Robert A Cresswell - Diploma Studio 3 - Oxford Brookes University

Free An a k l ia Zo n e DS3 // Se me ste r One

R o ber t Anto ny Cres s wel l

00 // Contents Semester 1 01/ / Int roduct i on

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02/ / Monument

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03/ / Def i ni ng t he L i m its o f a Mo n u m en t

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04/ / Redef i ni ng t he L im its o f a Mo n u m en t . . . 2 7 05/ / C oncl us i on

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Semester 2 00/ / Proj ect Ar t i cul at io n

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01/ / Fur t her Readi ng

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02/ / Precedent St udi e s

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03/ / Addi t i onal Imagery

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04/ / C oncept ual Images

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05/ / Appl i cat i on t o Site

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06/ / Border C ondi t i on

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07/ / Progr amme Tes t i ng

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08/ / Proces s Anal ys i s & O rg a n isa tio n

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09/ / Ver b Model & Initia l Co n cep t

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10/ / Des i gn Devel opm en t

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11/ / Envi ronment al De velo p m en t

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12/ / St r uct ur al Des i gn

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13/ / C ons t r uct i onal Tim e- lin e

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14/ / Fi nal Imager y

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15/ / C oncl us i on

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16/ / Ref erences

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0 1 // I ntr o d uc tio n Architectural acts can be defined by four major themes, Monument, Infrastructure, Spectacle and Duration.

Monument can be defined as an object in which depicts a specific political, social or economic moment that has been fetishised at a specific space in time. Infrastructure on the other hand describes the flows of goods, capital and ideologies between differing socio-political landscapes. The Spectacle is defined by Guy Debord as the “outcome of a mode of production�(1967), this is not to say that this is the production of goods but the production of narrative upon an object. This can be distorted in order to push alternative socio-political ideologies through a series of constructed views. Duration makes reference to time, not just linear time but the processes that surround it. This can be understood by considering that over time shifting socio-political boundaries influence monuments and infrastructure; at this junction the initial spectacle of these physical objects can shift.

Within this investigation these themes will be scrutinised and manipulated in order to understand ways in which architecture is able to intervene and project new meaning to an environment of recent social, political and economic shifts.

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0 2 // M o nume nt Peter Eisenmann defines a monument by assimilating them to their space in time, physical positioning and also through their attached narrative. Within his article Time Warps he compares his monument to the murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, to the physical monuments of the death camps. A monument in which holds geographical importance, such as the death camps allows a locus of memory to be attached to it (Eisenmann, 2004). This is then embedded in a specific space in time and holds deep rooted geo-politcal importance as it becomes a, “locus of memory� (Eisenmann, 2004). This in comparison to The monument to the murdered Jews of Europe which is devoid of geographical significance allows a separate memory to be created that is generated by the time in which you are able to conceive of the project. It become a personal experience rather than one with a predetermined narrative.

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T he e normous sc ale of the holoc aust, and Hiro s h im a a fte r it, is suc h that any atte mpt to re pre se nt the h o r ro r b y traditional arc hite c tural me ans its ine v itably in a d e q u a te .

W he n the me morial is the site of an ac tual pr is o n c a m p , it be c ome s a loc us of the me mory of re al tim e . I t is a tim e and a me mory that are ne c e ssarily time and s p a c e spe c ific . But it is pre c ise ly the spe c ific ity th a t a llo ws me mory of the holoc aust to be e asily assimila te d , b e c a u s e the c amp ac ts as an ic on of me mory.� ~ Pe te r Eise nman - Time Warps

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“T he me mor y of the h olo c a u st to d a y c a n only b e a liv ing c on dit ion in which the pa st re main s a ct ive in th e pre se nt .

In thi s c onte xt o u r mon u me nt at te mpt s to pre se nt a ne w ide a of me mor y a s di st in ct f rom n o stalg ia . In orde r to d o thi s, the t ime of o u r mon u me nt i s d u rat ion , i s m a de dif fe re nt f rom the t ime of h u ma n e x pe r ie n c e or a ny p o s sible u n de rsta n ding.� ~ Pe t e r Ei se nma n - Ti me Wa r p s

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0 3 // D e f ining the L im i t s o f a M o n u m e n t When considering that a monument evokes a preconceived narrative specific to a social, political or economic moment in time, can this then be removed from time itself? Is it possible to conceive of a monument that is able to lie beyond the boundaries of the convention of time? This is explored by Henri Bergson and his definition of Duration in which consists of 2 simple forms. The first being Narrative time in which is defined by the physical time in which one is experiencing an object first hand. The second is described as the time of apperception, a concept in which past memories are related to the findings of narrative time and through this simple cognitive process, are able fully contrive of the various ways in which an object functions (Eisenmann, 2004). This cognitive process can be defined as post-structuralism. With this in mind can the limits of a monument be defined by the amalgamation of time of apperception and the personal memory of narrative time? Does this therefore mean that regardless of shifting political, social and economic boundaries around a monument, a personal experience becomes devoid of external influences?

In order to investigate this further an analysis of the Old Kent Road will be considered in relation to its future investment and past spectacle.

Na r ra t ive Ti me: A line a r pro c e ss in which th e ob se r ve r inte ra ct s with the physic al obje ct . T hi s c a n b e a chie ve d b y simply ob se r v ing it , b u t a phy sic al ma nife sta t ion of thi s inte ra ct ion c o uld be se e n a s Alf re d Wainw r ight s m a p ping st u die s (se e a dja c e nt page). “…he s ug ge st s t wo k in d s of t ime: chron olog ic al , or n a r rat ive , t ime , a n d t ime of d u rat ion .” – Pe t e r Ei s e nma n t a lk i ng a bou t He nr i Be rgs on

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“W hile a rchite ct u re i s u s u ally e x pe r ie n c e d in ch ron olog ic al t ime , Be rgson’s ide a of t ime prop o se s a p o ssible di sju n ct ion be t we e n the t ime of d u rat ion a n d th e t ime of a p pe rce pt ion .” ~ Pe t e r Ei se nma n - Ti me Wa r p s /a p əˈ s ɛ pʃ(ə)n / noun t he me n t a l p roc e s s by whi c h a p e r s on ma k e s s e n s e of a n i de a by a s s i mi la t i ng i t t o t he body of i de a s he or s he a l re a dy p o s se s se s .

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S t r uc t ura l i s m: A sch ool of a nthrop olog y b a se d on Cla u de LÊ v i- S t ra u ss’ ide a th at imm u table de e p st r u ct u re s e xi st in all c ult u re s, a n d c on se que ntly, th at all c ult u ral pra ct ic e s h a ve h omologo u s c o u nte r pa r t s in othe r c ult u re s, e s se nt ially th a t all c ult u re s a re e qu itable .

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Po s t - S t r uc t ura l i s m: It a rg ue s th at be c a u se hi stor y a n d c ult u re c on dit ion the st u d y of u n de rly ing st r u ct u re s, b oth a re s ubje ct to bia se s a n d mi sinte r pre tat ion s.

A p o st- st r u ct u rali st a p proa ch a rg ue s th at to u n de rsta n d a n obje ct (e .g., a te xt), it i s ne c e ssa r y to st u d y b oth the obje ct it self a n d the s y ste m s of k n owle dge th at pro d u c e d the obje ct .

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Ca s e Stud y // O ld Ke nt R o a d T h e O l d Ke n t Ro a d , fo r m e rl y k n o w n a s Wa tli ng S t r e e t w a s a n i m p o r t a n t i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l r o u t e fo r t h e Ro m a n E m p i r e a s it c o n n e c t e d C a n t e rb u r y, D ove r a n d L o n d o n (s e e a d ja c e n t m a p).

T h ro ugh o u t h i st o r y it h a s e n d u re d m a n y sh if t s i n so c i al , p olit i c al a n d e c o n o m i c b o u n d a r i e s a n d s t ill h ol d s it s r e le v a n c e a s a k e y p i e c e of i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . In r e c e n t h i s t o r y t h e a r e a a r o u n d O l d Ke n t Ro a d h a s b e e n r e d r a w n t o b e i n c l u d e d w it h i n t h e L o n d o n C it y Li m it s. T h e a r e a h a s p r i m a r il y b e e n u s e d fo r i n d u s t r y a n d h o u si ng , r e s e m b li ng i m age s of h i s t o r y wh e r e it b e c a m e a r o u t e pl ag u e d w it h t a ve r n s a n d lo c a l b u si n e s s e s. T h e a r e a a t p r e s e n t i s u n d e r go i ng pl a n s fo r r e d e ve lo p m e n t i n o r d e r t o p r ov i d e n e w f r a m e w o r k s fo r t h e e x p a n si o n of t h e c o m m e r c i a l r e t a il s e c t o r i n t o t h e a r e a . T h i s i n t u r n w ill p u sh t h e c u r r e n t b u si n e s s e s , m u n i c i p a l a n d lo we r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c r e si d e n t i a l c o m m u n it i e s t o it s p e r i p h e r y, d e f i n i ng t h e i r ge og r a p h i c a l p o sit i o n b y t h a t of a n e d ge c o n d it i o n . T h e a d ja c e n t m a p sh o w s t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e pl a n n e d n e w d e ve lo p m e n t . T h e a r e a h a s b e e n p h y si c a ll y d e f i n e d b y it s li m it s of f u t u r e e c o n o m i c d e ve lo p m e n t . Alt h o ugh t h e O l d Ke n t Ro a d s t o o d a s a m o n u m e n t t o i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

t h r o ugh o u t h i s t o r y, t h e i n f l u e n c e s of t h e c u r r e n t p olit i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e s h a ve sh if t e d it s d e f i n i ng b o u n d a r y a n d e a r m a r k e d t h e a r e a fo r r e d e ve lo p m e n t .

Monume n t , D ura t i on & Ab s t ra c t i on 20

How the se a re able to fa cilitate a wa y of inte r pre t ing so me thing with a pre def ine d me a ning a n d rela t ion ship to va r io u s othe r so cial c on st r u ct s. Ca n a n obje ct s u r v ive a se r ie s of shif t s in p olit ic al/so cial/e c on omic age n d a s?

