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9A. Distinguish between mountain belts (orogens) and other regions of continental crust.
9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each.
9D. Sketchthevarious kinds offolds, faults,andfoliationthat developduringdeformation, andinterpret these structures.
9E. Correlate different kinds of mountain belts with specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics.
9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops, and why topography in mountain belts becomes so rugged.
9G. Explain how a craton differs from an orogen, and show how to distinguish between basins and domes in cratonic platforms.
1. An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ________.
a. orogeny
b. phylogeny
c. aureole
d. slickenside
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.1
OBJ: 9A. Distinguish between mountain belts (orogens) and other regions of the continental crust.
MSC: Remembering
2. The majority of the Earth’s mountains occur ________.
a. in belts called orogens
b. in the middle of cratons
c. isolated from each other
d. along passive margins
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 | 9.2
OBJ: 9A. Distinguish between mountain belts (orogens) and other regions of the continental crust.
MSC: Remembering
3. Which of the following is NOT an example of deformation?
a. faults
b. folds
c. foliation
d. stratification
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.1 | 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Understanding
4. A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ________.
a. shortening
b. stretching
c. shear strain
d. rotation
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Applying
5. A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo ________.
a. shortening
c. shear strain
b. stretching
d. rotation
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Applying
6. The term for a change in shape induced by stress is ________.
a. plastic deformation
b. pressure release
c. strain
d. metamorphosis
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Remembering
7. Which of these is NOT one of the components of deformation?
a. displacement
b. rotation
c. distortion
d. dissolution
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Understanding
8. How is stress different from force?
a. Force is the stress applied per unit area.
b. Stress is the force applied per unit area.
c. Force comes from one direction, while stress comes from all directions.
d. They are not different: stress and force are synonymous.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Understanding
9. How is stress different from strain?
a. Strain is a measure of the total displacement on a fault.
b. Stress is the change in shape of a rock due to applied strain.
c. Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress.
d. They are not different: stress and strain are synonymous.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Understanding
10. Under which condition would a body of rock be most likely to exhibit brittle behavior?
a. slow rate of deformation
b. low temperature
c. high temperature
d. high pressure
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each.
MSC: Applying
11. How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?
a. A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior.
b. A rock deformed slowly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior.
c. The rate of deformation has no effect on a rock’s behavior.
d. The rate of deformation is important only below the brittle/plastic transition.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each.
MSC: Applying
12. Under which of these conditions would a body of rock be more likely to exhibit plastic behavior?
a. low temperature
b. high temperature
c. low pressure
d. high rate of deformation
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each.
MSC: Applying
13. Why are earthquakes on continents most likely to occur above the brittle-plastic transition depth?
a. Below this transition, the rocks respond to stress by cracking and breaking
b. Below the transition, the rocks respond to stress by changing shape without breaking
c. Below the transition, the rocks are molten.
d. Below the transition, there are not stresses that could cause earthquakes.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each.
MSC: Applying
14. If compressive stresses acting on a rock are greatest in a north-south direction, the rock will likely deform by shortening in a _________ direction.
a. east-west
b. up-down
c. north-south
d. random
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures. | 9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each. MSC: Analyzing
15. A mineral-filled crack in a rock is termed a _______.
a. fault
b. fold
c. joint
d. vein
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Remembering
16. Regularly spaced joints in an outcrop may indicate that an area ________.
a. is under intense shear stress
b. has experienced tension
c. is underlain by a thrust fault
d. is underlain by a magma body
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Applying
17. The distinction between joints and faults is that ________.
a. faults are joints that extend across an entire orogen
b. faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along joints
c. joints are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along faults
d. there is no distinction; the two terms are synonymous
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Understanding
18. Normal, reverse, and thrust are all examples of ________ faults.
a. strike-slip
b. dip-slip
c. oblique-slip
d. lateral
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Remembering
19. We can describe the orientation of planar features such as faults and joints using measurement of the _______.
a. strike and dip
b. stress and strain
c. bearing and plunge
d. gap and displacement
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Remembering
20. Movement along faults often produces a rock formed from sharply angled rock fragments termed ____.
a. fault gouge
b. rock flour
c. fault breccia
d. slickenside
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Remembering
21. A polished surface produced by scraping of rock along a fault is termed a(n) ________.
a. orogeny
b. phylogeny
c. aureole
d. slickenside
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Remembering
22. If a fault plane is greater than 30° from horizontal and the hanging wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block, the fault is called a ________ fault.
