Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning

Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning from an International Perspective Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy TU Delft

Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/quidtum/3582643470

Challenge the future

SpatialPlanning &Strategy

Urbanism?

In this exercise, you will need to ‘locate’ yourself inthe hypothetical triangle that composes URBANISM at TU Delft. According to your previous education and aspirations for the future, where would you be?

Mark a cross inside the triangle and write your name and country of origin near that cross. Would you add another element to this geometrical form? Is it a polygon? A square? What other categories would you add, if any?

Design

Human Sciences

Physical Sciences

Semester 4

Quarter 1 Quarter 2

Analysis & Design of Urban Form

(design practice the urban scale)

History and Theory of Urbanism (theoretical)

R & D Studio Social spatial processes in the city

(design practice and research the neighbourhood scale)

R & D Studio

Spatial strategies for the Global Metropolis

Practice of Urbanism (theoretical expositive)

Sustainable Urban Engineering of the Territory (theoretical + instrumental)

Research and design methodology for urbanism (instrumental expositive)

(design practice and research metropolitan/regional scale)

Quarter 4

Quarter 3

R & D Studio

Free choice (varied)

Graduation orientation

Semester 3

Semester 2

Semester 1

TU Delft Urbanism Graduation Track (2012)

Theory of Urbanism (instrumental expositive)

Methodology (Thesis Plan) (instrumental expositive)

Graduation Lab Urbanism (design practice + varying degrees of theoretical and instrumental courses)

Graduation Lab Urbanism (almost exclusively design practice)

Why do we plan?

For whom do we design?

What do we want to achieve?

Consolidation of objectives of Spatial Planning around the notion of sustainability Image source: Sarah Cass at sarahcass.blogspot.com

‘Enhanced’ Sustainability environmental

sustainability social

economic

“For sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of its three dimensions” (economic, social and environmental) Larsen, 2012

visions directions • the the elaboration elaboration ofofvisions andand directions for sustainable and fair futures

for sustainable and fair futures

Burnham Place at Union Station Master Plan; Washington, D.C. (Image: Akridge & SBA)

Increased public goods

Aerial view of the winning design for the European Spallation Source (ESS) by Henning Larsen Architects, COBE and SLA (Image: Henning Larsen Architects)

Redistribution of gains

ttp://roarmag.org/2011/11/what-the-99-want-all-power-to-the-peoples-assemblies/

Increased life chances and prosperity

results in...

Social sustainability This has been guided by ideas like

‘The right to the city’ (Lefebvre, 1998,

Harvey, 2008), ‘Spatial justice’ (Harvey, 2009) the ‘Just city’ (Fainstein, 2000) and ‘Spatial justice (Soja, 2010).

But why?

An understanding that without social sustainability, overall sustainability is difficult to achieve, specially in view of high rates of deprivation, informality and inequality around the world.

UN Millennium Development Report (2012)

Photo: Valéria Gonçalvez/Estadão

Social sustainability

sustains the governance necessary to achieve

overall sustainability

` An C a n environmentally a n e n v i r o n msustainable entally sustainable world cannot world exist exist without without spatial spatialjustice justiceand andredistribution? redistribution.

It is crucial to escape the simplistic view that slums and other forms of informal urbanization (people) are polluting our water resources’.

Robust sustainability The World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) emphasizes “(…)

concerted attention to social, ecological and economic conditions” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).

Sustainability studies The expression ‘sustainable

and fair futures’ refers to social, economic and

environmental sustainability of living environments (United Nations, 1993).

Image source: Sarah Cass at sarahcass.blogspot.com

Public goods

Public goods refer to intangible public assets produced by collective undertaking and whose costs are not imposed on any particular individual when making use of the good (Olson, 2009).

Accessibility, clean air, security are examples of public goods created by collective undertaking or public regulation and action.

Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bearseye/8719343763/sizes/k/in/photostream/

While avoiding externalities

http://www.flickr.com/photos/iulianionescu/2436448880/sizes/z/in/photostream/

Redistribution of gains Refers to the social function of property and

production: ownership of property must reflect the fact that land and other assets owe a large part of their value to the existence of public

goods, infrastructure and positive externalities that benefit those assets.

Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/blacktulip06

Redistribution of gains Redistribution of gains ought to happen when private property realizes gains that can be traced to the existence of public goods produced by collective

undertaking and that can be taxed by public authorities (as in the case of municipal taxes).

My plot!

My plot!

DinoVabec NYC to LA

I am not exaggerating!

Life chances Life chances refer to the understanding that households are spatially bound and life chances are not equally present everywhere.

Therefore it is necessary to promote

redistribution of gains and increase public goods

where such life chances are not present (van Kempen, 1994).

data source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007 there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701

HDI Human development index (2007( city of sao paulo districts compared

Unequal life chances saudi arabia Perus

bahamas

Anhanguera

Trememb e

Argentina

venezuela

ukraine

Jaragua

Cachoeirinha

Brasilandia

lybia

cuba Jacana

cyprus

Tucuruvi

M andaqui

cyprus

Pirituba

croatia

chile

Freguesia do O

S. D omingos

slovakia Limao bahrain

mauritius

Denmark

Jaragua

Czech Rep. Casa

latvia

Verde

Santana

spain

Bom Retiro

Barra Funda

germany Santa

singapore

Cecilia

Perdizes

Jaguare

Pinheiros

spain

chile

Rio Pequeno

Austria

Argentina

Austria

M orumbi

Vila Sonia

FRance

Cyprus

Norway

Itaim Bibi

M oema

Australia

Itaquer a

ukraine

Carrao

Guaianases

cyprus

Cidade Lider

cuba

bahamas

MALTA Ipiranga

cyprus

Vila Pruden te

Dominican Rep.

Alvim

Malaysia Parque do Carmo

Jose Bonifacio

Panama

Panama

bahrain opemba emba Sapop

Sao Mateus

bosnia

Japan

Camp o

New Zealand Belo

estonia

bulgaria

Iguatemi

sri lanka

oman

Cursino

Sacoma

uruguay

Sao Rafael

ukraine

Santo Amaro

Camp o Limp o

Capao Redondo

cyprus

Cidade Tiradentes

ukraine

Sao Lucas

Saude

Vila Andrade

kazakhstan

Lajeado

Artur Russia bahamas

cyprus

Vila Agua Rasa Formosa Aricanduva cyprus

SWEDEN Vila M ariana

Itaim Paulista

peru Vila Curuca

Pont e Rasa st kitts

Argentina Vila Matilde

Tatuape

Lib erdade

Iceland

Butanta

cuba

Argentina

sri lanka

Penha

Pari

Belem

Paulista

Albania

Jardim Helena

Sao M iguel

Vila Jacui

seychelles Vila Maria

bulgaria

lybia

Cangaiba Vila Guilherme Malta

Bras S. Korea IcelandSWEDENs.Korea Alt o de republica MALTA Se Consolac ao poland Pinheiros Australia sloveniaM ooca Bela Cambuci singapore Finland Norway Vista Jardim

qatar

Ermelino M atar azzo

seychelles

Hong kong Argentina

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Raposo avar T es

Vila M edeiros

Netherlands

Jabaquara

poland

Jardim Sao Luis

Malaysia

Campkong o Hong Grande

Cidade lybia Ademar

Socorro S.KOrea

Pedreira

turkey

Sky high: SWEDEN

thailand Cidade D utra

Jardim A ngela

mexico

Very high: Spain Grajau

Dominican republic Parelheiros

high: Czech republic

China

moderately high: mexico Medium: thailand Medium to low: kyrgystan

Life chances are intrinsically

related to the concept of

spatial justice.

Finally: Prosperity!

Prosperity refers to societal advancements, as opposed to individual gains (profit).