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M o nume nt // Ta tlin’s To w e r Mo n u m e n t t o t h e T h i r d In t e r n a t i o n a l d e sig n e d b y V l a d i m i r Ta tli n a s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s fo r t h e C o m i n t e r n . T h e d e sig n p r e s e n t e d t h r e e v o i d s t h a t we r e t o b e a s sig n e d a p r og r a m m e t o r e l a t e t o t h e r u n n i ng of t h e n e w gove r n m e n t . E a c h of t h e v o i d s w o u l d s p i n a t d if fe r e n t r a t e s t o s y m b oli s e it s h i e r a r c h y w it h i n t h e n e w r e g i m e . T h e m o n u m e n t w a s n e ve r f u ll y r e a li s e d a s t h e d e sig n c o n t a i n e d m a n y f l a w s. T h e f i r s t b e i ng t h a t t h e d e sig n w o u l d n o t h a ve s t o o d u n d e r it s o w n s e lf we igh t , t h i s m a y h a ve b e e n d u e t o t h e a d v a n c e d n a t u r e of t h e d e sig n . T h e s e c o n d b e i ng t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c e n v i r o n m e n t of t h e US S R w o u l d n o t h a ve b e e n a b le t o a f fo r d t h e s t e e l n e e d e d t o b r i ng t h e d e sig n t h r o ugh t o f r u it i o n .

D ef i ni ng t he Li mi t s of t he Monume n t 24

T h e towe r c on si st s of t wo heli x’s c on ne cte d b y h or i zontal st r u ct u ral ele me nt s th at prov ide a c e nt ral at r i u m for th e void s to sit . A c on si ste nt spine r u n s the h e ight of th e m on u me nt allowing a c on sta nt g ro u n ding of th e o c c u pie rs p o sit ion in spa c e . In thi s in sta n c e the limit s of th e m on u me nt c a n be def ine d b y the st r u ct u re in which the void s sit .

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0 4 // Re d e f ining the lim i t s o f t h e M o n u m e n t In order to redefine the limits of the monument, a breaking of physical constraints must be initiated. This can be done by removing it from all obligations to conform to the laws of physics and the removal of the monument from its geographical location. Removing the monument from its geopolitical location enabl es a reinterpretation of its social, political and economic boundaries and a new narrative to be attached, as was seen with The Old Kent Road. Through this process the rigidity of the rudimentary forms are able to be redefined through new constraints. A series of drawings were initiated in order for this to be investigated. A process of unravelling became an effective way to explore and compare the relationship between the original constraints of structure and the new limits of its exploration.

Unrave l l i ng - Jus s i e u Muse um - Re m Ko o lha a s 28

W he n dra wing the Ju ssie u Mu se u m , Re m Koolh a a s u n ra velle d the se ct ion sh owing the relat ion ship b e t we e n the circ ulat ion , inte r n al void s a n d e xhibit ion spa c e s of the m u se u m . T he abilit y to the n v ie w the obje ct f rom the pe rspe ct ive of it s inh abita nt s helpe d proje ct a reinte r pre tat ion of the de sig n a n d e x pa n d the phy sic al limit s thro ugh dra wing.

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Unrave l l i ng 30

T h ro ugh u nra velling the towe r yo u a re able to inve st iga te th e spa cial relat ion ship be t we e n the void s. T h e h eli x’s a n d spine sit a s a c on sta nt thro ugh o u t the dra wing, th u s allowing a ne w pe rc e pt ion of the void s spa c e in t ime to b e e stabli she d .

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Re def i ni ng t he Vo i d s 32

With the ne w def ine d mome nt s of the void s th e ir relat ion ship to e a ch othe r wa s the n inve st iga te d . T hi s wa s done thro ugh the re dra wing of the ir p o sit ion along th e c on sta nt .

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Re i n t e r p re t a t i on 36

W he n a n aly sing the pre v io u s ite rat ion of the in div id u al dra wing it be c a me a p pa re nt th at alth o ugh the d ra wing i s sh owing mome nt s of def ining spa c e thro ugh it s limit s, th e ide olog y of the dra wing wa s to re pre se nt thi s a s a c ont in u o u s ele me nt . T hi s the n e mph a si se d th e void s p o sit ion with the st r u ct u re . Pu shing the void s to inte rse ct th e st r u ct u re at c e r tain p oint s allow it to sit on a phy sic al b o u n d a r y c on dit ion , some thing th at wa s pe rc e pt ible while u n de r ta k ing re se a rch into the f u t re e x pa n sion of An a k lia , G e rog ia a n d c ompre he n ding the shif t ing b o u n d a r ie s of th e so cial , p olit ic al a n d e c on omic al limit s.

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Inve s t iga t i ng t he Na r ra t ive 38

Ha v ing re def ine d the mon u me nt s st r u ct u re a n d relat ion ship of inte r n al void s, it be c a me a p pa re nt th a t a n inve st igat ion wo uld be ne e de d to u n de rsta n d th e obje ct thro ugh n a r rat ive t ime . A se r ie s of thre e dra wings wa s c on c e ive d to re pre se nt the pro c e ss of n a r rat ive t ime a n d allow the ob se r ve r to inte ra ct with the obje ct . It b e c a me a p pa re nt quic k ly th at thro ugh n ot dra wing th e void s, th e limit s of the se spa c e s wa s be ing def ine d b y th e ir c onte xt .

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S t r uc t ur i ng t he Na r ra t ive 40

Fu r the r dra wing allowe d the re moval of the void s f ro m a def ine d pla ne a n d allowe d the m to sit within it s t r u e p o sit ion be t we e n the limit ing st r u ct u re . O n c e a chie ve d th e void c a n be def ine d b y it s inte rse ct ion s with th e st r u ct u re .

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0 5 // Co nc lus io n D u r i ng t h e f i r s t s e m e s t e r t h e d r a w i ng t a s k s p r ov i d e d a pl a t fo r m t o e x plo r e t h e i n it i a l t h e m e s; Mo n u m e n t , In f r a s t r u c t u r e , S p e c t a c le a n d D u r a t i o n . T h e s e w o u l d t h e n e v ol ve t o e n c o m p a s s p r oje c t s p e c if i c t h e m e s t h r o ugh f u r t h e r r e a d i ng.

T h r o ugh t h e s e t h e m e s , t h e s t u d y of a n e x i s t i ng m o n u m e n t w a s i n it i a li s e d . Ta tli n’s To we r o r ‘ T h e p r oje c t fo r t h e Mo n u m e n t t o t h e T h i r d In t e r n a t i o n a l’, e n ve lo p e d m a n y of t h e i n it i a l t h e m e s of t h e u n it . A s t h e m o n u m e n t w a s n o t r e a li s e d t h e i n ve s t iga t i o n lo o k e d a t d if fe r e n t w a y s i n wh i c h t o s c r u t i n i s e t h e m o n u m e n t a n d d e ve lo p a c r it i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i ng of it .

In o r d e r t o p a r s e t h e m o n u m e n t a s e r i e s of d r a w i ngs t o sh o w it s i n it i a l s p a t i a l c o n f ig u r a t i o n s w a s u n d e r t a k e n . T h i s c le a rl y s e t o u t t h e i n t e r n a l v o i d s a n d sh o we d t h e i r r e l a t i o n sh i p t o t h e o t h e r v o i d s a n d t h e e x t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e . An i n it i a l u n d e r s t a n d i ng of t h e b u il d i ng p r o p o s e d n e w t h e m e s; t h e s e b e i ng: Vo i d , P r oje c t i o n a n d G a p.

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T h e p r oje c t b y OM A - ‘J u s si e u – Tw o Lib r a r i e s’, fe a t u r e d a s e r i e s of d r a w i ngs t h a t a llo w s t h e o b s e r ve r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e i n t e r n a l s p a t i a l c o n f ig u r a t i o n s. T h e s e d r a w i ng s p o r t r a y e d t h e ‘si ngle t r a je c t o r y’ o r ‘ w a r p e d i n t e r i o r b o u le v a r d’ i n a c o n t i n u o u s s e c t i o n t h a t b r o k e t h e l a w s of a t y p i c a l a r c h it e c t u r a l s e c t i o n b y follo w i ng t h i s r o u t e t h r o ugh t h e b u il d i ng. T h i s s u c c e s s f u ll y a llo we d a c o n t i n u o u s e le m e n t t o b e o b s e r ve d i n a si ngle d r a w i ng , u n o b s e r v a b le t o t h e n a t u r a l e y e . B y u si ng t h i s a s a p r e c e d e n t fo r e x plo r a t i o n a n e w li n e of i n ve s t iga t i o n w a s e s t a b li sh e d; t h r o ugh t h e u s e of u n r a ve lli ng a f u r t h e r s e r i e s of d r a w i ngs w a s i n it i a t e d .

T h e s e d r a w i ngs a llo we d a f u r t h e r u n d e r s t a n d i ng of t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n sh i p s b e t we e n v o i d a n d s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e i r r e l a t i ve p r oje c t i o n i n c o m p a r i s o n t o p h y si c a l lo c a t i o n t o b e e s t a b li sh e d . T h r o ugh t h i s li n e of i n ve s t iga t i o n p a r a lle l s we r e u n c ove r e d b e t we e n t h e u n r a ve lli ng of Ta tli n’s To we r a n d t h e c u r r e n t ge o - p olit i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c p o sit i o n i ng of An a k li a , G e o r g i a . T h e p a r a lle l s i n t h i s i n s t a n c e b e i ng t h e d e f i n it i o n of t h e v o i d s p r oje c t i o n b y it s li m it s (i n t h i s c a s e t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e m o n u m e n t); a n d t h e d e f i n it i o n of t h e p r oje c t i o n of a f u t u r e An a k li a i m p o s e d b y it s ge og r a p h i c a l lo c a t i o n b e t we e n t h e s e p a r a t i s t s t a t e of Ab k a z i a a n d t h e n e w f r e e i n d u s t r i a l z o n e a n d d e e p s e a p o r t d e ve lo p m e n t . A s a d r a w i ng t h i s s e t o u t t h e s t r u c t u r e i n wh i c h t h e e le m e n t s we r e a b le t o b e d r a w n t h r o ugh p e r s p e c t i ve . To d r a w t h i s c o n f ig u r a t i o n t h r o ugh p e r s p e c t i ve a llo w s t h e o b s e r ve r t h e a b ilit y t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e s s b e h i n d t h e d r a w i ng t h r o ugh a si ngle i m age .

