ADS5 Hospital/Laboratory Report

ADS 5

CARBON COPIES

HOSPITAL / LAB Royal College of Art

HOUSES TOWERS COMPLEX SHAPES MID-RISE AIRPORTS HOSPITALS/LABS BRIDGES

Andrew Reynolds Ching Yuet Ma Chloe Shang Daniah Basil Abdulazeez Al Mounajim Dario Biscaro Grant Donaldson Hayden Mills Janice Lo Lee Hei Yin Luca Luci Miles Elliott Mir Jetha Xinyi Shen Zhiting Jin Groupwork Royal College of1Art

ADS 5

CONTENTS 1.0_INTRODUCTION Architecture and Health

4

2.0_CASE STUDY: EVELINA LONDON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL

HOSPITAL / LAB

Case Study Key Figures Site Overview Program Requirements Existing Structural Plans Existing Section Existing Elevation Existing Material Selection Existing Details (Concrete Frame, GRC Cladding) Existing Embodied Carbon Analysis Existing Cost Analysis

6 7 8 10 12 14 18 20 22 26 27

3.0_PROPOSED OPTION A: CLT TRUSS + STONE COLUMNS/CORE An Introduction to Timber Construction How can timber be applied to healthcare?

CLT Healthcare Precedent: Dyson Neonatal Unit, Bath CLT Healthcare Precedent: Maggie’s Oldham CLT Structural Precedent: Sara Cultural Centre CLT Structural Precedent: Congress Centre, Agordo Proposed Structural Plan (Typical Floor) RCP (Typical Floor) Proposed 1:150 Wall Section Proposed Key Details (1:20) Proposed Embodied Carbon Calculations Proposed Cost Analysis

30 31 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 54 55

4.0_PROPOSED OPTION B: PRE-STRESSED STONE FLOORS, STONE COLUMNS/CORES

Royal College of Art

An Introduction to Stone Construction The Use of Stone in Healthcare Precedent: Stone Exoskeletons Proposed Structural Plan Proposed RCP Proposed 1:50 Section Key Details (1:5/1:10) Facade Detail Embodied Carbon Calculations Cost Analysis

2

58 60 62 64 66 68 70 82 84 85

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

3

ADS 5

1.0_INTRODUCTION

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

Aerial view of Evelina London Children’s Hospital extension Hawkins\Brown, 2021

4

ADS 5

ARCHITECTURE & HEALTH

HOSPITAL / LAB

Advances in modern medicine mean we are now living longer than ever and spending an increasing amount of time in hospitals, either as patients or carers. Today, we automatically associate hospitals with an almost antiseptic architecture, one of disinfectant and sterilisation. Charles Jencks refers to hospitals as “huge, impersonal factories for manufacturing health.” Even the term “Health”, Edwin Heathcote argues has been commodified, commercialised, personalised and politicised. Traditionally, hospitals were a monument to the Gods, and later a monument to the sciences. Health was positioned at the heart of the city. In modern times there was a shift; the hospital became a machine, a highly complex and functional box that accommodates technology designed to prolong life. Heathcote suggests that this is where architecture “flatlined”. How can we reintroduce architecture into the medical process? How are we able to de-institutionalise the experience and create healthier buildings? With time, this particular typology will inevitably morph into something more complex. More recently, the NHS has become conscious of the role the built environment plays as a tool of “healing”. This year they even referenced the role of design within their long term plan and how they are unveiling a “healthier built environment”, despite using the most toxic materials. Can stone and timber be integrated within the hospital/laboratory typology?

Left to right: UCL Cancer Institute, Maggie’s Barts Central Atria

Royal College of Art

5

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

EVELINA LONDON HAWKINS\BROWN, 2021

Evelina London Children’s Hospital is an internationally renowned centre in children’s healthcare. It opened on the St Thomas’ Hospital site in Lambeth in 2005, bringing together the local paediatric services of St Thomas’ Hospital with the internationally recognised services at Guy’s Hospital. It is one of the largest providers of children’s healthcare in the UK. Activity in the hospital has doubled over the last 15 years. Despite Trust investment to expand facilities within the existing building and maintain the quality of care, the original hospital (designed

by Hopkins Architects) is now too small to meet demand.

HOSPITAL / LAB

The proposals include the demolition of St Thomas’ House and the Dunhill Fitness centre, to accommodate a new 11-storey building located directly south of the existing Evelina London Children’s Hospital, with connections from basement level B1 up to and including level 03. The two buildings will operate as a single entity. New accommodation will be provided over 13 floors, with two basement levels, three dedicated plant floors at B2 level, level 05 and level 10, an external terrace at level 03 and a roof terrace at level 11. Critical care, operating theatres and in-patient beds are provided with associated clinical support spaces. Space is also provided for research, imaging, dedicated staff and family areas, public reception and cafe space.

Royal College of Art

The proposal was submitted for planning in May 2021.

Aerial Rendering of Evelina London Children’s Hospital Extension, Image Credit:

6

ADS 5

KEY FIGURES AT A GLANCE Submission: 2021 Height: 61.50m (AOD) Storeys: 13, including 2 basement levels Gross Internal Area (GIA): 27,306 m2 Typical Floor Gross Internal Area (GIA): 2,080 m2 Net Internal Area (NIA): 15,877 m2

FUNCTION

HEIGHT

SLAB DEPTH

LAYOUT TYPE

B2

Plant

6600

300

1 - Basement

B1

High Tech

5000

300

1 - Basement

0

Med Tech

3910

300

2 - Ground

1

High Tech

4950

250

3 - Typical

2

High Tech

4950

250

3 - Typical

3

High Tech

4950

250

3 - Typical

4

High Tech

4950

250

3 - Typical

5

Plant

4900

250

3 - Typical

6

Med Tech

4300

250

3 - Typical

7

Med Tech

4300

250

3 - Typical

8

Med Tech

4300

250

3 - Typical

9

Med Tech

4350

250

3 - Typical

10

Plant

4900

250

4 - Upper

11

Terrace/Plant

3850

250

4 - Upper

Roof

-

-

200

-

Royal College of Art

LEVEL

HOSPITAL / LAB

KEY INFORMATION (BY LEVEL)

7

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

SITE OVERVIEW The proposal site is located directly south of the existing Evelina London Children’s Hospital which sits at the southern end of the St Thomas’ Campus.

The site faces onto the River Thames and towards the Palace of Westminster and the associated UNESCO World Heritage site. The site is within the Albert Embankment Conservation area and also the Waterloo Opportunity area. To the south east, on the opposite side of Lambeth Palace Road, is the Lambeth Palace conservation area. Westminster Bridge is located to the north and Lambeth Bridge to the south.

The site sits within several protected viewing corridors as defined by the London View Management Framework (LVMF). These provide constraints to the overall scale of the proposals and the architectural character of any proposals.

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

Lambeth Palace Road is a busy, main route into central London. It is a TFL red route and also provides the main emergency access ‘Blue Light Route’ to and from the hospital approximately 50m north of the site. The busy road contributes to increased pollution levels (both in terms of particulates and noise) in the local environs. The air-borne particulates are mitigated somewhat by the relative strength of the prevailing south-westerly winds that approach the site having run up the river and along Lambeth Palace Road. Careful consideration of the microclimate is needed.

