The Inequality

Royal College of Art

MA | Environmental Architecture

ABSTRACT This essay is taking London as an example to discuss how urban health and GND could influence and reflect each other.

ONE

THE IN

EQUALITY Wu Yutong

Inequality Health & Urban Construction.

How London has converted spatially to respond COVID-19?

TWO Urban Health & Racial Community.

How COVID-19 reveals the race?

THREE Urban Health & Race & Green New Deal.

What is the potential to reshape the society spatially?

CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT

2

020, t h e coronavirus has become the greatest t o p i c and have enormous impacts on human beings economically, politically and spatially.

Behind the COVID-19, there should be discussions around urban health which have been theoretically and physically planned and supports the healthcare scheme during epidemic outbreak or emergency scenario. Each city has tackled the ongoing circumstance in various ways with the aim to reduce the loss and protect inhabitants to the greatest extent, as for environmental architecture perspective, burden of outbreak leading to sudden reuse of the property on flexibility of the construction, the decision made of transforming or building in some extent depends on geographic and spatial conditions which might strongly connected to the historical facts, including racial, biological differences or work class differences that the resource, including living condition, living supply etc. they could afford may effect on the consequences through the similar situation.

Key words: Urban Health, Racial Community, Green New Deal, COVID-19

This essay is taking London as an example to demonstrate how urban health and Green New Deal could influence and reflect each other.

For better understanding o f t h e connection, the discussion over the inequality would play the vital role.

PS .

This essay is mainly taking the news or evidences published r e c e n t l y, t h e references are mostly based on online resources in timely manner with personal subjective selection to re p re s e n t t h e opinions of the author.

MANAGEMENT RACE ACCESS

HISTORY

EMERGENCY

BIOLOGICAL

COMMUNITY

EQUALITY

POPULATION

PUBLIC HEALTH

DISTRIBUTION OCCUPATION

DENSITY

URBAN PLANNING WEALTH

TRANSPORTATION

CLIMATE CHANGE

GREEN NEW DEAL UK

ARCHITECTURE HOUSING

Urban Health

A

ccording to the theme b y Wo r l d H e a l t h Organization, “While cities can bring many challenges, they can also bring opportunities for better health, cleaner e n v i ro n m e n t a n d c l i m a t e action… building a productive workforce, creating resilient and vibrant communities, enabling mobility, promoting social interaction, and protecting vulnerable populations” Wwhich brought up the facts which should be instrumentalized: the inequality.

Inequality of community has an unignored topic, race. Over centuries, racial issues have always been the controversial problem, in London specifically. The wealth of ethnic minority will present the capacity of facing healthy threat while there is a report indicates that some ethnic groups are more vulnerable to COVID-19 than others biologically.

Green New Deal

B

ridging with Green New Deal which has the statement of “Over ten years we will see policies introduced which decarbonize our economy, tackling climate change and improving the lives of people and families in every town, city and village, while putting power back in their hands. Our government will be investing in good jobs, particularly across communities which have been neglected: insulating our homes, producing the renewable power we need, and restoring our green spaces. We will have quality homes, clean air, and affordable energy and public transport for all” , the Green New Deal is not just be seen as a tool of policy and the symbol of reduce carbon emission to interfere climate change, it is also the ideal plan for better living quality as everyone is equal to have.

It recognizes that climate change is an imminent threat to our Earth, and that the benefits of solving it must go to the people who have been most affected by it…As a public health doctor, I know that by eliminating the local consequences of fossil fuel emissions, and lifting whole communities out of poverty, the Green New Deal will also be a Public Health New Deal.

areas for the ICU wards and pharmacy, staff break out and in between(clean/dirty)

2. LAY OUT

3. FIT OUT

It is essential that an NHS fire officer is involved from early stage, aligning the existing venue fire strategy with the new function, considering different risks in the form of increased oxygen and evacuation of patients

ONE

3

9

4. KIT OUT

6 5

3

2

7

Inequality Health ONE & Inequality Health Urban & Urban Construction

Hospital bay construction should be from available materials

8

5

2

4

12

6

3

5

4

8

13

4

1

3

4

7

8

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

s

Central boulevard Ward DON/DOFF areas Pharmacy (extends to top floor) Triage

DEPART AMBULANCE

10

7

6.

7.

8.

