Soc3 3rd edition benokraitis test bank

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CHAPTER 7 – DEVIANCE, CRIME, AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. _____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms. a. Crime b. Deviance c. Stigma d. Social control e. Sanction ANS: B

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2. Which of the following statements is true regarding deviance? a. Deviance is not universal. b. Deviance is universal, and the characteristics don’t vary. c. Deviance is universal, but the characteristics may vary across time. d. Deviance is universal, but the characteristics may vary across cultures. e. Deviance is universal, but the characteristics may vary across time, group, and

societies.

ANS: E SOURCE:

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3. Which of the following statements about deviance is incorrect? a. Deviance can be a trait, belief, or behavior. b. Deviance does not vary across societies. c. Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas. d. Deviance can be both formal and informal. e. Perceptions of deviance can change over time.

ANS: B

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4. A/n _____ is a negative label that devalues a person and disqualifies him/her from full social

acceptance. a. harm b. injurious c. stigma d. social control e. norm ANS: C

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5. _____ deviance is behavior that violates laws; _____ deviance is behavior that breaks

customary practices. a. Formal; informal b. Informal; formal c. Primary; secondary d. Secondary; primary e. Formal; secondary

ANS: A

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6. Which of the following is a major source of crime statistics? a. telephone surveys b. teacher surveys c. political surveys d. online polls e. victimization surveys ANS: E

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7. __________ refers to techniques and strategies that regulate people’s behavior in a society. a. Crime b. Strain theory c. Social control d. Rational control e. Anomie ANS: C

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8. Crime differs from deviance because crime a. is always more serious than deviance. b. is always less serious than deviance. c. involves a larger share of the population. d. violates written laws. e. violates rules that are deemed immoral.

ANS: D

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9. The FBI’s __________ includes crimes which have been reported to the police. a. database b. Uniform Crime Report c. National Crime Victimization Survey d. Standardized Arrest Report e. United State’s Police Report Data ANS: B

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10. Which of the following is a shortcoming of the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? a. It does not include corporate crimes, kidnapping, and Internet crimes. b. It includes victimless crimes. c. It includes crimes not reported to the police. d. It does not include racial bias. e. It includes gender bias.

ANS: A SOURCE:

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11. Which one of the following about the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is false? a. It is based on interviews. b. It offers a more accurate picture of crimes than the UCR. c. It has a low response rate.

d. It gathers information on crimes that are and are not reported to the police. e. It has a high response rate.

ANS: C

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12. Which of the following statements about crime and arrests is true? a. There are more arrests for victimless crimes than for property crimes. b. There are more arrests for property crimes than for violent crimes. c. There are more arrests for violent crimes than for victimless crimes. d. There are more arrests for violent crimes than for property crimes. e. There are more arrests for victimless crimes than for violent crimes.

ANS: B

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13. Victimless crimes include a. drug use and prostitution. b. arson and burglary. c. child pornography and kidnapping. d. homicide and manslaughter. e. assault and battery.

ANS: A

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14. Which of the following is most likely to be the victim of a crime? a. an 18-year-old white woman who lives in the college dorms b. a 24-year-old African American man who lives just outside of the industrial park

downtown c. a 32-year old white man who lives just outside of the industrial park downtown d. a 40-year-old African American man who lives in the suburbs e. a 70-year-old African American woman who lives by herself in the suburbs ANS: B

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15. Men are ________ likely to be the victim of a homicide, robbery, or aggravated assault than

women. a. more b. less c. slightly less d. five times more e. equally ANS: A

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16. As age increases, the odds of being a victim of a crime _____ and the likelihood of engaging

in crime _____. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases e. remains steady; increases ANS: D

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17. People _____________ constitute a majority of those arrested. a. age 12-15 b. age 18 and under c. age 40 and older d. aged 29 and younger e. age 30 and older ANS: D

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18. _____ refer(s) to the technique and strategies that regulate people’s behavior in society. a. Sanctions b. Social control c. Strain d. Anomie e. Labeling ANS: B

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19. _________ social controls come from our childhood socialization. a. Informal b. Formal c. Positive d. Negative e. Individual ANS: A

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20. Bryan’s mother taught him to be kind and honest. When faced with the opportunity for

dishonesty, Bryan remembered his mother’s words and was honest. Bryan’s behavior illustrates a. informal social controls. b. formal social controls. c. internal social controls. d. external social controls. e. positive social controls.

