April 2019, Final Report Rofayda salem w1709147
TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement
7.
Design Studies 7.1 Concept 7.2 Building Program 7.3 User Profile 7.4 Environmental Matrix 7.5 Mass Development 7.5.1 Residential 7.5.2 Shopping & Co-working
OUTDOOR STUDIES (COMMON PART) 1. 2.
3.
Introduction & Summary Climate 2.1 Average Climate Conditions 2.2 Future Predictions Methodology and Strategies 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Zero Carbon Strategy 3.3 Design Goals
8.
Final Mass
9.
References
History 11. 1) Methodology :
5.
6.
Site Analysis 5.1 Location 5.2 Transportation and Access 5.3 Surrounding building use 5.4 General views of the site Microclimate Studies 6.1 Spot measurements 6.2 Sky view Factor 6.3 Shadow Range Analysis 6.4 Solar Radiation Analysis 6.5 UTCI Analysis 6.6 Studies Synthesis
17)Improving the performance
18)Final performance
INDOOR STUDIES ( INDIVIDUAL PART) 4.
16)Studying the performance
● ● ●
Methodology Strategy Concept
12)Site analysis 13)Outdoor studies ●
Site proportions
13.2)design process 14)Indoor studies 15)Design development ● ●
Zoning Final design
●
conclusion
19) conclusion 20) appendix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude for all the professors and tutors who helped me in this project directly or indirectly. Thanks a lot to the tutors for guiding us towards new softwares that can help us to understand more and achieve better results , thanks for always being there whenever we need your help and guidance I also want to express my appreciations to my colleagues and friends who have been very cooperative with me Thanks a lot for caring.
1. INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY
The objective of the project is to propose an environmental building solution located in the Whiteleys Shopping Centre Site at Bayswater, London in order to address the present and future climate conditions of the city. The design subject used to develop the project is a group of building equipped with co-working and co-living spaces. Due to the increasing costs of buying properties, the increasing
population
and
the
progressive
densification of the city, the application of these concepts became a need in order to provide the users areas with maximum personal flexibility and optimum use of the space, where residents can enjoy private programmes at the same time they have the opportunity to engage with a variety of different people. Communal areas, accessible housing and affordable workspaces enhances to build stronger and more inclusive communities, to improve the using of land and to reduce energy consumption and wastes. The different phases of the design will be explained in the following chapters.
Figure 1. .
2.1 AVERAGE CLIMATE CONDITIONS
The London climate is classified as temperate oceanic and its coordinates correspond to 51.5° N,0.13°
W.
The
minimum
mean
dry
bulb
temperatures take place from November to April with temperatures below 10° C. The coldest months are December,
January
and
February,
when
the
temperature is usually between 3 and 6°C. The
Fig 3.
months with maximum mean dry bulb temperatures are from June to August with temperatures between 15° C and 21° C.
The predominant sky type in London is cloudy with more than 60% of the days through the year, 10% partly cloudy and 30% sunny.
Precipitation happens 174 days a year resulting 733 mm which reflects a high relative humidity which Fig 4.
doesn’t go below 74% as a mean average.
Latitude 51.5°
Fig 5. Fig 2. London Map
2.2 FUTURE PREDICTIONS
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE One of the main challenges that cities from all around the world need to face is the imminent climate change. According to the IPCC synthesis report (2014) the future prediction includes a decrease in cold temperature extremes, an increase in warm temperature extremes, an increase in extreme high sea levels and an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events in a number of regions. By 2050, London is not exempt from these risks. The emission of greenhouse gases will cause warmer climate with longer periods over the year, developing irreversible impacts for population and ecosystems just like the acceleration of water cycles and the increase of CO2 emissions.
Figures 6-10. Using metronome weather data for the present and the future using two different scenarios: -A1B: predict the intermediate CO2 emission in the future. -A2: predict the most CO2 emission and greenhouse effect.
2.2 FUTURE PREDICTIONS
PRESENT
FUTURE. 2050
Figure 11. Psychrometric Chart for present and future scenario of London. The future scenario
Figure 12. Psychrometric Chart for present and future scenario of London. The future scenario
for London indicates that by 2050 more hours out of the comfort zone are going to take place.
for London indicates that by 2050 more hours out of the comfort zone are going to take place.
3.1 METHODOLOGY
Figure 13
3.2 ZERO CARBON STRATEGY AIMS In order to mitigate the extreme conditions of the present and future climate changes, architects and developers are encourage to create buildings with a higher sensibility with the use of natural resources, in this way the demand of energy supplies can be reduced. Following the guidance of Mayor of London ”Zero Carbon London: A 1.5ºC compatible plan”, the project aims are the integration of:
Fig 14. Zero Carbon Strategies Diagrams.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
-Natural Ventilation, to reduce energy consumption while providing fresh air to the building. -Daylight with skylights, to reduce excess use of energy for lighting. -Green Roofs and Courtyards, to reduce environmental pollution. -Solar Panels, to contribute with the energy demand. -Grey water system, to reduce excess use of water sources. -High-efficiency windows.
3.3 DESIGN GOALS
We aim to fill the already existing shells of the building with a range of adaptable, program-rich spaces including co living spaces, rentable workspaces , various attracting facilities and shared-service areas that will enable “maximum personal flexibility and optimum use of space.�
Fig 15. Design Goals Source: *MINI LIVING's First Permanent Building Will Transform a Paint Factory into a Co-living Hotspot in Shanghai https://www.archdaily.com/884633/mini-livings-first-building-will-transform-a-paint-factory-into-a-co-living-hotsp ot-in-shanghai
4. HISTORY FIRST DEPARTMENT STORE
Whiteleys Shopping Centre was the first department store of London, founded in 1890 by William Whiteley, a visionary entrepreneur with the objective of create a vibrant destination that
formed
the
focus
for
the
surrounding
residential
neighbourhood (Whiteleys Development, 2019).
The current Whiteleys building was built in 1911, design by architects John Belcher and John James (Mark, L. 2016) and is considered Grade II listed. Its facade with an Art Nouveau
Fig 16. The original Whiteley's department store in Bayswater, founded by William Whiteley in 1863. Source: https://londonist.com/2012/12/in-pictures-londons-lost-department-stores
influence dominate the landscaping of Bayswater. Nowadays, the building remains closed and is in restoration and transformation under the direction of Foster + Partners who won the competition to develop the project, which included in its programme a hotel, cinema, homes and shops.