In o r d e r t o c o n t i n u e a s u c c e s s f u l li n e of i n ve s t iga t e a n d a llo w t h e t e a c h i ngs of t h e d r a w i ng t a s k t o r e s o n a t e w it h i n t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e p r oje c t , t h e m a i n t h e m e s w ill b e i n t e r r oga t e d t h r o ugh d e sig n; Vo i d , P r oje c t i o n , G a p. Mov i ng fo r w a r d t h e r e le v a n c e of t h e p r e v a ili ng t h e m e s w ill n e e d t o b e i n t e r r oga t e d wh e n lo o k i ng a t a s o c i a l , p olit i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c a s p e c t s of a ge og r a p h i c a l lo c a t i o n a n d h o w t h e s e t h e m e s a r e a b le t o m a n ife s t t h e m s e l ve s i n a p h y si c a l e n v i r o n m e n t .

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P r o lo g ue // Ana k lia During the time in Anaklia it quickly became apparent that due to the different climate and socio-political environment, the balcony did not hold as much physical significance. Through understanding that a balcony also acts as a boundary in which the extension of private space into the public realm becomes a brash act; an investigation to uncover the shifting boundaries of the town was established. Like the balcony, the city boundary defines an object by its limits. Its shifting politics, economy and social constructs then inform its current and projected physical manifestation. This alongside the projected boundaries of Anaklia, with a planned deep sea port and free industrial zone to the south and the recently founded separatist state of Abkhazia to the north defines the limits or boundaries for its projected expansion.

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Fre e An ak lia Zo n e D S 3 / / S e m e s t e r Tw o

R o b e r t Anto ny Cre sswe ll

P roje c t Ar t i c ula t i on 50

Anaklia now sits in an intermittent period in its history due to massive development and a conflicted border with a separatist state. This leaves the people of the town frozen within a point of uncertainty and lack of direction around their future in regards to the shifting of economic, political and social boundaries around them.

Meticulous and conscious intervention through architectural discourse will facilitate the re-orientation of the incoming development to better serve the people of Anaklia . To achieve this a site has been earmarked for intervention, the site sits on the boarder of Anaklia and Abkazia. This specific location has been defined due to its boundary condition between Anaklia, Abkazia and its peripheral link to the free industrial zone, defining it as a location of interaction for all three territories.

The investigation will first need to establish whether this architectural act will operate to curb the existing social, economic and political tension in the region or exacerbate this in an analogous fashion to that of the incoming free industrial zone.

The current situation in the region cannot be unique as this form of redevelopment is becoming a mundane act not just across Georgia but also internationally. Therefore, this instance facilitates a moment for the eschewing of contemporary forms of development and allows the architectural discipline to interrogate alternate forms of social, political and economic cohesion within a region of crisis.

Through thorough analysis of realised projects such as the Hualing Sea Plaza Tbilisi/ Kutaisi Free Industrial Zone you can acutely analyse the extent of the incoming development of Anaklia and begin to propose/ comment on trends occurring internationally this therefore puts the current condition of Anaklia on a pedestal for the architectural realm to learn from and take note of.

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0 1 // Fur the r Re a d ing To c o n tin u e q u e s tio n in g t h e ro l e s o f s o c i a l , p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ica l p ro c e s s e s w i t h i n d e s i g n , v a r io u s te x ts we re e x a m i n e d a n d c o m p a re d .

Th ro u g h th is a c r itic a l p o s i t i o n c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d to d e fin e th e r u le s in w h i c h t h e d e s i g n p ro j e c t m u s t fo llo w.

G e org i a In Con t e x t 54

S i n c e b e c o m i ng i n d e p e n d e n t a n d a d h e r i ng t o a n e w e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e G e o r g i a h a s s e e n m a s s c o r r u p t i o n a n d b e c a u s e of t h i s , t h e d e r e g u l a t i o n of s t a t e c o n t r olle d p r o c e s s e s f l u ng G e o r g i a i n t o a Ne olib e r a l s t a t e .

D u r i ng t h e p r e si d e n t i a l c a m p a ig n of S a a k a sh v ili t h i s Lib e r a li s e d s t a t e w a s f r e e d of c o r r u p t i o n a n d g r a n t e d t h e U N Pu b li c S e r v i c e Aw a r d .

T h i s b y n o m e a n s i n si n u a t e s t h a t G e o r g i a w a s n o w f r e e of t h e s e p o c k e t s of c o r r u p t i o n b u t t h a t it h a d a ll b e e n sh if t e d t o w it h i n a h igh e r p a rli a m e n t a r y le ve l a n d e n a b le d t h e r e - m o n o p oli s a t i o n of t h e S t a t e ( Ti m m ,, 2014). D u r i ng t h i s p e r i o d ‘ S t r a t e g i c E x p r o p r i a t i o n s’ t o o k pl a c e a ll ove r G e o r g i a b e g i n n i ng w it h R i k e Pa r k i n T b ili si ( Ti m m , 2013). T h i s s a m e p r o c e s s w a s w it n e s s e d i n An a k li a wh e r e a t o t a l of 150 p r o p e r t i e s we r e ‘g if t e d’ t o t h e s t a t e a n d o w n e r sh i p s ol d t o fo r e ig n i n ve s t o r s fo r p r of it . T h i s t h e n e n a b le d G e o r g i a t o r e c e i ve i n ve s t m e n t f r o m a v a r i e t y of G e o r g i a n a n d US b a s e d c o m p a n i e s t o c o m m i s si o n a D e e p S e a Po r t a n d Fr e e i n d u s t r i a l Z o n e i n An a k li a . W h a t b e c a m e i n t e r e s t i ng a r e t h e p r o c e s s e s t h a t p r e d a t e d t h i s e c o n o m i c p a r t n e r sh i p. In 20 02 G e o r ge W. B u sh c o n f i r m e d t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e Mille n n i u m C h a lle nge Ac c o u n t; t h i s w a s e s t a b li sh e d i n o r d e r t o u p Am e r i c a n s p e n d i ng o n ‘ r e d u c i ng p ove r t y b y g r o w t h’ ( Ma w d sle y, 20 07). In t o t a l t h e r e we r e 5 o r ig i n a l c o u n t r i e s t h a t we r e sh o r tli s t e d fo r t h i s f u n d a n d t h e y i n c l u d e: C a p e Ve r d e , Ho n d u r a s , Ma d aga s c a r, Ni c a r ag u a a n d G e o r g i a . Ple a s e n o t e t h a t a t t h i s p o i n t t h e r e i s a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t we e n s t a t e s t h a t

e x p e r i e n c e d t h e d i s s ol ve of C o m m u n i s m G ove r n m e n t s t o w a r d s t h e e n d of t h e 20 t h c e n t u r y a n d s t a t e s t h a t a r e b e i ng t a r ge t e d fo r t h i s e c o n o m i c i n ve s t m e n t . Follo w i ng t h e d i s e s t a b li sh m e n t of t h e C o m m u n i s t S t a t e’s t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e of t h e c o u n t r i e s follo we d t h e a fo r e m e n t i o n e d p r o c e s s f r o m Ne olib e r a li s m t o S t a t e le d C a p it a li s m . T h i s c a n b e a n a l y s e d a s a s t r a t e g i c i n ve s t m e n t w it h i n s t a t e s e x p e r i e n c i ng a l a p s e i n e c o n o m i c s e c u r it y p r i m a r il y i n t e n d e d t o s e r ve t h e i n t e r e s t s of US c o n s u m e r s , m a n u fa c t u r e r s a n d i n ve s t o r s ( Ma w d sle y, 20 07). Follo w i ng t h e US b a s e d i n ve s t m e n t s , t h e G e o r g i a n gove r n m e n t e s t a b li sh e d t h e G e o r g i a n Re g i o n a l D e ve lo p m e n t Fu n d ($32 .5 m illi o n), t o a s si s t s m a ll a n d m e d i u m e n t e r p r i s e s ge og r a p h i c a ll y lo c a t e d o u t si d e of T b ili si .

P r i m a r il y e s t a b li sh e d t o a i d i n t h e d e ve lo p m e n t of b u si n e s s e s t h e f u n d c a n b e s e e n t o b e a i d i ng t h e p r o c e s s of t h e r e - m o n o p oli s a t i o n of t h e s t a t e , w it h it s o b je c t i ve f i r ml y g r o u n d e d i n t h e i n t e r e s t of a t t r a c t i ng e x t e r n a l i n ve s t m e n t o p p o r t u n it i e s ( Ma w d sle y, 20 07).

An a k li a n o w sit s i n a s t a t e of u n c e r t a i n t y w it h i n t h e s o c i o - p olit i c a l l a n d s c a p e d u e t o p e r si s t e n t e x t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e s t h a t a r e t h r e a t e n i ng t h e e x i s t i ng ag r o n o m i c s. T h i s t h e n p u t s t h e f u t u r e of An a k li a a s a t o w n i n t o je o p a r d y a n d i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n i s n e e d e d i n o r d e r t o a llo w it s c o n t i n u e d g r o w t h w it h o u t s e ve r e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s e q u e n c e s.