8

ADS 5

9 8 7 6 1

5

4

2

HOSPITAL / LAB

3

Aerial View of St Thomas’ Campus

The proposal site is located at the southern end of the St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, currently occupied by St. Thomas’ House (4) and the Dunhill Fitness Centre (10). The existing Evelina London Children’s Hospital (5) is immediately to the north, into which the new building will connect. Hospital Street (11) sits to the west of the site with the south wing to its west adjacent to the River Thames.

The taller buildings in the central part of the campus are East Wing (6), Lambeth Wing (8), and North Wing (1), with Gassiot House beyond at the northern edge of the campus.

Royal College of Art

9

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

HOSPITAL / LAB

PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

The spatial requirement of the proposed building has been agreed as circa 28,000sqm (GIA) to accommodate the following: •

100 in-patient beds, including clinical research beds, and 20 critical care beds, provided in a range of en-suite and shared wards.

•

14 operating theatres and intervention rooms, as well as comprehensive diagnostic services and other supporting clinical functions to care for patients.

•

Diagnostic imaging suites in order to provide a variety of non-invasive methods of diagnosis using scanners like X-ray, MRIs and CT Scanners.

•

Research spaces and laboratories to support research into new medicines, technologies and therapies (such as gene therapy, which can mean individual patients are able to be treated more specifically and illnesses targeted at a genetic level.)

Royal College of Art

• •

10

Day Rooms, Parent Rooms and Staff Welfare Spaces to provide space for rest, relaxation and respite - all of which are vital in providing a healthy and caring environment.

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Stacking Section Source: DAS, Planning Portal

The brief for the development calls for an adaptable estates response: a flexible and reworkable solution that can accommodate changes to the internal clinical environment with minimal impact to the building fabric. The response to this requirement is an internal stacking diagram providing floor types to meet specific performance criteria of required clinical fit-out typologies. These principles revolve around two fundamental types of floor plate: high tech and medium tech areas.

The former requires an increased floor to floor and ceiling void to enable flexible servicing of high tech environments such as operating theatres, critical care facilities and/or imaging equipment. The latter, medium tech floors, require lower levels of servicing and have a reduced floor to floor height as a result of less intensive use. These are typically for non-critical care in-patient wards and therapy spaces.

Royal College of Art

The result is a set of flexible and adaptable floor plates that can accommodate future change. As a result of this need for flexibility, the building height becomes pre-determined based on the number of floors of each type contained within the proposals. The diagram above shows a broad 50:50 allocation of high tech and medium tech spaces borne out of clinical studies and healthcare planning with the Trust. The floor typologies are arranged in clusters of high tech on the lower levels and medium tech on the upper levels, split by an interstitial plant floor serving the floors below and capped by a second plant floor serving the upper floors. This arrangement offers the most efficient use of internal area to minimise space required for M&E risers.

11

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

HOSPITAL / LAB

EXISTING STRUCTURAL PLANS - LEVEL B2

Existing Structural Plan: Level B2 Loadbearing Wall Non-Loadbearing Wall Column

Royal College of Art

Glazed Wall GRC Cladding Pile Foundation

N

0 Scale 1:200

12

5

10

ADS 5

EXISTING STRUCTURAL PLANS - LEVEL 00

HOSPITAL / LAB

Existing Structural Plan: Level 00 Loadbearing Wall (Concrete) Non-Loadbearing Wall (Plasterboard)

Glazed Wall

N

0

5

10

Scale 1:200

13

Royal College of Art

Column (Concrete)

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

HOSPITAL / LAB

EXISTING STRUCTURAL PLANS - TYPICAL

Existing Structural Plan: Typical Floor Loadbearing Wall (Concrete) Non-Loadbearing Wall (Plasterboard) Column (Concrete) Glazed Wall

Royal College of Art

GRC Cladding

N

0 Scale 1:200

14

5

10

ADS 5

EXISTING STRUCTURAL PLANS - LEVEL 00

HOSPITAL / LAB

Existing Structural Plan: Level 10 Loadbearing Wall (Concrete) Non-Loadbearing Wall (Plasterboard) Column (Concrete) Glazed Wall

N

0

5

10

Scale 1:200

15

Royal College of Art

GRC Cladding

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

HOSPITAL / LAB

EXISTING FOUNDATIONS

Existing Pile Foundation: Layout Ground-Bearing Concrete Floor Slab

Royal College of Art

800mm x 25m Concrete Pile Foundation

N

0 Scale 1:200

16

5

10

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

17

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

EXISTING ELEVATION

18

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

19

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

EXISTING MATERIAL SELECTION

Ribbed GRC Panel to match Portland Stone RIBBED GRC PANEL TO MATCH PORTLAND STONE

HOSPITAL / LAB

Solid GRC panel to match Portland Stone SOLID GRC PANEL TO MATCH PORTLAND STONE

FRAMELESS GLASS Frameless glass PANELS

panels

Grey PPC performance louvres

GREY PPC PERFORMANCE LOUVRES

SolidGRC GRC panel tie inLAMBETH with Lambeth SOLID PANEL TO TIEto IN WITH RED TONES

red tones

Concrete columns to match

CONCRETE COLUMNS TO MATCH PortlandSTONE Stone PORTLAND

Royal College of Art

FRAMELESS GLAZED CURTAIN Frameless glazed curtain WALLING, GREY MULLIONS INTERNALLY.grey MIX OF SEMI OPAQUE walling, mullions & CLEAR GLASS internally. Mix of semiopaque and clear glass.

20

ADS 5

The materials palette selection for the proposal must have the versatility to address the two distinct characteristics of the site’s immediate and wider contexts. Glass reinforced concrete (GRC) was chosen by the Architect as the cladding material because it provides a versatile platform for a contextual response: variation in colour, tone and texture can easily be achieved, whilst maintaining a consistency of material to homogenise the building. Opportunities to vary the amount of texture and visible aggregate, as well as its three dimensional form, give the material a quality which can respond to its sensitive context positively to improve and enhance the conservation area.

•

•

• •

GRC cladding is used across all areas of the façade and provides a harmonious and versatile palette that responds to the two distinct characters of local and city scale context.

Three-dimensional panels give the cladding qualities of craft, solidity and permanence.

Textured finishes and visible aggregate add quality, interest and life to the material at a closer scale.

Large scale frameless structural glazing keeps details clean and crisp, de-cluttering the façade and working successfully with the scale of the horizontal banding.

Ribbed slotted GRC panels add texture to the façade whilst allowing the ventilation louvres behind to function where required.

Powder coated metal ventilation louvres alternate between the GRC slotted panels at level 5 balancing the rhythm of the elevation with the performance requirements of the plant floor. Light warm grey tones will be harmonious with the curtain walling and the upper levels GRC Perforated aluminium cladding will be used to clad the projecting fins which mitigate the wind velocity along the south east

Royal College of Art

•

HOSPITAL / LAB

•

elevation and on Lambeth Palace Road.

Twin skin glazing allows the larger outer panels to appear seamless, with smaller internal openable windows enabling ease of cleaning and maintenance. The slab edge follows the sawtooth profile of the façade for consistent fire stopping, weathering detailing and structural support. Furthermore, highperformance specification of glazing and insulation reduces unwanted solar gain in summer and heat loss in winter, optimised with the building services to reduce energy use in heating and cooling.

21

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

EXISTING DETAILS

The proposed substructure is composed of: • Reinforced concrete piles, pile mats; • Reinforced concrete lowest floor slab, lift pits; and • Reinforced concrete retaining walls.

The proposed superstructure of the building is composed of: • Reinforced concrete frame and upper floors; and • Steel frame and composite slabs with concrete on metal deck.