Wayfinding and signage is key to assist staff in operation and make sure people stay in the allocated flow channel to avoid accidentally entering a dirty area

CT / Diagnostics Mortuary Staff canteen

1.

2.

3.

4.

Note

Typical Bed Bay Clinical Equipment

Primary consideration should be given to infection control separating clean and dirty areas.

!

!

Pattressing existing stand system for service fixings

Hospital grade, non slip vinyl can be installed quickly but the installation methodology needs to balance speed with robustness - ensuring appropriate bonding to avoid trip hazards

TRIAGE

rse

MORGUE

DIAGNOSTICS

WARD

LIFT TO CAR PARK

WASTE STORAGE

SHOWERS

all

ow

ov

erv

iew

clean route

of

pa

tie

nts

WELFARE WCs (CATERING)

STORAGE BREAKOUT

DON

DOF

3500mm

dirty route

to respond COVID-19?

Patient corridor

WARD

PMENT FLOWS

rastructure is fundamental as it needs ficient to support the ICU function.

ARRIVE CAR PARK

ns

CLINICAL STAFF FLOWS

TYPICAL WARD ARRANGEMENT

MODIFY EXISTING

BALANCE SPEED WITH QUALITY

“London is the greatest city in !the world. Yet, like i i !

“London is the greatest city in the world. Yet, like other global cities, one of the most pressing is the stark other global cities, one of the most pressing is the stark health inequalities that prevent manymany Londoners from health inequalities that prevent Londoners from reaching their fulltheir potential.” reaching full potential.”

Connections to venue should be sufficient for links to local health trust IT

WAP

O2

Wash hand basin at nurse base.

COLD WATER ONLY

Numerous showers required for staff coming off shift

SWITCHBOARD

Clinical base mounted tap

To Bed Head PCs

MA

TYPICAL BED BAY DIMENSIONS

Oxygen monitor Chart table Stool Ventilator Electronic patient records

•

Bed bay row number

•

Check for loose flooring around bed space and walkway

•

Align the walls within the bay row

•

Check for backing wall restraints

•

Check for loose wall panels

•

Check for wall pattressing are behind the medical gas

•

Check for medical gas stability

•

Check for electrical sign off certificate

•

Check for nurse call sign off certificate

•

Check for bed numbering signage

TYPICAL BED BAY QA CHECKLIST

NHS. NIGHTINGALE INSTRUCTION MANUAL

Notionally 2-3 staff per patient

Clinical back outlet basin

O2

Assume 4,000 patients = 10,000 staff

To Bed Head PCs

Fixed panel

Assume 20% 10,000 for shower number = 2,000

O2 SENSING

O2 & Medical Air

Temporary mobile type to permanent solution

Phone / Printer

Lockable door

PC

Medical Gas Feeds from Ring Main Below

Basebuild IT in Floor

Nurses’ Station

Nurse Call with Follow Me Lights to Bed Runs

GAS DISTRIBUTION

IT & COMMUNICATIONS

T T

PUBLIC HEALTH FOR CLINICAL SPACES

PUBLIC HEALTH FOR SUPPORT SPACES

he COVID-19 outbreak exposes the problems he COVID-19 outbreak exposes the problems onon urban health and challenges both National Health urban health and challenges both National Health Service and the flexibility of construction management.

EXHAUST TO OUTSIDE AT H/L

Servicing Strategy 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2000mm

DECONTAMINATION ON SITE

DEPART CAR PARK

tio

i

2300mm

DIRTY CORRIDOR

sta

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Bed bay [3500W x 4300L] Consumaries trolley LED overhead light [1200mm] Bed trunking [3000W x 150H] 1x Oxygen 1x Oxygen & 1x Medical Gas Dispensers and sharps bin Clinical waste bins

4300mm

How London has converted spatially How London has converted spatially to respond COVID-19?

Nu

WARD

DON PPE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Vinyl flooring Exhibition stand system Floor boxes in service zone Utilise available workforce from events sector Use what you have rather than trying to procure new and utilise large groups of available labour

2000mm

Construction i

ARRIVE AMBULANCE

11

1

1000mm

STORAGE BREAKOUT

2

Utilising Existing Infrastructure

PATIENT FLOWS

RRIVE (LOGISTICS)

9

2

NHS Nightingale London

1

Oxygen Vacuum Insulated Evaporators (VIE) Medical Air Compressor Concrete slab 2x Gas circuits fed from below Ward block above

•

5

•

Use existing systems and modify controls to maximise fan duty and ensure full fresh air with no recirculation Introduce a pressure regime to push air from clean areas to dirty areas and out of the building

Managing Clean/Dirty Air Flow

5

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Protected lobby Nurse base Bed bay Automated fan High level ventilation on full fresh air

Service and the flexibility of construction management.