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Inf le c t i on - An Arc hi t e c t ura l La ng ua ge 56

Ar c h it e c t u r e p r o p o s e s m a n y t h e o r i e s t h a t a llo w s a c olle c t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l o b je c t s t o b e v i e we d a s a wh ole , a n e x a m ple of t h i s b e i ng t h e u s e of t h e G e s t a lt p s y c h olog y. T h i s c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s , “a l a r ge n u m b e r of p a r t s t h a t i n t e r a c t i n a n o n - si m ple w a y” (S i m o n , 1962).

Wit h i n a r c h it e c t u r a l h i s t o r y m a n y a r c h it e c t s h a ve b e e n a b le t o a c h i e ve t h i s t h r o ugh t h e u s e of G e s t a lt p s y c h olog y a s we ll a s e f fe c t i ve u s e of i n f le c t i o n . In f le c t i o n i n a r c h it e c t u r e c o m m e n t s o n t h e w a y i n wh i c h a wh ole i s i m pli e d t h r o ugh e x plo it i ng t h e i n d i v i d u a l o b je c t s o p p o s e d t o t h e i r p o sit i o n o r n u m b e r ( Lu c a r e lli , 2016). A c le a r e x a m ple of t h i s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e w o r k of Pa ll a d i o, w it h r e fe r e n c e t o Vill a E m o a n d Vill a Z e n o. B o t h v ill a s e m plo y a li n e a r fo r m , b u ilt of v a r i o u s o b je c t s t h a t r e m a i n c o n n e c t e d v i s u a ll y t h r o ugh a c o n t i n u o u s ‘ pli n t h’ li k e e le m e n t . Fu r t h e r, t h e c o m p o sit i o n of t h e s e o b je c t s a lo ng a n a x i s a l s o i m pli e s t h e u s e of i n f le c t i o n i n o r d e r t o e n a b le t h e v ill a t o b e v i e we d a s a si ngle e n t it y. T h i s i s a c h i e ve d t h r o ugh t h e c a r e f u l p o sit i o n i ng of t h e o b je c t s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o t h e c e n t r a l p o i n t of s y m m e t r y. Vill a

Z e n o a l s o u s e s a s y m m e t r y t o e m p h a si s e i n f le c t i o n a s t h e b a y s fo r c e t h e v i e we r t o r e a li s e t h e wh ole r e ga r dle s s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l e le m e n t ( Lu c a r e lli , 2016).

“Pa ll a d i o’s Vill a s a r e n o t si m pl y t h e o b je c t s e n c lo s e d w it h i n a r e c o n s t r u c t e d c o n t e x t , b u t a r e s p e c if i c o b je c t s t h a t f r a m e a n d r e d e f i n e t h e e x i s t i ng l a n d s c a p e a s a n e c o n o m i c , c u lt u r a l , a n d p olit i c a l c o u n t e r t o t h e c it y” (Au r e li , 2011)

Fa c a d e - P r e s e n t Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e

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In f r a s t r u c t u r e P r og r a m m e - Hi d d e n

W h e n a n a l y si ng e x i s t i ng a n d p r o p o s e d An a k li a , t h e sh if t f r o m a c e n t r a ll y lo c a t e d c e n t r e t o o n e b e i ng m a n i p u l a t e d b y m a s si ve i n c o m i ng d e ve lo p m e n t b e c o m e s a p p a r e n t . Ho w i s t h i s t h e n go i ng t o a f fe c t An a k li a s o c i a ll y, e c o n o m i c a ll y a n d p olit i c a ll y? C a n t h e si m ple a c t of i n f le c t i o n w it h i n a p r oje c t p r o d u c e ge o - p olit i c a l r e le v a n c e w it h i n An a k li a?

A BK H A Z I A In t e r v e n t i o n

A NA K L I A Inf l e c t i o n v i a G e s t u r e

FI Z

Arc hi t e c t ure & C a p i t a l i s m 58

A s G e org ia n ow sit s within a p o sit ion of sate - le d c a pitali sm (mov ing a wa y f rom it s Comm u ni st a n d Ne o - lib e ral so cio p olit ic al or ie ntat ion), it i s imp or ta nt to u n de rsta n d th e relat ion ship be t we e n a rchite ct u re a n d Ca pitali sm . W h e n c on side r ing the ef fe ct s of a n e c on omic a n d p olit ic al st r u ct u re on a rchite ct u re the re a re ma ny e x a mple s th ro ugh o u t hi stor y of h ow the se h a ve be c ome inf lu e n c e d , for e x a mple: the u se of mo de r ni sm within Mu s solini’s Italy, Ru ssia n Con st r u ct iv i sm within the US SR a n d Po stMo de r ni sm within the US .

“All e c on omic s a re di st r ib u t ion e ng ine s – a n d we ve t th e ir m oral a de qu a c y v ia e thic s a n d a p propr iat ion a n d sh a r ing” (Ca ye r e t al ., 2016).

“T hro ugh the prog re ss of te chn olog y, th e c a pitali st orga ni sat ion of pro d u ct ion u n de r we nt a n e volu t ion f ro m a s yste m of c oe rcion to a s y ste m of pe rs u a sion , b e c o ming a for m of work th at wa s e ve r more sophi st ic ate d a n d de void of c on n otat ion s th at be t ra ye d it s e x ploitat ive ch a ra cte r” (Au reli , 20 0 8).

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0 2 // P r e c e d e nt Stud ies I n o rd e r to u n d e r s ta n d t h e p h y s i c a l l i m i t s o f f o r m a n d p ro g r a m m e v a r io us p ro j e c t s w e re a n a l y s e d i n o rd e r to u n d e r s ta n d h o w c o n c e p t s a n d t h e m e s c a n b e m a n ife s t in to th e p h y s i c a l re a l m .

T he Me d i t e r ra ne a n - Joa qu i m Se l la s (2016) 62

“In t h i s p r oje c t it i s p r o p o s e d a n i n t e rb o u n d a r y c it y b e t we e n b o t h c o u n t r i e s t o s ol ve t h e c o n f li c t s t h a t t h e b o r d e r fe n c e h a ve b e e n c a u si ng i n t h e s e l a s t y e a r s. A c it y t h a t n o t o n l y a c t i v a t e s t h e i n t e rb o u n d a r y t e r r it o r i a l e c o n o m y, b u t a l s o a c c o m m o d a t e s s t a t e le s s p e o ple , g i v i ng t h e m a c h a n c e t o o b t a i n a c it i ze n sh i p a n d r e c og n i ze t h e i r r igh t s.

In o r d e r t o a i m t h a t , t h i s p r oje c t s t a b li sh e s a n a r c h it e c t u r a l g r a m m a r fo r t h i s c it y; a n o p e n e d s t r u c t u r e b a s e d o n a s e q u e n c e of p r e fa b r i c a t e d c o n c r e t e p o r t i c o s a n d sl a b s t h a t a c c o m m o d a t e s p a c e s fo r li v i ng a n d h o u si ng. S e c o n d a r y v ol u m e s t h a t c o n t a i n s e r v i ng s p a c e s a n d p u b li c fa c ilit i e s a r e a d d e d a lo ng t h e p o r t i c o s s e q u e n c e .

A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , c it y b e c o m e s a r e a d y - m a d e of ge n e r i c s t r u c t u r a l e le m e n t s t h a t s u p p o r t s o m e t h i ng a s c o m ple x a s life‌ A li ve a b le i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o p r ov i d e a h o u s e a n d a c it y fo r t h o s e wh o h a d t o le a ve t h e i r h o m e t o w n e s c a p i ng f r o m fe a r�. (S e ll a s , 2016)

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T he Me d i t e r ra ne a n - Joa qu i m Se l la s (2016) 64

• • • •

B o r d e r C o n d it i o n Ho w t h e s p a c e w o r k s t o fa c ilit a t e a ‘s a fe’ b o r d e r c r o s si ng.

E d u c a t i o n a l / In fo r m a t i o n e x c h a nge (c u s t o m s d o e s n o t m e a n ju s t go o d b u t a l s o i n fo r m a t i o n?)

Ar c h it e c t u r a l a c t of e x t e n si o n /C e ll u l a r B u il d Up

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B o r d e r C o n d it i o n Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e In f r a s t r u c t u r e E x t e n si o n

Ama la s s un t a - Emi l i o D e t t i e t a l . (1972) 66

A c o m p e t it i o n e n t r y fo r a n e w s a t e llit e c a m p u s of F lo r e n c e Un i ve r sit y b y E m ili o D e t t i e t a l . Pu b li sh e d i n t h e C a s s a b e ll a Ar c h it e c t u r a l An n u a l of 1971/2 , t h i s p r oje c t u s e s a s e r i e s of 5 l a r ge li n e a r b u il d i ngs e le v a t e d a b ove a n i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l n e t w o r k wh i c h c o n n e c t e d it t o t h e c e n t r e of F lo r e n c e . Be t we e n t h e s e 5 e le m e n t s a s e r i e s of log i s t i c a l a n d s e c o n d a r y b u il d i ngs lit t e r t h e v o i d s a n d a llo w fo r t h e c r e a t i o n of p u b li c s q u a r e s/p a r k s a n d s p o r t s fa c ilit i e s.

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Ama la s s un t a - Emi l i o D e t t i e t a l . (1972) 68

• •

Fo r m a l l a ng u age a n d h o w t h i s i n t e r a c t s w it h it s p e r c e i ve d b o r d e r ( Li n e a r fo r m i s u s e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d b o r d e r) E x t e n si o n i s u s e d b e t we e n ‘An c h o r’ b u il d i ngs

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B o r d e r C o n d it i o n E x t e n si o n In f r a s t r u c t u r e Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e S e c o n d a r y B u il d i ng s

Sov - k i no Fi l m P rod uc t i on Comp le x - Le oni d ov (1927) 70

L e o n i d ov’s p r o p o s a l fo r t h e S ov - k i n o FPC fe a t u r e d a a d m i n i s t r a t i ve b u il d i ng t h a t s a t p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e li n e a r s e t o u t of t h e f il m s s e t s.