Fig 17. Whiteleys Shopping Centre.2018.. Source: https://www.timeout.com/london/shopping/whiteleys.
5. SITE ANALYSIS
5.1 LOCATION
SITE LOCATION The site is located in a very dense urban morphology called Bayswater, one of the most cosmopolitan area of London, well known by a diverse local population. This area is limited by the border of Kensington Gardens at south and with Westway Road at north.
Fig 18. Location of Whiteley’s Shopping centre in the urban morphology of London.
Fig 19. Bayswater area perimeter and urban facilities. Source: https://www.westminster.gov.uk/sites/default/files/bayswater-ward-profile.pdf
5.2 TRANSPORTATION AND ACCESS
The site present a very good connection with the public transport network, according the accesstopublictransportationonthewalkingtimetothestations.In a radio of 100 meters four bus stations and one tube station are available to be used. Queensway road, one of the busiest main street, pass in front of Whiteley’s and is surrounded by two secondary streets with one way direction: Redan Place and Porchester Garden street.
Fig 20. Tube and bus stations near the site.
From Queensway Road there are three existing accesses to the building, one main entrance in the center of the site and two secondary entrances located at the left and right of the building, respectively. These three accesses are taking in consideration to develop the project in order to keep them.
Fig 21. Vehicule circulation and pedestrian accesses..
5.3 SURROUNDING BUILDINGS USE
IMMEDIATE CONTEXT The predominant use of the land is residential where expensive apartments and small studios flats can be found as property range. As the zone is one of the centre of London is a convenient place to stay for visitors, several number of hotels can be found in Bayswater. The area is particularly known for its restaurants, specifically ethnic-cuisine from China and Middle East. Most of the commercial building are located on the main street Queensway. According to the orientation of the site, the commercial area is at the east of Whiteley’s where pharmacies, stores, restaurants, banks, and other facilities are located. The south and west of the site are represented by residential properties, private and hotels, and at the north mixed residential and offices use predominates.
Fig 23. Site plan with building use.
Fig 22. Aerial view of the site. Source: Google earth map-satellite.
5.4 GENERAL VIEWS OF THE SITE
Fig 24. Site plan
6.MICROCLIMATE STUDIES
6.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS OBSERVATIONS In order to understand the microclimate of the site spot measurements were made. Eight key points were chosen to measure temperature, humidity, CO2, wind and Illuminance.
According to the observations, the average temperature was of 4.5°C with a relative humidity of 54.9%. As a typical winter day with a cloudy sky the measurements are considered as normal. The measurement of the CO2 level of 535 ppm does not represent a major negative impact for the individuals.
Fig 25. Location of points for spot measurements in the site.
6.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS: Illuminance
Fig 26. Location of points for spot measurements in the site.
OBSERVATIONS TEXT
According to the illuminance spot measurements the highest reading correspond to the point A with 9000 lux and the lowest reading to the point E with 4000 lux. Due to the difference of width of the back and front streets is expected a significant difference, the point E is located in a narrower street with less incidence of light.
6.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS: Wind
OBSERVATIONS
Fig 27. Location of points for spot measurements in the site.
TEXT As the predominant wind direction is from SouthWest, the highest measurements of wind velocity correspond to the points F and G with 2.5 m/s. This is taken into account in the design considerations of the project in order that most areas can take advantage of natural ventilation.
6.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS: Air Pollution PM 2.5 AND PM 10 Bayswater area present a low level of PM 2.5 and PM 10. As the site is located on Queensway Road, one of the busiest streets of London, further spot measurements were made.
Fig 28. Air Pollution & PM levels Bayswater area.
6.1 SPOT MEASUREMENTS: Air Pollution and PM
OBSERVATIONS In London, road transport and construction sites are the main sources of NO and PM pollution emissions. Four key point were chosen to measure PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 in the site. According to the measurements all the levels of pollutants were inside of the save standards, only the point C at the west of the site present a moderate PM10 level. It is presumed that this result is due to the narrowness of the Redan Place street, despite that the concentration of PM10 does not represent a major health problem for individuals.
Fig 29. Results of air quality studies\.
6.2 SKY VIEW FACTOR Fig30:sky view factor image jpg Source:team individuals- image color summarizer
Fig34:sky view factor image jpg
The sky view factor is the outdoor surrounding is
Source:team individuals- image color summarizer
considered to be high since the buildings height compared to the width of the streets that separates them is quite the same except for the western faรงade where the street is relatively narrow and the building gets closer to each other.
In the western street the building on both sides of the street is integrating between 20 to 10 meters height while the street width is not regular and integrates from 2.5 to
Fig31:fisheye image jpg
Fig33:fisheye image jpg
Source:team individuals- image color summarizer
Source:team individuals- image color summarizer
1.7 meters width, however this integration of the width is creating critical point where the distance between the buildings is small and the height is constant.
From this a few hypothesis were made and the Fig32:sky view factor image jpg
remarkable one was that the building impact on the
Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
surrounding western buildings is not positive, and this will create a lot of challenges during the mass development process of the western part of the building.
Fig35:skyline illustration image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d-photoshop
Fig36:skyline illustration image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d-photoshop
6.3 SHADOW RANGE ANALYSIS
As for how the building interacts with site and the surrounding building shadow range analysis were made. From the shadow range analysis it was found that since the building is in the same height with the surrounding elements there was a wide range of undesired shade in winter.
The main street (Queensway street) receives shade in summer which is a desired thing and in winter it receives sunlight most of the day which is also a desired thing. These two factors motivated the ideas towards creating a pedestrian street within this street
Fig37:shadow range analysis 21 dec-22 feb Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig36:shadow range analysis 21 june-22 aug Source:grasshopper-ladybug
The objective of making the street pedestrian; 1.
encourage users to use the place..
2.
attract more users.
3.
Minimize pollution around the site .
4.
Make use of such penificent environmental parameters like sunlight in winter.
Fig39:daily average sunlight hours 21 dec-22 feb Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig40:daily average sunlight hours 21 june-22 aug Source:grasshopper-ladybug
6.4 SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS Before proceeding to the proposal of the building It was necessary to understand the problems the current building is facing and trying to avoid these problems or find solutions for it in the new proposal.
Based on that two types of analysis were made : 1)
Climatic analysis for the already existing building
Fig41:sky view factor image jpg
Fig42:sky view factor image jpg
Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Source:grasshopper-ladybug
with its building geometry and design. 2)
Climatic analysis for the extrusion of the site borders to see whether the old massing was the best option or not.
to the site conditions the focus was more about the facade radiation
analysis so we can see how much
Fig43:sky view factor image jpg
Fig44:sky view factor image jpg
Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Source:grasshopper-ladybug
radiation each part of the building receive in different parts of the year.