Ensure volume is appropriately sealed and openings filled accordingly

During the outbreak, London has 3

Duringtransformed the outbreak, London hasthe the Excel Centre into large scale temporary mega-hospital transformed the Excel Centre into the to provide Intensive Care Unit (ICU) large scale temporary mega-hospital facilities with 4,000 critical beds as to provide Intensive Care Unit (ICU) MEDICAL GASES NHS Nightingale Hospital in east B. C. VENTILATION facilities with 4,000 critical beds as London, Newham.

NHS Nightingale Hospital in east London,“Plans Newham. for the temporary change of 4

1

DON

2

1

MO

RE

3

DIR TY

DOFF

1

4

2

LE

SS

The provision of a resilient oxygen infrastructure is crucial to Nightingale hospitals.

DIR TY

BO

NT

CE

use of the centre were submitted to last Thursday “PlansNewham for the Council temporary change of(26 March) with the application marked use of the centre were submitted to as being ‘of national importance’” .

Newham lastpreviously Thursday (26 TheCouncil Excel Centre once held March)the with the application marked display of weapons which raised a protest of suspending the exhibition as being ‘of national importance’” . for fair armspreviously . This could be seen The Excel Centre once held as what the citizens’ attitude toward the the display of weapons which raised equality and geographically, Newham a protest of suspending the exhibition is a quite controversial borough as it for fairhas arms . This could be was seenranked as the city airport but also what the toward thelife in citizens’ the bottomattitude of list of average due to inequality of living equalityexpectancy and geographically, Newham healthily. is a quite controversial borough as it

has the city airport but also was ranked

D

AR

EV

UL

L RA

According to the report: The London Health Inequalities According to the report: The Strategy, London HealthisInequalities “The evidence clear that Strategy, some Londoners enjoy the highest standards living “The evidence is of clear that a n y wLondoners h e r e i n t h e enjoy w o r l d the . some But, for many others, it’s a highest standards of living different story. The truth is, a when n y w hitecomes r e i ntot health h e w oand rld.

But, for many others, it’s a wellbeing, London remains different story.with Thetootruth deeply divided, many is, Londoners suffering ill health when it comes to health and because of social and economic wellbeing, London remains exclusion.” Thus, as the quite deeply divided, with too many equal distribution that NHS Londoners suffering ill health has implemented and planned because of social and in London, there is stilleconomic social and economic related topics exclusion.”

Thus, as the quite occur the inequality. that NHS equal distribution

has implemented and planned

2020/6/18

Ethnicity - Interactive Web Map

2020/6/18

Ethnicity - Interactive WebEthnicity Map - Interactive Web Map

TWO

Urban Health & Racial Community

2020/6/18

Asian / Asian British (%)

>=0.8

>63.5

5 km 5 mi



https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57…

How COVID-19 reveals the race which has been environmentally discriminated against?

2020/6/18

1/1

Ethnicity - Interactive Web Map

Black / African / Caribbean Black//Black African British / Caribbean (%) / Black British (%)

2020/6/18

A

2020/6/18

Ethnicity - Interactive Web Map 2020/6/18

Ethnicity - Interactive Web Map

Ethnicity - Interactive Web Map

>=0.1

>=0.1

5 km

5 km

5 mi

5 mi

>43.1

>43.1





https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57… https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57…

1/1

s London is a crowded and populated city with various inhabitant groups distributed across communities, the talk over the community which needs much more improvements have a "coincidence" of the fact that the group of ethnic minority... and the equality of race could be specific and vital aspect that what the urban planning could help would place cultural or even political considerations into public greens to weaken the sharp boundary physically and mentally.