ANS: A

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21. Your sociology professor and college dean are examples of people who have a strong effect

on your a. informal social controls. b. formal social controls. c. internal social controls. d. external social controls. e. positive social controls.

ANS: B

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22. Sanctions are a. endorsements of certain behaviors. b. forms of conformity that are written into law. c. inconsistent forms of punishment.

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d. rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm. e. illegal activities conducted online.

ANS: D

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23. Larry completed a project at work two days earlier than he originally planned. Larry’s boss

congratulated him and his co-workers gave him “high fives” when they saw him. Larry was experiencing a. informal social controls. b. formal social controls. c. external sanctions. d. positive sanctions. e. negative sanctions.

ANS: D

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24. As a child, Jeanne was constantly punished by her parents for not following directions and for

disobeying the house rules. Jeanne experienced a. informal social controls. b. formal social controls. c. external sanctions. d. positive sanctions. e. negative sanctions.

ANS: E

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25. _______ believe that crime occurs when people experience blocked opportunities like the

culturally approved goal of economic success. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Feminist theorists d. Symbolic interactionists e. Criminologists ANS: A

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26. Crime and deviance are dysfunctional when they a. dissolve tensions and insecurity. b. erode trust in personal and formal relationships. c. increase confidence in institutions. d. create trust in personal relationships. e. provide temporary safety valves.

ANS: B

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27. Crime and deviance are functional when they a. affirm cultural norms and values. b. erode trust in personal and formal relationships. c. create tension and insecurity. d. are costly. e. damage confidence in institutions.

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ANS: A

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28. _____ refers to a situation in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent,

conflicting, or confusing social norms. a. Sanction b. Anomie c. Social control d. Deviance e. Strain ANS: B

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29. When Damion was 16, his family moved from Germany to the United States. In Germany, the

legal drinking age was 16, but in the United States it is 21. Damion was confused by these differing rules and experienced a. sanctioning. b. anomie. c. social control. d. deviance. e. strain.

ANS: B

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30. Durkheim introduced the term anomie, but _____ elaborated on the concept to explain how

social structure can create deviance. a. Sutherland b. Bogel c. Merton d. Becker e. Lembert ANS: C

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31. According to Merton, Americans are taught to strive towards the “American Dream” of

economic success. He called these aspirations a. institutionalized goals. b. institutionalized means. c. cultural strain. d. cultural means. e. cultural goals.

ANS: E

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32. According to Merton, U.S society emphasizes ______ to achieve economic success. a. institutionalized goals. b. institutionalized means. c. cultural strain. d. cultural means. e. cultural goals.

ANS: B

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33. Completing college, working hard, and making sacrifices are examples of Merton’s a. institutionalized goals. b. institutionalized means. c. cultural strain. d. cultural means. e. cultural goals.

ANS: B

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34. The majority of people respond to blocked institutionalized means through which of Merton’s

modes of adaptation? a. conformity b. innovation c. ritualism d. retreatism e. rebellion ANS: A

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35. Henry’s family was unable to pay their bills last month. He wanted the best for his family, but

had a low-paying job. To “earn” some extra cash, be began selling fraudulent tickets at the Civic Center. According to Merton, Henry is a/n a. conformist. b. innovator. c. ritualist. d. retreatist. e. rebel.

ANS: B

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36. Heather has been teaching for 25 years at the local junior high school. She does not care about

a big pay check and has stopped caring about the success of her students. Heather is just doing enough to make it to retirement. According to Merton, Heather is a/n a. conformist. b. innovator. c. ritualist. d. retreatist. e. rebel.