a. detachment
b. normal
c. reverse
d. thrust
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Understanding
23. In a ________ fault, the fault plane is non-vertical and the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the footwall block.
a. detachment
b. normal
c. reverse
d. thrust
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Understanding
24. Which type of a fault is the result of deformation to accommodate tensile stresses such as those that occur during rifting?
a. reverse
b. thrust
c. strike-slip
d. normal
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Understanding
25. It is possible for offset along an oblique-slip fault to have both ________ and ________ components.
a. normal; reverse
b. right-lateral; left-lateral
c. normal; left-lateral
d. reverse; thrust
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Analyzing
26. If you stand on one side of a strike-slip fault and the block on the other side of the fault has moved to your left, this is known as a(n) ________.
a. oblique fault
b. dip-slip fault
c. right lateral fault
d. left lateral fault
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Applying
27. A geologist’s compass differs from the more widely known orienteering compass in that the geologist’s compass ________.
a. can measure dip and plunge angles
b. contains a barometer that warns the geologist of approaching storms
c. can chemically analyze rock samples in the field
d. can determine elevation above sea level
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 | Box 9.1
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Analyzing
28. In the image below,therocks have been bentintoan elongate arch. Thisisan example of a(n) ________.
a. anticline
b. basin
c. dome
d. syncline
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret
these geologic structures. MSC: Analyzing
29. The portion along a fold where curvature is the greatest is termed the fold ________.
a. limb
b. hinge
c. midsection
d. thorax
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Remembering
30. What is term for a fold in which layers bend without changing thickness, indicating slip between layers during folding?
a. plunging fold
b. passive flow fold
c. foliation
d. flexural slip fold
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Understanding
31. In the image below, the rocks have been bent into an elongate trough. This is a(n) ________.
a. anticline
b. basin
c. dome
d. syncline
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Analyzing
32. What is the term for a fold in which layers show thickened hinges and thinned limbs, indicating plastic deformation during folding?
a. plunging fold
b. passive flow fold
c. foliation
d. flexural slip fold
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Analyzing
33. On a geologic map, the beds of an eroded anticline will be _________ near the fold hinge compared to further from the hinge.
a. younger
b. older
c. less deformed
d. steeply dipping
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Analyzing
34. On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull’s-eye pattern of concentric circles, with the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a(n) ________.
a. anticline
b. basin
c. dome
d. syncline
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures.
MSC: Analyzing
35. On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull’s-eye pattern of concentric circles, with the oldest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a(n) ________.
a. anticline
b. basin
c. dome
d. syncline
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Applying
36. The sides of a fold, where curvature is at a minimum, are termed ________.
a. branches
b. limbs
c. axial planes
d. hinges
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures.
MSC: Remembering
37. On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, with the oldest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a ________.
a. horizontal anticline
b. plunging anticline
c. horizontal syncline
d. plunging syncline
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Applying
38. Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed, in part, by ___________ in the crust.
a. compression
b. stretching
c. extension
d. elongation
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 9.5
OBJ: 9E. Correlate different kinds of mountain belts with specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics. MSC: Understanding
39. During the formation of Pangaea, Africa collided with North America and created the Appalachian Mountains. Which of the following mountain ranges is a modern analog to the ancient Appalachian Mountains?
a. Andes Mountains
b. Sierra Nevada Mountains
c. The Alps in Central Europe
d. Cascade Mountains
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.5
OBJ: 9E. Correlate different kinds of mountain belts with specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics. MSC: Analyzing
40. Normal faulting is most often associated with mountain building along ___________ boundaries, whereas reverse faulting is generally observed at ___________ boundaries.
