Revista Diseño 8 - Rubén Hernández

Comunity Desing

It was a lonely flower, a joyful butterfly you landed there; then the pollen of another more fragrant flower called, and the butterfly flew

The Art let’s know the origin of art

Designers Carolina Herrera Vera Wang Ralph Lauren Giorgio Armani

Famous Artists Pablo Picasso Vincent Van Gogh Frida Kahlo Leonardo Da Vinci

The Era of Design

12$ 05/2021

let’s cultivate the seed of creativity

The Art of 2021 The extraordinary evolution of art until today

History

Artists

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The Art

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CONTENTS 4

3

History

Editorial / Credits

The beginnings of art

18 The Art the most viewedworks worldwide

10 Artists Meet the most recognized and ingenious artists

24

Design let’s be creative

14

Designers Vera Wang / Carolina Herrera

Editorial

s t i d e Cr Editor Dr. Juan Miguel González Velasco

We are pleased to present the fourth issue of the Revista Integra Educativa, of the International Institute of Educational Research for the Integration of the Andrés Bello Agreement. The central theme is Pedagogy and Critical Didactics, of great relevance for all countries in Latin American and Caribbean educational transformation processes.

The world places new demands on Teaching Practice and in many cases, there is disagreement with the results of teaching and student learning. One of the questions that needs to be resolved lies in achieving a Critical Pedagogy and Didactics that gives answers to the educational and social needs in our countries.

Various investigations affirm that in today’s school, negative elements of “traditional teaching” persist, manifested in teachers who emphasize the transmission and reproduction of knowledge. They monopolize the activity anticipating the students’ reasoning, without promoting reflection and communication. They deal with the content without reaching the features of the essence and it is often decontextualized from reality, which does not allow a true practical application. The evaluation controls according to the result, not the process that involves arriving at knowledge or skill.

In my opinion, one of the causes of what has been expressed so far, lies in the insufficient theoretical systematization in Pedagogy and Didactics, which unleashes that teachers are not always offered a theoretical-methodological position that guides them in their daily work . In some educational systems, foreign theories are uncritically imported, without taking into account the educational reality itself, that is, without contextualizing it. This practice affects, for example, that in Latin America there is not yet a true didactic conception, elaborated from the wise experiences of Latin American.

Managing Director Daniel Eduardo H.

Editorial Board Fender Gomez Maikel fernandez Breiker Villanueva

Editors Grecia Becerra Gisela mendoza Angy Barrios Angelica flower

Collaborators Moises gomes Alfaro Rodriguez Jessimar sanchez Octavio Azuaje Ruben Dario Kimberly dariana Hector Barrios

Art director Ruben Hernandez

Graphic Design and Layout Ruben Hernandez

Sales and Advertising Luis Olivares

Photography Alan Delgado The content of the articles is the responsibility of the authors.

Reproduction is allowed if source is quoted.

All published articles are submitted to arbitration.

Contributions are accepted in accordance with the magazine’s policies.

Send contributions to: www.RapidGraphic@Diseñográfica.com

3

History o

Over time art has been classified in very different ways The history of art is the story of the evolution of art through time.

Throughout time art has been classified in very different ways, from the medieval distinction between liberal arts and vulgar (or “mechanical”) arts, through the modern

Understood as any activity or product carried out by the

distinction between fine arts and minor or applied arts, to

human being for aesthetic or communicative purposes,

contemporary multiplicity.

through which ideas, emotions or, in general, a vision of the world are expressed, using various resources, such as

which understands as art almost any manifestation of the

plastic, linguistic, sound or mixed.

creativity of the human being.

The historiography of art, as an academic discipline and

The successive expansion of the list of the «main arts» rea-

institutional environment (museums, art market, univer-

ched the number of nine in the 20th century: architecture,

sity departments, editorial productions) is usually res-

dance, sculpture, music, painting, poetry broadly unders-

tricted to the so-called visual or plastic arts (essentially

tood as literature with aesthetic intent, which includes the

painting, sculpture and architecture), while other arts are

different genres of theater and narrative, cinematography,

more specifically object of study of other clearly delimited

photography, and comic strips (or comics).

disciplines, such as the history of literature or the history of music, all of them being the object of attention for the

To the conceptual overlap of terms between plastic arts

so-called history of culture or cultural history, together

and visual arts were added those of design and graphic arts.

with the sectoral histories focused on other manifestations of the thought, such as the history of science, the history

In addition to ancient forms of artistic expression such as

of philosophy, or the history of religions. Some fields of

fashion and gastronomy, new expressive vehicles such as

knowledge closely related to the history of art are aesthetics

advertising, animation, television and video games are now

and art theory.

often considered arts.

The historiography of art is a multidisciplinary science, seeking an objective examination of art through history, classifying cultures, establishing periodizations, and observing their distinctive characteristics and influences.

The study of the History of Art was initially developed in the Renaissance, with its object limited to the artistic production of Western civilization.

However, over time a broader vision of artistic history has been imposed, attempting a global descrip tion of the art of all civilizations and the analysis of their artistic productions in

f the Art terms of their own cultural values (cultural ​​ relativism), and not only of those in the history of western art.

Art today enjoys a wide network of study, dissemination and conservation of all the artistic legacy produced by humanity throughout its history.

During the 20th century public and private institutions, foundations, museums and galleries have proliferated, dedicated to the analysis and cataloging of works of art, as well as their exposure to a majority public.

The rise of the media has been fundamental for the better study and dissemination of art.