ANS: C

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37. Harold started using drugs when he was 17. By the time Harold turned 20 he was living on the

streets. According to Merton, Henry is a/n a. conformist. b. innovator. c. ritualist. d. retreatist. e. rebel.

ANS: D

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38. Hank lives in northern Michigan and participates in a paramilitary group. They oppose the

federal government and plan to replace it with their own form of government. According to Merton, Hank is a/n a. conformist. b. innovator. c. ritualist. d. retreatist. e. rebel.

ANS: E

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39. Which one of these statements about functionalist theories on deviance and crime is false? a. They overlook the fact that not every American sees financial success as a major b. c. d. e.

goal in life.

They don’t explain why women’s crime rates are much lower than men’s.

They ignore the role of social structure in explaining deviance and crime.

They don’t explain crimes of passion and rage.

They typically focus on street crimes rather than white-collar crimes.

ANS: C

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40. _____ ask why some deviant acts are defined as criminal while others are not. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Feminist theorists d. Symbolic interactionists e. Strain theorists ANS: B SOURCE:

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41. According to conflict theorists, _____ control the law and therefore define what is and isn’t

deviant and criminal. a. the richest in society b. the oldest in society c. the most politically active in society d. the most powerful in society e. the deepest pockets ANS: D

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42. Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime? a. violent crime b. property crime c. white collar crime d. organized crime e. victimless crime ANS: C

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43. Conflict theorists are much less likely than functionalists to focus on a. cybercrime

b. c. d. e.

occupational crime corporate crime organized crime street crime

ANS: E

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44. _____ are illegal activities committed by individuals acting solely in their own personal

interest. a. Cybercrimes b. White-collar crimes c. Corporate crimes d. Organized crimes e. Industrial crimes ANS: B

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45. _____ are illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. a. Cybercrimes b. Occupational crimes c. Corporate crimes d. Organized crimes e. Industrial crimes ANS: C

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46. _____ are illegal activities that are conducted online. a. Cybercrimes b. Occupational crimes c. Corporate crimes d. Organized crimes e. Industrial crimes ANS: A

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47. _________ are activities of individuals and organizations that supply illegal goods and

services for profit. a. Cybercrimes b. Occupational crimes c. Corporate crimes d. Organized crimes e. Industrial crimes ANS: D

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48. Diane, an executive at a large company, routinely embezzles client funds to help support her

lifestyle. Diane is guilty of a. cybercrime. b. white-collar crime. c. corporate crime. d. organized crime. e. industrial crime.

ANS: B

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49. Mr. Davis, an accounting executive at Alpha Inc., participated in tax fraud for several years,

which saved the company millions of dollars in taxes. Mr. Davis is guilty of a. cybercrime. b. occupational crime. c. corporate crime. d. organized crime. e. industrial crime.

ANS: C

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50. Which of the following is not a weakness of the conflict perspectives on deviance and crime? a. Conflict theory exaggerates the importance of capitalism. b. Conflict theory deemphasizes the crimes committed by low-income people. c. Conflict theory ignores the ways that deviance and crime are functional for society. d. Conflict theory ignores the linkages between power and social class. e. Conflict theory usually focuses on men.

ANS: D SOURCE:

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51. According to feminist scholars, which of the following is not a reason for most women’s

victimization? a. Laws are often more sympathetic toward men than women. b. Anomie increases women’s likelihood of victimization. c. Men have historically dominated the government and the legal system. d. Male, not female, aggression is usually rewarded. e. Many women have internalized the belief that their victimization is normal.

ANS: B

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52. According to feminist scholars, which of the following does not explain why the rates of

female offenders have increased? a. The breakdown of the family, religion, and community. b. More aggressive policing policies. c. Patriarchy and women’s limited economic opportunities. d. Experiencing mistreatment that begins in early childhood. e. Women’s increased participation in white-collar and cybercrime.

