Studio D Research Booklet

RESEARCH BOOKLET 1

ROBYN MACKENZIE, 914559 STUDIO 7: E.R SEMESTER 2, 2020

Contents 03

Project overview

04

General Research

22

Site Analysis

33

Covid-19 Research

44

Wind Research

54

Design Development

107

Sustainability

115

Final Drawings

126

Weekly summaries

139

References 2

Project Overview

This project for Ambulance Victoria calls for a net carbon zero ambulance branch in Clyde North. The building should meet the Passivehaus standard and have a low embodied energy. The project explores what the future of the ambulance branch is post Covid-19 and blends sustainable design with Covid-19 mitigation strategies. Currently the pandemic is impacting both the functional requirements of the ambulance branch and the mental health of paramedics. In addition to these initial struggles, post-pandemic architecture will change to reflect learned behaviors about cleanliness and virus mitigation. The design aims to facilitate a dialogue between post-pandemic design and carbon zero strategies to create a healthy and sustainable ambulance branch. The design includes automatic ventilation strategies that create safer internal environments and reduces operational energy usage. In addition, several spatial changes will be implemented such as larger rooms for social distancing, disinfecting stations, and better quality outdoor spaces to encourage paramedics to spend time outside.

3

Section 01: General RESEARCH

4

Section 01: summary Throughout the first half of the semester the research mostly revolved around the ambulance branch typology. I learnt what the basic requirements of an ambulance branch was, what is working in current ambulance branches and what could be improved upon. We were also given several tours of branches and interview sessions with paramedics to get a firsthand account on ambulance branches. Overall, the key issues facing ambulance branches was a lack of outdoor spaces, uninspiring and generic interiors, high embodied energy and high operational energy requirements.

In addition to meeting these immediate architectural issues, my project aims to envision how the ambulance branch typology may change in the future. One issue that was raised during the interview session was the impact that the pandemic was having on the function of the ambulance branch. This was something I was eager to explore in the remainder of the semester.

5

Embodied energy Information (Australian Government, 2020): • Energy consumed by all the processes associated with the materials e.g. mining, transportation, manufacturing, processing • Concrete blocks (1.5 MJ/kg) • In-situ concrete (1.9 MJ/kg) • Precast tilt-up concrete (1.9 MJ/kg) • Clay bricks (2.5 MJ/kg) • Cement (5.6 MJ/kg) • Glass (12.7 MJ/kg) • Galvanised steel (38 MJ/kg) • Aluminium (170 MJ/kg) • The higher the embodied energy, the more you need to recycle and reuse the material to offset the footprint • Developers often value cost, speed etc. over environmental benefits. Sometimes there is a trade off between embodied energy and building performance/maintenance Innovative Materials with Low Embodied Energy (Brownell, 2020): H-UKR,Hoffmann Green Cement

Recycled Plastic Cladding

Made with blast furnace slag, byproduct of steel production

Made from recycled high density polystyrene

Lamboo Structure

Recycled Aluminium Roof Shingles

Made with bamboo, is stronger than other tree species

Made with 99% recycled content, sourced from postconsumer waste

6

Operational energy Information (Australian Government, 2020): • Operational energy is the energy that is used during the occupancy stage of building life cycle for space and water heating, space cooling, lighting, running the equipment and appliances.

• In commercial buildings, more than 58% of site energy is consumed for space heating (27%), water heating (7%), space cooling (10%), and lighting (14%). The rest is used for ventilation (6%) and plug loads (36%).

• Renewable energy sources include solar, water, and wind • Use passive design principals to reduce need for artificial lighting and conditioning of spaces • Try and make everything use electricity rather than gas to future proof the building

Diagrams (Australian Government, 2020):

Passive Design Importance of shading, insulation, thermal mass, and ventilation to reduce operational energy usage

7

Water usage Information (Australian Government, 2020): • Water usage includes sinks, toilets, showers, plant irrigation, cleaning and sanitation, medical usage, drinking and cooking • Greywater filtering garden • Fog harvesting system • Rainwater harvesting system can be used to flush toilets and water the garden, also if filtered can be used for everyday water usage • Stormwater management system includes swales and wetlands • Water can also be used to passively cool wind before it enters a space

Diagrams (Australian Government, 2020):

Greywater Filtering System 8

Waste management Information (Australian Government, 2020): • Construction material waste is huge contributer • Concrete and timber waste are the greatest contributers to construction waste • Importance of modulation and prefabrication to reduce construction waste • Demolition waste • Operational waste including trash and when materials need to be maintained/replaced • Idea of a building lifecycle is really important

Diagrams (Australian Government, 2020):

9

Belmont Ambulance Branch

Key Takeaways • Garage is visual element, need to be pointed towards the road • Clean storage attached to garage • Branch corridor attached to garage • Aim for efficiency and speed • Recreation spaces include kitchen, dining, living, outdoor spaces • Bedrooms do not belong to one person • Most branches are 400m2 • Ability for branches to be opened up but privacy is really important • 360 degree garage so no need for reversing • Generally a 40 year lifespan of materials in the building

10

Whittlesea branch tour

Key Takeaways • Single level access to minimize tripping hazards • Delivery room located at the front • Crew are generally happy with the branch • Branch does tend to be cold in winter • Some level of community engagement but minimal • Rural paramedics tend to have more downtime • Sleep areas should be close to garage for speedy turnaround time • Place toilet next to garage so paramedics can use it before they depart • Design should be focused on reducing departure time • Staff get one 30 minute break during the day and two 30 minute breaks at night • Fatigue of paramedics is a major issue • Possible veggie or herb garden for fresh food • Flow of building is really important • Ramps can work but no stairs • Bedrooms should have windows but be quiet • Issue of noise to surrounding houses (garage sounds)

11

Diamond Creek branch tour

Key Takeaways • Finished 1.5 years ago • Located on busy main road with garage in proximity to the street • In residential zone with conservation overlay • Minimize lighting, signage, and noise to prevent impact on neighbouring houses • Overshadowing issue of garage • Deal with stormwater and rainwater above ground • No tall fences for people to hide behind for security • Larger training room and separate study space • Avoid corner windows as they are expensive • 16-24 lockers generally • Instantaneous hot water as showers are rarely used • Unisex bathrooms now • Recliners are really important in lounge • Vision panel on doors -- especially to the garage

12

Capital works sustainability Universal Design (Victorian Health and Human Services, 2017): 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Equitable use Flexibility in use Simple and innovative use Perceptible information Tolerance for error Low physical effort Size and space for approach and use