International events and exhibitions, such as the Venice and São Paulo biennials or the Documenta de Kassel have helped to promote new styles and trend Awards such as the Turner; Prize for the Arts, the UNESCO Picasso Medal, the Velázquez Prize for Plastic Arts, the Pritzker Prize for Architecture, the Nobel Prize for Literature, the Mozart Medal of the Unesco of classical music, the Pulitzer of photography and the Oscars of cinema also promote the work of the best creators at the international level.

Institutions such as UNESCO with the establishment of a World Heritage Site also help to conserve the main monuments of the planet.

Prehistoric art is that developed by primitive human beings from the Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic to the Metal Age periods where the first manifestations that can be considered as artistic.

During the Paleolithic (25,000-8,000 BC), human beings sinly upported themselves by hunting and gathering and lived in caves, in some of which they developed the so-called cave painting. After a period of transition (Mesolithic, 8000-6000 BC), in the Neolithic (6000-3000 BC) the human being became sedentary and dedicated himself to agriculture, with increasingly complex societies where it was religion gaining importance, and the production of handicrafts began.

Finally, in the so-called Metal Age (3000-1000 BC), the first proto-historic civilizations emerged.

The first artistic manifestations come from Homo neanderthalensis, about 65,000 years ago, as confirmed by the remains found in the caves of Maltravieso (Cáceres), Ardales (Málaga) and La Pasiega (Cantabria).

Even so, the Most of the first artistic finds are from the Upper Palaeolithic and already belong to Homo sapiens, around 25,000 BC. C., having its apogee in the Magdalenian period (± 15 000-8000 a. C.).

The earliest traces of man-made objects appear in southern Africa, the western Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe (Adriatic Sea), Siberia (Lake Baikal), India, and Australia. These first vestiges are generally worked stone utensils (flint, obsidian), or bone or wood, for the painting they used iron oxide red, manganese oxide black and clay ocher, Its main expressive medium was rock painting.

History 5

Megalithic compl The architecture is characterized by its monumentality with the use of stone

The last prehistoric phase is the so-called Metal Age, since the use of elements such as copper, bronze and iron

The pottery was polychrome, with geometric decorations and applications of metallic ornaments.

supposed a great material transformation for these ancient societies. In the so-called Chalcolithic, megalithic arose,

La Tène developed between the 5th century BC. C.

funerary monuments in stone, highlighting the dolmen and

and 1st century BC. C., linked to the Celtic culture.

the menhir, or the English cromlech, as in the magnificent set of Stonehenge.

It stood out for its iron objects (swords, spears, shields, fibulae), with various stages of evolution

In Spain, the Los Millares culture was formed, characteri-

(La Tène I, II and III).

zed by bell-shaped pottery and human representations of schematic figures with large eyes.

which at the end of this era received Greek, Etruscan and steppe art influences, this is the name given to the

In Malta the group of temples of Mudajdra, Tarxien and

artistic creations of the first stage of history, which began

Ggantija stood out. In the Balearic Islands a remarka-

with the invention of writing, highlighting the great civili-

ble megalithic culture developed, with different types of

zations of the Near East: Egypt and Mesopotamia.

monuments: the naveta, a tomb in the shape of a truncated pyramid, with an elongated burial chamber; the taula, two

It would also encompass the first artistic manifestations of

large stones placed one vertical and the other horizontally

the majority of peoples and civilizations on all continents.

on top; and the talayot, a tower with a chamber covered with a false dome.

In the Iron Age, the Hallstatt (Austria) and La Tène (Switzerland) cultures stood out.

The first occurred between the eighth century BC. C. and V century a. C., characterized by necropolises with tumulus tombs, with a wooden burial chamber in the shape of a house, often accompanied by a four-wheeled cart.

lex of Stonehenge At this time the first great cities appeared, mainly in four areas delimited by great rivers: the Nile, the Tigris and the

The tomb used to be a corridor, with a chamber covered with a false dome, as some examples found in Ur.

Euphrates, the Indus and the Yellow River.

The palaces also stood out, walled complexes with a system One of the great advances at this time was the invention

of terraces in the manner of a ziggurat, giving great im-

of writing, generated in the first place by the need to keep

portance to the landscaped areas (the hanging gardens of

records of an economic and commercial nature.

Babylon are one of the seven wonders of the ancient world).

The first written code was the cuneiform script, which

The sculpture was developed in free carving or relief, in re-

emerged in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. C., practiced

ligious or hunting and military scenes, with the presence of

on clay tablets.

human figures and real or mythological animals.

It was based on pictographic and ideographic elements,

In Sumerian times there were small statues of angular

while later the Sumerians developed a syllabic annex for

shaples, with colored stone or pasta in the eyes, in figures

their writing, reflecting the phonology and syntax of the

without hair, with their hands on their chests.

spoken Sumerian.

In the Akkadian period they are figures with hair and long Hieroglyphic writing developed in Egypt, with a first sam-

beards, highlighting the Naram-Sin stele.

ple in the Narmer Palette (3100 BC), The Hebrew language was one of the first to use the alphabet as a method of

From the Amorite (or Neo-Sumerian) stage, the represen-

writing (abyad, around 1800 BC), which relates a single

tations of King Gudea of ​​Lagash stand out, with a cloak and

symbol to each phoneme; from here derive the Greek and

turban and his hands on his chest.

Latin alphabets.

In the Babylonian domain it is worth mentioning the faMesopotamian art developed in the area between the

mous stele of Hammurabi.