HOSPITAL / LAB

A

B

C

The external wall systems for the proposed structure are: • Double glazed curtain wall with PPC aluminium frame; • Single glazed curtain wall with PPC aluminium frame; • Precast GRC rainscreen cladding; • Aluminium rainscreen cladding • Architectural rainscreen with decorative cement render finish The façade is to be constructed using a unitised façade system, allowing off-site manufacture and increasing the speed of installation compared to a site-assembled curtain walling system. It was conceived as a kit of parts that enables glazing and some of the solid panels to be interchangeable, allowing adaptability and reconfigurability for the internal environment. This inherently prolongs the life of the building and its components, and reduces the whole life cycle carbon usage of the project.

Royal College of Art

This approach forces repetition into the design which enables a rigorous modular basis for construction with high levels of repetition to drive cost efficiencies.

22

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION ADS 5

DETAIL A. GRC PANEL HEAD/BASE 2

5 8

6

1 3 7

1

4 5 3

2

2

4 6

DETAIL C. GRC PANEL BASE/BAND JUNCTION

5

1

7 3

1. 350mm Concrete Floorslab 2. 40mm Curtain Walling System 3. 150mm Rigid Insulation 4. GRC Panel 5. GRC Support Bracket 6. 10mm x 24mm Isolation Pad 7. S. Steel Hollow Section

HOSPITAL / LAB

DETAIL B. INTERSTITIAL BLIND 1. 150mm Rigid Insulation 2. 40mm Curtain Walling System 3. Motorized Blind System 4. Skim Coat 5. Head Rail

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1. 350mm Concrete Floorslab 2. 40mm Curtain Walling System 3. 150mm Rigid Insulation 4. GRC Panel 5. GRC Support Bracket 6. Top Hat Bracket Fixing 7. Steel Frame 8. 10mm x 24mm Isolation Pads

4

Royal College of Art

23

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOSPITAL / LAB

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

Royal College of Art

≠Proposed Ground Floor entrance collonate

24

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

25

Royal College of Art

≠Proposed Elevation

ADS 5

2.0_EXISTING CONDITION

EMBODIED CARBON CALCULATIONS

MATERIAL

ELEMENT

VOLUME M3

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

Concrete

Core/Floor Slabs

32450

77,360,852

262

2,072,992

HOSPITAL / LAB

Galvanised Columns/ Structural Steel Connections Plasterboard

Internal Partitions/ Linings

2936

2,789,571

GRC

Facade Cladding

2655

5,177,809

Rockwool Insulation

Insulation

1814

54,409

Flat Glass

Curtain Walling

163

407,258

Royal College of Art

TOTAL

26

87,868,020

ADS 5

COST ANALYSIS

QUANTITY M3

COST

COST £

Concrete

32450

£100/ M2

£3,245,002

Galvanised 262 Structural Steel

£2500 / t

£644,500

Flat Glass

163

£500/ M2

£32,600,000

Fiber Felt

1320

£50/ M2

£16,500,000

Intumescent 2 Paint (For Steel)

£50/ M2

£400,000

Plasterboard

2936

£20/ M2

£4,697,600

Vapour Barrier (Polyethylene)

26

£5/ M2

£32,500

Alumnium Sheets

8

£75/ Kg

£1,500,000

GRC

2655

£500/ M2

£88,500,000 Royal College of Art

TOTAL

HOSPITAL / LAB

MATERIAL

£117,429,602

27

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

CARBON COPY A: CLT

HOSPITAL / LAB

EVELINA LONDON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY Royal College of Art

Taking 15 Clerkenwell Close as a reference, the alternative proposal will build a stone exoskeleton for Evelina London. Simultaneously, the project will replace the original concrete core with stacked stone (using granite, basalt or marble). Timber trusses are used as the primary structural support for the flooring.

28

ADS 5

96%

78%

IN EMBODIED CARBON

IN PROJECT COST

STONE EXOSKELETON + TIMBER TRUSSES + STONE CORE Stacked stone; Granite / Basalt / Marble

COLUMNS

Pre-tensioned limestone,

LINTELS

Pre-tensioned stone, 600mm thickness all the time Limestone

BEAMS

Glulam beams + Partial cellular beams Softwood glulam + Hot rolled structural steel

FLOOR SLAB

Sustainably sourced CLT

OUTRIGGER

Granite / Basalt / Marble

HOSPITAL / LAB

CORE

Royal College of Art

29

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

The emergence of cross-laminated timber (CLT) over the last two decades has provided a viable alternative to traditional construction methods (use of concrete, steel, cement). The production and use of cement is responsible for approximately 8% of the world’s CO2 emissions, a figure that will only increase if urban construction trends continue. If we were to build in timber, instead of materials with high levels of embodied carbon, we would save an average of 45 tons of CO2 per building. Development of mass timber products such as CLT has enabled timer to compete structurally at scale. Highly engineered products as such overcome many of the issues associated with the ‘timber frame’. Devised less than 25 years ago in Austria, CLT utilises a range of species and grades for high performance applications. Cross-laminating is a way of optimising varying grade softwood to create boards with a high and predictable strength. CLT panels themselves consist of layers of structural boards stacked in perpendicular layers and glued together under high pressure. A cross section of a CLT panel is typically fabricated with 3 to 9 layers of boards. By alternating the orientation of the layers of wood, expansion and shrinkage in the plane of the panel is minimised. The end result is an overall increase in stability and structural capacity. In short, CLT allows us to construct lighter, better quality buildings, more quickly, with reduced foundations and far fewer deliveries to site. This particular method of construction leads of safer, cleaner, quieter sites, with a reduced number of workers and consequently less nuisance to neighbours. The material itself performs as a form of thermal and acoustic insulation and also has verifiable health and well-being benefits.

30

ADS 5

Left to right: Surrey Memorial Hospital, Maggie’s Leeds,

HOSPITAL / LAB

IS IT APPLICABLE IN A HEALTHCARE SETTING? Alex de Rijke believes that in wood “there is hope, humanity, scale, warmth, and nature’s clever plan to absorb carbon.” Numerous healthcare architects have already started to explore the physiological benefits of using wood and natural materials in hospitals. Wood in particular is visually warm and contributes to a socially positive experience for building occupants. Despite the rise of mass timber construction, it has yet to be incorporated into a clinical setting. Timber is already being used in healthcare facilities but is typically relegated to nonclinical areas such as exterior canopies, lobbies, atria, and various other public spaces. Could this be applied to a clinical setting, to reverse the norms of hospital architecture, where clinical environments and management procedures make patients feel disempowered? It is important to note that among the physical requirements for human health, wood contributes naturally to humidity control by absorbing moisture from the air and releasing it when it is less humid. Finishes can also contribute to the control of air-borne contaminants as they are durable, easily maintained, dust-free after installation and emit few, if any, harmful vapours. Despite this, there are various considerations and roadblocks to adopting the use of mass timber within clinical areas of healthcare facilities. These include structural systems, fire protection and infection control.

Royal College of Art

31

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

HOSPITAL / LAB

Entuitive, a Canadian engineering consultancy completed a research project with Forestry Innovation Investment (FII) to study the various structural systems that would meet the requirements to allow for timber as a building material in healthcare facilities. When comparing wood to more conventional elements used in healthcare architecture such as steel or concrete, wood beams must be deeper in order to achieve the long spans required for operating theatres and laboratories. This also presents issues with regards to servicing the structure as the structural elements will be deeper. Within the study, several flat ceiling hybrid floor systems were examined and proposed. These hybrid systems include the use of steel or concrete elements and are key to the introduction of mass timber to the healthcare realm, as the report states. The report also references use of a Glulam Truss that is manufactured within a controlled environment using lumber laminations that have been kiln dried. Could these particular systems be studied for the purpose of this exercise but be made entirely from engineered timber, instead of a combination of timber and steel?