T h i s w a s c o n n e c t e d w it h a ligh t r a il s y s t e m t h a t a llo we d t h e q u i c k a n e f f i c i e n t t r a n s fe r of e q u i p m e n t a n d l a r ge s e t s t o t h e m u lt i ple f il m i ng lo c a t i o n s. T h e i d e a w a s t o c r e a t e a n e f f i c i e n t u s e of s p a c e a n d d e ve lo p a m e t h o d of e x p a n si o n fo r t h e f u t u r e of t h e b u il d i ng.

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Sov - k i no Fi l m P rod uc t i on Comp le x - Le oni d ov (1927) 72

• • •

Ad m i n i s t r a t i ve b u il d i ng u s e d a s a ‘ fa c a d e’ t o p r og r a m m a t i c e x t e n si o n .

In t e g r a t i o n o f i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o r ‘ i n t e r n a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e’ t o e n a b le p r o c e s s e s.

T h e o r e t i c a l i n f i n it e e x t e n si o n ( p o sit i o n i ng i m ag i n e d i n An a k li a).

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B o r d e r C o n d it i o n Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e In f r a s t r u c t u r e E x t e n si o n

Hua l i ng Se a Pla za - Hua l i ng G rou p (2017) 74

H u a li ng S e a Pl a z a i s a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d i ng c e n t r e . “T h e m a r k e t a n d c o m m e r c i a l fa c ilit i e s i n c l u d e: m a r k e t z o n e , p r o c e s si ng z o n e , custom bond zone, warehouse zone, commercial pedestrian streets a n d m a n y o t h e r b u si n e s s e s , wh i c h w ill s e r ve a s a m o t i ve p o we r fo r t h e m a i n b o d y of t h e c o m m e r c i a l a r e a a n d it s e c o n o m i c d e ve lo p m e n t .

At p r e s e n t , m e r c h a n t s f r o m C h i n a , Tu r k e y a n d D u b a i ( UA E) h a ve sig n e d ag r e e m e n t s t o e n t e r H u a li ng In t e r n a t i o n a l Tr a d e C e n t e r a n d h a ve a l r e a d y s t a r t e d o p e r a t i ng.� ( H u a li ng G r o u p, 2017).

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Hua l i ng Se a Pla za - Hua l i ng G rou p (2017) 76

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Fo r m a l p r o c e s s e s i n fo r m t h e l a y o u t .

W h a t c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h e b o u n d a r y o r ‘o u t si d e of t h e p r o c e s s’ i s t h e sh i n y sh o p f r o n t . Ho w t h i s w o u l d sit p olit i c a ll y w it h i n An a k li a .

P r o c e s s of p h a si ng (c u s t o m s of f i c e a p p e a r e d f i r s t t o e n a b le t o b u il d i ng of t h e wh ole) Ph a si ng e x t e n si o n s.

B o r d e r i s r e m ove d f r o m f r o n t fa c a d e .

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B o r d e r C o n d it i o n Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e In f r a s t r u c t u r e E x t e n si o n

Ex od us - Re m Koo lha a s e t a l . (1972) 78

“T h e t itle of t h e p r oje c t a ll u d e s t o C ol d Wa r We s t Be rli n , a r e s t r i c t e d e n c l a ve e n c i r c le d b y a fo rb i d d i ng w a ll — i n e f fe c t , a p r i s o n o n t h e s c a le of a m e t r o p oli s , a n d o n e i n wh i c h p e o ple s o ugh t r e f uge v ol u n t a r il y. E x o d u s p r o p o s e s a w a lle d c it y i n a lo ng s t r i p, w it h t a ll b a r r i e r s t h a t c u t t h r o ugh L o n d o n’s u rb a n fa b r i c — a n i n t e r ve n t i o n d e sig n e d t o c r e a t e a n e w u rb a n c u lt u r e i n v igo r a t e d b y a r c h it e c t u r a l i n n ov a t i o n a n d p olit i c a l s u b ve r si o n .” ( Lu c a r e lli , 2011).

79

Ex od us - Re m Koo lha a s e t a l . (1972) 80

• • •

C e ll u l a r b u il d u p of a d e f i n e d s e t of p r og r a m m e s.

Re l a t i o n sh i p t o t w o b o r d e r c o n d it i o n s.

In t ig r a t i o n w it h i n a n e x i s t i ng fa b r i c .

81

B o r d e r C o n d it i o n Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e In f r a s t r u c t u r e E x t e n si o n

82

83

0 3 // Ad d itio na l I ma g er y A c o lle c tio n o f ima g e r y s t i m u l a t i n g fu r t h e r a r c hite c tur a l g e s tur e /a e s t h e t i c s .

84

85

Ji ong Wu - A S t ra t e g i c Pla n for Rome , V i a Ap p i a (2010)

G i o rg i o Ba y e t a l . - C a s a be l l a (1962)

86

87

0 4 // Co nc e p tua l I ma g e s F ro m th e a n a ly s is o f pre c e d e n t s t u d i e s s h o w i n g b o th p ro g r a m m e a n d a rc h i t e c t u r a l g e s t u re a s e r i e s o f im a g e s we re c re a te d t o m a n i f e s t a s n a p s h o t o f th e p ro je c te d im a g e o f t h e p ro j e c t a t t h i s p o i n t i n th e re s e a rc h . Th is will a l l o w f o r c o m m e n t o n h o w th is will re la te to th e p ro j e c t a r t i c u l a t i o n a n d a l s o h o w th is will re la te to t h e p h y s i c a l l a n d s c a p e i n wh ic h it s its .

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

0 5 // Ap p lic a tio n to Sit e F ro m th e p ro m in e n t le a r n i n g s o f t h e a rc h i t e c t u r a l fo r m in re la tio n to its p ro g r a m m e t a k e n f ro m t h e p re c e d e n t s tu d ie s , th e u r b a n g e s t u re i s t h e n o v e rla y e d o n s ite to u n d e r s t a n d i t s s p a t i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o n th e s u r ro u n d in g c o n t e x t . T h i s w i l l t h e n s e r v e a s th e p re m is e fo r d e s ig n d e v e l o p m e n t .

96

97

S c a le 1:10 ,0 0 0 B o r d e r C o n d it i o n Ar c h it e c t u r a l G e s t u r e In f r a s t r u c t u r e E x t e n si o n

98

99

0 6 // Bo r d e r Co nd itio n I n o rd e r to u n d e r s ta n d t h e p ro j e c t s re l a t i o n s h i p to A b k h a z ia a n d its c u r re n t b o rd e r c o n d i t i o n , a n a n a ly s is o f h is to r ica l b o rd e r c o n d i t i o n s w a s in itia te d . D u r in g th is i n t e r m i t t e n t s t a g e i n t h e s e p a r a tis t s ta te s d e v e lo p m e n t t e n s i o n s i n t h e a re a h a v e a p o te n tia l to r is e. By i n c o r p o r a t i n g a l e v e l o f s e c u r ity a ro u n d th e p ro j e c t t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n c o u l d s e r v e a s a d e te re n t o r c e n t r a l f e a t u re i n b o rd e r s e c u r ity.

101 100

Pl a n t li n e D e li n i a t i ng B o r d e r

Tr e e li n e D e li n i a t i ng B o r d e r

Be rli n Wa ll Me m o r i a l

Be rli n Wa ll

Ha d r i a n’s Wa ll

G r e a t Wa ll of C h i n a

Current Border Condition

103 102

Closed Border

Controlled Open Border

Tr a n s i t i o n o f t h e B o r d e r

Def inition of the Border

Current Border Condition

Geographical Border - Black Sea

L e v e l s o f He i gh t e n i n g B o r d e r C o n d i t i o n s

104

105

0 7 // P r o g r a mme Te s ti n g I n o rd e r to a c c e n tu a te t h e a rc h i t e c t u r a l g e s t u re a n u m b e r o f p ro g r a m me s w e re t e s t e d t o f u l l y c o m p re h e n d h o w th e y w o u l d s i t s o c i a l l y, e c o n o m ic a lly a n d p o lit i c a l l y t o a l l ‘p l a y e r s ’. T h e p la y e r s in th is c a s e wo u l d b e t h e l o c a l An a k l i a n ’s , th e s e p a r a tis t s ta te o f Ab k h a z i a a n d t h e f u t u re in v e s tm e n t o f th e F re e In d u s t r i a l Z o n e a n d D e e p S e a P o r t.

Cus t om s AB

•

Ac c e n t u a t i n g t h e p r o p o s e d development which in turn elevates levels of exclusion .

AB

•

Denies the view of the new development an blocks this with a bleak programme .

AN

•

C l o a k i n g o f a v e r y ‘ r e a l’ b o r d e r condition (Strengthening of border w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s e q u e n c e s) Po s s i b i l i t y o f i n t e g r a t e d c o m m e r c e with local communit y.

AN

•

Back of house programme justif ies its position.

Securit y over border condition (a p p e a l s t o h u m a n s e n s e o f e m p a t hy) .

P r o c e s s o f c e l e b r a t i o n o f ‘l i fe’.

Disruption of process .

Does the route travelled by the goods b e c o m e t h e p a r a d e?

U S Inv e s t o r s c a n s h o w p r e s e n c e i n t h e region to a state only recognised by Ru s s i a .

FI Z

• A BK H A Z I A

In t e r v e n t i o n

FI Z

AB

•

What are the implications of the ge s t u r e / p r o g r a m m e w h e n v i e w e d f r o m Abkhazia .

AN

•

Is this space treated as a back of house fo r a p r o g r a m m e w h i l e o b s c u r i n g o r d e ny i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e o f A b k h a z i a?

C re ma t o r i um /Ce me t e r y

• • •

• •

Ø

A NA K L I A

106 FI Z FI Z

• •

What is removed as the overall ge s t u r e?

What can become antagonistic but also work on adjacent to the border c o n d i t i o n?

107

Ed uc a t i ona l Ce n t re (Tra de) AB

• •

AN

FI Z

•

•

Hous i ng / Re s i de n t i a l

C o n t i n u o u s p r o d u c t i o n o f ‘o b j e c t s’ a f f i l i a t e d w i t h a n ‘u n k n o w n’.