a. divergent; transform
b. transform; convergent
c. convergent; divergent
d. divergent; convergent
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 9.5
OBJ: 9E. Correlate different kinds of mountain belts with specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics. MSC: Analyzing
41. The formation of the Basin and Range Province, a fault-blocked mountain range in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, is associated with which of the following processes?
a. continental rifting
b. continental collision
c. fold and thrust faulting
d. subduction zone volcanism
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 9.5
OBJ: 9E. Correlate different kinds of mountain belts with specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics. MSC: Analyzing
42. The accreted terranes that are added to a continent during orogeny are _______ than the cratons of the continent’s interior.
a. less deformed
b. of higher metamorphic grade
c. older
d. younger
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 9.5 | 9.7
OBJ: 9G. Explain how a craton differs from an orogeny, and show how to distinguish between basins and domes in cratonic platforms. MSC: Evaluating
43. __________ is the balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle.
a. Delamination
b. Suture
c. Isostasy
d. Orogen
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops and why topography in mountain belts tends to become so rugged. MSC: Understanding
44. Which of these properly illustrates the principle of isostasy?
a. High-density crust floats on top of low-density mantle.
b. Mountains stand high because they are gravitationally balanced by their deep crustal roots.
c. When weight is added to the crust, the crust responds by rebounding upward.
d. When material is removed from the crust, the crust maintains the new, lower elevation.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops and why topography in mountain belts tends to become so rugged. MSC: Applying
45. What is the primary reason why mountains substantially taller than Mt. Everest are unlikely to arise on the Earth?
a. The high geothermal gradient in the crust causes mountains to collapse under their own weight.
b. Exhumation proceeds faster than uplift.
c. Extreme elevations cause chemical weathering to outpace uplift.
d. Uplift is limited by the rate of subduction.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops and why topography in mountain belts tends to become so rugged. MSC: Understanding
46. There are many ways in which uplift can occur, but all of them reflect ________.
a. compressional forces
b. the effects of weathering and erosion
c. subduction zone processes
d. the lithosphere’s tendency to achieve isostasy
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops and why topography in mountain belts tends to become so rugged. MSC: Evaluating
47. What canbesaid abouta mountainrange that isbeing uplifted at 2cm/year but is not growinganytaller?
a. The crustal root is thinning at the same rate as the uplift.
b. The crustal root is thickening faster than the uplift.
c. The rate of erosion is the same as the rate of uplift.
d. The rate of erosion is higher than the rate of uplift.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops and why topography in mountain belts tends to become so rugged. MSC: Evaluating
48. Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed ________.
a. exotic terranes
b. accreted terranes
c. cratons
d. cratonic platforms
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 9.7
OBJ: 9G. Explain how a craton differs from an orogeny, and show how to distinguish between basins and domes in cratonic platforms. MSC: Remembering
49. Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed ________.
a. shields
b. cratonic platforms
c. convergent margins
d. domes
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.7
OBJ: 9G. Explain how a craton differs from an orogeny, and show how to distinguish between basins and domes in cratonic platforms. MSC: Remembering
50. On a geologic map, cratonic basins, where thick sequences of sedimentary rocks overly the Precambrian basement, show the _________ rocks toward the center of the basin.
a. oldest
b. youngest
c. thinnest
d. most deformed
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 9.7
OBJ: 9G. Explain how a craton differs from an orogeny, and show how to distinguish between basins and domes in cratonic platforms. MSC: Understanding
1. What are the three components of deformation? Briefly explain each.
ANS:
The three components of deformation are displacement, rotation, and distortion. Displacement occurs when a block of rock moves from one location to another. Rotation occurs when a change in orientation has taken place (such as tilting). Distortion occurs when a body of rock undergoes a change in shape.
DIF: Difficult REF: 9.2
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures.
MSC: Applying
2. What types of geologic structures would you expect to find in an area that had undergone compression?
ANS: Answers will vary. However, students should mention folding, reverse and thrust faulting, and perhaps foliation. They should not mention normal faulting.
DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4
OBJ: 9B. Define what geologists mean by deformation when referring to rock, and explain how and why rocks undergo deformation and develop geologic structures. | 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures.