Tigris and Euphrates rivers (current Syria and Iraq), where since the IV millennium BC. C. diverse cultures followed

Of the Assyrian sculpture the anthropomorphic figures of

one another such as the Sumerians, Acadians, Amorites,

bulls or winged geniuses stand out, which flanked the doors

Assyrians, Chaldeans, etc.

of the palaces, as well as the reliefs with scenes of war or hunting, such as the black Obelisk of Shalmanasar III.

The architecture is characterized by the use of brick, with a

With the appearance of writing, literature emerged as a

lintel system and the introduction of construction elements

means of expressing human creativity.

such as the arch and the vault.

In Sumerian literature, the Poem of Gilgamesh stands out, The ziggurats stand out, large pyramidal stepped temples of

from the seventeenth century BC.

which practically no traces have survived, except for some foundations.

History 7

Egypt In Egypt, one of the first great civilizations arose, with

In Egypt arose one of the first great civilizations, with elaborate and complex works of art

Pharaohs and gods began to be represented in Egyptian

elaborate and complex works of art that already imply

sculpture in the first dynasties, reaching absolute mastery

a professional specialization on the part of the artist /

of the technique during the IV Dynasty in elegant represen-

craftsman. His art was intensely religious and symbolic,

tations of majestic bearing with polished finishes in mate-

with a strongly centralized and hierarchical political power,

rials as hard as granite or diorite.

giving great relevance to the religious concept of immortality, mainly of the pharaoh, note 1 for which works of great

The law of frontality and hieraticism predominated, with

monumentality are built.

forms tending to geometrization, given their symbolic character as manifestations of afterlife.

Begun around 3000 BC. C., Egyptian art lasted until the conquest of Alexander the Great, although its influence

Also noteworthy are the ushabti, small figurines of baked

persisted in Coptic and Byzantine art.

earth or wood, more realistic than the funerary sculpture, representing everyday scenes.

The architecture is characterized by its monumentality with the use of stone, in large blocks, with a lintel construc-

The painting is characterized mainly by presenting juxta-

tion system and solid columns.

posed figures on superimposed planes.

The funerary monuments stand out, with three main types:

The images were represented with hierarchical criteria, for

the mastaba, a rectangular tomb; the pyramid, which can

example: the pharaoh has a larger size than the subjects or

be stepped (Saqqarah) or smooth-sided (Gizeh); and the

enemies that are next to him.

hypogea, tombs dug into the ground or in cliff walls (Valley of the Kings).

The profile canon predominated, which consisted of representing the head and limbs in profile but the shoulders and

The other great building is the temple, monumental ensem-

eyes in front. Applied arts developed notably in Egypt, es-

bles preceded by an avenue of sphinxes and two obelisks,

pecially cabinetmaking and goldsmithing, with magnificent

an access with two pylons or trapezoidal walls, a hyper-pa-

examples such as the cedar furniture with ebony and ivory

tio, a hypostyle room and the sanctuary.

inlays from the tombs of Yuya and Tuyu (Egyptian Museum in Cairo), or the pieces found in Tutankamon’s tomb,

The temples of Karnak, Luxor, Philae and Edfu stand out.

of great artistic quality, egyptian literature was the first to

Another type of temple is the speos, in the form of a hypo-

develop a literary format as we know it today:

geum, as in Abu Simbel and Deir el-Bahari.

Sculpture and painting show representations figuratively, generally with great rigidity and schematization.

African art has always had and marked magical - religious B.C character, destined to ceremonies

Africa

The book, One of its best manifestations is the Story of

Most of his works are made of wood, stone or ivory, in

Sinuhé, a servant of Sesostris I, whose story dates from the

masks and freestanding figures of a more or less anthro-

mid-20th century to, later it emphasizes the Book of the

pomorphic character, with a typical canon of a large head,

dead, written in the Papyrus of Ani, dated towards the XIII.

straight trunk and short limbs.

Egyptian music was mainly religious, with a great protago-

Ceramics, jewelry and textiles were also produced, as well

nism of vocal singing, developing an annual cycle of festivi-

as metallurgical objects - iron was known since the 6th

ties, each one of which had its corresponding music - a fact

century BC.C. The first production of some relevance was

that passed into the Jewish and Christian liturgy.

the Nok culture, in the 1st millennium BC. C., located in the north of present Nigeria.

His instruments included the sistrum, the ser (tambourine), the ben (harp), the seba (flute), the sneb (trumpet), and the met (clarinet).

Apparently they also had a type of hydraulic organ, and two silver trumpets were found in Tutankhamun’s tomb.

In an evolution parallel to that of the European Neolithic peoples, the ancient hunter-gatherers began in agriculture around the 7th millennium BC. C. —especially corn—, emerging the first societies in the highlands of Mexico, where the predominance of a priestly caste is observed, with great knowledge in mathematics and astronomy. The first artistic finds are from around 1300 BC. In Xochipala (Guerrero state), where some very lively clay figurines were found.

The first great Mesoamerican civilization was the Olmec, located in a space that currently corresponds to the provinces of Veracruz and Tabasco, where the stone sculptures of great naturalism (Luchador, found in Santa María Uxpanapán), or the colossal monolithic heads of up to 3.5 meters high. The Zapotecs, established in Oaxaca, built the magnificent complex of the City of Temples, on Monte Alban.

In North America, the Hohokam, Mogollón and Anasazi cultures stood out; African art has always had a marked magical-religious character, destined more for rites and ceremonies of the various African animist and polytheistic beliefs than for aesthetic purposes, although there are also ornamental productions.