Im a ge o f p r o g r e s s .

AB

•

I l l u s i o n o f S a a k a s hv i l l i’s A n a k l i a . ( P r o m e n a d e / O c e a n f r o n t) .

In t e g r a t i o n o f l o c a l c o m m u n i t y i n t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e FI Z a n d D S P .

AN

•

In c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e i v e d b o u n d a r y o f the cit y.

D i s p e r s i o n o f t h e c i t y (d e l o c a l i s a t i o n) .

L o c a l l y b a s e d w o r k fo r c e .

FI Z

•

•

If fo r t h e w o r k e r s i t w i l l p r o v i d e adequate housing and ensure i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h An a k l i a s u e t o positioning.

P roce s s i ng of Raw Ma t e r i a l s AB

•

Wa s t e Tre a t me n t

E x a g g e r a t o i o n /Ju s t i f i c a t i o n o f b o r d e r t h r o u gh p r o c e s s o f p r o c e s s i n g . ( P hy s i c a l g e o g r a p h i c s c a r i n g )

AB

Cu s t om s ( Ex p o r t of w i ne)

• •

Re j e c t i o n o f v i e w s o f A n a k l i a .

Antagonism use of border condition .

AB

• •

Shi p bu i ld i ng / bre a k i ng ya rd

In c l u s i o n w i t h i n t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e region.

Ju s t i f i c a t i o n o f ge o p o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n .

AB

• •

P a r a d e o f p r o g r e s s /n e w i n d u s t r y .

Back of house processes .

AN

•

Flanked on both sides by industrial processes.

AN

• •

Us e o f p e r i p h e r a l a s t h e e d ge .

Re m o v a l / p a r a d e o f p r o c e s s t o a contested border.

AN

• • •

Export of locally produced product .

Local economic boost .

Outward political orientation away from development that is undermining them .

AN

•

In t e g r a t i o n o f l o c a l c o m m u n i t y t o n e w industry.

FI Z

• •

A d d i t i o n o f i m p o r t /e x p o r t m a t e r i a l .

Secures its position/justif ies proposed i nf r a s t r u c t u r e .

FI Z

•

Re m o v a l o f w a s t e / u s e f u l p r o c e s s .

FI Z

•

Un d e r m i n e s t h e ‘Ne w S i l k Ro a d’ proposes alternative route of exports .

By p a s s e s fo r e i g n i nv e s t m e n t .

FI Z

• •

Us e f u l l o c a l p r o g r a m m e .

A b i l i t y t o i n c r e a s e e x p o r t s t h r o u gh constant increase in vehicles.

•

108

109

Ho t e l AB

• •

AN

FI Z

•

Pa rc of Con t e mp o ra r y Monume n t s

E x t e n s i o n o f S a a k a s hv i l l i’s promenade .

Illusion of economic progression .

AB

•

Spectacle of culture in which they have separated .

Extension of promenade and use of e x i s t i n g i nf r a s t r u c t u r e .

AN

•

Celebration of history within a disu s e d i nf r a s t r u c t u r e .

Ø

FI Z

Ø

110

111

0 8 // P r o c e s s e s Ana ly s i s & O r g a n i s a t i o n To d e fin e s p a tia lly th e p ro c e s s e s o f a C u s t o m P ro c e s s in g F a c ility a n d S h o p p i n g C e n t re e x a m p l e s o f e x is tin g G e o rg ia n fa c i l i t i e s w i l l b e a n a l y s e d .

Th is will a llo w o rg a n is a t i o n , l o g i s t i c s a n d ro u t e s to b e c o n s id e re d in th ei r c o n t e x t t o a c c e n t u a t e t h e o v e r a ll a rc h ite c tu r a l g e s t u re a n d p u r p o s e o f t h e p ro je c t.

D. 3.

D.

112

113 C. C.

2.

A. B.

A . B o r d e r C o n d i t i o n (C u s t o m s O f f i c e) - 18 0 m2 B . C u s t o m s S t o r a ge - 15,0 0 0 m2 C . W h o l e s a l e O u t l e t - 24 ,0 0 0 m2 D . O u t l e t - 110 ,0 0 0 m2

A.

B.

1.

1. C u s t o m s B o r d e r 2 . Ph y s i c a l B o r d e r ( Tr a n s fe r t o W h o l e s a l e) 3. I m p li e d B o r d e r ( Tr a n s fe r t o Re t a il)

A.

B.

C.

D.

Im p o r t - D i s t r i b u t i o n P r o c e s s A. Distribution Channels B. Customs Border C . C u s t o m s S t o r a ge D. Distribution

114

115 A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Im p o r t - Re t a i l P r o c e s s A. Distribution Channels B. Customs Border C . C u s t o m s S t o r a ge D. W holesale Outlet E . Re t a il O u t l e t A.

B.

C.

Export-Distribution Process A . Po i n t o f S a l e ( E x p o r t) B. Customs Border C . C u s t o m s S t o r a ge D. Distribution

D.

116

117

0 9 // Ve r b M o d e l & I n i t i a l C o n c e p t D e s i g n F o llo win g th e s p a tia l o rg a n i s a t i o n a n d p ro c e s s e s a n a ly s is k e y v e r b s we re e x t r a c t e d f ro m t h e a r tic u la tio n o f th e p ro j e c t . T h e s e w e re t h e n tr a n s la te d in to 3 d fo r m . T h ro u g h u n d e r s t a n d t h e im p lic a tio n s o f th e s p a t i a l e x p e r i m e n t , v a l u e s o f s c a le c a n th e n b e a p p l i e d . By d e f i n i n g i t s s p a t i a l g e o m e tr y, a re a s o f c ro s s o v e r b e t w e e n p ro c e s s c a n b e e x a c e r b a te d to c re a t e c l e a r a rc h i t e c t u r a l m o m e n ts in wh ic h a la rg e s c a l e m a s t e r p l a n c a n b e a n c h o re d . Th e a n c h o r p o i n t s w i l l t h e n a l l o w a re a s o f c o n te n tio n to re la te t o h u m a n a n d u r b a n s c a l e s .

hide / h ʌ ɪd / verb: hide; 3rd person present: hides; past tense: hid; gerund or present participle: hiding; past participle: hidden 1.

put or keep out of sight.

118

119

present /ˈ p r ɛ z(ə)n t / verb verb: present; 3rd person present: presents; past tense: presented; past participle: presented; gerund or present participle: presenting 1.

show or offer (something) for others to scrutinize or consider.

B.

Present

120

121 C.

C.

Present Hi d e D.

C.

B.

C.

D.

D. A.

D.

Hi d e A. E.

E.

E.

E.

P r a g m a t i c D i s t r i b u t i o n ( Im p o r t s / E x p o r t s)

P r a g m a t i c D i s t r i b u t i o n ( Im p o r t s / E x p o r t s)

A . G o o d s In f l u x B. Customs Processing C . C u s t o m s S t o r a ge D . S t o r a ge E. Goods Departure

A . G o o d s In f l u x B. Customs Processing C . C u s t o m s S t o r a ge D . S t o r a ge E. Goods Departure

122

123

S c a l e 1:10 0 0

S c a l e 1:10 0 0

Pl a n e s o f Inf luence Border Blip Extension

From Bl i p t o Ta nge n t 124

Border

Through spatialising the architectural language of the verb model there were clear aspects of the design that conveyed the concept of the project. The circle that sat on the border began speaking of the transportation of goods that moved towards but never up to or over the border. The rigid nature of the hard edges between border and contested border would not allow for the re-orientation of the geopolitical language to interact with Anaklia. This can then be adapted to hint at the trailing off of the extension back towards the town in which this project aims to serve.

The plains of influence drawn opposite can be defined as anchor points for design due to their changing relationship with the border. At these key intervals the project will be carefully refined in order to establish a framework of design that will then be used to define the intermittent voids along the tangent.

125

Pl a n e s o f Inf luence Border Ta n g e n t Extension

The extension of these lines can also be analysed against the new incoming development as key signifiers will allow a relationship to be established both architecturally and conceptually.

Border

T he Fre e Ana kl i a Zone

126

Upon the completion of the deep-sea port in 2062 the town of Anaklia will be engulfed to form the Free Anaklia Zone (FAZ). This will be achieved by a gesture of pulling that presents the proposed development to Abkazia in the North. This will be drafted by forming a tangent with this contested border, establishing an edge condition with the new Deep Sea Port in the south and creating a threshold inland towards the political centre of Georgia. This concentric circle will act as the new town boundary while also delineating the influence of the FAZ. The FAZ will provide Economic benefits to international businesses through: 1. The reduction of profit tax (exemption from profit tax under the Tax Code of Georgia) 2. Transactions consisting of the moving of goods shall be exempt from VAT and import tax 3. Property shall be exempt from property tax, 4. The creation of custom processing/checkpoint facilities will enable the crossing of goods into their respected country in which import/export tax will be paid This zone will be situated between contested (Abkhazia), implied (SEZ), symbiotic (ADC) and physical (Geographic) boundaries that define its geopolitical significance in the region. Its relationship between these 3 border conditions will situate Free Anaklia Zone within a consistent point of contention acting as a mediator between, while orchestrating the import/export and consumption of goods.

Relationships: 1. FAZ – AB – Parading of progress/goods in a reactive act to that of territorial seizing.

2. FAZ – Port – Annex to FAZ. Link between the logistic city of the port, the human city of FAZ and Georgia. All goods must pass through FAZ. 3. FAZ – GE – Will serve as an economic stimulator devoid of governance by Georgia as the ADC constitutes of predominantly US companies.

Typical connotations of free zones would imply that Anaklia like many of its predecessors will become a victim of the exploitation of cheap labour leading to the intensification of social division.