MSC: Applying
3. Contrast brittle and plastic deformation. Cite an example of a structure associated with each.
ANS: Brittle deformation occurs when an object breaks into pieces or shatters. Faults and joints are brittle structures. Plastic deformation occurs when an object changes shape without visibly breaking. Folds and foliations are structures associated with plastic deformation.
DIF: Easy REF: 9.2 | 9.3 |9.4
OBJ: 9C. Contrast brittle with plastic deformation, and give examples of each.
MSC: Analyzing
4. What is the difference between a dip-slip fault and a strike-slip fault? Describe each and give specific examples (use sketches if that helps).
ANS:
Dip-slip faults involve vertical displacement. Normal and reverse faults are examples of dip-slip faults. Strike-slip faults are faults on which the slip direction is parallel to the strike line there is no vertical offset. Strike-slip faults can be right-lateral or left-lateral.
DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Applying
5. Draw a cross section of a normal and reverse fault. For each, list the stress involved and change in the length of the crust, if any.
ANS:
Normal faults form in response to tension and involve lengthening of the crust. Reverse faults form in response to compression and involve shortening of the crust.
DIF: Medium REF: 9.3
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Applying
6. Compare and contrast domes and basins. If botharecomposed solely of sedimentary beds that havebeen eroded such that the ground surface is level, how would you identify each?
ANS:
Domes and basins are types of folds with a center point of folding instead of a hinge. A fold with the shape of an overturned bowl is a dome, whereas a fold shaped like an upright bowl is a basin. The oldest beds are exposed in the center of a dome. In a basin, the youngest beds crop out in the center.
DIF: Medium REF: 9.4
OBJ: 9D. Sketch the various kinds of folds and faults that develop during deformation, and interpret these geologic structures. MSC: Analyzing
7. What is the plate tectonic setting that formed the mountains of the Basin and Range Province, and what type of faulting has this resulted in?
ANS:
The mountains in the Basin and Range Province are the result of continental rifting processes. As the crust is pulled apart via tensional stress, the plate begins to thin. Much of this thinning is accommodated by normal faulting within the rift basin. A series of fault-block mountains is created as blocks of crust rotate down along normal faults, producing the series of basins and mountain ranges typical of the Basin and Range Province.
DIF: Difficult REF: 9.5
OBJ: 9E. Correlate different kinds of mountain belts with specific geologic settings, in the context of plate tectonics. MSC: Applying
8. What can be said about the rates of uplift and erosion in a mountain that is gaining elevation? In a mountain decreasing in elevation? What is the ultimate fate of all mountains on the Earth?
ANS:
If a mountain is increasing in elevation, the rate of uplift is greater than the rate of erosion. If a mountain is decreasing in elevation, the rate of erosion is greater than the rate of uplift. The fate of all mountains on the Earth is to erode completely.
DIF: Medium REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9F. Explain why mountain uplift develops and why topography in mountain belts tends to become so rugged. MSC: Applying
9. Comparedto the RockyMountains,the Appalachian Mountainsarea series oflower-elevation hills with more gentle slopes. Have they always had these differences in topography? Explain.
ANS:
The Appalachian Mountains formed during orogenic events associated with the opening and closing of the Atlantic Ocean basin in the Paleozoic several hundred million years ago. During and immediately after formation, the Appalachian Mountains were very tall, with steep slopes and rugged, towering peaks. They have since been heavily weathered. The Rockies, by contrast, formed during orogenic events during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (past hundred million years).
DIF: Medium REF: 9.6
OBJ: 9A. Distinguish between mountain belts (orogens) and other regions of the continental crust. MSC: Analyzing
10. Compare and contrast a cratonic shield and platform.
ANS:
The cratonic shield and platform are both a part of the craton. A craton consists of crust that has not been affected by orogeny for at least the last 1 billion years and is consequently strong and stable. The cratonic platform is a relatively thin layer of younger sedimentary material over the craton, whereas in a shield, outcrops expose the older metamorphic rock of the craton.
DIF: Medium REF: 9.7
OBJ: 9G. Explain how a craton differs from an orogeny, and show how to distinguish between basins and domes in cratonic platforms. MSC: Analyzing