ANS: E

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53. The symbolic interaction perspective suggests that people _____ deviant behavior. a. are born with b. develop c. study d. learn e. recognize ANS: D

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54. Which two symbolic interaction theories are among the best known in explaining crime and

deviance? a. feminist theories and differential association b. labeling and differential association c. labeling and feminist theories d. strain and labeling e. differential association and strain ANS: B

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55. “What you’re raised with you grow to become.” This statement exemplifies which symbolic

interaction perspective? a. differential association b. labeling c. strain d. crime control e. conflict ANS: A

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56. Sociologist _____ coined the term “differential association” to refer to how people learn

deviance through their different associations. a. Edwin Lemert b. Edwin Sutherland c. Robert Merton d. Howard Becker e. Herbert Mead ANS: B

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57. The basic idea behind differential association theory is that a. one’s environment has little influence on deviance and crime. b. most deviant and criminal behavior is spontaneous. c. labeling is a major factor in explaining deviance. d. primary deviance leads to secondary deviance. e. most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.

ANS: E

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58. According to Sutherland, people are most likely to engage in crime if they are exposed to

deviant values a. later in life. b. infrequently. c. over a short period of time. d. from important people. e. from unimportant people.

ANS: D

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59. Nearly 47 percent of state prisoners have a parent or close relative who has been incarcerated.

Such data provide support for ____ in explaining deviance and crime. a. functionalist theory

b. c. d. e.

conflict theory differential association theory labeling theory feminist theory

ANS: C

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60. “Society’s reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining someone as deviant.” This

statement best exemplifies which theory of deviance? a. differential association b. labeling c. strain d. crime control e. feminist theory ANS: B SOURCE:

REF: 130-131 Pickup

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61. According to _____, being a deviant or a criminal depends on how others react. a. labeling theory b. differential association theory c. strain theory d. subcultural theory e. opportunity theory ANS: A

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62. _____ distinguished between primary and secondary deviance. a. Edwin Lemert b. Edwin Sutherland c. Robert Merton d. Howard Becker e. Herbert Mead ANS: A

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63. _____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor

offenses to serious offenses. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Street e. Corporate ANS: A

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64. _____ deviance is the deviant behavior that emerges as the result of others’ responses. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Street e. Corporate

ANS: B

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65. According to some critics, ___ doesn’t explain impulsive crimes committed by people who

have grown up in law-abiding families. a. differential opportunity theory b. differential association theory c. conflict theory d. functionalism e. secondary deviance theory ANS: B SOURCE:

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66. The police, courts, and prison system make up the a. criminology suite. b. rehabilitation system. c. community outreach system. d. criminal justice system. e. penal system.

ANS: D

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67. The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control. Which of the

following is not one of these approaches? a. avoidance b. prevention c. intervention d. punishment e. rehabilitation ANS: A

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68. Prevention and intervention typically focus on which age group? a. children b. pre-teens c. adolescents d. young adults e. elderly ANS: C

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69. Those who support a(n) _____ model believe that crime rates increase when offenders don’t

fear punishment. a. crime control b. stigma c. social control d. trepidation e. intervention ANS: A

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70. The primary role of the police is to

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a. b. c. d. e.

prevent crime. punish criminals. enforce society’s laws. profile potential criminals. buy doughnuts.

ANS: C

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71. ____ is the global leader in the number of inmates per capita. a. Mexico b. Iraq c. Ireland d. Japan e. The United States ANS: E

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72. Incarceration rates are highest for __________, both women and men. a. Caucasians b. African Americans c. Latinos d. American Indians e. Asian Americans ANS: B

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73. U.S. recidivism has a. increased since 1999. b. decreased since 1999. c. remained about the same since 1999. d. decreased since 1980. e. increased since 1980.

ANS: C

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74. The majority of people arrested in the United States are a. white. b. black. c. American Indian or Asian American. d. Latino. e. The arrest rates are similar across all racial and ethnic groups.