127

128

129

130

131

1 0 // D e s ig n D e v e lo p m e n t With th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f t h e a rc h i t e c t u r a l g e s t u re o f p u llin g to re m o v e th e c u s t o m s p ro c e s s i n g z o n e to th e c o n te s te d b o rd e r w i t h Ab k h a z i a a n d t h e d e fin itio n o f th e F re e An a k l i a Z o n e , t h e p ro j e c t th e n lo o k s a t k e y s ig n i f i e r s t o d e v e l o p t h e d e s i g n a s a s e r ie s o f s p a c e s d e s i g n e d a t k e y m o m e n t s .

Th ro u g h u n d e r s ta n d in g t h e s i g n i f i e r s re l a t i o n s h i p to p ro p o r tio n a n d s p a t i a l a r t i c u l a t i o n , t h e p ro j e c t c a n th e n b e re fin e d .

Fra mi ng t he Ta nge n t 132

Within my design an initial system of concentric circles was established to define the limits of each of my programmes. These rings meet at a tangent with the Abkhazian border creating a moment in which unlike Palladio’s Villa Emo, the grandeur met with the raw processes of the ‘industrial’ circle. The use of archways to frame this disrupts the essence of framing the landscape and allows the traditionally hidden processes to become centre stage.

133

Tr u t h of Ma t e r i a l s 134

The use of a traditionally temporary structure, a sheet pile wall, to convey the idea of industry being framed within the scheme was something also done by Daniel Liebeskind with the 9/11 Ground Zero Exhibition Hall. Seen opposite is the retaining wall for the Hudson River in New York City. This massive piece of engineering become centre stage to the point in which you can feel the essence of something being contained behind it. This play of texture, material and scale enables the user to perceive the importance and also the presence of something working beyond their natural line of sight.

135

The following sections and elevation are drawn along the defined plains of influence as seen on the masterplan image. The elevations also show the contrasting difference in perception of this scheme from both Abkhazia and Anaklia.

G r o u n d Z e r o E x h i b i t i o n Ha l l , D a n i e l Li b e s k i n d

136

137

Abkhazia

Anaklia

S c a l e 1:4 0 0 a p x .

S c a l e 1:4 0 0 a p x .

138

139

Abkhazia

Anaklia

S c a l e 1:4 0 0 a p x .

S c a l e 1:4 0 0 a p x .

140

141

Abkhazia

Anaklia

S c a l e 1:4 0 0 a p x .

S c a l e 1:4 0 0 a p x .

142

143

In i t i a l Ur b a n S c a l e P l a n & L o n g E l e v a t i o n

Log i s t i c a l Ic on s 144

Within logistic based architecture there are 2 prominent icons, the arch of the viaduct and the truss enabling large scale spaces to be spanned. Within the project these two icons will be used in order to frame and span the large spaces needed for a logistical infrastructure.

145

Arc hwa y P ro p o r t i on s 146

To consider the use of arches within the project the origins of its construction and design has been used. Roman proportions adhere to the human and monument scale, two aspect of my scheme that are essential to portray the importance of framing. To the right is a series of drawings that show the process of designing my archways to a unified proportion.

147

148

149

Ta nge n t i n Se c t i on 150

In the section opposite the relationship between human and monumental scale can be established. The scale provokes the ideology similar to that of religious buildings.

A sensation of inferiority enhances the idea of unseen systems at work. In order to allow this to work a different structural system will need to be used due to the mass of material. On the following page a precedent of Aldo Rossi’s San Cataldo Cemetery has been used due to its feeling of mass while internally being a simple steel structure supporting a facing material. This has then been translated into the central building.

The details will be show within the Structural Development chapter.

151

S c a l e 1:10 0 0

152

153

S a n C a t a l d o C e m e t e r y, A l d o Ro s s i

S c a l e 1:10 0 0

P rog ra mme Re la t i on s hi p 154

To further integrate the processes of both the shopping centre and customs processing facility, they have been articulated in section. This allows for a metaphorical hierarchy to be established and opportunities of interaction to take place.

155

O ve r use of S t r uc t ura l Arc he s 156

In order to span the large scales within the project, the continuation of the arches was used throughout the buildings. Only through drawing this was it apparent that the use of arches within my scheme would remain on the external compartment of the building.

157

In t e g ra t i on of t he Tr us s 158

In order to span these large distances, the once colonnade of archways has been replaced by a large spanning steel truss system that will allow containment. Within the shopping centre the relationship between logistics and architecture is accentuated through the coming together of these two icons to form the extension perpendicular to the concentric circles of the Free Anaklia Zone.

159

Fi na l i se d Pla n s 160

161

Ta nge n t Pla n s Sc a le 1:10 0 0

162

163

Mi d d le Arc h Pla n s Sc a le 1:10 0 0

End Arc h Pla n s Sc a le 1:10 0 0

164

165

11 // Env ir o nme nta l D e v e l o p m e n t M o v in g o n fro m in itia l c o n c e p t a n d d e v e l o p m e n t , k e y c o n te x tu a l fa c to r s a re t h e n i n t e r ro g a t e d t o a llo w d e s ig n re fin e m e n t o n a n U r b a n S c a l e . T h i s is th e n m a n ip u la te d a t a h u m a n s c a l e t o a l l o w th e in flu e n c e o f th e in t e r a c t i o n o f t h e s e n s e s t o e m p h a s is e k e y a rc h ite ct u r a l m o m e n t s .

166

167

S c a l e 1:5 0 0

S c a l e 1:2 0 0

A b s e n c e o f Li gh t Dis- connection of Vision

168

169

S c a l e 1:5 0 0

S c a l e 1:2 0 0

A b s e n c e o f Li gh t Connection of Vision

170

171

S c a l e 1:5 0 0

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A b s e n c e o f Li gh t Connection of Vision, Sound , Smell

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1 2 // Str uc tur a l D e v e lo p m e n t F o llo win g th e d e s ig n o f t h e s e k e y m o m e n t s i n s e c tio n th e p h y s ic a l s tr u c t u r a l i m p l i c a t i o n s a re th e n e x p lo re d a n d re s o l v e d . T h i s w i l l a l l o w t h e d e s ig n to n o t o n ly a d h e re t o c o n c e p t u a l r i g i d i t y b u t a ls o to th a t o f its p h y s i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n .

Va r io u s ite r a tio n s we re t e s t e d a n d f a i l e d b e f o re a s y s te m o f c o n c re te a n d s t e e l b e a m s w e re u s e d t o b r id g e a la rg e s p a n rel a t i v e l y s e a m l e s s l y w i t h l i t t l e in te r r u p tio n o f flo o r s p a c e .

Floor S la b D e s ig n 174

To allow the results of environmental development to stand, consideration is needed to understand how it will work. The series of diagrams to follow will show how this process was explored in 3 dimension.

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Step 1 F lo o r sl a b e s t a b li sh m e n t .

Step 2 E x t e r n a l w a ll s a n d u n d e rl y i ng w a ll s d r a w n . T h i s w ill a llo w fo r t h e d i r e c t i o n s of s p a n n i ng b e a m s t o b e e s t a b li sh e d .

Step 3 Br e a k d o w n of t h e f lo o r sl a b s i n t o t h e i r S u b - S l a b s. T h i s w ill a l s o d e f i n e wh e r e l a r ge r b e a m s a r e n e e d e d t o r e i n fo r c e t h e c u t t i ng a n d e le v a t i ng.

Step 4 E s t a b li sh m e n t of s t r u c t u r e a n d h o w t h e s e w ill r e l a t e i n a si ngle pl a i n .

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Step 5 Un d e r s t a n d i ng h o w t h i s w ill w o r k i n 3 d i m e n si o n s.

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C.

1. Hi d d e n C r a n k e d S t e e l B e a m t o C o n c r e t e S l a b Ju n c t i o n A . C r a n k e d S t e e l t o I Be a m C o n n e c t i o n ( B olt e d) B . B olt e d J u n c t i o n , pl a t e c a s t i n t o c o n c r e t e f lo o r sl a b.

C . C o n c r e t e Tr i m m i ng Be a m D. C o n c r e t e S t a i r s E. Concrete Slab S c a l e 1:2 0

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2 . C u t S l a b Ju n c t i o n D e t a i l

3 . S t e e l B e a m t o C o n c r e t e Wa l l D e t a i l

A. B. C. D.

A. B. C. D.

R a i s e d S l a b S t e e l Fr a m e C o n c r e t e S t a i r s H u ng o n S t e e l Fr a m e S t e e l C ol u m n S u n k e n S l a b S t e e l Fr a m e

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Ho r i z o n t a l S t e e l C a s t i n t o C o n c r e t e w a ll S u p p o r t i ng C o n c r e t e Wa ll Concrete Stairs R a i s e d C o n c r e t e F lo o r S l a b

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4 . S t e e l Tr u s s t o Wa l l D e t a i l A . C a s t C o n c r e t e C o rb e l s B . Be a r i ng Pl a t e B olt e d i n t o C o n c r e t e C o rb e l C . S t e e l Tr u s s D. C o r r uga t e d s t e e l r o of f i n i sh c li p p e d t o s t e e l p u rli n’s.

E . B ox G u t t e r F. S t o n e Fa c e d C o n c r e t e Wa ll Fi n i sh S c a l e 1:2 0

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5 . Wa l k w a y Ha nge r t o Tr u s s D e t a i l

6 . S he e t P i l i ng t o C o n c r e t e Wa l l D e t a i l

A . S t e e l Tr u s s S y s t e m B . Ha nge r Ti e Jo i n t C . Ha nge r Ti e D. Ha nge r Ti e b olt e d i n t o s t e e l b e a m E . S t e e l Be a m F. Wa lk w a y D e c k

A. B. C. D. E. F.

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D. S t e e l Tr u s s S y s t e m Be a r i ng Pl a t e B olt e d i n t o C o n c r e t e C o rb e l C o n c r e t e C o rb e l I Be a m P ile s S h e e t P ili ng Wa ll In S it u Po u r e d C o n c r e t e Wa ll .

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7. S t e e l S t a i r c a s e Pl a t fo r m & F l o o r Ju n c t i o n Detail A. B. C. D. E.