This is a reference to the three Ps in sustainability studies (planet, people and profit), in which the term profit has been replaced by ‘prosperity’ in order to reflect the public nature of social advancement (Hammond, 2006).

People

Prosperity Profit

Planet

Challenges and failures The challenges and failures in development over the past decades have demonstrated

that “for sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of the three

dimensions� (economic, social and environmental) (Larsen, 2012).

Integration of sustainability and spatial planning

The integration of these sustainability dimensions into spatial planning requires a thorough understanding of policy-making and policy-implementation processes concerning the management of territories in general and of natural resources in particular.

Understanding territorial governance It is necessary to understand governance structures and arrangements in relevant

territorial units in relation to the objectives described above (i.e. redistribution of gains

and increase of life chances) and to the management of natural resources.

Effectiveness + democracy building This is necessary because understanding governance structures is crucial in order to

achieve effectiveness of policymaking and

implementation, while strengthening civil society.

Crucially, this approach addresses the issue of democracy-building, which we see as a condition sine qua non for social sustainability.

Governance is at the centre

... of spatial planning processes. Â

Governance

Governance (normative) Civil Society

Private Sector

Public Sector Positive tension: checks and balances

Governance (descriptive) Civil Society

Private Sector

Civil Coalitions between sectors and within sectors

Public Sector Public Sector

Urban planners & Designers

Governance entails an understanding of how policy making and implementation happens in complex societies

Changes in governing (& planning) Emergence of a particular style of governing where there must be sustained co-ordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and objectives from all sectors of society.

Papadopoulos, 2007

Multilevel governance ‘Involves a large number of decision-making arenas, differentiated along both functional and territorial lines and interlinked in a nonhierarchical way’ Eberlein and Kerwer, 2004

Network governance Policy-making and implementation is ‘shared’ by politicians, technocrats, experts, dedicated agencies, authorities, semi private and private companies, the public, NGOs, etc which constitute NETWORKS of policy and decision making across levels, territories, mandates

The rise of the city

region as a relevant unit for planning

Randstad Sources: http://vervoersplanoloog.blogspot.nl/ and http://www.randarchief.blogspot.nl

BosWash

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boswash.png

Pearl River Delta

Rhur Valley

These new kinds of cities present new challenges for spatial planners

Planning happens in

much more complex socio political arenas

Our case: Sao Paulo

Sao Paulo in South America Puerto Cabezas

Bluefields

Maracaibo

Barranquilla

Barquisimeto

Caracas Maturin

Valencia

Cucuta

Ciudad Bolivar

San Cristobal

Venezuela

Medellin

Cali

Guiana

Puerto Ayacucho

Bogota

French Guiana

Suriname

Apoteri

Colombia

Boa Vista

Mitu

Pasto

Macapa

Quito

Ecuador

Belem

A m a z o n Manaus

Guayaquil

Santarem

Fortaleza

Sao Luis

Iquitos Talara

Teresina

Sullana

A

B a s i n

n

Orellana

s d e

Peru u n M o

Recife Porto Velho

Rio Branco

Brazil

Cocama Cerro De Pasco

t

Callao

Natal

Tarauaca

Huanuco

Lima

Imperatriz

Ayacucho Cuzco

Salvador

Mato Grosso

a

i n

Maceio Aracaju

Ica

s

Bolivia

Puno Arequipa

Brasilia

Plateau Cuiaba

Goiania

La Paz

Tacna

Santa Cruz

Atac

Arica

Belo Horizonte

ama Desert

Campo Grande

Iquique

Paraguay

Tarija San Salvador De Jujuy Salta

Antofagasta

Pacific Chile

Vitoria Campinas

Rio de Janeiro

Concepcion

S達o Paulo

Santos

C. Oviedo

San Miguel De Tucuman

Asuncion

Curitiba

Foz Do Iguacu

Joinville Resistencia

Argentina s

Cordoba

SanRafael

m ns

Rosario

Buenos Aires

Concepcion

a

Bahia Blanca

Porto Alegre Tacuarembo

a

Mendoza

Santiago

p

Valparaiso

Florianopolis

Uruguay

Paysandu

Durazno

Montevideo

S達o Paulo > than 18 million inh. > than 10 million inh. (megalopolis) > than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis) > than 3 million inh. (metropolis) > than 1 million inh. (big city)

Please,

click for movie

What is Sao Paulo?