White (%) Asian / Asian British (%)

>=0.8

5 km 5 mi

>63.5

Black / African / Caribbean / Black British (%)

White (%)

>=0.1

>=3.5

>43.1

>=3.5

>84 >84

5 km 5 mi

Racial Distribution Map https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps 

5 km 5 mi



5 km 5 mi





https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57… https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57… https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57… https://mangomap.com/demographics/maps/50065/ethnicity?print-preview=true&preview=true#zoom=10&lat=51.478931&lng=-0.035995&layergroups=demographics%3A777b6f18-e5c7-11e5-8c74-22000bb3a3a1,demographics%3A57…

1/1 1/1 1/1

When searching BAME with COVID-19 together online, there are many reports and news indicate the key finding that the BAME group are more likely to be infected by the contagion disease, meanwhile, as the largest proportion(63.2%) of care workers in London, the high rate of COVID deaths would suggest that many of those care workers who have passed away were people of colour as their occupations made them may exposure more to the viruses.

Apart from the “sacrifice” that BAME group of NHSs has done for COVID-19, the virus reveals the discriminated issue of race as well.

1/1

Confirmed Cases Map https://covid19uk.live/#/

1/1

But as cognitive linguists George Lakoff and Mark Johnson have long shown, metaphors are not just poetic tools, they are used constantly and shape our world view. The adjective ‘Chinese’ is particularly problematic as it associates the infection with an ethnicity. Talking about group identities with an explicitly medical language is a recognized process of Othering (here and here), historically used in anti-immigrant rhetoric and policy, including toward Chinese immigrants in North America. This type of language stokes anxiety, resentment, fear and disgust toward people associated with that group.”

A

t the early stage of the outbreak, Trump, the president of the US, defends calling coronavirus the 'Chinese virus' ignoring criticism that it is racist.

“The expressions ‘Chinese virus’ and ‘Wuhan virus’ personify the threat.

Personification is metaphorical: its purpose is to help understand s o m e t h i n g unfamiliar and abstract (i.e. the virus) by using terms that are familiar and embodied (i.e. a location, a nationality or a person).

There are some excerpts from fragments of social commentary on this scandal: “By focusing on the novel coronavirus’s emergence in a place exotic to many Americans, U.S. officials are emphasizing the disease’s past origins rather than its present danger. Playing up the “foreign” origins of COVID-19 in Wuhan and China allows governments to lay blame. But it also allows people to justify a lack of caution – it’s a problem from “over there,” not one that “we” are making worse – rather than undertake the everyday measures needed to slow down the spread of disease.

Calling COVID-19 the “Wuhan virus” or the “Chinese virus” is absurd when it has spread globally. Intentionally referring to COVID-19 as a “Chinese virus” only inflames animosity and hinders the real work of public health and disease prevention.”

“Each new metaphor allows him to change the narrative, deflect blame and cast himself as the Savior-in-Chief who has saved “tens of thousands of lives” from the “foreign enemy.” Reality TV needs heroes.

Trump desperately wants to be that hero.

This script, though, doesn’t seem to fit that storyline despite his best efforts.”

It is ridiculous for having the rude words on the stage without respecting culture, policy and human rights, the most important is that the words are coming from the president.

The color of skin could represent the biological differences but not the differences of rights. It will be a long period to equal the race as the documentary that BBC has produced for colors, the white, the color of deciding, controlling, conquering, the color of colonial which erase other rich colors on Elgin Marbles into cold, pale and “unwelcoming” art.

It would take a long period.

T

here is another great issue happening at the present #Black Life Matters and this might prove the claim that it will be a long period to equal the race as there are protests behaving among the powerful cities in the powerful era that ordinaries and celebrities are all free to share and express the belief: the equality.

The art of color, t h e f act o f race, for centuries that when people are facing much greater challenges then they would be united together to speak.

The virus, the earth is calling for help while human beings are seeking for balance, for coexisting as well.

“ T h e c o n v e rg e n c e o f e v e n t s w e a re witnessing is a symptom of a wider process of global systemic decline. This convergence is happening due to the unsustainable nature of a system that can no longer keep going in its current form without sparking further crisis. The ultimate hidden driver is a way of living and being premised on selfmaximization through plunder of the ‘Other’: whether Others are different humans, different species, or the planet itself.

That is what the Black Lives Matter protests are. They are an uproar from centuries of inter-generational trauma rooted in the systematic enslavement from which the modern industrial capitalist world system emerged, a system that is now in ‘overshoot’ of planetary boundaries. And so, the crisis of white supremacism in the United States is not just about America and it’s not just about race: it’s about the Earth, and how American racism represents our broken relationship with our own planet.”