Design Responses: • • • • • • • •

Orientation of building Natural shade through landscape design Low conductivity of materials outside e.g. wood Use of permeable paving 60% of space dedicated for solar harvesting Local plants Light materials outside Design for flood levels

Healing Environments:

Indoor Air Quality

Connection with Nature 13

Active Lifestyle

Branch Design Specifications

Key Takeaways (Ambulance Victoria, 2019): • Kitchen, dining and living should be located close to the garage • Moving through the branch fast should be a priority • Garage egress to road is the priority • Avoid north-west facing garages • Bathrooms should be close to the garage • Training and team manager located at the front of the site • Windows should be in all rooms -- think of ways to help reduce outside noise • Everything needs to be designed to allow for an easy exit from the branch

14

ESD Precedent 01 Name: Limestone House Architect: John Wardle Architects Date: 2019 Info: Family home, uses recycled and local materials, northern facade is curved to capture light, uses stack ventilation principals, use of water as passive cooling device

Facade is curved to allow for more north facing surface

Courtyard allows light into the space

Internal materials are natural and warm toned

Diagram showing passive design ideas 15

ESD Precedent 02 Name: Dixon Water Foundation Architect: Lake Flato Architects Date: 2014 Info: Uses salvaged materials, minimal walls to allow for good ventilation, self sufficient in managing water and wastewater

Lots of timber as materials to reduce embodied energy

Chain down pipe to facilitate water runoff

Walls can open and close to allow for more ventilation

Diagram showing passive design strategies 16

ESD Precedent 03 Name: ECOPOLE Architect: ENO architects Date: 2015 Info: Bio-climatic approach to design, uses greenhouse to preheat air entering the building, uses untreated wood as cladding, insulation in walls is made of hemp, lots of natural materials, large garage space

Untreated wood facade

Windows can pivot to allow for ventilation

Dynamic panels on the roof

Internal finishes are warm and wooden 17

ESD Precedent 04 Name: Fire Station 76 Architect: Hennebery Eddy Architects Date: 2015 Info: Fire station with an emphasis on fast response times, charred timber facade, unique treatment of garage space

Charred timber on the facade

Wooden spanning elements in the garage

Thermal mass on the floor and warm wood tones

Clerestory window in hallway to let in light 18

Precedent LBC Comparison Large Span for Garage

Air Heat Transfer System

Local Materials

Biophillia

Natural Ventilation

Limestone House - John Wardle Architects ECOPOLE ENO Architects Dixon Water Foundation - Lake Flato Architects Fire Station 76 Hennebery Eddy Architects

Key Takeaways • All projects use local and salvaged materials to reduce the embodied energy • All projects want to have a connection to nature for both mental health and passive design principals • All projects use some form of natural ventilation to help keep spaces cool in summer • ECOPOLE uses a air heat transfer system which is a system to look into for my building • Two of the projects feature large garage spaces which is useful to understand both spans and internal qualities of these spaces

19

Ambulance Victoria q&A Interview

Design

Site

Similar heating requirements as a large house

Efficient thermal and noise insulation required

Located in residential area so noise creation is issue

Substantial support for mental health of paramedics

Preventative mental health design + support areas

Only one mental health facilities in proximity to site

High care of space in old buildings while new buildings taken for granted

Implement sense of ownership for operational change

Demand for walkability on site for exercise

Walking track and lots of outdoor space for exercise

Zoning of HVAC to meet differing needs of comfort

Hydronic heating system, split system heating system

Passive heating/ cooling to achieve basic comfort

Thermal mass, ventilation, orientation and biophilia

Typical branch lifespan of 50 years end of life cycle?

Recycling of materials, design for disassembly

Noise from road/ garage coming into sleeping units

Locate sleeping units far from garage

Place bedrooms to east of site to reduce noise

Impact of Covid-19 on operations and mental health

Space changes for distancing, indoor air quality, mental health

Utilize north/south wind directions to create cross ventilation

20

Large site so plenty of room for outdoor spaces

Western street frontage, north/south wind directions

Ergonomic Studies

Key Takeaways • No separation between kitchen and dining areas • Small and uninviting spaces • Spaces do not facilitate engagement with others • Spaces feel sterile and lackluster • Minimal connection to outdoors • Opportunities to design spaces above eye level 21

Section 02: Site Analysis

22

Section 02: summary The site was exceptionally challenging architecturally as it was a flat site with little to no existing surrounding context. Therefore much of the site analysis involved investigations into the future neighbourhood plans and creativity to envision what the site would look like in five years. The area around the site is primarily residential which means limiting the noise of the ambulance branch is a priority. There are also lots of wetlands in proximity to the site which provides a design opportunity. In terms of environmental benefits, the surrounding buildings will be between 1-2 storey tall which means there will be minimal overshadowing on the site. The road is on the west of the site which means the garage will get very hot in summer due to the strong afternoon sun.

I found that this site was a great exercise as it forced me to try a different approach to design development. Traditionally, my designs are strongly based off surrounding context therefore a flat empty site gave me more freedom to explore. In addition, the lack of slope on the site provided opportunities for engaging and creative landscape designs.

23

Response Radius

Key Takeaways • The site is positioned between two key target zones • The site is within proximity to three main hospitals • The red circle shows the target 15 minute response radius of the proposed ambulance branch

24

Traffic congestion

Key Takeaways • Matterhorn drive has minimal traffic congestion • Most of the traffic congestion is to the west of the site • As the surrounding area is developed the traffic flow and congestion could change

25

Neighbourhood context

Key Takeaways • Surrounding context is primarily residential • Large shopping precinct to the west of the site • Aged care facility to the west of the site • Clyde North Precinct to the north (under development) • Future Town Centre to the south (under development) • Future Medical Centre to the east (under development)

26

Surrounding Buildings

Key Takeaways • Most of the surrounding building will be between 1-2 storeys • The site is located in an urban growth zone • There is a special use zone to the south of the site underneath the power poles

27

Neighbourhood Context

PICNIC

DENAL

I DR

AVE ST

R

D RN RHO TTE MA

KAKAD U ST

CAVE

PL

FUJI

SERENG

ETI ST

RAINIE

R CRES

MOVEMENT AND VIEWS Key Views Site Access

0

15

45m

Future Road Route to Main Road

Key Takeaways • Key views are to the west across the street • There are some future roads that will be added around the site • The route to the main road is located to the north • Site access is only from the west

28

N

Climate context

Key Takeaways (Bureau of Meteorology, 2020) • The site is relatively flat • Most of the wind in winter comes from the north • Most of the wind in summer comes from the south and west • Highest wind was 94.3km/h (2019) • 2019 lowest temperature -- 7.9C • 2019 highest temperature -- 42.9C • Average maximum temperature has risen 0.6C within the last twenty years • Annual rainfall is 687mm (2019) • Highest monthly rainfall is 121mm (2019) • Lowest monthly rainfall is 19mm (2019)