From the summer and winter grasshopper-ladybug facade radiation it was found that the current building doesn't receive proper amount of radiation in winter while in the summer the building receive enough amount of radiation but doesn't reach the undesired limit.
Fig45:sky view factor image jpg Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig46:sky view factor image jpg Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig47:sky view factor image jpg
Fig48:sky view factor image jpg
Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Source:grasshopper-ladybug
6.5 UTCI ANALYSIS UTCI analysis were made to understand the outdoor temperature in the site and how it influence the individual's comfort in the outdoor spaces. From the UTCI studies it was found that the outdoor temperature in summer is within the comfort. The Heat stress is both summer and winter integrates from 0 to -1 which means according to cibse guide standards and benchmarks that the site is slightly cold. Even though the site is considered to be slightly cold it still lies within comfort which allows us to use open spaces.
Fig49:UTCI winter analysis Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig50:UTCI summer analysis Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig51:cibse guide benchmark for heat stress Source:CIBSE guide A 2014
Fig53:UTCI heat stress for winter (22 dec) Source:grasshopper-ladybug
Fig52:UTCI heat stress for summer(21 jun) Source:grasshopper-ladybug
6.6 SITE STUDIES SYNTHESIS
Advantages and disadvantages of the site And from the previous analysis it was necessary to state both the advantages and disadvantages of the site and use them in the massing process to avoid any lake of environmental performance.
The advantages was: 1- The good location since it is located in central london. 2-Flexibility of area , since that the site is so big with approximate area of 15,000 m2 which emphasized later to divide the site into separate buildings. 3-the flexibility in designing the roof was considered to be the most important factor in the disadvantages. 4- the unique facade was a double edged factor since its ratios and design aspects in the facade made it very attractive to the eyes of the users , but the openings and the outlines of the facade were challenging during the design phase which limited the flexibility of design.
The disadvantages was: 1- The western street was relatively narrow, since the width of the street compared to the height of the buildings on its sides was 1.3m to 20 meters height of the building. 2-The neighbouring hotel in the southern part of the building multiplied the challenges for the whole western part of the building since that the hotel height is 20 meters as well and unchangeable as it does not belong to the site.
Fig54:illustrating image for advantages and disadvantages image jpg Source:digimap-photoshop
7. DESIGN STUDIES
7.1 CONCEPT The main concept of the building is Ecotone, by ecotone we mean the interaction of the city with nature. Green courtyards and green terraces is the aim of the project that interact with the building by opening internal courtyard inside the main building and the main big outdoor courtyard which is the link between the main building which is the co-working and shopping space with the back part of the project which is the co- living space. Mainly these green space are the interaction and common points for all the occupants of the three buildings in the project. Without forgetting that the green spaces are really helpful in purifying the outdoor and indoor air which is well needed nowadays.
7.2 PROPOSED BUILDING PROGRAMME
The building is actually divided to three categories which are the Co-living, Co-working and Shopping area. First, The co-living space is divided in his turn to two buildings, the first building is a residential building that includes small studios with common living spaces and facilities while the other building has larger studios that include a small kitchenette inside and has also a large common living space in each floor. As for the second part of the project which is the co-working space, it includes different types of offices which can be rented for a day, month, or year. Some of them are more private than the others. And as for the third part of the building function it is the shopping area which is mainly in the first floor of the main building and the first floor of one of the residential buildings which has the larger scale.
7.3 USER PROFILE As for the users profile, the building was made to be an ‘Interaction Point’ for all Londoners. It is a small version of London where you could find any type of workers, residences, and shoppers. The building is made to attract all type of people such as tourists since the shopping space and the outdoor courtyards are an attraction points for tourists, while the co-working space is ready to accept all type of workers such as business man, artists, freelancers and even tourists if they needed to work for a day or two this will be the right place for them. and when it comes to the residential part it is also ready to receive any type of people such as students, couples, workers, tourists that are in London for a short stay (two weeks to one month).
Figure 55. User Profile
Source: *Lancaster Gate Ward Population. 2018. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lancaster-gate-ward-profile.pdf **International Student Statistics in UK 2019 https: //www.studyng-in-UK.org/international_students-stadistics-in-UK/
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MATRIX
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 1 - QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SITE At first , before starting the mass study,quantitative analysis such as Wind , Sun path and Solar radiation were completed and the site was examined according to these analysis’ results.
●
Wind Analysis
According to Wind analysis ( see figure 56), yearly, the prevailing wind in the site is SouthWest Wind. The NorthEast Wind is considering as a secondary dominant wind direction on the site. ●
Sun Path Analysis
According to Sun Path analysis (see figure 57), the sun positions,sunset and sunrise times defined and examined for the specific dates : 21th of June and 21th of December. ● On the 21th of June , the sun will rise 126° east of due south and set 126° west of due south. ● On the 21th of December, the sun will rise 58° east of due south and set 58° west of due south.
Figure 56 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Figure 57 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 1 - QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SITE â—?
Area Solar Radiation Analysis
Solar Radiation Analysis is helpful to understand how much sun an area receives over a year or a period of time to determine new functions of this area. In the Whiteley’s Site , this analysis is showing where the highest amount of radiation in winter ( see figure 58) and in summer ( see figure 59). According to that , the full open, semi open spaces and buildings functions can be defined in the zoning work.
21th December / 01:00 - 24:00 Figure 58 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
21th June / 01:00 - 24:00 Figure 59 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 2 - ZONING After completed all quantitative analysis, zoning work( see figure 60) developed to define; ❏ main access ❏ full open spaces ❏ semi open spaces ❏ functions’ locations.
Figure 60 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 3 - ZONING & FUNCTIONS The zoning process ( see figure 61): 1.
Already exist main entrance from East facade/ Queensway Street kept and on the two sides of this entrance, masses located.
2.
Co-working and Shopping functions defined on the East facade masses to keep connection between Street
3.
On the West side of site, residential mass located due to; ❏ be away of the effect of Heritage facade and get more daylight ( according to Sun Path Analysis - see figure 57) ❏ be away from the noise of street ❏ give more privacy.
4.
This zoning process developed to define the locations of functions and the alternatives connections between functions before starting mass development process.
5.