2. INFECTION CONTROL

Royal College of Art

Infection control is a major roadblock and consideration for the use of timber within a healthcare setting. In high-tech/clinical specialist areas such as operating theatres , intensive care units, and imaging suites, surfaces have to be smooth and monolithic, as well as durable enough to withstand constant cleaning and disinfection. Exposed cellulose-based materials are not allowed due to their reaction to excessive moisture and sensitivity to wear. It is common that surfaces are required to be easy to clean, resistant to microbial spread and growth, smooth and non-porous, and seamless. Some authorities, including here in the UK reject the use of mass timber in specialist clinical environments. Concrete is also a porous material, however it is typically covered with epoxy flooring to meet various requirements. Can this be applied in the case of timber? Or can the floor finish itself be UV cured? Entuitive even suggests that the requirements to encapsulate mass timber for fire performance can be used to meet the requirements for infection control.

32

ADS 5

3. FIRE PROTECTION

HOSPITAL / LAB

As wood is combustible it leads to an inevitable concern about fire performance of timber buildings, especially if being proposed in a high tech/energy intensive setting. As a result, local fire codes globally generally prevent the use of timber (alongside other combustible materials) in buildings over a certain height. On the other hand, UK building regulations, Part B relating to fire, essentially imply that any system can be used so long as it meets the objectives of the regulations.

Specialist fire engineering is essential in order to minimise risk and ensure that the structure and linings present an appropriate solution. The nature of CLT is that it will begin to char once it is exposed to temperatures of over 300 degrees celsius. As the face of the timber chars, the zone of wood inside is heated, known as the pyrolysis zone in which the wood begins to undergo thermal decomposition. A “zero strength layer” of heated wood exists directly behind the char which has lost any form of structural performance. However, beyond this the wood is unaffected and will perform as normal structurally. By oversizing various elements to allow for a “sacrificial zone”, relevant fire performance can be met.

Additional fire protection can be achieved through adding fire protective barriers such as plasterboard or fire-board, which typically provides up to 90 minutes of protection. In addition, do individual surfaces need protection in order to prevent the charring or ignition of the timber structure? Chemical retardants can also be used to reduce or prevent the spread of flame, however this may have an impact in that it might limit the timber’s re-use at the end of the building’s life. Can these

Royal College of Art

33

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

CLT PRECEDENTS (HEALTHCARE) THE DYSON CENTRE FOR NEONATAL CARE, BATH FEILDEN CLEGG BRADLEY STUDIOS

HOSPITAL / LAB

This project was of interest due to the fact that it is the first example of use of CLT in a healthcare environment within the UK. Located within Bath’s Royal United Hospital, the project consists of a single-storey new build extension, alongside the refurbishment of the space occupied by the existing NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) facility. The new build element accommodates the clinical, support and reception functions whereas the refurbishment accommodates the staff and parents’ facilities. A “route” is created through the architecture where treatment rooms are arranged in sequence with intensive care units at the start and recovering patients at the end. The superstructure of the centre was constructed entirely from CLT, manufactured by KLH Massivholz, (which is exposed on the interior) and built over the period of 3 weeks.

The building demonstrates that CLT can meet the requirements for infection control and create a calm and somewhat domestic environment within an acute clinical setting. In addition, various medical equipment is hidden to further enhance this sense of well-being for patients and families. Following the opening, a research team was set up to measure and understand the effect of the architecture on the environment and its users. The results demonstrate that the new building is quieter and more efficient: construction U-values and air permeability are up to 50% better than the minimum standards; overall regulated annual CO2 emissions of about 118kg CO2/sqm, are 28% better than the ‘Target Emission Rating’. In addition, the project has also achieved a Breeam “Excellent”, and also incorporates a sedum roof for rainwater attenuation, and to increase biodiversity on the site. The study also shows that the architecture has had a profound impact on parents and baby interaction, and babies are also sleeping 20% longer.

Royal College of Art

An additional aspect that was of particular interest was the strategy for servicing the building. The extension incorporates a range of both mechanical and electrical services that can be maintained without access to the clinical areas. A central, high-level walkthrough duct distributes services throughout the building and will allow for as the architects say “unobtrusive replacement of equipment in the future.”

34

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Source: Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios

TEMPLATE FOR FUTURE HEALTHCARE PROJECTS?

Royal College of Art

Sustainability in construction and use has been central to the design of the extension. Part of the brief states that the project should “lead the way” for sustainable healthcare design. Timber construction has huge benefits with regards to embodied energy, and is quick and clean to construct within a healthcare environment. The team did not want the building to be a “one-off” showcase for sustainability but rather a template and catalyst for sustainable healthcare design by challenging existing standards, identifying and defining new goals, and developing strategies that are easy to replicate elsewhere in the healthcare sector.

35

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

MAGGIE’S OLDHAM, GREATER MANCHESTER DRMM ARCHITECTS

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

Maggie’s Centres seek to provide as Charles Jencks describes, the “architecture of hope”. They are centres built in the grounds of NHS cancer hospitals that offer free practical and emotional support for people affected by cancer.

Maggie’s Oldham was examined as it is the first permanent building constructed using sustainable tulipwood CLT, following on from DRMM, AHEC and Arup’s development of this specific material in 2013, a new material that outperformed existing CLT. Alex de Rijke believes that in wood “there is hope, humanity, scale, warmth, and nature’s clever plan to absorb carbon.” Externally, the building is draped in corrugated, heat-treated wood. Inside and out, structure, furniture and thermally-modified cladding is all of American tulipwood, a fastgrowing deciduous Magnolia tree. Maggie’s Oldham is the first CLT hardwood building in the world. Although the Maggie’s Centres are not clinical in any way, this particular centre was examined for the use of wood as part of a bigger design intention to reverse the norms of hospital architecture, where clinical environments and management procedures make patients feel dispirited and disempowered.

36

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Source: DRMM Architects

TIMBER COMPONENTS

Royal College of Art

The centre itself is constructed from over 20 prefabricated panels of crosslaminated American tulipwood, ranging from 0.5m to 12m long. The tulipwood CLT was engineered for its unique strength and lightness, as well as its sustainability and holistic qualities. Wood fibre insulation (as seen in the plan above) ensures a breathable, healthy environment while the huge window frames are constructed out of American white oak. Externally, the building is enclosed in a custom-fluted, thermally modified tulipwood.

37

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

CLT PRECEDENTS (STRUCTURE) SARA CULTURAL CENTRE SKELLFETA, SWEDEN WHITE ARKITEKTER

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

Skellefta’s municipality was witnessing significant population decline and this particular scheme sought to reverse this trend. The scheme was actually conceived of in 1905 as part of a wider masterplan that was never built. It is essentially a 20-storey mixed-use building that houses a theatre, library, various art galleries and a hotel. The competition was won by White Arkitekter for its sustainable attributes, namely the use of timber. The structure is exposed inside and out. In addition, one is able to dismount everything and all parts are prefabricated off-site. Even the hotel rooms are three module ready-made boxes that can be staked on-site. The cultural centre is a gluam post-and-beam construction with CLT slabs. The walls of the stages are also made from CLT and these are connected to the hotel. What was of particular interest to us was the hybrid truss system that the architects have proposed, in order to free up space. More specifically, the steel elements are acting in tension, and the timber elements act in compression. The cultural centre was unveiled earlier this year, having been constructed from 13,000m3 of wood from locally harvested trees.