PABLO PICASSO He was a Spanish painter and sculptor, creator, along with Georges Braque, of Cubism.

He is considered from the genesis of the 20th century as one of the greatest painters who participated in the various artistic movements that spread throughout the world and exerted a great influence on other great artists of his time.

His works are present in museums and collections throughout Europe and the world.

In addition, he dealt with other genres such as drawing, engraving, book illustration, sculpture, ceramics, and set and costume design for theatrical productions.

He also has a short literary work.

Politically, Picasso declared himself a pacifist and a communist. He was a member of the Communist Party of Spain and the French Communist Party until his death, 2 on April 8, 1973 at the age of ninety-one, in his house called “NotreDame-de-Vie” 3 4 From the French town of Mougins.

He is buried in the park of the castle of Vauvenargues (Bouches-du-Rhone).

Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso (according to his birth certificate) or Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Crispiniano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (according to his baptism certificate) , 6th was the first child of José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso López. He was born on October 25, 1881 in Malaga (Spain), into a bourgeois family.

Picasso had two sisters, Dolores (1884-1958) and Concepción (1887-1895).

His maternal great-grandfather, Tommaso Picasso (born 1787), was originally from the town of Sori in Genoa, Italy, and moved to Spain around 1807.

It is known from his father that he wanted to be an artist and was a drawing professor at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Telmo.

Mont Sainte-Victoire

10

VINCENT VAN GOGH He was a Dutch painter, one of the main exponents of Post-Impressionism.

He painted about 900 paintings (including 43 self-portraits and 148 watercolors) and made more than 1600 drawings.

A central figure in his life was his younger brother Theo, an art dealer in Paris, who provided him with continuous and selfless financial support.

The great friendship between them is documented in the numerous letters that were exchanged since August 1872.

Of the 800 letters that are preserved from the painter, about 650 were for Theo; the others are correspondence with friends and family.

From a young age he had a penchant for drawing. His first job was in an art gallery.

He later became a Protestant pastor and in 1879, at the age of twenty-six, he went as a missionary to a mining region in Belgium, where he began to draw people from the local community.

In 1885 he painted his first great work, The Potato Eaters.

At that time his palette was mainly made up of dark and earthy tones.

The light and the preference for bright colors for which he is known emerged later, when he moved to the south of France, achieving its fullness during his stay in Arles in 1888.

The quality of his work was recognized only after his death, in a retrospective exhibition in 1890, being considered today one of the great masters in the history of painting. He greatly influenced twentieth-century art, especially among German Expressionists and Fauvists such as Matisse, Derain, Vlaminck, and Kees Van Dongen.3 4 He died at the age of thirty-seven from a gunshot wound; It is not yet known for sure whether it was a suicide or manslaughter.

Although there is a general tendency to speculate that his mental illness influenced his painting, the art critic Robert Hughes believes that the artist’s works are executed under complete control; in fact, the painter never worked during the periods when he was ill, was born on March 30, 1853.

The Starry Night Artists 11

FRIDA KAHLO Known worldwide as Frida Kahlo, she was a Mexican painter recognized as a pop icon of Mexican culture.

She was the author of 150 works, mainly self-portraits, in which she projected her difficulties to survive.

Her life was marked by the misfortune of suffering a serious accident in her youth that kept her bedridden for long periods, undergoing up to 32 surgical operations. her husband, the painter Diego Rivera, influenced each other, Both shared a taste for Mexican folk art with indigenous roots, inspiring other Mexican painters of the post-revolutionary period.

In 1939 she exhibited her paintings in France thanks to an invitation from André Breton, who tried to convince her that they were “surrealists”, although Kahlo said that this trend did not correspond to her art since she did not paint dreams but her own life.

One of the works in this exhibition (Self-Portrait-The Frame, which is currently in the Pompidou Center) became the first painting by a Mexican artist to be acquired by the Louvre Museum.

Until then, Frida Kahlo had painted only privately and she herself found it difficult to admit that her work could have a general interest.

Although he enjoyed the admiration of prominent painters and intellectuals of his time such as Pablo Picasso, Vasili Kandinski, André Breton, Marcel Duchamp, Tina Modotti and Concha Michel, his work achieved fame and true international recognition after his death, especially at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s by collectors such as singer.

She was the third daughter of the photographer Guillermo Kahlo, a German nationalized Mexican immigrant, and of Matilde Calderón, a Mexican.

Her two older sisters were Matilde (born 1899) and Adriana (born 1902); after them his only brother was born, Guillermo (born in 1906 and who survived only a few days).

Frida was born in July 1907 and only eleven months later, in June 1908, her younger sister, Cristina.

12

The Embrace of the Love of the Universe

LEONARDO DA VINCI He was a Florentine polymath of the Italian Renaissance, he was simultaneously a painter, anatomist, architect, paleontologist, 3 artist, botanist, scientist, writer, sculptor, philosopher, engineer, inventor, musician, poet, and urban planner; He died accompanied by Francesco Melzi, to whom he bequeathed his projects, designs and paintings.

After spending his childhood in his hometown, Leonardo studied with the Florentine painter Andrea de Verrocchio.

His first major works were created in Milan in the service of Duke Ludovico Sforza.

He then worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, and spent his last years in France, at the invitation of King Francis I. Frequently described as an archetype and symbol of Renaissance man, universal genius, as well as a humanist philosopher whose infinite curiosity can only be equated to his inventive capacity, Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the greatest painters of all time and, probably the most talented person in multiple disciplines ever.