Sao Paulo is a divided global city

in a fast growing developing country

Issues of spatial justice, redistribution and equal life chances are are urgent

Sao Paulo is this

But also this...

saudi arabia Perus

bahamas Anhanguera

Trememb e

Argentina

venezuela

ukraine

Jaragua

Cachoeirinha

Brasilandia

lybia

cuba Jacana

cyprus

Tucuruvi

M andaqui

cyprus

Pirituba

croatia

chile

Freguesia do O

S. D omingos

slovakia Limao bahrain

mauritius

Denmark

Jaragua

Czech Rep. Casa

latvia

Verde

Vila Guilherme Malta

Lapa

Bom Retiro

Barra Funda

Vila Leopoldina

germany Santa Cecilia

Perdizes

Austria

Belem

Pinheiros

spain

chile

Rio Pequeno

Austria

cuba

M orumbi

Vila Sonia

Itaim Bibi

FRance

Cyprus

Norway M oema

Australia

Guaianases Cidade Lider

cuba

Malaysia Parque do Carmo

Ipiranga

cyprus

Jose Bonifacio

Panama

Panama

bahrain opemba emba Sapop

Sao Mateus

bosnia

Iguatemi

sri lanka

Saude

Camp o

Vila Andrade

New Zealand Belo

estonia

Capao Redondo

Cursino

Sao Rafael

Sacoma

ukraine

uruguay

Santo Amaro

Camp o Limp o

oman

cyprus

Cidade Tiradentes

ukraine

Sao Lucas

Japan

bulgaria

Compared

ukraine

Carrao

cyprus

MALTA

Vila Pruden te

Dominican Rep.

Alvim

bahamas

SWEDEN Vila M ariana

kazakhstan

Lajeado

Artur Russia bahamas

cyprus

Vila Agua Rasa Formosa Aricanduva cyprus

Lib erdade

Paulista

Iceland

Butanta

Itaquer a

Argentina Vila Matilde

Tatuape

Bras S. Korea IcelandSWEDENs.Korea republica MALTA Se Consolac ao poland Australia sloveniaM ooca Bela Cambuci singapore Finland Norway Vista Jardim

Jaguare

Itaim Paulista

peru Vila Curuca

Pont e Rasa st kitts

Argentina

sri lanka

Penha

Pari

Argentina

Alt o de Pinheiros

qatar

Albania

Jardim Helena

Sao M iguel

Vila Jacui

seychelles Vila Maria

bulgaria

lybia

Cangaiba

Santana

spain

Ermelino M atar azzo

seychelles

Hong kong Argentina

singapore

Raposo avar T es

Vila M edeiros

Human Development

Netherlands

Jabaquara

poland

Jardim Sao Luis

Malaysia

Campkong o Hong Grande

Cidade lybia Ademar

Socorro S.KOrea

Sky high: SWEDEN

Pedreira

turkey

thailand Cidade D utra

Jardim A ngela

mexico

Very high: Spain high: Czech republic

Grajau

China

Dominican republic

moderately high: mexico

Parelheiros

Medium: thailand Medium to low: kyrgystan kyrgyztan M arsilac

N

0

20km

HDI Human development index (2007( city of sao paulo districts compared

data source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007 there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701