In addition, building in wood shortened the construction time by 60%. Can the module-based construction approach used here be applied to hospitals? Or the use of a hybrid truss in the performance venues, in order to eliminate the need of columns?

38

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Source: Architects Journal, October 2021

WORKING DETAIL

Royal College of Art

39

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

CONGRESS & EXHIBITION CENTRE, AGORDO STUDIO BOTTER & STUDIO BRESSAN

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

This particular case study was examined for the use of the timber frame and more specifically the roof truss. The building is a Congress and Exhibition Centre in Agordo, Italy. The architects, Studio Botter and Studio Bressan have cited the surrounding mountainous landscape as inspiration for the form of the roof. The extensive use of local wood was influenced by traditional alpine construction methods, as well as a desire to build in a sustainable manner. The load-bearing structure is made from Glulam, including the pillars, roof beams and trusses, which span 45 metres. The use of the truss means that the main hall is able to be free of any form of structural element and is able to be divided into sub-modules and partitioned freely. The adaptable nature of the space has been demonstrated recently when the building was converted in August 2020 into a mask production plant for the Italian State to contain the Covid 19 pandemic. There are also minimal interior finishes, allowing for the timber structure to be both practical and aesthetic.

40

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

41

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

STRUCTURAL PLANS - TYPICAL FLOOR

42

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Proposed Structural Plan (Timber): Typical Floor Loadbearing Limestone Wall Non-Loadbearing Wall Stone Column Glazed Wall

N

5

10

Royal College of Art

0 Scale 1:200

43

Royal College of Art HOSPITAL / LAB

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

RCP - TYPICAL FLOOR

44

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Proposed RCP (Stone): Typical Floor Loadbearing Limestone Wall Stone Column Glulam Truss CLT panels Glazed Wall

N

5

Royal College of Art

0

10

Scale 1:200

45

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK ST PROPOSED 1:150 SECTION E

HOSPITAL / LAB

D

Royal College of Art

A

46

UTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ADS 5

TUDENT VERSION A. MED TECH/TYPICAL (CLINICAL WARDS, CONSULTING ROOMS) 22mm Bio Tile 4mm Bond Coat 12.5 Cementitious Board 18mm Plywood Sheet 150mm Timber Raised Floor w/ Rockwool Insulation 150mm BauBuche Gang-nail Truss with 500mm Service Zone Suspended Ceiling System w/ 100x40mm Sustainable Timber Battens B. HIGH TECH/CLINICAL SPECIALIST (OPERATING THEATRES/IMAGING SUITES)

C. CIRCULATION/HEAVY TRAFFIC (CORRIDOORS/LOBBY) 22mm Bio Tile 4mm Bond Coat 12.5 Cementitious Board 18mm Plywood Sheet 150mm Timber Raised Floor w/ Rockwool Insulation 150mm BauBuche Gang-nail Truss with 500mm Service Zone Suspended Ceiling System w/ 100x40mm Sustainable Timber Battens D. FACADE

C

500mm Load-bearing Limestone blockwork Fixed to 20mm Galvanised Steel Plates (exposed faces painted white) 18mm Stone Connection Plate 250mm Maintenance Deck 6mm Fixing Plate 40mm Curtain Wall System w/ Roller Blind System

HOSPITAL / LAB

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

B

12.5mm Anti-Static/Resin Floor 20mm Recycled Rubber Sound Absorption Layer 18mm Playwood Sheet 150mm Timber Raised Floor w/ Rockwool Insulation 220mm BauBuche Gangnail Truss w/ 1100mm Service Zone 50x50mm Timber Noggins fixed to 12.5mm Plasterboard w/ Vinyl Finish

E. ROOF

Royal College of Art

47

PRODUCED BY AN

48

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Royal College of Art

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

HOSPITAL / LAB

ADS 5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

C

KEY DETAILS

D

A

B

10

5 2 3 4

9

8 7

HOSPITAL / LAB

1

DETAIL A, SCALE 1:20 (FACADE TO TYPICAL MED TECH FLOOR) 1. 500mm Loadbearing Limestone Blockwork 2. Galvanised Steel Plates (exposed faces painted white) 3. Stone Connection Plate 4. Fixing Plate 5. 230mm Rockwool Insulation 6. 40mm Curtain Walling System 7. Roller Blind (Ceiling Mounted) 8. Suspended Ceiling System with 100 x40mm Recycled Timber Battens 9. 150mm BauBuche Timber Truss with 500mm Service Zone 10. 150mm Timber Raised Floor with Rockwool Insulation 11. 18mm Plywood Sheet 12. 12.55 Cementitious Board 13. 4mm Bond Coat 14. 22mm Bio Tile (Floor Finish)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Royal College of Art

49

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ADS 5

14 6

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

1

3

2

10

11

8

5

6

13

4

HOSPITAL / LAB

9

7

14

DETAIL B, SCALE 1:20 (FACADE TO GROUND/RETAINING WALL)

Royal College of Art

1. 500mm Loadbearing Limestone Blockwork 2. Ground 3. Galvanised Steel L Plate, bolted to blockwork (exposed faces painted white) 4. 4mm Vapour Control Layer 5. Stone Connection Plate 6. Fixing Plate 7. 230mm Rockwool Insulation 8. 40mm Curtain Walling System 9. Joist Hanger 10. 12.5mm Anti-Static/Resin Floor 11. 20mm Recycled Rubber Sound Absorption Layer 12. 18mm Plywood Sheet 13. 200mm BauBuche Timber Truss with 1100mm Service Zone 14. 50x50mm Timber Noggins fixed to 12.5mm Plasterboard with Vinyl Finish

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

50

14

12 11

10

9

HOSPITAL / LAB

5

6

7

2

8 1 4 3

DETAIL C, SCALE 1:20 (FACADE TO GROUND/RETAINING WALL) 1. 500mm Loadbearing Limestone Blockwork 2. 200m BauBuche Truss with 500mm Service Zone 3. 40mm Curtain Walling System 4. Roller Blind (Ceiling Mounted) 5. Galvanised Steel Plates (exposed faces painted white) 6. Stone Connection Plate 7. Fixing Plate 8. 230mm Rockwool Insulation 9. 200mm Rigid Insulation (Roof) 10. 4mm Waterproof Tanking Membrane 11. 100 x 50mm Sustainable Timber Deck Joists 12. Sustainable Timber Decking 13. 25mm Structural, toughened and heat-soaked glass 14. 1mm Silicone Sealant

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Royal College of Art

51

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ADS 5

13

HOSPITAL / LAB

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

DETAIL D, SCALE 1:20 (COLUMN/PLATE/JOIST CONNECTION)

Royal College of Art

1. 500mm Loadbearing Limestone Blockwork 2. Ground 3. Galvanised Steel L Plate, bolted to blockwork (exposed faces painted white) 4. 4mm Vapour Control Layer 5. Stone Connection Plate 6. Fixing Plate 7. 230mm Rockwool Insulation 8. 40mm Curtain Walling System 9. Joist Hanger 10. 12.5mm Anti-Static/Resin Floor 11. 20mm Recycled Rubber Sound Absorption Layer 12. 18mm Plywood Sheet 13. 200mm BauBuche Timber Truss with 1100mm Service Zone 14. 50x50mm Timber Noggins fixed to 12.5mm Plasterboard with Vinyl Finish