As an engineer and inventor, Leonardo developed ideas far ahead of his time, such as the helicopter, the tank, the submarine, and the automobile.

Very few of his projects were ever built (including the machine to measure the elastic limit of a cable) since most were not feasible at that time.

As a scientist, Leonardo da Vinci made much progress in the knowledge in the areas of anatomy, civil engineering, optics and hydrodynamics.

Its most famous historical association is painting. Two of his best known works, The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, have been copied and parodied on several occasions, as has his drawing of the Vitruvian Man. However, only about 20 of his works are known, mainly due to his repeated (and sometimes disastrous) experiments with new techniques and his chronic inconstancy.

This small number of creations, together with his notebooks with drawings, scientific diagrams and reflections on the nature of painting, constitute a legacy for successive generations of artists.

The Mona Lisa Artists 13

Carolina Herrera Better known as Carolina Herrera, she is a worldrenowned Venezuelan fashion designer who founded her own fashion house in 1981.

She is a marquise consort of Torre Casa by her marriage until the revocation of the title in 1992 Herrera is considered the Hispanic fashion designer most recognized in the worldwide.

María Carolina Josefina Pacanis Niño, daughter of Commander Guillermo Pacanis Acevedo, aviator and governor of Caracas between 1950 and 1958, and María Cristina Niño Passios, has three sisters.

He was born into a wealthy family in Venezuela, used to parties and galas; At thirteen, her grandmother took her to a Balenciaga show, she married the Vene- zuelan Guillermo Behrens Tello at the age of eighteen, and had with him her first.

Designers 14

Ana Luisa and Mercedes; After her divorce, in 1969 she married the Venezuelan aristocrat Reinaldo Herrera, editor of Vanity Fair magazine, with whom she had two other daughters, Carolina Adriana and Patricia Cristina and from whom she took her surname; In 1971, at the age of 32, she was already on the list of the best dressed women in allt he worldwide.

She worked as a publicist for Emilio Pucci in 1965 at his boutique in Caracas, Carolina Adriana, the third of his four daughters, is his closest collaborator and has been the image of several of his perfumesBy 2009 Herrera became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

At age 42, she decided to venture into the world of international fashion, thus becoming an internationally recognized fashion designer, her first show was held.

His success was such that in 1982 he was already dressing Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia, the Duchess of Feria, Countess Consuelo Crespi, Queen Elizabeth II.

The invisible accessory is a perfume

Is an American fashion designer and entrepreneur known for his international textile conglomerate Ralph Lauren Corporation. In 2018, Forbes magazine ranked him among the 100 richest Americans, at 71.

He was born into a well-off Jewish family, he studied economics at City College (Manhattan), but shortly after graduating withdrew from his studies.

He worked for a time as a glove salesman and for a tie maker, where he was inspired to design his own line. In 1967, at age 28, he opened his first tie shop and a year later introduced a full line for men; Starting in 1971, it also introduced women’s garments.

She designs for all ages and also has a home line. Today it is considered one of the most prestigious and exclusive firms in the world and with the international presence.

Ralph Lauren

I don’t design clothes, I design dreams

Designers 15

GIORGIO ARMANI Is a fashion designer and businessman of Italian

Their garments are comfortable, usually with straight

origin; Mainly known for its menswear, He formed his

lines and rather sober, although they are made from

own company in 1974 and 37 years later Forbes magazi-

select materials.

ne named him the most commercially successful Italian designer, estimating his fortune at $ 9.8 billion.

His collections for women focus on a rather androgynous aesthetic, they do not emphasize the forms and

Admired and promoted by different film actors and va-

rather seek a stylization enhancing the verticality.

rious musicians, Armani has diversified its production with perfumery and other accessories in what is known

It does not abuse the color, although it includes occasio-

as the Emporio Armani.

nal applications of rhinestones and metallic threads.

Although his first hobby was photography, Giorgio

Armani is a very private person, but he has publicly

Armani studied Medicine at the University of Milan for

identified himself as bisexual; He had a long relations-

three years, but then went to do military service in 1957,

hip with his business partner, architect Sergio Galeotti,

he began working in the La Rinascente department store

who died of a heart attack in 1985.

as a shop window designer.

Armani is also a fan of the Inter Milan football club.

Between the nine years that separate 1961 and 1970, he

basketball EA7 Emporio Armani Olimpia Milano.

was a designer at Nino Cerruti and, after leaving this firm, he decided to open his own.

Just four years later, together with his partner Sergio Galeotti, he founded the Armani society, initially dedicated to men’s fashion and a year later also to women’s fashion, coinciding with the arrival of his sister Rosanna to the company.

Galeotti died of AIDS eleven years after its foundation, Giorgio Armani is a sagacious businessman, skilled at modulating creativity and fantasy according to the new needs of modern life.

Their garments are comfortable, usually with straight lines and rather sober, although they are made from select materials.

His collections for women focus on a rather androgynous aesthetic, they do not highlight the forms and rather seek a stylization enhancing the verticality; It does not abuse the color, although it includes occasio- nal applications of rhinestones and metallic threads.

Giorgio Armani is a sagacious businessman, skilled at modulating creativity and fantasy according to the new needs of modern life.

16

No one should live a prisoner in clothes

VERA WANG Is an American fashion designer. It gained worldwide recognition for its collection of wedding dresses.

Wang was the editor of the fashion magazine Vogue for 16 years; In 1985, she retired from Vogue after being rejected for the position of editor-in-chief.