Between all masses, according to Solar Radiation Analysis (see figures 58-59), ,open spaces named streets,courtyards developed to provide more daylight inside of buildings.
Figure 61 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 4 - EXTRUSION OF SITE Following the zoning work , the development process of mass started with the extrusion of site bordes on first step. (see figure 62) On this process, ‘from all to piece’ design idea is using.On the next steps, this mass gonna divide into pieces according to all previous analysis and zoning work.
Figure 62 Source:Sketchup
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 5 - DIVISION OF MASS After getting main mass from the extrusion of site, the next process started: division of main mass. ( see figure 63) While this division process, zoning work is mainly used and Solar Radiation analysis used also to define exactly division points.
Figure 63 Source:Sketchup
7.5 MASS DEVELOPMENT STEP 6 - CIRCULATION / ACCESS After division of main mass, circulation streets between masses and entrances defined. ( see figure 64) Beside the main entrance under the ‘historical dome’ , two new entrances from East facade generated. These two entrances continue until the west side border of site to connect to side of site and tow street each other.
Figure 64 Source:Sketchup
7.5.1 RESIDENTIAL ( BLOCK 1 AND BLOCK 2)
7.5.1 RESIDENTIAL MASTER MASS The master mass for Residential area developed after division of main mass. These two residential blocks will develop according to Facade Solar Radiation and Daylight Factor Analysis to get the best design for maximise daylight usage inside of flats. Before starting master mass development studies with simulations, the first modification applied to mass is recessing of East facade of ‘Block 1’ to create an meeting point facing the main entrance on East Facade in order to attract people inside of site. ( see figure 65) With the creation of this courtyard, the ground floor of ‘Block 1’ defined as a continuity of Shopping part( a public space with Organic Bazaar).
Figure 65 Source:Sketchup
7.5.1 RESIDENTIAL DESIGN STRATEGY 1 Design and shaping process of Block 1 and 2, Facade Solar Radiation( 21th of December - daily) and Daylight Factor analysis mainly used to find best form architecturally to maximise daylight use of each spaces. As a first step,block 1 pulled down to increase the clear facade of block 2 to help it to getting more daylight inside of floors/flats. As a second step ,Block 1 divided into 3 pieces based on the borders of the recessed part of building. Southern 2 pieces of block 1 pulled down also to increase getting daylight of North part of Block 1. (see figure 66) On this design, level differences created to observe how daylight and facade radiation gonna change considering the previous form. The results( see figures 67-68-69 ) show that daylight factor and solar radiation on south facing facade increased but not enough to reach benchmarks according to CIBSE
Figure 67 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Figure 68 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Figure 66 Source:Sketchup
Figure 69 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5.1 RESIDENTIAL DESIGN STRATEGY 2 With the design strategy 1, the buildings couldn't reach the benchmarks necessary. ( CIBSE Benchmark) In order to improve buildings, a new design strategy proposed. With this new strategy, Block 1 curved in West facing direction to get afternoon daylight inside of the buildings. This strategy also helps to improve visibility the south facade of Block 2. Facade Solar Radiation for winter(21th of December), summer(21th of June) and Daylight Factor analysis for design strategy 2 are showing that ; â?? The effect percentage of Sun on the south facade of Block 1 and 2 increase and it becomes more homogenous.( see figure 71-72 ) â?? Daylight factor analysis reached the min. benchmark ( 2%) in Block 2 but Block 1 still needs improvements to achieve min.benchmark( see figure 73).
Figure 71 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Figure 72 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Figure 70 Source:Sketchup Figure 73 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5.1 RESIDENTIAL DESIGN STRATEGY 3 The previous two design strategies show that Block 1 and Block 2 shouldnt be at same height if wanted to increase light level in indoor spaces.With this aim; ❏ Block 1 pulled down and 2 level differences created between Block 1 and 2 to improve South facade openness of Block 2. ❏ Block 1 recessed back from East side to create open space between East side blocks(co-working offices and shopping centre) to improve receiving morning sun and daylight for all residential blocks. ❏ The curved corners designed to prevent overshading on neighbourhood buildings. Facade Solar Radiation for winter(21th of December), summer(21th of June) and Daylight Factor analysis for design strategy 3 are showing that ; ❏ The effect percentage of Sun on the south facade of Block 1 and 2 increase more homogeneously.Almost each floor receive diffuse sun effect.( see figure 75-76 ) ❏ Daylight factor analysis reached the min. benchmark ( 2%) in Block 2 and 1 but the parts getting more than 5% can cause overheating or glare problems later.( see figure 77)
Figure 75 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Design 3 is the best strategy obtained in order to develop/improve these residential blocks more efficiently on later works. (Individual study part.) Figure 76 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
Figure 74. Source:Sketchup Figure 77 Source:Ladybug/Grasshopper
7.5.2 SHOPPING AND CO-WORKING ( BLOCK 3-4-5-6)
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT The roof design developed in 3 main stages responding to different environmental aspects that shaped its final form. The main building has a centred glazed dome and 2 symmetrical courtyards, and one of their aims is to provide sufficient daylight to the 4 blocks. However, daylight penetration to the bottom of the yard can be improved by playing the walls,(see figure 79). In addition , splaying the walls can increase the amount of direct daylight getting through the windows(see figure 78),(Renniand Parand,1998,P58).
Fig:78 (Rennie and Parand,1998,P58) Fig:79 (Rennie and Parand,1998,P58)
Therefore, the strategy adopted transforming the form of the main building from 90 degree roof to courtyards walls corners showed in the section (see figure 80), to a curved walls showed in section (see figure 81).
Fig:80
Fig:81
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT Quality of air in buildings is one of the basic needs for the health and wellbeing of the occupants and building visitors. It often is improved by mechanical means and often by passive strategies. Providing lots of vegetation usually seems to be the best passive strategie to purify the air. However, a negative effect on the building’s occupants may occur in the case where the trees are collecting pollutants without dispersing them. And that can happen when there is a negative air movement in cause by the shapes of solid surfaces that the wind hits like in the (see figure:82). On the other hand , smoothly curved form that are quiet similar to egg shape can improve air movement around the surface. Therefore, the second main stage in roof development is driven by the response of shapes to the winds in order to improve air movement not only in the shopping centre part ground and 1st floor), but also, to improve stack ventilation inside the coworking floors. (see figure :83) Fig:82
Fig:83
Fig:84
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT Furthermore, studying the wind and air movement inside the main building, a dynamic wind study was implemented by Autodesk CFD software. The study is done to test two optional strategies. First strategies is to keep the courtyards open from the top (see figure 86), while the other one is with done closed top which will transform it to an atrium (see figure 85). The study is made because of winter heat loss expectations due to the size of exposed surfaces and in addition, because of future rain full which might affect the shopping centre floors. The study shows: 1. 2.