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

52

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

53

ADS 5

3.0_CARBON_COPY_A

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

EMBODIED CARBON CALCULATIONS

MATERIAL

QUANTITY M

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E/M3

Concrete

3067

439

1,345,420

Galvanised Structural Steel

109

16,882

1,840,156

Flat Glass

163

2375

387,170

Light Concrete

1875

288

540,196

Intumescent Paint

0.8

5650

4520

Plasterboard

410

262

107,395

Vapour Barrier (Polyethylene)

11

83

913

Natural Stone

780

1515

1,181,700

Rockwool Insulation

1320

46

60720

Sustainably Sourced CLT

8690

-841

-7,311,122

Sustainably 3150 Sourced Plywood

-510

-1,606,926

TOTAL

54

3

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

-3,449,858

ADS 5

COST ANALYSIS

QUANTITY M3

COST PER UNIT

COST £

Concrete

3067

£100/ M3

£306,700

Galvanised Structural Steel

109

£2500/ t

£268,140

Flat Glass

163

£500/ M2

£32,600,000

Light Concrete

1875

£100/ M3

£187,500

Intumescent Paint

0.8

£50/ M2

£160,000

Plasterboard

410

£20/ M2

£656,000

Vapour Barrier (Polyethylene)

11

£5/ M2

£13,750

Natural Stone

780

£500/ M3

£390,000

Rockwool Insulation

1320

£50/ M2

£440,000

Sustainably Sourced CLT

8690

£250/ M2

£86,900,000

£15/ M2

£2,625,000

Sustainably 3150 Sourced Plywood

Royal College of Art

TOTAL

HOSPITAL / LAB

MATERIAL

£95,207,090

55

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

CARBON COPY B: STONE

HOSPITAL / LAB

EVELINA LONDON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY Royal College of Art

Taking 15 Clerkenwell Close as a reference, the facade will be made up of curtain walling behind a stone exoskeleton. The concrete frame will be replaced with 1000 x 1000mm pre-tensioned stone tiles with string and washer connections at each edge. The tiles, some of which are concave in shape, are arranged to optimise load distribution to the columns and loadbearing walls. These columns and walls, originally of concrete, will be replaced with stacked stone (using granite, basalt or marble).

56

ADS 5

96%

18%

IN EMBODIED CARBON

IN PROJECT COST

STONE EXOSKELETON + INTERNAL STRUCTURE + PRETENSIONED STONE TILE FLOOR

CORE

COLUMNS

Limestone

Pre-tensioned Limestone with Steel Reinforcement

Pre-tensioned Portland Stone on Galvanised Steel Plates

FLOOR SLAB

100x100mm Pre-tensioned Limestone Floor Slabs With Galvanised Steel String and Washer Fastenings

INNER FACADE OUTRIGGER

HOSPITAL / LAB

LINTELS

Triple-glazed Curtain Walling System Loadbearing Portland Stone Exoskeleton with Various Surface Finishes

Royal College of Art

57

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

THE USE OF STONE IN HEALTHCARE THE KIRCHE AM STEINHOF Throughout history, religion and healthcare have maintained an enduring relationship and, even today, The Roman Catholic Church is the largest nongovernment provider of health care services in the world. Naturally, this implies a correspondence between healthcare insitutions and stone construction.

This case study explores the Kirche am Steinhof, completed in 1907 in the western suburbs of Vienna. It is the church of a psychiatric hospital. The Kirche am Steinhof can be considered the culmination in a series of experiments by Otto Wagner in using the architectural and ornamental vocabularies of the archaic Near East and West in association with the utilitarian values or ‘Nütz-stil’, which he had been developing over the previous decade.

HOSPITAL / LAB

Carrera marble panels are used extensively to dress the building. On the external walls, these panels sit above a rusticated granite base. Stone panels are considered by Semper to be part of the evolution of the textile wall hanging; the philosophy and symbols of the textile are transmuted into a new material, which continues to ‘dress’ the wall. The marble panels contain obvious bolt head fixings through to the solid brick masonry structure behind, purely symbolic of the Semperian idea of fabrication. The marble panels would have been cemented to the brick structure, so whilst the bolts would initially have helped to hold the panels in place for the first few weeks, until the mortar had set, they subsequently would not have a structural purpose, so are in essence a decoratively treated formwork.

Royal College of Art

Here, one sees Wagner’s functionalist philosophy come to the fore: as specified in ‘Moderne Architektur’, the interior surfaces of the church being entirely clad in marble tiles meant that they were easy to clean. There are also no absorbent materials in the nave. The tiled floor is sloped, improving sight lines whilst also making it easier to sluice clean. All of the timber pews are much shorted than normal (and are all the same size), to make it easier to quickly extract patients in distress. Even the marble font has been designed to improve hygienic standards, with a continuous flow of holy water, to ensure that patients do not transmit disease.

60

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

61

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

STONE PRECEDENTS: FACADE 30 FINSBURY SQUARE, LONDON ERIC PARRY ARCHITECTS

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

30 Finsbury Square was conceived in 2002 for Scottish Widows, who sought to replace a locally-listed Edwardian building and a post-war building on the edge of Finsbury Square. The square was originally laid out in the 18th century as a residential square but, due to its location, it became an important commercial centre close to the City of London. Eric Parry himself said he wanted to create an “egalitarian” building, unlike its classical neighbours. The project is essentially one whole side of the square and comprises 16,660 square metres of office space, which is arranged over 7 storeys. Being located in one of the Borough of Camden’s Conservation Areas meant that the facade had to relate to the existing buildings which were largely constructed of Portland Stone. What was of particular interest was not merely the visual aspect of the facade but the way in which stone is used as a load-bearing element. Parry has used pre-stressed external Portland Stone columns to support the various floor slabs, which allow for uninterrupted floor plates and no internal columns. As you move up the building, the structural elements are more spaced out as the structural loads reduce. At ground level, the structural elements are thicker where the stone needs additional capacity.

62

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Source: Eric Parry Architects

Royal College of Art

63

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

Royal College of Art

HOSPITAL / LAB

STRUCTURAL PLANS - TYPICAL FLOOR

64

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Proposed Structural Plan (Stone): Typical Floor Loadbearing Limestone Wall Non-Loadbearing Wall Stone Column Glazed Wall

N

5

Royal College of Art

0

10

Scale 1:200

65

Royal College of Art HOSPITAL / LAB

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

RCP - TYPICAL FLOOR

66

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Proposed RCP (Stone): Typical Floor Loadbearing Limestone Wall 1000x1000mm Stone Floor Tile Stone Column Glazing

N

5

Royal College of Art

0

10

Scale 1:200

67

Prop Stru

Med Te Wards,

Ceiling:

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

Floor:

PROPOSED: 1:50 SECTION

High Te Operati

Ceiling: Floor:

Med Tech / Typical Clinical Wards, Consulting Rooms (L06 / L07 / L08 / L09)

Terrace (L11)

Circula

Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 400 mm

Floor:

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

High Tech / Clinical Specialist Operating Theatres, Imaging Suites (B1 / L01 / L02 / L03 / L04) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

Corridor 1. Decking Ceiling: 2. Battens 3. Waterproof membrane Floor: 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Screed 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone flo

Plant (B Floor:

Roof

1. Topsoil 2. Drainage / Protection Mat 3. Rockwool insulation 4. Vapour barrier Terrace 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone flo

275 mm 1000 mm Facade (L00 - L11)

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Raised services floor

with Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

HOSPITAL / LAB

Floor:

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 165 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Roof

1. Loadbearing Portland Stone b

on Galvanised steel p 2. Maintenance gap 3. Triple-glazed curtain walling

Facade

Retaining Wall (B2 - B1) Circulation / Heavy Traffic Corridors, Lobby, Stairs (L00) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Services zone

275 mm 400 mm

Floor:

1. Portland Stone floor tiles 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

24 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Retaini 1. Porous boards 2. Limestone blockwork 3. Rockwool insulation 4. Vapour control layer 5. Gypsum boards

Plant (L05 / L10 / L11) Floor:

1. Limestone floor tiles

15 mm

2. Mortar bed 15 mm 3. Screed 30 mm 4. Rockwool insulation 160 mm 5. Damp proof membrane 2 mm 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm No Ceiling Finish.