29

Clyde North demographics

11%

21%

0-4 years old

5-19 years old

29%

20-34 years old

12%

27%

55+ years old

35-55 years old

Key Takeaways (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017) • 8156 residents • 51% female, 49% male • 0.3% Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander • 55% native English speakers • 2.4% need assistance from disability or health condition • Median age is 30 as it is a young suburb • Most people earn $800-1249 per week

30

Annotations of Site

Key 1. Primary access to site 2. New road to be added 3. Way to main road, traffic noise 500m away 4. Site Low Point (29.8m) 5. Site High Point (30.7m) 6. Warmer wind from North 7. Cooler wind from West 8. Services setback 9. Corrugated steel roof suggested 10. Low traffic flow road 11. Green open space

31

Site analysis summary

Distance of findings from site • Impact of green space at all scales • Lots of residential buildings around the site • Lots of water features (wetlands) in proximity to the site

Opportunities • • • • • • • • • • • •

Large, flat site Located next to future town centres Proximity to future green space Low traffic Only one mental health centre close to site Summer wind comes from north and west Lots of rain Proximity to water features Indigenous plant re-introduction Future bike lanes Importance of wetlands Good soil for gardening endeavors

Constraints • • • • • • • • • • • •

32

Garage noise in residential area No immediate connection to healthcare Garage will be on western face (heat) Limited views - only west Noise during day from Lollipops 45% of residents non-native English speakers Northern winter wind Setback from future builds to north Limited public transport Site located near bushfire risk Quarry nearby - contamination Close to power lines

Section 03: Covid-19 Research

33

Section 03: summary In this section I researched how Covid-19 was impacting ambulance branches. To begin the research I explored how the traditional workplace was impacted by covid and how office buildings are adapting to the pandemic. The main solutions implemented in workplaces all over the world are social distancing, increased cleaning, opening windows, and mask usage. Many of these general solutions formed the basis for my design. As there is minimal research on how ambulance branches are adapting to the pandemic I had to speculate based on how the pandemic is impacting the function of the branch. One issue that was consistently raised is how the mental health of paramedics has declined in the pandemic. As paramedics are front line workers the pandemic is overwhelming and causes them to worry about whether they are bringing the virus home to their loved ones. Although an ambulance branch alone cannot control the pandemic -- architecture can help reduce the risk to paramedics and support them and their families.

The main solutions implemented to mitigate the effects of the virus include larger spaces for social distancing, decontamination spaces before entering the branch, increased ventilation, better outdoor spaces, easy to clean materials, and a mental health clinic for paramedics, their families, and the broader community.

34

Covid impact brainstorm

Key Takeaways • There will be physical and psychological changes within spaces • More importance given to clean and fresh air • Social distancing provisions in place when necessary 35

Spaces post covid Vitra (2020) • Hygiene standards will be permanently increased • Working remotely will become more prevalent • Many interactions can be transfered online, but not all • New rules and layouts for offices • Disinfectants at entrances, temperature checks and masks • Self opening doors and non-touch objects • Materials -- leather, plastic, wood, brass, copper, metal, concrete • Vulnerable groups get separate spaces • Provisions for social distancing • Fixed teams of 2-3 workers • Screens and room dividers • Easy to clean surfaces -- high-pressure laminate, melamine resin on wood, metal, medium density fiberboard Safework Australia (2020) • 4m2 of space per employee • Floor marking to denote space • Hot desks need to be cleaned often • Natural ventilation is important Health.gov.au for Paramedics (2020) • More hand washing required • Disposal of PPE is more important • Cleaning of ambulance after jobs (need PPE to do this) • Fresh air intake is important Beyond Blue (2020) • Paramedics are more exposed, anxiety • Change in routine can cause mental distress • Turnaround time takes longer • Call out takes longer • Impact of virus on family life • Need increased mental health support for paramedics

36

Possible space adaptations

37

Ventilation

38

Indoor air quality

39

Current Covid Impact

These are the changes taking place within ambulance branches throughout the Covid-19 pandemic (Department of Health, 2020)

40

Future Covid Impact

Post pandemic architecture will change to reflect learned behaviours about cleanliness and virus mitigation. Some examples of these changes include architecture designed with ventilation in mind, easy to clean materials, more importance given to outdoor spaces, more emphasis on indoor air quality, spatial changes to allow social distancing, and disinfecting stations at entrances (Vitra, 2020).

41

Covid safe Materials

High Pressure Laminate

MDF with Melamine Resin

Copper and Metals

Concrete

These materials are durable and easy to clean, in addition, some of these materials have good virus resistance properties (Vitra, 2020) 42

Covid Precedent 01 Name: Covid Pop-Up School Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Date: 2020 Info: Classroom space that addresses social distancing, safety, and ventilation. Model can be rolled out throughout the USA as necessary.

Each classroom has access to the outside

Desks are spaced apart, provisions for online learning

Each table has individual return vents, lots of natural ventilation

Units can be placed together as necessary 43

Section 04: Wind RESEARCH

44

Section 04: summary Wind Impact on Design: • Orientate building to take advantage of primary wind directions • Have a slender buildings to allow for more effective cross ventilation • Careful consideration of landscaping to help direct or diffuse wind • Choose window types carefully to allow for the most efficient ventilation • Choose room depth which is suitable to the type of ventilation you want to encourage • Look at monthly wind roses to determine when you want natural ventilation (summer) and when you want to protect against wind (winter) • Design of building envelope (material, shape, form) also contributes to wind harnessing e.g. interactive facade • Building form could potentially create wind tunnels for energy • Wind harvesting can be integrated into architecture My System: An automated ventilation system can make fresh air intake more efficient as It feeds of internal and external environmental cues. The system uses sensors which monitor temperature, humidity, CO2, and wind speed. These sensors then relay information to the Building Management System (BMS) which can open/close windows or turn on the heat recovery ventilation system. This form of ventilation guarantees consistently good air quality with maximum efficiency and also supports night purging.

Advantages: • Lower maintenance costs • Less energy usage • Individual control • Minimal human intervention required • Guarantee consistently good air quality • Maximized efficiency • Ability to do night purges in summer 45

Wind Precedent 01 Name: Hostel Architect: Zoka Zola Date: 2020 Info: Emphasis on natural ventilation to passively cool the building, bedrooms are on first floor to allow for better ventilation

Building is raised up to allow for better ventilation

Louvers are utilized to increase airflow

Roof form encouraged ventilation

Chimneys are used to distribute ventilation through the building 46

Wind Precedent 02 Name: Wind House Architect: Suzuki Architects Date: 2018 Info: Wind comes mostly down main street so the building utilizes extensive windows to allow for cross ventilation.