Improved wind speed in the roof when the courtyards are open. Increased air velocity inside the shopping centre due to a small turbulence happening when the roof is closed.
Therefore, the concept of open courtyard is adopted to improve the visitors comfort in the shopping centre in addition to the previously mentioned reason related to air movement and the quality of air. Fig:85
Fig:86
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT Following up with the design process, an Architectural form is needed to adapt with the curved internal facade and with the listed dome available in the building. At the very first beginning a hexagon form was implemented to represent the open courtyard with bigger profile from the top, getting smaller at the bottom forming carved bounding surfaces. The shape of the courtyard transformed until it relied on a design of one unit (a classic column) that can be repeated around the dome and the courtyards matching the the curved roof and courtyards facades. (see figure 87), (see figure 88). The design of the columns not only responds to the architectural language of the listed design, and the massing form, it also has the potential to collect rainwater especially that on the future climate of London is predicted to have more rainfalls. Furthermore the columns are expected to support the Dome and the building structurally.
2
3
Fig:87
Fig:88
1
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT
ROOF STRUCTURE
CO-WORKING FLOORS SHOPPING FLOORS
Fig:89
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT The 3rd main stage in roof development is the skin design covering the facade and the roof of ht co-working area.
Form inspiration
Following the principles for atrium design and daylight, a parametric skin is designed to distribute approximately the same amount of light in the floors looking to the courtyard. The principle is to have a larger windows size in the lower floors in comparison with the higher floors.(fig:90)(Rennie and Parand,1998).
Completely closed
The parametric form concept it inspired by one of the listed facade windows fence, (see figure 91). The form transforms from a fully closed rectangle towards a circle then a fully open rectangle. (see figure 93) This transformation will respond to the daylight need in different floors so the fully open rectangle will be used in the bottom of the courtyard facing facades and then it will close gradually at the the roof of each block (see figure 92)
Fig:91 Fig:90 (Rennie and Parand,1998,P57)
Completely open Fig:92 Fig:93
8. FINAL MASS
7.5.2 SHOPPING & CO-WORKING ROOF DEVELOPMENT The roof radiation is the main reference for the parametric openings in the roof and the courtyard facades. A simulation is done by rhino grasshopper to study the roof radiation in winter to see the areas receiving more or less solar radiation in order to define the opening sizes.(see figure 94) The south facing facades are as expected receiving more direct sunlight which is a potential for glare that can disturb the occupants in the co-working floors and therefore, the roof facing south and the heigh parts of the top floor facades are completely opaque. As an alternative, Photovoltaic panels are implemented to get the maximum amount of solar energy.(see figure 95)
Fig:94
Fig:95
8. FINAL MASS
8. FINAL MASS
8. FINAL MASS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
11-Methodology
1
A) Methodology : Site analysis & hypothesis
â—? â—? â—?
Methodology Strategy Concept
In this building it was necessary to identify the goals and the strategies needed to be established within the designing process. So the process started with : 1)
2
3
4
Climatic analysis
The Design process
Checking the performance of the design strategies
2)
Site analysis :To establish an efficient environmentally performing building it is important to have a good understanding of the site and how it performs in different environmental parameters. Also it was a priority to identify the site constraints for determining how the design process will go. Climatic analysis:Climatic analysis were made to understand how the site preformas in different climatic seasons so we can establish the right strategies during the designing process.
3)
Design development :as for the design process it will start by running simulations for the whole building with full glazed (100%) facade to see the daylight and solar radiations impact on the building and start to design based on the hypothesis made from these simulations
4)
Checking the performance of the design strategies :TAS was considered to be the most suitable software that can be used in checking how the building performance after the designing phase can be, and how it can influence users comfort and energy consumption.
12.introduction to the site Fig1site image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
Introduction to the building This part of the building is currently the car parking floors for the shopping center (the garage), the obstructions in this part of the building made it challenging in the massing process and the design process as well. The building is surrounded by two narrow secondary roads with irregular width that varies from 3.5 to 2.5 meters, however the buildings height is almost constant. This width of the street and the building geometry resulted undesired mutual shading and high wind speed. The surrounding buildings is mostly residential buildings which emphasized what the function of the building will be, which is residential.
3.5 m
23 m
20 m
20 m
17.5 m
Fig2:street section jpg Source:personal sketch
2.5 m
Fig3:street section jpg Source:personal sketch
12.1.Site analysis Site characteristics: From the previous chapter it was mentions that some spot measurements were made and from these spot measurements it was found that the north part of the building is suffering from undesired mutual shading resulted from the surrounding buildings height and the narrow width of both the northern and western street. Also from the site visits it was noticed the presence of spots that have high wind speed that can disturb the outdoor comfort of the users in the space. After some spot measurements some hypotheses were made about the high wind speed which was caused by the narrow streets (western and northern) that are surrounded by relatively tall buildings and oriented to the south west where the dominant wind speed comes from in most of the year. However it was clear from the site visits how the already existing building preform and interact with the surrounding spots. Fig4:sun path diagram in the site jpg Source:grasshopper ladybug
Fig8:top view of the site Source:personal sketch
Fig5:top view of the site Source:personal sketch
Fig7:northern elevation of the building Source:personal sketch Fig6:sky view factor image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
12.2. Mass development How this mass was formed In the beginning this part of the building was totally attached to the main building with height less than the main building. The upper two floors of the building had been used as a parking garage for the customers of the shopping centre. The ground floor and the first floor were used as a part of storage for the shopping stores.
Fig9:site top view Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
The massing process started with extruding the whole western part of the building, however the site constraints represented in the already existing hotel in the south facade forced the mass to develop into a second form. In the second form the decision was made to resist the building from the western part so we can increase the western street width and allow the sunlight to reach to the neighbouring buildings. In the second step the western block was divided into 2 separate blocks from each other and from the mean building to allow both wind and daylight to reach the most possible depth and parts of the building.
12.3. Mass development How this mass was formed
The original height of this part is 17 meters , however in the proposed design the height will increase with two meters to keep the same height of the mean building and make maximum use of the space within the vertical expansion. Also the building will not be attached from any side to the main building or the other residential block so it can allow the maximum percentage of light penetration and wind distribution to the surrounding buildings.
Already existing building Fig10:sky view factor image jpg Source:personal sketch
Fig11:wester section Source:personal sketch
Proposed extension building
13.outdoor studies Mass justification: By separating the residential block from the main building the residential block impact on the other buildings improved. This improvement resulted from allowing fair distribution of wind which will reduce the high wind speed resulted from the narrow streets and allow the sunlight to reach to a reasonable depth on the neighboring facades. Also by doing this step the number of the facades will increase which will provide more flexibility in the designing process and merging the achievement of maximum use of the space and the good environmental performance. By rebalancing the concept of densification and environmental performance the building will achieve the sustainable approach of co-living.
Fig12:top view sketchpg Source:personal source
13.1Designing process Fig13::summer facade radiation for south east Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig14:summer facade radiation for north west Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Mass exercices Starting from a box extrusion then responding to the area and site requirements the designing phase of the building starts to take place. So by running facade solar radiation for the block to see how the building perform in different parts of the year it was found that the building receives maximum amount of radiation in summer in the eastern facade up to 140 kwh/m2 which is low compared to the benchmarks in both CIBSE and ASHREA which ranges from (150 wh/m2 to 300 wh/m2), And from that it was found that the facade radiation was uniform on most of the parts and since these analysis was made using grid size of 1x1 it was easy to determine the place , geometry of the windows and the openings. Based on these results and analyzing the daylight factor for all the floors using 100% totally glazed facade the location of the spaces that had priority of daylighting was determined, and for increasing the daylight uniformity and distribution within the space there will be two types of indoor communal spaces which will be : â—? Semi open common spaces (terraces) â—? Closed common spaces (halls and living rooms) The halls will be daylighted by the atrium while the living rooms and terraces will be located in the corners of the building (the places that receives daylight the most).
Fig16:winter facade radiation for south east Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig15: winter facade radiation for north west Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig16: :daylight facot 100%glazed Source:grasshopper -ladybug
13.2Climatic studies Fig17::summer facade radiation for south east Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig18:summer facade radiation for north west Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Designing process And from that it was found that some parts of the building will need to be totally open to maximize the amount of radiation it can receive in winter and adding some inclined extrusions on the facade to increase the surface area exposed to the solar radiation and reflect some of these radiations inside the space in a desirable way. And from that the design strategy was to add some components to the facade form to distribute the solar radiation equally and reflect some of the solar radiations inside the space in winter. In this analysis it was noticed that the top of the building receives the highest amount of solar radiation especially in summer therefore it was important to make use of this variation of resultant solar radiation to ventilate the building naturally by creating an atrium.
Fig19:winter facade radiation for south east Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig20: winter facade radiation for north west Source:grasshopper -ladybug
14.1Indoor studies Natural ventilation assessment : Having natural ventilation is considered to be the most important strategy for sustainable residential buildings. For the natural ventilation especially in summer days (optivent ) analysis were made to understand how the indoor conditions will be in a single sided ventilation as a starting process and then compare it with the chimney multi cell considering adding atrium. In the first case the air flow allowed in the room was not enough to achieve the comfort indoor. Adding the atrium in the second case managed to move the room to the comfort zone and provide the fresh air and the air required for cooling. The optivent helped in identifying the dimensions of openings and the percentage of the aperture required to achieve indoor comfort and reduce the temperature resulted from internal heat gains. In the optivent the room section was designed to interact with the atrium by providing a small stack openable window above the door of each room to act as an outlet from the room to the atrium.
Fig21:optivent case 1 Source:optivent-natural cooling
Fig22:soptivent case2 Source:optivent-natural cooling Fig23:room section for the openings Source:personal sketch
Fig24:illustrating section Source:personal sketch
14.2.Indoor studies Bioclimatic section According to the analysis that was made like optivent and CFD studies it was understandable how the wind should behave inside the building. However it was necessary to provide the maximum level of flexibility within the building so it can allow the building to adapt in many climatic conditions in order to achieve comfort and limit the energy consumption. And for doing that few steps were made, one of them was allowing the atrium to be closed as an outlet for the airflow and only use it for daylighting in winter. As it was mentioned in the facade radiation the roof receives most of the solar radiation especially in summer this variation in the surface temperature of the roof of the atrium and the interior walls of the building motivates the air flow rate which improves the natural ventilation inside the building.
Fig25:bioclimatic section Source:personal sketch
14.3.Indoor studies Bioclimatic sections : As for the winter ,the atrium will be closed from the southern part to prevent the south west wind from entering the atrium and decrease the indoor temperature below the comfort. However, opening the northern part of the atrium partially allows to ventilate the building in winter probably with minimizing the heat lose in winter. The adaptability of the building is represented in the flexible design,represented in a flexible atrium that can be opened in summer and closed in winter .
Fig26:bioclimatic section Source:personal sketch
14.4.Indoor studies UDI and daylight analysis: The UDI analysis was the most important step in determining how necessary it will be to open an atrium and determine the location and dimensions of the atrium required to provide enough daylight for the spaces inside. As for the eastern part of the building it was noticeable that some part receive UDI more than 2000 and that's why in most parts of this direction no semi open space will be located and only locate closed living rooms to avoid any glare problem by the size and the shape of the window. As for the UDI less than 100 it was noticed that the middle of the building has up to 35 % of the hours , which strengthen the idea of adding an atrium to daylight these parts.