“Covid-19 has demonstrated how racism can kill in far less dramatic ways and in far greater numbers without offering a morality play that might be shared on social media. When the police and politicians order the protesters to go back to their communities, there seems little recognition that that is where they were dying in such disproportionate numbers: that in the slogan ‘I can’t breathe’ – among George Floyd’s last words as the police officer knelt on his neck – there is the connective tissue between the most brazen forms of state violence and the more banal tribulations of the ailing pandemic patient.

‘Part of the reason these are systemic inequalities is that they transcend not only party, but time,’ Stacey Abrams, an AfricanAmerican politician from Georgia who is being vetted by Joe Biden as a potential vicepresidential running mate, told the New York Times.

‘We have to be very intentional about saying this is not about one moment or one murder – b u t t h e e n t i re infrastructure of justice.’”

This is the consequence of accumulation, but not coincidence.

“It does not follow that because the pandemic has illustrated a range of inequalities and inequities the state will address them.

Indeed, if anything the government will desperately try to exploit them to reshape the world in its own ideological image. It wouldn’t be the first time we demanded an o v e rh a u l o f ‘ t h e entire infrastructure of justice’ and ended up with more injustice.”

THREE

Urban Health & Race & Green New Deal What is the potential that the COVID-19 might provide to reshape the society spatially?

C

OVID-19, expose to the majority public groups of the problems that the urban health has and reveals the racial controversy largely, the equality that the Green New Deal represents would guide a more equal future during the developing period.

If seen racialism as an environmental threat, after the pandemic or when facing the other outbreak would be a much more tough challenge. There are 2 main facts are value to consider and bridge with GND: the change of behaving and the equality of living environment.

Generally, the most obvious change of behaving is based on the restrict of social distance. Cycling has been promoted and applied to a large extent under the condition of balancing safety and economy. This perfectly fits the perspective of GND to achieve the aim of reducing carbon emission.

What the urban planning could help is to reshape the transportation manner for better utility of the traffic tool and if this could be connected to the greens that already existed or newly planned that could be a meaningful proposal to provide option for improving urban health.

On the other hand, the thinking on the equality of living environment is much more crucial to be raised. “The failure to consider air pollution as a factor in the higher rates of coronavirus deaths among minority ethnic groups is ‘astonishing’ and ‘wholly irresponsible’, according to critics of a Public Health England review.

The PHE report released on Tuesday confirmed the d i s p ro p o r t i o n a t e impact of Covid-19 on people from ethnic minorities but did not mention air pollution.

Minorities in the UK, US and elsewhere are known to generally experience higher levels of air pollution, and there is growing e v i d e n c e a ro u n d the world link ing exposure to dirty air exposure to increased coronavirus infections and deaths.”

The outbreak is the peak of the pollution accumulation, apart from the air The outbreak is the pollution, “Cities peak of make the pollution should also use a c c u m u l a t ion, of the opportunity apart by from the air presented having pollution, “Cities a single authority should also make use under a city mayor of the opportunity who presented is empowered by having t o taasingle k e c rauthority osssectoral underdecisions, a city mayor f o r who e x aism empowered ple on u r b at on tpal ka en nci rnog s, s t r a nsectoral s p o r t decisions, ation f o r e x a mple on systems, purchasing, ing, s u p pulryb aonf ep nl ae nrgn y, w a t tr aen rs p o ar t an t di o n systems, purchasing, sanitation, and s u p p l y o f e n e rg y, waste management. w a t e r a n d S t r as taengi it ac t iuornb, a ann d p l a waste n n i nmanagement. g will b e St thr ae t ekg ei cy u rt bo a n creating p l a nsupportive ning will a n db e e nt haeb lk ie ny g t o e n v icreating ro n m e nsupportive ts for a n d e n ling health, makinga bsure e n v i ro n m e n t s f o r that health and equity health, making sure considerations are that health and equity integrated throughout considerations are the planning integratedprocess, throughout i n v ethe stm e n t s , process, and planning p o l iicnyv e ds temcei ns it so,n as n d at the p o local l i c y dlevel.” ecisions theGreen local New level.”