Extensive windows to allow for ventilation

Each room has windows on two sides to allow for cross ventilation

Windows are placed to best create cross ventilation

Lots of natural wood to create a earthy feel inside 47

Wind Precedent 03 Name: Kindergarten Kamnitnik Architect: EFEKT Architects Date: 2017 Info: One of the lowest energy usage buildings in the region, ventilation is optimized to reduce energy usage, windows can be opened and mechanical systems turn on automatically based on internal and external environmental cues, entire system can be accessed using a smartphone or tablet

The front of the building

The building opens into the landscape

The space is open to maximise ventilation

Whole walls can be opened to allow for cross ventilation 48

Wind Research

Shrubs and trees affect the way wind moves through the site and can help channel cooling breezes

Trees can also help diffuse high winds to protect dwellings

The placement of fins on the outside of the window has an affect on how the wind moves through space. Fin placement also has an affect on wind velocity

If only one wall has windows effective ventilation is still possible. Need multiple windows on the same face with fins to help draw wind into the space. Width of the rooms should be less than twice its height

(Australian Government, 2020) 49

Wind Roses

Key Takeaways (Bureau of Meteorology, 2020) • In summer, most of the wind comes from the south and the west • In autumn, most of the wind comes from the east, west, and north • In winter, most of the wind comes from the north • In spring, most of the wind comes from the west

50

Wind Rose Summary

Key Takeaways (Bureau of Meteorology, 2020) • Average wind speed 15km/h • Throughout the year most of the wind comes from the north and the west • Calmer winds come from the east and south • Should try and capture wind from the south and east as it calmer and therefore more comfortable • Should rarely capture wind from the north as it is very fast moving • Try and shelter outdoor spaces from the north and west winds

51

System Overview

!

200

0

600mm

BMS

0

50

150mm

Louvers are attached to a motor so they can open and close automatically when signaled by the BMS 52

System Overview 1. SENSOR

2. Rule

3. solution

outdoor Good outside Conditions

External Air Temperature

Open Windows Wind Strength and Direction

Shut off HRV System Rain

indoor

Internal Air Temperature

Building Management System poor outside Conditions

When the sensors indicate that increased ventilation is required in a specific zone the solution depends on the oudoor conditions

Close Windows Humidity Turn on HRV System CO2 Levels

Zone 10 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 Zone 6

Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 3 Zone 2

Zone 1

0

1.2

3.6m

The branch is divided into zones to increase the efficiency of the automated ventilation system and ensure a tailored response based on room usage and time of the day 53

Section 05:

Design Development

54

Section 05: Summary This section includes the design development from week 4 through to week 12. The branch goes through several iterations as my research about wind, Covid-19, and sustainability gets more robust. The plans of the branch remained relatively similar between mid-semester and the final presentation except for optimization and efficiency improvements.

The overall form and facade of the building received a full revamp after mid-semester as my exploration about wind became more detailed.

Sectional wind studies and social distancing studies helped to optimize my design using a more scientific methodology. The PHPP worksheet also helped drive window location and shading devices in my design. I found that experimenting in PHPP before designing the building gave me strict parameters for the 3D form of my building. The landscape was designed after the building was finished, however, integrating the landscape design into the building would have been interesting to explore.

55

Initial Concept

What will a zero carbon ambulance branch look like post Covid-19?

Spatial Changes

Indoor Air Quality

Natural Ventilation

56

Initial Site Brainstorm 1

Key Takeaways • Initially wanted the garage to the south to maximise northern light into the building • Wanted rest space on the east of the site as it is quieter • Wanted office/training/mental heath space to be off Matterhorn DR 57

Initial Site Brainstorm 2

This layout is more functional, however, the sleeping space is blocking northern light into the living spaces.

58

Initial Site Brainstorm 4

Key Feedback • Make the light well smaller • Experiment with how to minimize parking space • Building is too pushed up to the north therefore there are not any great views out of the living spaces • Think about how to maximise the site • Balance social requirements with ESD strategies • Focus on ventilation system • Importance of cross ventilation • Try and reduce external surface area • Angles on north face are good • Experiment with self shading architecture

59

Building annotation

Key Takeaways • How to maximise cross ventilation • How to shade northern face in summer while letting sun in during winter 60

Site layout experimentation

61

Site layout experimentation

62

Floor plan Brainstorm

63

Study zone design

64

Living + Training Design

The layout of the living room seems slightly inefficient, also, the training room should open up into the hallway for convenience.

65

Initial Wetlands design

Wetland Information (Melbourne Water, 2017) • Benefits include urban cooling, stormwater treatment, and wildlife habitat • Maintenance access to sediment pond • Water flows through wetlands on specific path and extends to stormwater system • Shallow marshes, deep marshes, and submerged areas

66

Site Plan development

BIKE STORE Y IVER DEL

DELIVERY

MEDICAL STORE

SEDIMENT POND

GARAGE

RK

R PA

ITO

VIS

RK

A PA

DD

CHA

MAT

G RGIN

TER

ITY

HOR

VAN

DECK LIVING

/DININ

LOCKERS

G/KITC

ND

HEN

REST AREA

R

STUDY LEADER OFFICE

TRAINING ROOM

WAIT MH SERVICE

CONNECTION TO STORMWATER

0

2

6m

N

Key Feedback • Do massing to show solar gain during the day • Have line showing where public can and cannot go • Design deck and grassy spaces • Experiment with ventilation impact on spaces • Work on mental health clinic, training room, and rest rooms • Play with angles and sun paths • Experiment with adding greywater to wetlands in summer • Research mechanical system with good filters and how air is recycled • Bio-filtration for greywater • Research “living machine” greywater + black water

67

Facade ideas

Key Takeaways • Option 01 had roof shape that did not interact with the wind • Option 01 is relatively uninspiring • Option 02 has more dynamic rood shape that interacts with the wind more • Option 02 has opportunities for green spaces on the roof

68

Building section ideas

Key Takeaways • Option 01 dynamic roof is more exciting, however it may be difficult to resolve in the building • Option 02 is less inspiring but the roof shape is more feasible and helps to move the wind in a certain direction • Importance of clerestory windows to north

69

Mid-Sem Site plan

Site Plan

Site Isometric

70

Mid-Sem Building Section

Living Room Section

WINTER

SUMMER

Solar Study

Wind Study

Key Takeaways • The shading on the north is working well • The wind could move through the building better • Section is overall uninspiring 71