Perus

bahamas Anhanguera

Trememb e

Argentina

venezuela

ukraine

Jaragua

Brasilandia

Cachoeirinha

lybia

cuba Jacana

cyprus

Tucuruvi

M andaqui

cyprus

Pirituba

croatia

chile

S. D omingos

mauritius

Jaragua

Freguesia do O

slovakia Limao bahrain Denmark

Czech Rep. Casa Verde

Vila M edeiros

latvia Santana

spain

Cangaiba Vila Guilherme Malta

Vila Maria

bulgaria

lybia

Albania

Argentina

Jardim Helena

sri lanka

Sao M iguel

Vila Jacui

seychelles

Hong kong Argentina

Lapa

seychelles

Ermelino M atar azzo

Pont e Rasa st kitts

peru Vila Curuca

Itaim Paulista

kazakhstan

Penha Bom Vila Pari Retiro germany Santa Itaquer a Lajeado Austria Argentina Leopoldina Argentina Artur Cecilia Vila Matilde Russia Belem Dominican Rep. Tatuape singapore bahamas Perdizes Alvim Bras S. Korea IcelandSWEDENs.Korea Alt o de republica MALTA cyprus qatar ukraine Se Carrao Consolac ao poland Pinheiros Jaguare Guaianases Australia M ooca slovenia Bela cyprus Cambuci singapore Finland Cidade Lider Jose Norway Vista Vila Jardim cuba Pinheiros Lib er dade Malaysia Bonifacio Agua Rasa For mosa Paulista Aricanduva spain chile Austria cyprus Parque do Panama Iceland Rio Pequeno Butanta bahamas Cidade Carmo Tiradentes SWEDEN MALTA Vila Vila Sao Lucas ukraine Ipiranga cuba Norway M ariana Panama bahrain M orumbi cyprus Pruden te Raposo avar T es Itaim M oema FRance opemba emba Sapop Vila Sonia Sao Mateus Bibi Cyprus bosnia Iguatemi Australia Barra Funda

Japan

sri lanka

Saude

Camp o

Vila Andrade

New Zealand Belo

estonia

bulgaria

oman

Cursino

Sacoma

uruguay

Sao Rafael

ukraine

Santo Amaro

Camp o Limp o

Capao Redondo

cyprus

Netherlands

Jabaquara

poland

Jardim Sao Luis

Malaysia

Campkong o Hong Grande

Cidade lybia Ademar

Socorro S.KOrea

Pedreira

turkey

Sky high: SWEDEN

thailand Cidade D utra

Jardim A ngela

mexico

Very high: Spain Grajau

Dominican republic Parelheiros

high: Czech republic

China

moderately high: mexico Medium: thailand Medium to low: kyrgystan

Avenida Paulista: one of 5 main business districts

Marginal Pinheiros: The newest and biggest CBD

An extended metropolitan complex with 5 contiguous metropolitan areas

27.6 million

The metropolitan area

19.8 million

TheThe metropolitan area municipality

11.2 million

Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions 12. Water Sources Circuit 13. Mantiqueira

10. Bocaina

Viracopos Airport

4. Campinas 5. Paraiba Macro- Axis

Campinas

8. Bragantina

7. Jundiai

Sao Jose dos Campos

Jundiai Ernesto Stumpf Airpot Sao Paulo International Airport

6. Sorocaba

11. Alto Paraiba

Campo de Marte Airport

Sorocaba Sao Roque

1. Core

2. MASP

Congonhas Airport

Sorocaba Airport

9. Sao Roque

14. Litoral Norte 3. Santos Santos Port of Santos

Main municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex Other municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex Other municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo Main highway Regional highway

Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions 12. Water Sources Circuit 13. Mantiqueira