S t e e l Fr a m e B olt e d i n t o Fo u n d a t i o n S t e e l Fr a m e B olt e d C o n n e c t i o n Me t a l d e c k i ng fo r In sit u C o n c r e t e S t e e l Fr a m e B olt e d t o C o n c r e t e Fa c a d e C o n c r e t e S t a i r s H u ng of f S t e e l Fr a m e

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7. S t e e l S t a i r c a s e Pl a t fo r m & F l o o r Ju n c t i o n Detail

A . S t e e l Fr a m e B . Me t a l d e c k i ng fo r In sit u C o n c r e t e C . Ha ng i ng Tr u s s S y s t e m

A. B. C. D.

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S t e e l Fr a m e B olt e d C o n n e c t i o n S t e e l Fr a m e B olt e d t o C o n c r e t e Fa c a d e Pu rli n S y s t e m w it h Cli p s Ro of Fi n i sh

Ex p lode d A x o 192

The drawing opposite shows how the structural system interact and serves as a catolouge of the structural systems used in order to creat the project.

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1 3 // Co ns tr uc tio na l Ti m e -l i n e D u e to th e a m a lg a m a ti o n o f m a t e r i a l , s t r u c t u r a l s y s te m s a n d h e a v y la n d s c a p e e n g i n e e r i n g , a tim e - lin e o f th e c o n s tru c t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g w a s d r a wn . Th is a llo ws a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h o w t h e s e s y s te m s will in te r a c t in s e c t i o n b u t a l s o h o w t h e y in te r a c t o v e r tim e . B e l o w a re a s e r i e s o f s e c t i o n s h ig h lig h tin g a p o s s ib le s c h e d u l e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .

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Step 1 S h e e t p ili ng d r i ve n i n t o e x i s t i ng g r o u n d c o n d it i o n .

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Step 2 B a s e m e n t e x c a v a t e d , p ile fo u n d a t i o n s l a i d a n d c o n c r e t e r e t a i n i ng w a ll s a d d e d b r a c e d b y h o r i z o n t a l f lo o r sl a b.

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Step 3 E a r t h r a m p e d u p i n s t age s t o a llo w fo r t h e i n s e r t i o n of g r o u n d a n c h o r s. T h e s e a r e t h e n a t t a c h e d t o a s ol d i e r b e a m t o p r ov i d e a u n ifo r m r e t a i n i ng fo r c e t o t h e sh e e t p ile d w a ll .

S c a l e 1:5 0 0

Step 4 Fu r t h e r e x c a v a t i o n s fo r t h e fo o t p r i n t r e m ove d .

In t e r n a l lo a d b e a r i ng w a ll s b u ilt o n t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i ve p ile fo u n d a t i o n s. C ol u m n fo r s u p p o r t of f lo o r sl a b a b ove c a s t i n t o p ile fo u n d a t i o n .

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Step 5 L a n d s c a p i ng e a r t h e x c a v a t e d .

C o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l f lo o r s y s t e m i n s t a lle d t o sit o n LGF w a ll s.

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Step 6 E x t e r n a l w a ll s b u ilt u p i n c o n ju n c t i o n w it h r a i s e d f lo o r sl a b s. C o n c r e t e c o rb e l s a r e c a s t i n t o t h e lo a d b e a r i ng w a ll s b e t we e n a n d a t t h e p e a k of t h e a r c h e s fo r t h e i n c o m i ng s t e e l t r u s s e s.

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Step 7 S t e e l t r u s s s y s t e m i n s t a lle d t o c o n c r e t e c o rb e l s v i a a b e a r i ng p a d . T h i s i s u s e d i n o r d e r t o a llo w t h e l a t e r a l fo r c e s t o b e a b s o rb e d s a fe l y.

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Step 8 Ha nge r r o d s a r e t h e n h u ng a t ve r t i c a l i n t e r s e c t i o n s of t h e t r u s s s y s t e m t o s u p p o r t t h e e le v a t e d w a lk w a y. A c o n c r e t e s t a i r s le a d i ng u p t o t h i s i s t h e n s e c u r e d i n t o t h e e x t e r n a l w a ll .

Ro of f i n i sh i s t h e n a t t a c h e d t o p u rli n c li p s.

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1 4 // Fina l I ma g e r y A c o lle c tio n o f s e q u e n t i a l c o l l a g e s t o c o n v e y k e y th e m e s th ro u g h o u t th e p ro j e c t .

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Mo m e n t D r a w i n g Framing the landscape

Mo m e n t D r a w i n g T h r o u gh t h e e y e s o f t h e s h o p p e r

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Mo m e n t D r a w i n g T h r o u gh t h e e y e s o f t h e w o r k e r

Mo m e n t D r a w i n g Ta n ge n t F r a m e d

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Mo m e n t D r a w i n g Def ining the boundaries

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1 5 // Co nc lus io n With in th e c o n fin e s o f a S p e c i a l Ec o n o m i c Z o n e s y s te m u s e d to b e n e fit t h o s e w h o c re a t e , m a n a g e a n d u s e it, m a n y c o m p l i c a t i o n s a r i s e t h ro u g h t h e e x p lo ita tio n o f its s u b s e r v i e n t s . In o rd e r f o r t h i s to b e c h a n g e d in te r v e n t i o n i s n e e d e d t o h i g h l i g h t th e e x a c e r b a te d s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m i c i s s u e s th a t d e r iv e fro m its c o n s t a n t e x p l o i t a t i o n o f i t s wo r k fo rc e . A fo re m e n tio n e d t h i s i n e v i t a b l y l e a d s t o in c re a s e d s o c ia l a n d ec o n o m i c d i v i s i o n . T h ro u g h a rc h ite c tu r a l in te r v e n t i o n , t h e c o m i n g t o g e t h e r o f two v e r y s e g re g a te d s tre a m s o f u s e r s w i l l a l l o w fo r a re la tio n s h ip to b e e s t a b l i s h e d b e t w e e n b e n e fic ia r y a n d wo r k e r. T h i s w i l l t h e n p ro v o k e c h a n g e with th e s a n c ti o n i n g o f n e w S EZ s a n d p ro m p t a re th in k re g a rd i n g i t s l a x l a b o u r l a w s a n d h ig h lig h t m a n y o f th e u n d e r l y i n g s o c i o -e c o n o m i c fa ilin g s o f th e p a s t.

1 6 // Re f e r e nc e s Se lla s , J . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . The M e d i te r r a n e a n , J o a q u i m S e l l a s – BETA. [ o n l i n e ] Be t a -a rc h i t e c t u re . c o m . Av a i l a b l e a t : h t t p :/ / w w w. b e ta - a rc h ite c tu re . c o m / t h e -m e d i t e r r a n e a n -j o a q u i m -s e l l a s / [ Ac c e s s e d 1 2 J a n . 2 0 1 8 ] .

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Tim m , C . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . Ec o n o mi c R e g u l a ti o n a n d S ta te I n te r v e n ti o n s . G e o r g i a ’s M o v e fro m N e o l i b e r a l i s m to S ta te M a n a g e d C a pit a lis m . P r iv a te H o c h s c h u l e G ö t t i n g e n , PFH . FO R. 1 4 3 . 1 3 0 6 (2 0 1 3 / 0 3 ).

Tim m , C . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . A lib e r a l d e v e l o p me n ta l s ta te i n G e o r g i a ? S ta te d o mi n a n c e a n d Wa s h i n g to n C o n s e n s u s i n th e po s t c o m m unis t re g io n . PFH Fo r s c h u n g s p a p i e re / Re s e a rc h Pa p e r s , N o . 2 0 1 4 / 0 2 .

M a w ds le y, E. ( 2 0 0 7 ) . T h e mi l l e n n i u m c h a l l e n g e a c c o u n t: N e o -l i b e r a l i s m, p o v e r ty a n d s e c u r i ty. R e v i e w o f I n te r n a ti o n a l P o lit ic a l Ec o no m y , 1 4 (3 ), p p . 4 8 7 -5 0 9 .

Sim o n, H. ( 1 9 6 2 ) . P ro c e e d i n g s o f th e A me r i c a n Ph i l o s o p h i c a l S o c i e ty, 1 0 6 (6 ), p . 4 6 8 . luc a re lli, f . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . Ro b e r t Ve n tu r i , T h e O b l i g a ti o n To w a r d th e D i ffi c u l t W h o l e . [ o n l i n e ] S O C K S . Av a i l a b l e a t : h t t p :/ / s o c k s - s tu d io . c o m /2 0 1 6 / 11 / 0 6 / ro b e r t -v e n t u r i -t h e -o b l i g a t i o n -t o w a rd -t h e -d i f f i c u l t -w h o l e / [ Ac c e s s e d 1 3 J a n . 2 0 1 8 ] .

Hua ling Gro up. ( 2 0 1 7 ). H u a l i n g T b i l i s i S e a Pl a z a . [ o n l i n e ] Av a i l a b l e a t : h t t p :/ / h u a l i n g . g e / l a n g u a g e / e n / t b i l i s i -s e a -p l a z a / [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018].

Luc a re lli, F. ( 2 0 11 ) . E x o d u s , o r th e v o l u n ta r y p r i s o n e r s o f a rc h i te c tu re . . [ o n l i n e ] S o c k s S t u d i o . Av a i l a b l e a t : h t t p :/ / s o c k s s tu d io . c o m /2 0 11 /0 3 /1 9/ e x o d u s -o r-t h e -v o l u n t a r y -p r i s o n e r s -o f -a rc h i t e c t u re / [ Ac c e s s e d 1 3 J a n . 2 0 1 8 ] .

Cayer, A., Deamer, P., Korsh, S., Peterson, E. and Shvartzberg, M. (2016). Asymmetric Labors: The Economy of Architecture in Theory and Practice. New York: The Architecture Lobby.

Aureli, P. (2008). The project of autonomy. New York: Princeton Architectural.

Aureli, P. (2011). The possibility of an absolute architecture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

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