Mid-Sem entry ergonomic

Second wall acts as airlock to prevent unsanitized individuals from entering the space

280

People sign in using an online form before entering

560

PLEASE WASH HANDS + SIGN IN

200

780

200

Station for washing hands before entering the branch

420

300

360

650

300

Key Takeaways • Visitors must pass through a sanitation space before entering the branch • This space will include hand sanitizer, disposable masks, and an online form to check into the branch • There is storage under the bench for extra supplies • This space is working well, however, ventilation is needed to make the space more safe

72

Mid-Sem deck ergonomic Horizontal shading

940

800

Pergola acts as shading device whilst outside

440

Bubble showing social distancing requirements

220

460

1500mm

600

Grassy outdoor space is more inviting than concrete

700

1160

420

840

280

400

Flexible outdoor space allows for outdoor training sessions

Key Takeaways • This outdoor space has a pergola to shade the table underneath • There is a large table here to allow for outdoor training and events • The space is large enough to allow for social distancing • Overall, the space is working well but the interaction between the branch and the landscape should be further explored • Some shading from the northern wind in winter should also be explored

73

Mid-Sem study ergonomic Northern windows for good natural light and passive heating

Corridor allows for soical distancing

500

1500mm

500

200

Divider screens to mitigate effects of virus

600

Ergonomic chair

Louvers for increased natural ventilation

Plants to allow for evapotranspiration

1500

1500

1500

Key Takeaways • The study space has seating for three • Each desk is separated by a divider screen to mitigate the effects of the virus • Each chair is spaced 1.5m apart to allow for social distancing • Windows are in-front of each desk to create lots of natural ventilation • The corridor space is slightly awkward and should be more streamlined to prevent confusion

74

Mid-Sem renders

Northern Deck

Main Entry

Southern Deck

Study Space

Living Room 75

Mid-sem PHPP

Key Takeaways • Windows are weak point within design - reduce and refine • Shading should be thought through more carefully to ensure best balance between solar heat gains and losses 76

Exterior Material Palette

Light Timber Cladding

Salvaged Timber Cladding

Slate Tiles

Greenery

The building utilizes darker materials to contrast with the salvaged timber and greenery. The warm brown timber will be used to emphasize certain components of the design 77

Building Composition

78

Window Exploration

Louver windows will be used as they allow the most amount of ventilation. Louver windows also direct wind through the space to provide different benefits as required. In addition, louver windows provide greater security than casement windows as the openings are smaller (Australian Government, 2020).

Windows should be placed across from each other to allow for cross ventilation (Australian Government, 2020).

Louver windows can change how the wind moves through a space (Australian Government, 2020).

79

Wind Design impact

80

Building Wind Studies

Northern Wind • Good movement through living and sleeping space • Poor movement in office space and garage • Sheltered deck to south

Eastern Wind • Good movement through office space and garage • Poor movement in living and sleeping spaces • No sheltered deck space

Southern Wind • Good movement through living and sleeping space • Average movement in office space • Poor movement in garage • Sheltered deck to north

Western Wind • Good movement through garage and office • Poor movement in living and sleeping spaces • Sheltered deck on north behind garage

81

Form Experimentation

Key Takeaways • The western wing of the branch works the best and should be changed minimally • The sleeping space of the branch works the worst and should be adapted to allow better cross ventilation • Overall the angles designed at mid semester work well to harvest the maximum amount of solar heat in winter 82

Social Distancing studies

83

Adaptation for covid waves

84

Section Studies

Key Takeaways • The section should prioritize stack and cross ventilation • Option 04 would work well in the sleeping space due to the minimal design • Option 01 and 02 should be explored further for the living space due to the interesting treatment of the hallway 85

New building Plan

Key Takeaways • This updated plan has less external wall area thus reducing the form factor of the building, consequently, the building will perform better • The changed layout around the mental health clinic works well as the waiting room is large enough to accommodate people comfortably • The separate entrance for the mental health clinic works well • The training room shape is more efficient and larger to allow for social distancing • The southern deck is larger which creates more space for outdoor training sessions • The driveway leading into the garage is wider to allow the ambulances to turn effectively

86

Social distancing comparison

Minimal social distancing provisions within the branch, tight spaces and furniture which does not promote 1.5m of distance

Chairs are spaced further apart to allow for social distancing, 2m2 per person rule is applied to prevent overcrowding 87

0

Cross Ventilation Comparison

Poor cross ventilation in office area, locker room, training room, and sleeping spaces. Windows and walls should be relocated

Cross ventilation is achieved in all spaces 88

0

Form Development

Key Takeaways • Each part of the building should have a slightly different design to cater to specific functional requirements • The roof form should encourage stack ventilation through clerestory windows • The back part of the roof should extend onto the wall to provide the illusion of a continuous form • Shading devices should be utilized on the northern facade

89

Facade Inspiration

Charles House by Austin Maynard Architects (2015)

Settlement House by Jon Patrick Bรถcker (2018)

Resort in House by ALPES Green Design & Build (2016) 90

Facade experimentation

The sleeping room design features smaller windows for privacy

The living room has a unique roof form to draw attention to the space

The study area is simple to create breathing room between two dynamic roof forms

The garage continues the dynamic roof form to create consistency 91

Living Room Hallway Sketch

92

Structural Grid

Key Takeaways • The building uses 100% timber structure as it has a low embodied energy • Columns are placed where walls meet to prevent interference with the floor plan • Generally speaking, the columns are 200x200mm wide but larger in the garage as the span is longer • The garage uses CLT beams and columns to cater to the large spans required • The most challenging part of the grid was lining up the columns with the dynamic roof form above • The sleeping spaces have the ability to be modulated as necessary

93

Structural Sections

The structural section here is generally successful, however, some of the beams should be thicker to support the roof span and columns should be visible.

The window frame on the left is jarring and distracts from the overall roof form. The window should be thought through to continue the fluidity of the roof.

94

Window Seat Detail

I began experimenting with how to anchor the end of the rest room hallway. I settled on a window seat which functions as a reading nook.

As this space is outside the rest rooms a quiet activity is necessary.

There are also opportunities to use the window to frame the landscape.

95

Dining Area Detail

This sketch shows how the column in the middle of the living room can become a design opportunity. The column is turned into a sanitation station which holds masks, gloves, and hand sanitizer. A half wall planter box helps to separate the dining area from the corridor. In addition, the seats are spaced out enough to allow for social distancing.