Fig32:sky view factor image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
Fig27:UDI more than2000 5th floor Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig28:UDI 100-2000 5th floor Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig29:UDI less than 100 5th floor Source:grasshopper -ladybug
14.5.Indoor studies_ daylight preformance Day lighting of the units :
Fig30:western terrace Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Moving to the daylight analysis , it was a step to check how the units perform in daylighting , also it was necessary to compare rooms from different orientation and from different levels to understand how the surrounding elements of obstruction influence the daylight in the lower levels. However the daylight uniformity and the average daylight decreased in the second floor from 3.5 to 1.9 which is still within the desired standard. And for checking how locating both the terraces and living space location will influence the daylight inside it was found that the the two spaces have almost the same average daylight factor ranging from 2.3 to 2.5 even the openings and the surroundings are totally different. This showed that the zoning process and indicating the place of both the terraces and the closed living rooms on each level was efficient. Fig31:eastern living room Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig32:southern room in the second floor Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig32:daylight factor for 100% glazing facade Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig33:southern room 5th floor Source:grasshopper -ladybug
14.6.Indoor studies_glara checking Glare analysis The glare analysis was the final checking step regarding the openings and the windows geometry performance towards daylighting, and since that the windows geometry managed to improve the daylighting factor inside the rooms and the spaces it was necessary that there won’t be any glare issue that might cause visual disturbance to the users indoor And according to the glare analysis it was found that the spaces doesn’t suffer from any glare issues that needs to be solved. The hypothesis made from that was that the openings were sufficient enough to provide daylight inside the units, however the surrounding buildings acted as an obstruction towards preventing direct sunlight from accessing the spaces, also the facade components managed to orient the sun in positive way. At this step it was concluded the openings geometry managed to convert disadvantages of the site to advantages factors and make use of it. Fig34:southern room 5th floor glare for summer Source:grasshopper -ladybug
Fig36:sky view factor image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
Fig35:southern room 5th floor glare for winter Source:grasshopper -ladybug
15.design development Indoor zoning: In the zoning process the floor was divided into: ● Hall ● Two kitchens ● 12 small rooms with small private bathroom in each room, the area of each room is 19 m2 ● 1 living room of area 40m2 ● 1 semi opened terrace divided into two parts one part is closed separated from the other part with glazing doors, the other part is a terrace with scaled vegetation.
The reason behind dividing the terrace space into two parts is to create a transitional space linking between the hall and the terrace, the transitional space will get the users to start adapting to the variation in the environmental parameters of the two space. The atrium was made to ventilate the halls and allow sufficient daylight distribution within the total depth of the building. The dimensions of the atrium was determined by applying a 1x1 meters grid to the UDI analysis less than 100 to determine how much area is need to be opened to daylight the parts that has more than 20% of the hours with useful daylight illuminance less than 100 lux.
Fig37:top view zoning plan Source:personal sketch d
Atrium Living room bedrooms Terrace kitchens Hall and common space
Fig38:UDI less than 100 5th floor Source:grasshopper -ladybug Fig39:daylight factor for 100% glazing facade Source:grasshopper -ladybug
15.design development
Fig40:top view plan Source:personal sketch d
15.2.design development Construction materials suggested to be used : External wall :3mm skim on 12.5mm plasterboard on dabs -315mm medium block (0.53 W/m.K)-
Fig43:external walls Source:Kingspan Insulation U-value calculator
Internal floors with thickness 500.6 mm Construction build-up includes: 200mm concrete deck
In the phase of choosing the construction material it was necessary to focus on the U VALUE and the thermal performance of each material. Even though focusing on the U value will achieve the best result in the thermal performance and energy consumption it was necessary to make a balance between the cost and the efficiency and provide materials that already exists in the common markets. And the table below shows the selected U-Value for the building elements in the simulations that were made to understand the energy performance of the building (TAS analysis ) . For the glass, it was agreed to select a normal double glazing window with air gap between the two layer of thickness 15 mm. As for the exterior walls the material the suggested was solid bricks and tile hanging as an external finish with insulation thickness of 45 mm
Fig45glass material section Source:Source:Kingspan Insulation U-value calculator
Window pane +window frame Internal wall
Fig42:internal floor Source:Kingspan Insulation U-value calculator
Internal wall: 3mm skim coated 15mm plasterboard polythene sheet vapour control layer fixed to 150mm timber.
Internal floor Fig44:internal wall Source:Kingspan Insulation U-value calculator
The name of the materials
The u value/G Value identified for it
Window pane (double glazing)
1.3W/m2·K
Window wooden frame
1.7W/m2·K
Internal floor
0.19W/m2·K
Internal ceiling
0.53W/m2·K
External wall
0.31W/m2·K
Internal wall
0.73W/m2·K
Internal ceiling Fig41:3D image if the 5th floor jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
external floor
16.Energy performance & comfort Checking the performance of the design strategies: In this step it was important to check how the building will perform in different parts of the year after making the designing draft. That's why a lot of strategies were tested to understand how the building will perform in hot summer days and in cold days of winter and what mechanical system it will be need to maximize the percentage of the hours that will be in the comfort zones. After identifying what mechanical system will be needed to achieve comfort in certain parts of the year it will be necessary to test different strategies aiming to reduce the energy consumption of the building represented in the annual loads of heating or cooling systems. Stating the benchmark used to identify comfort: According to ASHRAE technical manual it is stated that the indoor comfort ranges from 19 °c to 28°c And according to cibse guide it was estimated how the internal conditions will be
Fig47 TAS MODEL photo Source:TAS-027
Fig 46 Internal condition Source:personal source Fig48 :physcometric chart of the winter Source:grass hopper and ladybug
16.1.Energy performance & comfort Scenario 1
U-value
occupancy
Aperture
no Heating system
No Night shutters
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
U-value
U-value
occupancy
occupancy
Aperture
Heating system
No Night shutters
Aperture
Heating system
No Night shutters
Scenario 4
U-value
occupancy
Scenario 5
U-value
occupancy
Aperture
Aperture
Heating system
Heating system
Night shutters
Night shutters with improving its u value
16.2.Energy performance & comfort Totally passive building: Num. of hours above comfort=1200 hours Num. of hours in the whole year=8760 hours Percentages of hours of the year the temperature is above comfort= 1200/8760=13.5% of hours the temperature is above 28 °c
13.5% of the hours the temperature is above 28°c (the comfort benchmark)
According to the previous plane the first step was to estimate how is the building perform when it is totally passive without heating or cooling systems. By fixing the U value of the building and the aperture percentage of opening taken from the optivent and running the simulations without editing anything else. After doing that it was necessary to understand the percentage of how many hours of the year the temperature is above 28 for summer days and how many hours of the year the temperature is below 18 degrees. And for that the TAS frequency report was needed to estimate the numbers of hours of each part of the year.
Scenario 1
U-value
From the frequency report it was found that only 13.5% of the hours the temperature exceeds 28°c, however this analysis showed that the building is within the comfort most of the summer days, so the next step will be checking the performance in winter.
occupancy
Aperture
Heating system
No Night shutters
Fig50:sas results TSD frequency report screenshot-day1 Source:TAS
Fig49 tas results TSD screenshot-day1 Source:TAS
16.2.Energy performance & comfort Scenario 1
U-value
Free running building in winter: As for the winter, by proposing to decrease the aperture percentage opening most of the day during the winter season it was found the temperature is considered to be below the comfort even thought the internal heat gains trapped inside the room manage to make the temperature inside the room more than the external temperature by 2.5 degrees , however it was still below the comfort. For estimating how many hours are below the comfort a frequency report was made for the hours the temperature drops under 18 degrees and based on the frequency result it will be decided what mechanical system will be used to maximize indoor comfort. From the frequency report it was found that more than 47% of the hours in winter the temperature is below 18°c. And from that it was found that the building will require heating system to maximize the comfort limit indoors most of the year.
