBILE PLATFORMS

NORWEGIAN ORGAN FOR ASYLUM SEEKER

NORMAL ACCOMMODATION FROM RECEPTION CENTRE

RECEPTION CEN THE PLACE YOU CAME FROM

repatriation

UDI

HOUSING

LIVE INDEPENDENTLY often with friends/family

Tuberculosis test Interview with UDI

UDI

HOST MUNICIPALITIES private pre-arranged housing

Voluntary return: assisted and paid for by IOM Forced return: escorted by police

FULL ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN NORWAY

HEALTHCARE

interpreter available

Denial of refugee status similar process for all asylum seekers

NORWAY

SO

Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2

Definitions, Positions and Formats

SOCIAL NEEDS

FULL ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN NORWAY interpreter available HOST MUNICIPALITIES private pre-arranged housing LIVE INDEPENDENTLY often with friends/family

i

HOUSING

NORMAL ACCOMMODATION FROM RECEPTION CENTRE

meaningful activity, collaboration in society

WORK

MONTHLY FINANCES

Every three years, the people have to renew their recident permit.

OMALIA

ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION

LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TRAINIG

Move to a municipality Learn norwegian language and culture Become economically independent

CITIZENSHIP

LIMITATIONS

ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY Wi-Fi access Phone charging Devices and SIM-cards DIGITAL DIVIDE Inequal access to internet Internet penetration between countries Limited skills/education NOT REGULATED OR POLICED Risk of abusement or false information

i

DIGITAL RESOURCES/ SOCIAL MEDIA

INTERNNTIONAL NEWS CHANNELS

OFFICIAL INFORMATION

PEOPLE BACK HOME

nfo

officials not willing to facilitate attempts to seek asylum

CE

NTRE

EDUCATION

After the 3 years, they can apply for permanent resident permit. And after 7 years stay in Norway and have certain language and social knowladge, they can/might apply and gain the citizenship of Norway.

REFUGEE STATUS

WORK/ G JOURNEY

NIZATION RS(NOAS)

School of Architecture 2016

Move to another receptioncentre or live independently Work permit up to 6 months

FOOD

int taken

MONEY

MOBILE PLATFORMS

nfo

grate

GLER

SOCIAL INCLUSION

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

ELESS

MMUNITIES

similar ethnic group/minorities placed together

Bergen ROLE OF CITIES

INCLUSIVE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Pricing and availability of public transport Location and accessibility of employment Management of schools Management of police services Economic development that benefits a range of social groups Enforcement of employment codes, commercial regulations and by-laws Garbage removal Licensing street vendors and public market places Pricing and servicing industrial land

ABSIMIL

Sweden Denmark Germany Austria Hungary Macedonia Greece Libya Sudan South Sudan Uganda Kenya 16 MONTHS

Border Crossing Master Studio

Definitions, Positions and Formats

56