96

Fluidity of Form

I was drawn to option three as it was the most simple and effective way of maintaining fluidity of form and functionality. In addition, the repetitive pattern will create dynamic lighting conditions within the space.

97

Updated Facade

VL Office by Vanessa Larrère (2011)

The facade uses vertical fins to break up the form. These vertical fins carry over into the living room glazing to create consistency throughout the whole building. The glazing helps to break up the building form and provides environmental benefits. I found that the garage seemed disconnected from the facade perhaps a less dynamic roof would help.

98

Draft renders

The glass doors in the garage are too extreme and should be made less transparent. Overall, the building seems too boring when only using two main colours: brown and black.

The dripping roof tile effect that I wanted would be more successful when added in Photoshop during the post-processing stage. The timber window frames are lost in the facade, perhaps changing them to a light grey would help.

99

Draft renders

This view is successful but another facade material will help break up the form

This view should be looking more to the right as it is focusing on the living space rather than the dining area 100

Draft renders

This view should be zoomed out more to show the study space as well as the hallway. Also more variation in material is necessary

This view should be rotated around as the dining bench will dominate the image 101

Draft renders

The building needs more variation in materials and more greenery added to help break up the form.

The black fins dominate the design and should be made a softer colour 102

Landscape Design

This design plays with the levels of the landscape to create dynamic moments over the site. The low points follow the natural flow of the wetlands to help aid this process. The wetlands are sharp to create continuity with the building form.

103

Southern Deck Design

104

Public Program design

The public program includes a variety of seating and tables to allow people to work outside. There are charging ports included so users can charge laptops and tablets while they work. The space is separated from the main branch entrance by bushes to clearly demarcate what is public and what is private.

105

Landscape seasonal changes

106

Section 06: Sustainability

107

Section 06: Summary This section explores how my design responds to embodied energy, operational energy, water usage, and wetlands. These topics were taken from the class wide research groups as I wanted to ensure my building explored a variety of parameters. When designing around embodied energy I made sure to utilize plenty of timber in addition to recycled aggregate in the concrete slab. To lower the operational energy of the branch I focused on heating and cooling demands of the building. As the percentage of overheating in my building was so low I opted for a fully passive cooling system that utilized automatic windows and smart sensors. As the building is one storey it has a large roof area which harvests plenty of water per year. The water will be stored in a bladder tank under the southern deck to prevent overheating and provide easy maintenance. Greywater usage was also explored in the wetlands including the amount of water that could be added to the system each day. The greywater will be filtered and treated before entering the system to prevent damaging local wildlife and plants.

108

Embodied Energy

Local Slate Tiles

Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Ash Timber Cladding

Salvaged Timber Cladding

MDF Internal Finishes

100% Timber Construction

Key Takeaways: • Local materials are used when possible • Recycled materials are used when possible • Materials which can be reused, such as the slate tiles, are used as this extends the lifecycle of the material thus lowering embodied energy • The high reuse of materials and long life cycles drop the embodied lifecycle carbon to -814 kgCO2/m2

109

Operational Energy

PV Panels • The PV panels generate 74 kWh/m2 • The panels are placed on the parts of the roof which face north • The panels used are the LG 410w NEON 2 Commercial solar panel • The panels are sized 1x1.7m with a 500mm gap for maintenance Branch Electricity Usage • The branch uses a total of 51 kWh/m2 • 7 kWh/m2 for cooling • 3 kWh/m2 for heating • 1 kWh/m2 for hot water usage • 40 kWh/m2 for electricity

110

Water

Rainwater Calculations • The total roof area of the branch is 325.2m2 • The total roof area of the garage is 278.8m2 • The total combined roof area is 604m2 • The rainfall in the area is 738.2mm (35mm per month in summer and 65mm per month in winter) • The roof can harvest 439,832L of rainwater per year • This will be stored in a 20,000L bladder rainwater tank which will be stored under the southern deck Water Usage Calculations • The building will use roughly 229KL per year • The building will use roughly 627L per day due to the large number of paramedics showering, cooking, and using the bathroom • 126KL in the bathroom • 60KL in the garden • 37KL in the kitchen • 6 KL in other spaces Greywater Calculations • 153L of per day of greywater will be produced which can be moved into the wetlands after filtration • This equates to 56KL per year 111

Wetlands

Stormwater will be funneled into the sediment pond in the top left. The sediment pond is close to the driveway to ensure easy maintenance access. The top layer of water from the sediment pond will be transferred through an inlet pipe to the main wetlands. The water will pass through a series of pools before reconnecting to the stormwater in the bottom left corner. Filtered greywater will be added to the wetlands in the southern pools.

Greywater Coarse Filter Sand Filter

Metal Filter Pump

To Wetlands

The greywater is filtered using a series of coarse, sand, and metal filters before entering the wetlands 112

Final PHPP Document

To achieve low heating and cooling demands the building is angled to maximise the area of north facing windows. Above these windows 500mm shading is installed which allows for passive heating in winter and shading in summer. The building has polished concrete flooring as thermal mass which helps to keep the internal temperature comfortable year round. A continuous line of high-performance insulation is included in the building to prevent heat loss through the roof, walls, and slab. In addition, double glazed low-e windows provide good thermal properties and help to regulate heat loss through the building. Clerestory windows are installed along the northern facade to help facilitate stack ventilation thus helping to move warm air out of the building in summer.

113

Achieving Carbon zero

114

Section 07: Final Drawings

115

Section 07: Summary This section contains some of my final drawings including renders, plans, sections, isometrics, and ergonomic studies. I tried to get a balance between exploring the interior and exterior of my building.

As the building is relatively small I tried to show as many different parts of the building as possible. The drawings also showcase how the branch has been adapted for Covid-19 and the passive design principals within the building. When making the images I wanted to showcase the atmosphere within the building so that any non-architect viewers would be able to understand what the space would feel like.

A variety of drawing techniques was also utilized to show the building from several angles, scales, and detail levels.

116

Exterior Renders

This view shows the northern garden and deck

This view is of the southern wetlands and deck

This view shows the front of the branch and the public outdoor coworking facilities

117

Interior Renders

This view is of the living room and showcases the northern deck outside

This perspective shows the dining area and sanitation station

This view shows the study space, rest room corridor, and the reading nook at the end

118

Plans

Site Plan

Ground Floor Plan 119

Sections

This section cuts through the team leaders office, primary hallway, and the southern deck

This section cuts through the living room, southern deck, and the northern deck. It showcases the building’s relationship with the landscape

120

Site Isometric

Key Takeaways • The public program is located off Matterhorn Drive to engage the primary street frontage • The building utilizes three different roof forms as each part of the branch has different requirements • The branch responds to the landscape by extending the internal living spaces outside.