Num. of hours below comfort=4200 hours Num. of hours in the whole year=8760 hours Percentages of hours of the year the temperature is above comfort= 4200/8760=47% of hours the temperature is above 28 °c
occupancy 47% of the hours the temperature is below 18°c (the comfort benchmark)
Aperture
Heating system
No Night shutters
Fig51:as results TSD screenshot-day1 Source:TAS
Fig52:frequency reports screenshot Source: tas reports
16.3.Energy performance & comfort With the heating on based on the lower limit of the thermostat :
Scenario 2
setting the thermostat for the heating system based on the lower limit of the comfort zone so that the heating system won't allow the temperature to drop below 18°c instead of opening the heating system only during the occupancy hours. In some cases this scenario can reduce the heating load as it saved the energy consumed to raise the temperature again from very low temperatures up to 18 °c. However checking is the point of proving the efficiency of this case. And by calculating the annual heating load it was found that it was about 50 kwh/m2.
U-value
No upper limit
occupancy
50 kwh/m2
Sygenta energy management scheme *2014
18°c Aperture
Heating system
No Night shutters
Fig52:annual loads report Source:tas
Fig53:tas results TSD screenshot-day1 Source:TAS
16.4.Energy performance & comfort No upper limit
Scenario 3
With the heating on based on the occupancy schedule :
U-value
18°c
By setting the thermostat for the heating system based on the occupancy schedule and fixing all the other conditions like aperture percentage of openings and the u value of the building elements it was found that the annual load decreased by almost 36% to make the heating load become 32.5kwh/m2. And from that it was concluded that this heating system operating scenario will be used in the other cases by applying the heating system only during the occupancy hours. Fig57:occupancy estimated schedule Source: residential buildings guide
occupancy
32.5 kwh/m2
Aperture
Heating system
No Night shutters
Fig55:as results TSD screenshot-day1 Source:TAS
Fig56:annual loads report Source:tas
16.5.Energy performance & comfort Adding night shutters in winter :
Scenario
Comparing the annual heating load with the annual heating load of the passive house criteria it was noticed that it is still needed to reduce the annual heating loads more since that the passive house standards for heating load is 15 kwh/m2 . As result of that it was decided that winter night shutters will be added to minimize the heat lose that happens during the night through the windows pane. However , by adding night shutters of U value 1.13 W/m2·K considering it as the same u value of the windows wooden frame the resultant annual heating load became 23.7 kwh/m2 , so adding night shutters managed to reduce the annual heating load by 28% which is considered to be an improvement
4
U-value
Adding night shutters in winter and improving its U value : To decrease the heating load more, it was decided to improve the materials of the shatters by decreasing the u value from 1.13 W/m2·K to 0.57 W/m2·K . However the change in the annual loads became 10% to become 22 kwh/m2 Even though it didn't reach the passive house criteria the building performance managed to improve it,s heating load by 56%.
Scenario
5
U-value
occupancy
occupancy
Aperture
Aperture
23.7 kwh/m2 22kwh/m2
Heating system
Heating system
adding Night shutters
adding Night shutters
17)conclusion The building is like humans it needs light and fresh air, but also it need to be adaptable in different parts of the year and this happens by creating strategies that balances between the building occupancy , climatic conditions and energy consumption. These strategies can be quantified in the building design Sub conclusions: â—?
Designing a building within the environmental steps can manage to convert the disadvantages of the sito to advantages that can be used in favor of the design, however the massing of the building based on the environmental analysis will not only improve the building performance in different conditions but also improve the buildings impact on the surrounding buildings.
â—?
By using the environmental strategies in the massing and designing process and then identify the shape,geometry and material of the openings then comparing the analysis results with the guidance and benchmarks is the best step towards passive buildings. Sometimes decreasing the G value of the glass doesn't necessarily reduce the heating load sometimes it works in the opposite direction as it prevent the solar gains to enter to the space through the glass either making the only source of heat providing in winter is the internal gains and eventually heating systems.
â—?
Designing and massing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Fig62:visualized image for the bedrooms Source: personal modeling 3d max
Fig63:visualized image for the living room Source: personal modeling 3d max
Fig64:visualized image for the terraces Source: personal modeling 3d max
TABLE OF CONTENTS SUBTITLE TEXT
Fig65:sky view factor image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Fig67:sky view factor image jpg Source:google earth map-satellite 3d
Apendex Apendix
Fig69:CFD ANALYSIS Source:CFD SOFTWARE
Fig 70 Ground floor plan :Source:PERSONAL SKETCH
Fig68:CFD ANALYSIS Source:CFD
Fig69:CFD ANALYSIS Source:CFD
9. REFERENCES BOOK/GUIDES City of Westminster. 2018. Bayswater Ward Profile. London: Westminster City Council. Available from https://www.westminster.gov.uk/sites/default/files/bayswater-ward-profile.pdf[Accessed 25thof January of 2019] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate Change Synthesis Report. Available from https://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/ipcc/ipcc/resources/pdf/IPCC_SynthesisReport.pdf[Accessed 1stof February of 2019] Mayor of London. 2018. Zero carbon London: A 1.5ºC compatible plan. Available from https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/1.5c_compatible_plan.pdf[Accessed 1stof February of 2019] Rennie and Parand.(1998)Environmental design guide for naturally ventilated and daylit offices. Construction Research Communications Ltd
WEBSITES Whiteley’s Development. 2019. History. Available from http://www.whiteleysdevelopment.co.uk/history.php. [Accessed 25thof January of 2019]. Mark, L. 2016. Fosters wins planning for Whiteley’s shopping centre revamp. Available from https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/fosters-wins-planning-for-whiteleys-shopping-centrerevamp/10004727.article.[Accessed 25thof January of 2019]
SOFTWARES Grasshopper-ladybug-honeybee softwares vro 36 for climatic analysis. Rhino and sketchup-vray06 for modeling Google map satellite 3d-2d for the site studies CFD software for wind analysis (indoor and outdoor studies. TAS for dynamic thermal analysis and energy consumption.
Internal conditions