Vera Wang was raised by a wealthy family of Chinese origin, attended the private Chapin girls’ school in Man-

Vera joined the Ralph Lauren brand as Design Director

hattan and later the Sorbonne in France.

for two years. In 1990, she set up her own design studio at the Carlyle Hotel in New York.

At the College of Fine Arts Sarah Lawrence College received a BA in Art History.

Vera Wang has designed outfits for figure skaters, including Nancy Kerrigan and Michelle Kwan.

Her mother often wore her to fashion shows in Paris.

His father started and became the owner of a company.

He also designed the wedding dresses of important celebrities: Mariah Carey, Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Simp-

In 1968, Vera competed in figure skating championships

son, Avril Lavigne, Victoria Beckham, Jennifer Garner,

in the United States, even featured in the “Faces in the

Sharon Stone, Uma Thurman, Sophia Bush, Chelsea

Crowd” section of that year’s Sports Illustrated magazi-

Victoria Clinton, Hilary Duff, Holly Hunter, Khloé Kar-

ne. When she failed to make the United States Olympic

dashian and Kim Kardashian among others.

team, she entered the fashion industry.

An outfit that she designed for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer appeared in the episode “The Prom.”

Today’s brides are increasingly sensitive

Designers 17

The Art Historical evolution of the art In classical Greco-Roman antiquity, one of the main cradles of Western civilization and the first culture that reflected on art, art was considered as an ability of the human being in any productive field, being practically a synonym of ‘skill’: ability to build an object, to command an army, to convince the public in a debate, or to make agronomic.

In short, any skill subject to rules, to specific precepts that make it the object of learning and of evolution and technical improvement; On the other hand, poetry, which came from inspiration, was not classified as art.

Thus, Aristotle, for example, defined art as that “permanent disposition to produce things in a rational way”, and Quintilian established that it was that “which is based on a method and an order.”

Plato At the Protagoras, he spoke of art, thinking that it is the ability to do things through intelligence, through learning. For Plato, art has a general meaning, it is the creative capacity of the human being.

Cassiodorus highlighted in art its productive aspect, according to rules, pointing out three main objectives of art: to teach (doceat), to move (moveat) and please (delectet).

During the Renaissance, a change of mentality began to take shape, separating the trades and the sciences from the arts, where poetry was included for the first time, until then considered a type of philosophy or even prophecy - for which the publication in 1549 of the Italian translation of Aristotle’s Poetics.

In this change, the progressive improvement in the artist’s social situation, due to the interest that the noble and rich Italian men began to show for beauty, played a considerable part in this change.

The artist’s products acquired a new status as objects destined for aesthetic consumption and, therefore, art became a means of social promotion, increasing artistic patronage and promoting collecting.

The Art 18

Weather profile The Persistence of Memory It is a painting by the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí painted in 1931; Made using the oil on canvas technique, it is in a surrealist style and its measurements are 24 x 33 cm.

The work was exhibited in Dalí’s first solo exhibition at the Galerie Pierre Colle in Paris, June 3-15, 1931, and in January of the following year in an exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York, Surrealism: Paintings, Drawngs and Photographs.

It is kept in the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA), where it arrived in 1934.

In a revision of the painting, Dalí created in 1954 The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (en), work that is in the Salvador Dalí Museum (Saint Petersburg, Florida).

The landscape is simple; the sea appears in the background and a small rock formation to the right in an unusual way; In the foreground on the left, you can see a probably hand-woven cardboard block, which acts as a table, on which are arranged two clocks, a tree and in the center of the work appears a strange figure that simulates a soft head, whose neck is diluted in the dark.

The huge nose, the kind of tongue that comes out of it and the closed eye with long lashes is striking, the figure seems to sleep on the sand.

The artist has placed a fourth clock on this figure, equally soft and which also seems to melt or drain.

The elements described above are set in what appears to be a deserted beach, with the sea and a cove surrounded by cliffs in the background; The sky and the sea are confused.

Dalí, according to himself, was inspired by the camembert cheese when adding the tribute to the painting, relating them by their quality of “tender, extravagant, lonely and paranoid-critical” One of the clocks dangles balanced on a tree branch surrounded.

Clocks, like memory, have softened with the passage of time; They are perfectly plausible clocks that keep ticking the time, supposedly around six in the afternoon.

Mythical The Birth of Venus It is a painting made by the Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, one of the masterpieces of the Florentine master and of the Italian Quattrocento.

It is executed in tempera on canvas and measures 278.5 cm wide by 172.5 cm high.

It is kept in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, where it is exhibited in room 10-14, called “de Botticelli” (Inv. 1890 n. 878).

This painting was in its time a revolutionary work in that it openly presented a nude not justified by any religious component, as well as a mythological theme from classical Greco-Roman culture prior to Christianity, which implied full acceptance - at least on the part of the cultural elites - of the new Renaissance humanism away from medieval obscurantism; His iconographic interpretation is linked to the Florentine Platonic Academy, an intellectual circle sponsored by the Medici family that developed both in the field of philosophy and literature and art.

The meaning of the work is therefore related to Neoplatonism and the formulation by Marsilio Ficino of an idealized concept of love where the figure of Venus unfolds into two complementary versions, the celestial Venus and the earthly Venus, which symbolize spiritual love and love. material love, a theory derived from Plato’s Banquet.

On the other hand, the inspiration for the theme represented by Botticelli can be found in literary sources such as the classic works of Ovid and, especially, Angelo Poliziano, a member of the Florentine Academy who in his work Stanze per la Giostra (1494) described in verse the birth of Venus.