ANS: A

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75. Which one of these statements about deviance and crime is false? a. Social class affects crime rates. b. Crime rates are higher in low-income areas than in wealthy suburbs. c. Poor people are more deviant than those at the higher end of the socioeconomic

ladder. d. Poor people are the most likely to engage in intellectual property theft. e. Most offenders are never arrested.

ANS: C SOURCE:

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76. Which of the following statements does not reflect conflict theorists’ explanations of a. b. c. d. e.

why many people commit white-collar crimes?

These behaviors are usually not criminalized.

There is minimal enforcement and few penalties for white-collar crime.

There is greater leniency in prosecuting white-collar crimes than street crimes.

Many people experience anomie and social strain.

There aren’t enough resources to prosecute white-collar crimes.

ANS: D SOURCE:

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77. Neil’s friends began to criticize him for drinking too much and pushed him out of their social

circle. Neil became bitter, drank even more, and became friends with people who were heavy drinkers. According to Edwin Lemert, this situation illustrates a. the onset of retreatism. b. the onset of primary deviance. c. the onset of secondary deviance. d. the formation of a deviant subculture. e. the onset of labeling theory.

ANS: C

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78. Nora is a researcher who studies the nature and causes of criminal behavior. Nora is a a. police officer. b. politician. c. sociologist. d. criminologist. e. statistician.

ANS: D

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79. Which of the following crimes is not included in Part 1 of the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report? a. murder b. rape c. arson d. speeding tickets e. larceny ANS: D

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80. In what year did the FBI begin publishing the Uniform Crime Report? a. 1900 b. 1930 c. 1945 d. 1960 e. 1975 ANS: B

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81. In 2010, approximately _____ percent of those arrested for violent crimes and _____ percent

of those arrested for property crimes were prosecuted. a. 16; 44 b. 47; 18 c. 22; 8 d. 8; 22 e. 22; 16 ANS: B

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82. Of the more than 12 million serious crimes committed in the United States in 2010,

approximately _____ percent were violent crimes. a. 1 b. 12 c. 20 d. 25 e. 35 ANS: B

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83. Which of the following offenses is least likely to be reported? a. murder b. rape c. illicit drug use d. robbery e. arson ANS: C

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84. Americans mistakenly believe that crime rates have increased recently. This misinformation is

partly due to a. the fact that Americans do not have a basic understanding of math. b. media sensationalism. c. reporting to police has increased. d. enrollment in law enforcement programs has increased. e. higher survey response rates.

ANS: B

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85. Households are most likely to be victimized in which of the following social classes? a. lower class b. lower-middle class c. middle class d. upper-middle class e. upper class ANS: A

REF: 121

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86. Of all those arrested in 2010, _____ were men. a. one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half

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d. two-thirds e. three-quarters ANS: E

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87. Approximately _____ percent of those arrested are white. a. 20 b. 35 c. 40 d. 55 e. 69 ANS: E

REF: 121

88. Offense rates are highest in a. inner-city areas b. suburbs c. rural areas d. out suburbs e. mega cities ANS: A

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89. Formal social controls exist a. only during childhood. b. only during adulthood. c. internal to an individual. d. external to an individual. e. within the legal system.

ANS: D

REF: 122

90. Which of the following is not a dysfunction of crime and deviance? a. Crime and deviance create tension and insecurity. b. Crime and deviance erode trust. c. Crime and deviance damage confidence in institutions. d. Crime and deviance is costly. e. Crime and deviance create social unity.

ANS: E

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91. Since 2008, and for the first time in history, 1 in every _______Americans adults is in prison. a. 500 b. 300 c. 100 d. 1000 e. 900 ANS: C

REF: 134

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92. In 2010, the Internet Crimes Complaint Center received more than _____ complaints. a. 200,000 b. 300,000

c. 500,000 d. 750,000 e. 1,000,000 ANS: B

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93. Which of the following is not a reason why so many people commit white-collar crimes? a. Most white-collar crimes are not criminalized. b. There is minimal enforcement of white-collar crimes. c. White-collar crimes are produced through privilege and corruption. d. Enforcement of white-collar crimes lacks resources. e. Individuals are testing authority.