Thusatthe the Green New DealThus is proving itself proving itself is notDeal justisbe seen as is not just be seen as a tool of policy and a tool of policy and the symbol of reduce the symbol of reduce carbon emission to carbon emission to i n t eirnf teerref ecr el i m t ea t e c l ai m change, it isitalso thethe change, is also idealideal planplan for for better better l i v i nl igv i qn gu aqlui tayl i tays a s everyone is equal everyone is equal to to have.have.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

R

esearching and experiencing the ongoing situation raises discussions deeper on ideology, the virus clears the esearching experiencing the “frosted facts” toand some extent to force situation raisesemerged. discussions some ongoing long-term problems The deeper on ideology, the virus clears the understanding of Green New Deal has “frosted facts” to some extent to force evolved, it has the boarder meaning of some long-term problems emerged. The being implemented while it takes time to be understanding of Green New Deal has accepted and needofthe evolved, it proved. has the Human boarderbeings meaning sustainable and peaceful more being implemented while itsociety takes time to than be ever. accepted and proved. Human beings need the

R

sustainable and peaceful society more than ever. to Jon and Charlotte for guiding.

Thanks Thanks to Jon and Charlotte for guiding.

ONLINEIMAGE IMAGE ONLINE 2,475 2,475words wordsinintotal total

REFERENCE

Who.int. 2020. Urban Health. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Judith Payne, 2020. Are Some Ethnic Groups More Vulnerable To COVID-19 Than Others?. [online] Available at: <https://www.ifs.org.uk/inequality/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Are-some-ethnic-groups-more-vulnerable-to-COVID-19than-others-V2-IFS-Briefing-Note.pdf> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Green New Deal UK. 2020. Our Demands - Green New Deal UK. [online] Available at: <https://www.greennewdealuk. org/our-demands/> [Accessed 18 June 2020]. the Guardian. 2020. The Green New Deal Doesn't Just Help Climate. It's Also A Public Health New Deal | Abdul ElSayed. [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/26/the-green-new-deal-publichealth-new-deal> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Arena-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://arena-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/7574 454/83b47ffdd88f31ab736d8fe3a2df09b2.pdf?1591537056> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Jessel, E., Richard Waite, Ing, W. and Aldous, S., 2020. NHS Nightingale: BDP On The First Nine Days Converting The Excel Centre. [online] Architects Journal. Available at: <https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/nhs-nightingale-bdpon-the-first-nine-days-converting-the-excel-centre/10046749.article> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Acton, L., 2020. Campaigners Begin Occupation Of Excel Entrance Ahead Of Canning Town Arms Fair. [online] Newham Recorder. Available at: <https://www.newhamrecorder.co.uk/news/dsei-2019-protests-begin-1-6249145> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

2020. [online] Available at: <https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/health_strategy_2018_low_res_fa1.pdf> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Autonomy. 2020. The Work Of COVID: Care Work And Care Home Mortality. [online] Available at: <https://autonomy. work/portfolio/careandcarehomes/#1588759570965-9424737d-e0ba> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

The Conversation. 2020. Donald Trump’S ‘Chinese Virus’: The Politics Of Naming. [online] Available at: <https:// theconversation.com/donald-trumps-chinese-virus-the-politics-of-naming-136796> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

The Conversation. 2020. Calling COVID-19 A 'Chinese Virus' Is Wrong And Dangerous – The Pandemic Is Global. [online] Available at: <https://theconversation.com/calling-covid-19-a-chinese-virus-is-wrong-and-dangerous-the-pandemic-isglobal-134307> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

2020. BBC History Of Art In Three Colours 3of3 - WHITE. [video] Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=qkrsM5Pul34> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Medium. 2020. White Supremacism And The Earth System. [online] Available at: <https://medium.com/insurgeintelligence/white-supremacism-and-the-earth-system-fa14e0ea6147> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Newstatesman.com. 2020. We Can't Breathe. [online] Available at: <https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2020/06/ we-cant-breathe?fbclid=IwAR0RWXF3qF61qmPQW4tO841OWpbXdZ3TiLnJ_CW-LlNBEBmnWwsHh576Axs> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Carrington, D., 2020. Omission Of Air Pollution From Report On Covid-19 And Race ‘Astonishing’. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/07/omission-of-air-pollution-from-reporton-covid-19-and-race-astonishing?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Tweet> [Accessed 18 June 2020].