• These outdoor decks provide opportunities for outdoor dining and training sessions – this is significant as the spread of covid-19 is reduced outdoors.

• The landscape directly off the street is transformed into a public program which contains outdoor co-working tables for the community.

121

Mental Health Clinic

This isometric shows the mental health clinic which includes a small waiting room and a consultation space. The consultation space is located discretely away from the public outdoor space to create privacy and confidentiality. In addition to providing post-pandemic support for paramedics and their families, the clinic can also be extended to the wider community – thus increasing community engagement.

122

Study Ergonomic

Key Takeaways • This ergonomic shows how the study is laid out to allow for social distancing • A timber and plexiglass screen separates each desk to mitigate the effects of Covid • The corridor is wide to allow users to pass through the space safely • As this space utilizes hot desks, easy to clean surfaces and materials are installed.

• The timber structure is also visible

123

Rest Room Ergonomic

Key Takeaways • At the end of the hallway there is a window seat which functions as a quiet reading nook.

• Louvers are installed above the door to allow for cross ventilation • The clerestory windows helps aid in stack ventilation • Planter boxes are placed above the windows to function as shading devices • The building features a continuous line of high-performance insulation to keep the branch a comfortable temperature year round.

• The building features a fully timber frame to reduce embodied energy.

124

Dining area Ergonomic

Key Takeaways • The seating in the dining area enforces 1.5 metres between each person.

• Strategic seating locations and timber screens encourage paramedics to practice social distancing.

• The kitchen has a view over the southern landscape • The internal walls do not contain acoustic insulation as the space is only adjacent to a corridor • The half wall with a planter ontop helps to separate the corridor from the dining area

125

Section 08: Weekly summaries

126

Week 1 Summary

Studio Takeaways: • Embodied energy is energy consumed by all the processes associated with the materials e.g. mining, transportation, manufacturing, processing.

• Operational energy is the energy that is used during the occupancy stage of building life cycle for heating, cooling, lighting, and running equipment/appliances.

• Water management in a building involves usage, storage, maintaining quality, harvesting, and distribution.

• Waste management involves construction waste, operational waste, and demolition waste.

IDS Presentation Takeaways: • The importance of language when communication with those from a different background (e.g. engineers, architects, consultants) • Federation Square project was a collaboration between several different bodies including City of Melbourne, Vic government, LAB architects • Labyrinth under the ground as a passive cooling system when you cannot close off a space to acclimatize it • Carbon in buildings is caused by on-site emissions, embodied energy, power generation from off site • Steps to create a zero carbon building include: passive design principals, active systems, plant systems, renewable energy, and offsetting

127

Week 2 Summary

Studio Takeaways: • There are 300 ambulance branches in Victoria • Ambulance branches are the point of base where paramedics depart from • Ambulance branches are domestic in scale and have the same heating/cooling requirements as a large house • Branches run 24/7 therefore thermal comfort all day is important • Need to future proof ambulance branch design • Generally branch landscape and interiors can be improved • pvwatts.nrel.gov is great website for solar load and energy budget calculations A10 Targeting Zero Presentation Takeaways: • Importance of a high performance facade and passive design • Natural ventilation and passive cooling strategies (cross ventilation is best) • Mechanical heat recovery ventilation systems • Renewable onsite energy production • Need to reduce onside energy consumption as much as possible • Think about embodied energy (concrete, steel, aggregate are bad) • Think about how to offset carbon footprint e.g. investing in planting trees • Resilience against climate change is important

128

Week 3 Summary

A10 Presentation Takeaways: • • • • • • • • •

Climate analysis of how people feel comfortable thermally Want lots of wind in summer to keep building cool 40-60% north, 20-40% east and west, 20% south windows Plants can act as shading Double sided cross ventilation or low to high single sided ventilation Ventilation outlet should be bigger than inlet Light is really important physiologically What is community missing?

What will the branch look like post Covid-19?

Stuart Harrison Presentation Takeaways: • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Albert park office and depot located within park Shared facilities for but office and depot functions Visitors enter through courtyard Flexible space connects to entrance courtyard 100% CLT structure Grass crete paving to reduce amount of runoff Bathrooms have good light Chains to help plants grow in a certain direction Outlook, operable windows, ventilation, natural materials Avoid fences as they are hostile Need one surface to absorb sound in workplace No plasterboard used -- only raw materials Importance of good detailing

129

Week 4 Summary

Brickworks Presentation Takeaways: • Meets both LBC and greenstar sustainability frameworks • Net zero energy building • On-site renewable energy which generates more than the building consumes, on-site energy storage • Membrane aerated bioreactor water treatment (MABR), uses less energy • Include agriculture on site through urban farm and greenhouse • 90% of construction waste diverted from landfill • Salvaged and recycled materials utilized • Importance of biophilic design Wyndham Community Center Presentation Takeaways: • • • • • • • • • • •

Wanted off grid reliability Functions as a cluster of buildings rather than monolithic form Replicate natural conditions in landscape Importance of water on site -- should soak into land Water stored in tank and released slowly into creek system Clerestory roofing to allow for natural light Constant connection to nature Building and landscape and connected to each other Reduce amount of artificial light required (save energy) Placing moments in building where interactions can occur Carpark stormwater drains into swales

130

Week 5 Summary

Studio Takeaways: • • • • • • •

Importance of complexity of ideas around mid semester Resolution of ideas is less important at this stage Make sure drawings do the talking Milanote should be used as a supplementary material Research booklet should be more formal than reflective journal Show how I progressed as a designer Make sure research is robust

My Feedback Takeaways: • • • • • • • • •

Do massing to show solar gain during the day How will outdoor spaces be used during the day?