ANS: E SOURCE:

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94. Which of the following is the least effective approach to crime control? a. prevention b. intervention c. punishment d. rehabilitation e. social control ANS: C SOURCE:

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95. Imprisonment rates are highest for a. White males b. Black females c. Black males d. Asian females e. Latino males ANS: C

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TRUE/FALSE 1. According to sociologists, most people have, at some point in time, violated some of society’s

rules.

ANS: T

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2. Most crime victims are women.

ANS: F

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3. Older people are much less likely to be victimized than those under age 65.

ANS: T

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4. People in affluent neighborhoods are more likely to experience burglary than those in poor

neighborhoods.

ANS: F

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5. For functionalists, deviance and crime are always dysfunctional.

ANS: F

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6. A common criticism of conflict theory is that it deemphasizes the crimes committed by low-

income people.

ANS: T

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7. For feminist theorists, “deviance is in the eyes of the beholder.”

ANS: F

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8. The number of U.S. prisoners has doubled since 1987.

ANS: F

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9. Capital punishment decreases crime.

ANS: F

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10. According to Robert Merton, a drug dealer would be a good example of a deviant “innovator.”

ANS: T

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11. The old saying “An eye for an eye” illustrates rehabilitation perspectives.

ANS: F

REF: 135

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12. One of the criticisms of feminist analyses of crime is that they emphasize street crimes.

ANS: F

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13. The National Crime Victimization Survey includes only crimes reported to the police, even

those that do not result in an arrest.

ANS: F

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SOURCE:

FACTUAL

14. People are more likely to be arrested for a drug violation than for driving while drunk.

ANS: T

REF: 118

SOURCE:

FACTUAL

15. Hispanic men are more likely to be the victims of a homicide than Black or White men.

ANS: F

REF: 121

SOURCE:

FACTUAL

16. The vast majority of offenders are arrested at least once.

ANS: F

REF: 135

OBJ: 4

SOURCE:

FACT

SHORT ANSWER 1. Drug use, gambling, and prostitution are considered to be “victimless crimes.” Do you agree

or disagree that these crimes are victimless? Explain your answer.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 120/121 2. Discuss Merton’s five possible reactions to tensions produced by anomie. Why is he

considered a functionalist?

ANS:

Will vary REF: 119-122 3. Which of the four theoretical perspectives do you think is the most useful in explaining

deviance and crime? Explain why and support your answer with specific examples from the textbook as well as your personal experiences and observations.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 122-133 4. Compare and contrast symbolic interactionist and conflict theories of deviance. What theory is

most convincing to you?

ANS:

Will vary REF: 126 5. Outline the three major approaches to controlling crime. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses

of each approach. Which approach do you find most compelling? Explain why.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 133-135 6. Do you think that differential association or labeling theories are more useful in explaining

deviance and crime? Explain your answer and provide examples to support your position.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 131

7. Do you agree or disagree that rehabilitation is more effective than punishment? Explain why

based on the material in the textbook as well as your own personal experiences.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 135 ESSAY 1. Identify a situation where you have been deviant. Describe the situation and the reaction from

others to this deviant behavior or condition.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 117 2. Explain why functionalists think deviance and crime provide a number of societal benefits.

Then, explain why you agree or disagree with this perspective, providing examples to support your position.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 124-126 3. Feminist theorists point to several problems with the assumptions that strong women should

be able to avoid or escape victimization. Outline these problems.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 129-130 4. What are some current methods of reducing crime? Are they effective? If you were a policy

maker in the criminal justice system, what strategies would you employ?

ANS:

Will vary REF: 121 5. Compare theories that are used to explain the difference in crime rates among men and

women.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 121-122

6. Using information from the textbook, describe a situation where crime and/or deviance would

be functional.

ANS:

Will vary REF: 124-126 7. Look up the crime rates for your city or state. How does this compare to national statistics?

Why is there a difference?

ANS:

Will vary REF: 120-122