It should be noted that this work was dedicated to glossing over the impossible love professed by the noble Giuliano de Medici for the beautiful and virtuous Simonetta Vespucci, who was the model for the figure of Venus.

Traditionally it was believed that the commission for the painting had come from Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco.

The Art 21

In French Les nymphéas is a cycle of oil paintings exe-

Renderings of the Garden

cuted by the Impressionist painter Monet (approximately 250 works) at the end of his life, on large panels, such as the one in the illustration, which measures 219 × 602 cm, and is currently on display at the Musée de l’Orangerie des Tuileries, in Paris, France.

These huge panels represent a lake with water.

They are representations of the Garden of Giverny, where Monet settled with his family and built a farm in 1890.

Monet installed there a pond with exotic plants that will be the model for his famous water lilies.

Monet painted them to be suspended (within a circular room) so that they create the effect of the passing of a day or that of the four seasons that are revealed before the eyes of the beholder; In the Musée de l’Orangerie they are suspended in two oval rooms and contain eight pieces. The motifs were given to him by the water lilies in the pond in his garden at Giverny.

Indeed, in 1890 Monet had purchased a house in that town.

In his garden he built a Japanese bridge over a pond that was full of water lilies, known as a “water garden”.

Lily Pads

Pearl The Girl of the Pearl Also known as Girl in a Turban, it is one of the masterpieces of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer made between 1665 and 1667, and, as the name suggests, it uses a pearl earring as a focal point.

The painting is currently in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague; Recent writings on Vermeer suggest that the image was a tronie, a name that was given in Holland in the seventeenth century to peculiar or expressive effigies, for decorative use, which were not intended to be an identifiable portrait and that in many cases painters they produced to demonstrate their expertise.

Following the larger and more recent restoration of the painting in 1994, the subtle combination of color and the girl’s intimate gaze towards the viewer have been greatly enhanced; This enhancement is due to a contrast between a very dark background and what it can be seen from the girl’s clothed body; that is to say, there is a gloomy that in this case is almost Caravaggian, although without the dramatic attitudes of the style, and the typical and crystalline tranquility that characterizes most of Vermeer’s works in Delft is maintained.

Following the advice of Victor de Stuer, who for years tried to prevent Vermeer’s rare works from being sold to groups of foreigners, A. A. des Tombe bought the work at auction in The Hague in 1881 for just two guilders and thirty cents.

At that time, its state of conservation was very bad. Des Tombe died without heirs and donated this and other paintings to the Mauritshuis museum in 1902.

In 1937, a very similar work, which at the time was also attributed to Vermeer, was donated by collector Andrew W. Mellon to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. It is widely considered false today.

Vermeer expert Arthur Wheelock alleged in a 1995 study that this other painting is the work of 20th century artist and forger Theo van Wijngaarden.

The Art 23

Human Design is the prior process of mental configuration, “foreshadowing” in the search for a solution in any field.

It is commonly applied in the context of industry, engineering, architecture, communication and other disciplines that require creativity.

Design involves various dimensions that go beyond appearance, shape and color, also encompassing the function of an object and its interaction with the user.

During the process, the functionality, operability, efficiency and useful life of the design object must also be taken into account; Etymologically it derives from the Italian term disegno drawing, design, signare, signed «lo to come», the future graphically represented vision of the future, what is done is the work, what to do is the project, the act of designing as a prefiguration is the previous process in the search for a solution or set of them.

To capture the thought of the solution or the alternatives through sketches, drawings, sketches or diagrams drawn on any of the supports, during or after a process of observation of alternatives or investigation.

The intuitive act of designing could be called creativity as an act of creation or innovation if the object does not exist or something existing is modified.

Regarding the sign, meaning, to designate is to design the fact of the solution found. It is the result of the economy of material resources, the form, transformation and the implicit meaning in the work, its ambiguous appreciation, it cannot be determined if a design is an aesthetic process corresponding to art when the accessory or superfluous takes precedence over the function or problem solution.

The human act of designing is not an artistic fact in itself, although it can use the same thought processes and the same means of expression as a result; When designing an object or sign of visual communication based on the search for a practical application, the designer orders and arranges the structural and formal elements, as well as endows the product or idea with signifiers if the object or message is related to the culture in its social context.

Design 24

Vitruvian man

The creation of garments, clothing, accessories, footwear, jewelry and other objects of ornamental or functional use for the human being is the field of specialization of fashion design.

He applies his creativity to the understanding and management of cultural, aesthetic, social and consumer trends of a certain time in a certain place, at the service of the style and ingenuity of its creator.

It differs from cutting and sewing in the latter: in its artistic aspect, far from the mere craft of making a garment.

Fashion designers play an important role in the fashion industry, and they often exhibit their designs in catwalk shows, in which various models wear their garments before an attending public.

Creating outfits

Fashion Fashion is, in that sense, one of the main cultural expressions of various human cultures, and they play a prominent role in the preservation and transmission of moral and social values ​​and ways of life.

It is a type of design focused on satisfying the specific needs of human habitable spaces, either in its aesthetic or technological aspect.

That is, it provides technical and constructive solutions for the practice of architecture, of which it serves as a subsidiary discipline.