Royal College of Art

Basement Plant (B2) Floor:

1. Limestone floor tiles 15 mm 2. Mortar bed 15 mm 3. Screed 30 mm 4. Rockwool insulation 160 mm 5. Damp proof membrane 2 mm 6. Limestone raft foundation 800 mm No Ceiling Finish.

68 0

Scale 1:

posed Condition: uctural Stone

ech / Typical Clinical Consulting Rooms (L06 / L07 / L08 / L09) 1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 400 mm

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Level 11: Terrace

ADS 5

:

Plant

ech / Clinical Specialist ing Theatres, Imaging Suites (B1 / L01 / L02 / L03 / L04)

:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 1000 mm

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Raised services floor with Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 165 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Level 10: Plant

ation / Heavy Traffic

rs, Lobby, Stairs (L00) 30 mm : 1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm 75 mm 400 2. Services zone mm 2mm 1. Portland Stone floor tiles 24 mm 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 40 mm

60 mm 3. Counter floor 20 mm 4. Rockwool insulation 80 mm 60mm 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm oor slabs 275 mm

Level 09: Typical (Med Tech)

B2 / L05 / L10 / L11) 1. Limestone floor tiles 2. Mortar bed 3. Screed 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Damp proof membrane 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs or Limestone raft foundation at B2 No Ceiling Finish.

15 mm 15 mm 30 mm 160 mm 2 mm 275 mm 800 mm

2. Battens 3. Waterproof membrane 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Screed 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

75 mm 2mm 60 mm 60mm 275 mm

80 mm

35 mm

60 mm 2 mm e Decking oor 1.slabs 275 mm 30 mm

Level 06: Typical (Med Tech)

Level 05: Plant

HOSPITAL / LAB

1. Topsoil mm blockwork 300 mm 80 2. Drainage / Protection Mat 35 mm 3.

Rockwool insulation 60 mm plates 20 mm 2 mm 4. Vapour barrier 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabsmm 275 mm 250

60 mm

e (L00 - L11)

1. Loadbearing Portland Stone blockwork on Galvanised steel plates 2. Maintenance gap 3. Triple-glazed curtain walling

300 mm 20 mm 250 mm 60 mm

ing Wall (B2 - B1)

60 mm 1. Porous boards mm

400 mm 60 2. Limestone blockwork 400 mm 3. Rockwool insulation 140 mm

140 mm 4. Vapour control layer 2 mm 5. Gypsum boards

2 mm 60 mm 60 mm

Level 04: High Tech

Level 01: High Tech

Level 00: Entrance / Lobby

Level B1: High Tech

Level B2: Plant

Royal College of Art

69 1

:50 at A1

2

3

4

5

ADS 5

Proposed Condition: 4.0_CARBON_COPY_B Structural Stone

D

Med Tech / Typical Clinical Wards, Consulting Rooms (L06 / L07 / L08 / L09) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 400 mm

Floor:

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

High Tech / Clinical Specialist Operating Theatres, Imaging Suites (B1 / L01 / L02 / L03 / L04) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 1000 mm

Floor:

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Raised services floor with Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 165 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Level 11: Terrace

Plant

C Level 10: Plant

Circulation / Heavy Traffic Corridors, Lobby, Stairs (L00) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Services zone

275 mm 400 mm

Floor:

1. Portland Stone floor tiles 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

24 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

E A Level 09: Typical (Med Tech)

Plant (B2 / L05 / L10 / L11)

HOSPITAL / LAB

Floor:

Terrace

Roof

1. Limestone floor tiles 2. Mortar bed 3. Screed 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Damp proof membrane 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs or Limestone raft foundation at B2 No Ceiling Finish.

15 mm 15 mm 30 mm 160 mm 2 mm 275 mm 800 mm

1. Decking 2. Battens 3. Waterproof membrane 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Screed 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

30 mm 75 mm 2mm 60 mm 60mm 275 mm

1. Topsoil 2. Drainage / Protection Mat 3. Rockwool insulation 4. Vapour barrier 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

80 mm 35 mm 60 mm 2 mm 275 mm

Level 06: Typical (Med Tech)

Level 05: Plant

Facade (L00 - L11) 1. Loadbearing Portland Stone blockwork on Galvanised steel plates 2. Maintenance gap 3. Triple-glazed curtain walling

300 mm 20 mm 250 mm 60 mm Level 04: High Tech

Retaining Wall (B2 - B1) 1. Porous boards 2. Limestone blockwork 3. Rockwool insulation 4. Vapour control layer 5. Gypsum boards

60 mm 400 mm 140 mm 2 mm 60 mm

Level 01: High Tech

Level 00: Entrance / Lobby

Royal College of Art

B

Level B1: High Tech

Level B2: Plant

70

ADS 5

5

7 2 3

8

4

HOSPITAL / LAB

9

1 6

DETAIL A, SCALE 1:20 (FACADE TO TYPICAL MED TECH FLOOR) 1. 500mm Rough Cut Loadbearing Portland Stone Blockwork 2. Galvanised Steel Plates (exposed faces painted white) 3. Stone Connection Plate 4. Fixing Plate 5. 40mm Curtain Walling System 6. Roller Blind (ceiling mounted) 7. 165mm Raised Services Floor 8. 1000 x 1000mm Limestone Floor Slab Tiles & Floor Finishes 9. Suspended Ceiling System with 100x40mm Recycled Timber Battens Royal College of Art

71

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

3

4 6 5

HOSPITAL / LAB

7 2

4 1

DETAIL B, SCALE 1:20 (FACADE TO GROUND/RETAINING WALL)

Royal College of Art

1. 500mm Limestone Blockwork Retaining Wall 2. Ground 3. 500mm Rough Cut Loadbearing Portland Stone Blockwork 4. Galvanised Steel L Plate, bolted to blockwork (exposed faces painted white) 5. Paving Stone 6. 40mm Curtain Walling System 7. 1000 x 1000mm Limestone Floor Slab Tiles & Floor Finishes

72

ADS 5

2

9

4

8

3 11 6

HOSPITAL / LAB

5

7

10

1

DETAIL C, SCALE 1:20 (FACADE TO L11 TERRACE)

Royal College of Art

1. 500mm Smooth Cut Loadbearing Portland Stone Blockwork 2. 300mm Smooth Cut Loadbearing Portland Stone Blockwork 3. 500mm Portland Stone Blockwork 4. Galvanised Steel L Plate, bolted to blockwork (exposed faces painted white) 5. Galvanised Steel Plates (exposed faces painted white) 6. Stone Connection Plate 7. Fixing Plate 8. 40mm Balustrade System 9. 25mm Structural, Toughened and Heat Soaked Glass 10. Roller Blind (ceiling mounted) 11. 1000 x 1000mm Limestone Floor Slab Tiles & Floor Finishes