Have security line to show where public can go Think about the impact of ventilation on spaces Garage does not have to meet PH standard Greywater treatment needs more maintenance Think about how wetlands can be utilized in the summer Use of stormwater vs use of greywater in wetlands Play with mechanical system e.g. mechanical heat recovery ventilation • Think about zoning for mechanical air systems • Bio-filtration needed for greywater • Start experimenting in section

131

Week 6 Summary

Mid Semester Critique Takeaways: • • • • • • • • • •

Wind idea is good but should do more wind studies Try and condense planning and form Expand the turning circle of the garage Think about how much water is needed in the wetlands Work on justifying wind and what happens if it does not work Think about mechanical ventilation system Think about summer vs winter conditioning loads There is a good connection to landscape Do math to work out how wetlands will look over the year Mental health clinic provides a nice street frontage

Studio Week 6A Takeaways: • • • • • • •

Have key site plan in corner of the section Use colour highlights to animate plans Thicker line weights in plan Have minimum three ergonomic studies Focus on ventilation, social distancing, size of objects Be careful about relying on small text Ergonomic studies can be done in either section or plan

132

Week 7 Summary

Studio 7A Takeaways: • • • •

Should experiment with design to create unique and fun ideas Inspire AV and do not be afraid to propose something drastic Think about how the branch will work in the future Design elements which do more than one thing e.g. windows provide passive cooling and covid mitigation • Should be designing for 2030 not just 2020 • Think about better alternatives to plasterboard • Recycled concrete aggregates for concrete slab

Studio 7B Takeaways: • • • • • • • •

Research ventilation systems -- how can covid inspire this system Look into low carbon materials Non-treated timber as a sustainable option CLT is good for modular design like garages Possibility of a wind farm Consider worst case scenario to design for e.g. more covid waves How can this solution be rolled out to any branch Think about the hypothesis and assumptions of system

133

Week 8 Summary

Javier Presentation Takeaways: • • • •

“Farmhouse” by Prech uses modularity, start at cell “House of Would” by Elii uses modules and symmetry “APROP” by Straddle3 uses shipping containers as modules “Machine House” by Adhoc uses prefabrication to create minimal site impact • “Opening the Black Box” by Elii uses citizen participation in power management • “Neighbour Hub” by Swiss Team uses solar solution in the facade, can adjust as needed

PHPP Presentation Takeaways: • • • • • •

Make sure to include capacity for thermal mass Want good balance between heat loss and gains Heat recovery should be inside thermal envelope Advantages of using hydronic panels for heating Want heat pump to be located within thermal envelope Use mono-silicone PV panels as they are most efficient

134

Week 9 Summary

E-Tool Presentation Takeaways: • Benchmarks reference projects • When doing E-tool first do business as usual and then see how much you can improve • Generally 100 year life service • Templates is how you add materials • Can add insulation and cladding separately to include it in the calculations • Add bathrooms and appliances for accurate calculations • Can change recycling rate as necessary

My Feedback Takeaways: • • • • •

Building form is coming out nicely Emphasis on stack ventilation in form Think about how materials can be highlighted Timber can help elongate elements Understand modules of material and use this information to inform the design • Explore the public landscape in-front of the mental health clinic more • Think about annual landscape cycle e.g. plants, wind, rainfall

135

Week 10 Summary

Structure Presentation Takeaways: • Prefabrication can help move building towards zero waste • Factory built units achieve zero onsite waste • 2D panels include timber floor cassettes, timber stud walls, precast concrete walls, and hollow core • 3D volumetric panels include all services within which makes them great for saving time.

• When using modular design the floor-to-floor height will be larger • Roof can span 12m maximum when using CLT • Rafters can span 6m maximum in CLT • The only thing you cannot modulate is corners and angles My Feedback Takeaways: • • • •

Integrate column in living room into joinery or furniture Demarcate where corridor starts and ends with joinery Use half walls to subdivide space in living room and kitchen When creating a window seat do not have it at all the windows in the hallway • Place the window seat at the end of the hallway and use it to frame parts of the landscape design

136

Week 11 Summary

Studio 1 Feedback Takeaways: • When choosing a white cladding try and stick with wood as it has a lower embodied energy • Dining room does not need acoustic insulation • PV panels should be based off domestic usage • Make sure your render views show small moments in the building • Explore how the structure meets around corners, it may help to model this in Rhino • Window box detail is breaking the form of the section so need to experiment with different ways of shading

Studio 2 Feedback Takeaways: • Black slate could be difficult in terms of heat gain • Louvers can be hard to seal so maybe look into alternative window systems • Hinge windows could be a good alternative • Look up night purging examples for window design • Connect windows to mechanical system and/or heat recovery ventilation system • Make sure that garage doors are not entirely glass

137

Week 12 Summary

Studio 1 Feedback Takeaways: • Make advantages of my engineering system clear • Annotate drawings with text • Figure out whether I want a traditional mechanical system or heat recovery ventilation • Good use of case studies in presentation • Make sure to tell a story in my final presentation • Make sure to move between different scales

Studio 2 Feedback Takeaways: • • • • • • • • •

Only include key dimensions in drawings Graphics and concept is clear Order of presentation is good Be careful not to overwhelm the viewer with information Cut out some parts to make sure information can be processed slowly Include lots of animations Zoom out and then zoom back in to focus Talk about engagement with the street and wider community Reinforce message about pandemic at the end of the presentation

138

References • • • • •

• • •

• • •

• • • •

Ambulance Victoria. (2016). Mental health and wellbeing strategy. https://www. ambulance.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ambulance-victoria-mentalhealth-strategy-2016-19.pdf Ambulance Victoria. (2019, September). Branch design specification.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). 2016 census quickstats. Retrieved November 7, 2020, from https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_ services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20579?opendocument Australian Government. (2020). Passive design. Retrieved November 7, 2020, from https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design Beyond Blue. (2020). Working as a paramedic during Covid-19. Beyond Blue.

Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://coronavirus.beyondblue.org.au/ impacts-on-my-work/essential-services/from-the-frontline-paramedics-in-thetime-of-covid-19.html Brownell, B. (2020). Sustainable building materials for low embodied carbon.

Retrieved November 7, 2020, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/ technology/products/sustainable-building-materials-for-low-embodied-carbon_o Bureau of Meteorology. (2020). Climate data. Retrieved November 7, 2020, from http://www.bom.gov.au Department of Health. (2020). Information for paramedics and ambulance first responders. Department of Health. Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https:// www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19information-for-paramedics-and-ambulance-first-responders.pdf GEZE. (2020). Automatic window ventilation - natural and energy efficient. GEZE. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://www.geze.com/en/discover/topics/ automatic-ventilation Melbourne Water, & State Government of Victoria. (2017). Wetland design manual. https://www.melbournewater.com.au/sites/default/files/2017-12/WetlandDesign-Manual-PartA2.pdf Miller, S. (2020, August). How to use ventilation and air filtration to prevent the spread of coronavirus indoors. The Conversation. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://theconversation.com/how-to-use-ventilation-and-air-filtration-toprevent-the-spread-of-coronavirus-indoors-143732 Safe Work Australia. (2020). Physical distancing. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/covid-19-information-workplaces/ industry-information/office/physical-distancing State Government Victoria, & Melbourne Water. (2017). Wetland design manual.

Victorian Health and Human Services. (2017). Guidelines for sustainability in capital works.

Vitra. (2020). The road back to the office. Vitra International AG.

139

140