Graphic This is perhaps one of the most popular branches of

The definition of the graphic designer profession is rather

design today, given the visual aspect that predominates in

recent, in terms of its preparation, its activity and its ob-

contemporary culture.

jectives; Although there is no consensus on an exact date when graphic design was born, some date it to the interwar

It is about the creation and projection of graphic objects:

period, others understand that it begins to identify itself as

illustrations, compositions, logos, images, fonts, etc., used

such by the end of the 19th century.

in various industries and mass media, attending to aesthetic, communicational and symbolic aspects.

It can be argued that graphic communications for specific purposes have their origin in Paleolithic cave paintings and

Graphic design is the profession and academic discipline

the birth of written language in the third millennium BC.

whose activity consists of projecting visual communications aimed at transmitting specific messages to social groups with specific objectives.

As opposed to art, whose aim is merely contemplation, design is based on the principle of “form follows specific function” Graphic Design is an interdisciplinary branch of design, whose foundations and objectives revolve around the definition of problems and determination of objectives for decision-making through creativity, innovation and lateral thinking along with digital tools, transforming them to its proper interpretation.

This activity helps to optimize graphic communications.

It is also known by the name of visual communication design or visual design.

The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of encoder or interpreter of the message.

Works on the interpretation, ordering and presentation of visual messages; Design work always starts from a client’s demand, a demand that ends up being established linguistically, either orally or in writing, that is, graphic design transforms a linguistic message into a graphic manifestation, graphic design has, as a field of application, different areas of knowledge focused on any visual communication system; For example, it can be applied in advertising strategies, or also applied in the world of aviation.

In this sense, in some countries graphic design is related as only associated with the elaboration of sketches and drawings, this is incorrect, since visual communication is a small part of a huge range of types and classes where it can be applied.

Design 26

Paint Jars

industrial This is a branch of design that deals with conceiving

It is a project activity for the design of serial or industrial

serial and / or industrial products, that is, consumer or

products, which we can differentiate into two types: consu-

capital goods.

mer goods and capital goods.

Paying attention to the shape, use and useful life of objects,

It is one of the many tools that seeks to improve the qua-

it seeks to maximize their functionality and make them

lities of industrial products, emphasizing form, function

better, more satisfying for the consuming public.

and use with a priority focus on the user. Industrial design seeks to satisfy the needs of users as the main objective.

Due to the complexity of these processes, industrial design usually requires highly specialized knowledge in terms of

Although this emphasis and approach does not limit it, sin-

materials, machinery and services, which they want from

ce the life cycle AND product, the rational use of materials

their study throughout a university career.

and resources in its manufacture, the sociocultural relations of the object with its social environment, among many others, are also of its concern.

Layout

It is used by marketing as an instrument that helps to position products in the market, not only through its intrinsic qualities, but also through the means that allow it to be exhibited in the market, whether they are fair stands, containers, wrappings, stores or points of sale, just to name a few.

It can also be defined as a creative and technical activity that consists of devising an object to be mass-produced by industrial means that seeks to improve products, communicate and document ideas with a simple and effective language; Industrial design as a profession is exercised by the Industrial Designer, who is usually a university.

Industrial design is currently a fundamental field in areas such as the automotive industry, the electronics industry or the furniture sector, among many others.

In the latter case, for example, industrial design is essential when it comes to creating ergonomic, functional and comfortable furniture that allows any user to not only be able to use it easily, but also to be comfortable.

Design is part of human development, with the application of notions of this, man has been able to evolve and satisfy his needs; The emergence of the industry implied the emergence of a new area of ​​application.

It is possible to differentiate between the verb design (the process of creation and development) and the noun design (the result of the process of designing).

27

Design schools Jan Tschichold embodied the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography.

At the beginning, the department in question was called Visual Design, but it quickly became clear that its current objective was to solve design problems in the area of mass ​​

Later he repudiated the philosophy that he expounds in this

communication, in the academic year 1956/57 the name

work, calling it fascist, but he continued to be very influen-

was changed to Department of Visual Communication,

tial, Herbert Bayer, who directed the typography and adver-

modeled after the Department of Visual Communication at

tising workshop at the Bauhaus from 1925 to 1928, created

the New Bauhaus in Chicago.

the conditions for a new profession: the graphic designer; He put the subject of “Advertising” in the teaching syllabus

At the HfG in Ulm, it was decided to work primarily in the

including, among other things, the Analysis of Advertising

area of non-persuasive ​​ communication, in fields such as

Media and the Psychology of Advertising.

sign systems of traffic, plans for technical devices, or the visual translation of a scientific content.

It should be noted that the first to define the term Graphic Design was the designer and typographer William Addison Dwiggins in 1922.

This is how Tschichold, Herbert Bayer, László Moholy-Nagy, and El Lisitski became the fathers of graphic design as we know it today.

They were pioneers in the techniques of reproduction and in the styles that have been used later.

Today, computers have drastically altered reproduction systems, but the experimental approach they brought to design is more relevant than ever: dynamism, experimentation and even very specific things like the choice of fonts (Helvetica is a revival; originally it was a design based on the industrial typography of the 19th century) and orthogonal compositions, these great designers lived within the framework of the largest Bauhaus school of design, and even some of them, such as László Moholy-Nagy, were teachers and were part of the school’s programming.

In the following years the modern style gained acceptance while stagnating. Notable names in mid-century modern design are Adrián Frutiger, designer of the Univers and Frutiger typefaces; and Josef Müller-Brockmann, an important poster artist of the 1950s and 1960s.

The Hochschule für Gestaltung (HfG) in Ulm was another key institution in the development of the profession of graphic designer.

Since its founding, the HfG has distanced itself from a possible affiliation with advertising.

Design 28

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