73

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

2

1

HOSPITAL / LAB

3

6

4

5

DETAIL D, SCALE 1:20 (PARAPET AND GREEN ROOF)

Royal College of Art

1. 300mm Smooth Cut Portland Stone Parapet 2. Planting 3. 80mm Topsoil 4. 40mm Curtain Walling System 5. Roller Blind (ceiling mounted) 6. 1000 x 1000mm Limestone Floor Slab Tiles

74

ADS 5

1

8

4

2 6

3

5

HOSPITAL / LAB

7

DETAIL E, SCALE 1:20 (COLUMN/PLATE/JOIST/FLOOR CONNECTION) 1. 300-600mm Limestone Column, Steel Reinforced 2. Galvanised Steel Hanger, bolted to blockwork 3. Galvanised Steel Pin 4. Galvanised Steel L Plate, bolted to blockwork 5. 1000 x 1000mm Limestone Floor Slab Tiles & Floor Finishes 6. Galvanised Steel String and Washer Connections 7. Suspended Ceiling System with 100x40mm Recycled Timber Battens 8. 165mm Raised Services Floor Royal College of Art

75

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

FLOOR

HOSPITAL / LAB

CEILING

SCALE 1:20 MED. TECH / TYPICAL Wards, Consulting Rooms L06 / L07 / L08 / L09 Ceiling: 1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

Royal College of Art

Floor:

76

275 mm 400 mm

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 20 mm 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 40 mm 3. Counter floor 20 mm 4. Rockwool insulation 80 mm 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm

ADS 5

CEILING HOSPITAL / LAB

FLOOR

SCALE 1:20 HIGH TECH / CLINICAL SPECIALIST Operating Theatres, Imaging Suites B1 / L01 / L02 / L03 / L04 Ceiling: 1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 1000 mm

Floor:

Royal College of Art

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 20 mm 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 40 mm 3. Counter floor 20 mm 4. Raised services floor 165 mm

with Rockwool insulation 80 mm 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm

77

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

FLOOR

HOSPITAL / LAB

CEILING

SCALE 1:20 CIRCULATION / HEAVY TRAFFIC Corridors, Lobby, Stairs L00 (All) Ceiling: 1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Services zone

Royal College of Art

Floor:

78

275 mm 400 mm

1. Portland Stone floor tiles 24 mm 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 40 mm 3. Counter floor 20 mm 4. Rockwool insulation 80 mm 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm

ADS 5

CEILING FLOOR HOSPITAL / LAB

SCALE 1:20 PLANT B2 / L05 / L10 / L11 Floor:

1. Limestone floor tiles 15 mm 2. Mortar bed 15 mm 3. Screed 30 mm 4. Rockwool insulation 160 mm 5. Damp proof membrane 2 mm 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm (at B2) 7. Limestone raft foundation 800 mm Royal College of Art

No Ceiling Finish.

79

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

FLOOR

HOSPITAL / LAB

CEILING

SCALE 1:20 ROOF/PARAPET L11

Royal College of Art

1. Topsoil 80 mm 2. Drainage / Protection Mat 35 mm 3. Rockwool insulation 60 mm 4. Vapour barrier 2 mm 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 275 mm

80

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

81

ADS 5

Proposed Condition: Structural Stone

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B FACADE DETAIL

Med Tech / Typical Clinical Wards, Consulting Rooms (L06 / L07 / L08 / L09) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 400 mm

Floor:

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Level 11: Terrace

High Tech / Clinical Specialist Operating Theatres, Imaging Suites (B1 / L01 / L02 / L03 / L04) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Suspended ceiling with services zone

275 mm 1000 mm

Floor:

1. Vinyl-faced gypsum board 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Raised services floor with Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

20 mm 40 mm 20 mm 165 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Level 10: Plant

Circulation / Heavy Traffic Corridors, Lobby, Stairs (L00) Ceiling:

1. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs 2. Services zone

275 mm 400 mm

Floor:

1. Portland Stone floor tiles 2. Recycled rubber sound absorption layer 3. Counter floor 4. Rockwool insulation 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

24 mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 275 mm

Level 09: Typical (Med Tech)

Plant (B2 / L05 / L10 / L11)

HOSPITAL / LAB

Floor:

Terrace

Roof

1. Limestone floor tiles 2. Mortar bed 3. Screed 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Damp proof membrane 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs or Limestone raft foundation at B2 No Ceiling Finish.

15 mm 15 mm 30 mm 160 mm 2 mm 275 mm 800 mm

1. Decking 2. Battens 3. Waterproof membrane 4. Rockwool insulation 5. Screed 6. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

30 mm 75 mm 2mm 60 mm 60mm 275 mm

1. Topsoil 2. Drainage / Protection Mat 3. Rockwool insulation 4. Vapour barrier 5. 1000x1000 mm limestone floor slabs

80 mm 35 mm 60 mm 2 mm 275 mm

Level 06: Typical (Med Tech)

Level 05: Plant

Facade (L00 - L11) 1. Loadbearing Portland Stone blockwork on Galvanised steel plates 2. Maintenance gap 3. Triple-glazed curtain walling

300 mm 20 mm 250 mm 60 mm Level 04: High Tech

Retaining Wall (B2 - B1) 1. Porous boards 2. Limestone blockwork 3. Rockwool insulation 4. Vapour control layer 5. Gypsum boards

60 mm 400 mm 140 mm 2 mm 60 mm

Level 01: High Tech

Royal College of Art

Level 00: Entrance / Lobby

Level B1: High Tech

82

Level B2: Plant

Plant

ADS 5 HOSPITAL / LAB

Royal College of Art

83

ADS 5

4.0_CARBON_COPY_B

EMBODIED CARBON CALCULATIONS

HOSPITAL / LAB Royal College of Art

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

MATERIAL

QUANTITY M3

Portland Stone (Exoskeleton)

2655

790

2,097,450

Limestone (Structural)

13,708

697

9,554,476

Flat Glass

163

2375

387,125

64

-1,023

-65,491

Galvanised Steel

114

16,882

1,924,567

Aluminium

2

19,291

38,582

Polyethylene (Vapour Barrier)

11

83

913

Rockwool

1814

46

83,444

Screed

124

439

54,436

Plasterboard

2936

2936

769,050

Intumescent Paint

0.8

5650

4520

Sustainably Sourced Hardwood

TOTAL

84

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E/M3

14,849,117

ADS 5

COST ANALYSIS

QUANTITY M3

COST PER UNIT

COST £

Portland Stone (Exoskeleton)

2655

£500/ M3

1,327,500

Limestone (Structural)

13,708

£300/ M3

4,112,400

Flat Glass

163

£500/ M2

8,150,000

Sustainably Sourced Hardwood

64

£100/ M2

640,000

Galvanised Steel

114

£2500/ t

285,000

Aluminium

2

£75/ kg

202,425

Vapour Barrier (Polyethylene)

11

£5/ M2

605

Rockwool

1814

£50/ M2

907,000

Screed

124

£100/ M3

124,000

Plasterboard

2936

£20/ M2

2,348,800

Intumescent Paint

0.8

£100/ M2

80,000 Royal College of Art

TOTAL

HOSPITAL / LAB

MATERIAL

£18,177,730

85