10. Bocaina

4. Campinas 5. Paraiba Macro- Axis

Campinas

8. Bragantina

7. Jundiai

Sao Jose dos Campos

Jundiai

11. Alto Paraiba

6. Sorocaba Sorocaba Sao Roque

1. Core

2. MASP 14. Litoral Norte

9. Sao Roque

3. Santos Santos

1. Core Municipality

8. Bragantina Peri-Metro Regional Unit

2. Greater Sao Paulo (MASP)

9. Sao Roque Peri-Metro Regional Unit

3. Metropolitan Santos

10. Bocaina Peri-Metro Regional Unit

4. Metropolitan Campinas

11. Alto Paraiba Peri-Metro Regional Unit

5. Paraiba Macro Axis Proto Metropolis

12. The 'Water Circuit' Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit

6. Sorocaba Proto Metropolis

13. Mantiqueira Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit

7. Jundiai Peri-Metropolitan Regional Unit

14. Litoral Norte Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit

Core: 11.3 million (31 sub-municipalities) Metro: 19.9 million (39 municipalities) Macro-metro: 27.6 million (95 municipalities) Main unit urban node

Other important urban node Airport

0

15

30

1: 1 500 000 1 CM = 15 KM

45 km

city-region in a middle-income

175 km NASA Earth Observatory

Photo by S達o Paulo, Brazil, at Nigh

country

Areas where multi-level

networked governance is required

Sao Paulo Compnhia Metropolitana de Transportes

Metropolitan mobility

+ 928 local bus lines on core municipality

Water and waste management

Informal development around one of Sao Paulo’s water reservoirs Source: Google Earth

Large Regional Infrastructure

Congonhas: the busiest airport in South America and Source: Google Earth

its integration in the city

Large Regional Infrastructure

Source: http://upgradesemanal.blogspot.nl/2011/04/trem-bala-no-brasil.html

The route of the proposed speed train between Rio de Janeiro and the city of Campinas

Environmental protection and management

The new external ring road of Sao Paulo crossing the water reservoirs of the city and large parts of the Source: Google Earth

Atlantic Forest

Who plans the region?

The State of Sao Paulo Secretary of Metropolitan Development State System of Metropolitan Development Chamber of Metropolitan Development

Ministry of Cities: The Statute of Cities +Ministry of Planning and Development

Secretary of Metropolitan Development (+EMPLASA) 95 municipalities of Macro-metropolis + 5

metropolitan councils+ sectorial enterprises

Main partner EMPLASA: Paulista Enterprise for Metropolitan Planning

http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/

Main tasks Institutional organisation Coordination and feasibility Planning foundations Territorial Planning Coordination of Regional Projects

Integrated water resources management Perhaps the most urgent regional governance challenge is the management of

water resources

Water management : organisecd in river basin committees

Source: Google Earth

Governance (normative) Civil Society

Private Sector

Public Sector Positive tension: checks and balances

Alto Tiete River Basin Committee

Cities River Basin Committee Plenary Civil Society

Technical Committees

State Executive Board

Area Subcommittees

Civil Society

Composition of the River Water basin Committee Plenary

16 municipalities representatives 16 State agencies or departments 16 Civil Society representatives

Civil Society?

Slum Federation of the State of Sao Paulo > Industry Federation of the State of Sao Paulo

Features A literal translation of the governance model, with integral participation of stakeholders (including the private initiative) in the decision making process, but... lack of integration with active spatial planning

Metropolitan mobility and connectivity

Main problems in regional planning and design

1. GOVERNANCE a. excessive sectorialization: lack of integration of policies b. lack of transparence and accountability c. too many levels of decision making + too many administrative units: bureaucratic nightmares

Main problems in regional planning and design

2. LACK OF REGIONAL STRATEGIC VISION Reactive planning rather than active planning The regions develops faster than planners can plan it

Policy formulation and implementation Networks involving:

•

public actors (politicians and administrators) in different decision levels

• • • • •

technocrats economic agents interest representatives (civil + corporate) other stakeholders experts (e.g. planners)

New forms of steering complex governance networks

Deliberation Bargaining Compromise-seeking

Thanks for listening!

Questions?

This presentation is available at www.issuu.com/robertorocco

Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delft for information, please contact r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl