JOURNAL OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND YOGA ISSN : 2229-4821 Volume 1
Issue 2
December 2011
CONTENTS Editorial board
iii
Comparison of Selected Body Composition Variables among Sports Persons, Yoga Practitioners and Non-Practitioners: Dr. Sakti Ranjan Mishra, Ms. Rajni Bali, Sri Ambika Prasad Ray 01-08 Comparison of Cardio Respiratory Endurance and VO2 Max between Professional and Amateur Women Bharathanatyam Dancers: S. Sabaananth, V. Gopinath 09-12 Effect of Physical Training on Coordination of Dexterous : S. Vijay, V. Gopinath, 13-17 Effect of Yoga Therapy on Biochemical Variables among Diabetic Patients: Miss. M. Uma Kamalavathi, Dr. D. Shunmuganathan 18-22 Effect of Yoga Training on Haematological Variable of Hearing Impaired Students : Dr. M. Rajkumar, Dr. N. Kumar 23-26 Impact of Yogic Practices on Psychomotor Ability of Intellectually Disabled Children: Dr. E. Amudhan, P. Ganesan 27-30 Resistance Training and its Impact Towards Muscular Performance among Visual Impaired Adolescents: M. Suresh Kumar 31-33 Role of Yoga in Empowering the Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Children:
Ahmed Shahin 34-39
Effects of Resisted Exercises on Strength Endurance and Maximum Speed of Hearing Impaired High School Boys : Dr. George Abraham, Sunilkumar S, Biju Sukumar 40-44 Effect of Plyometric Training on Strength and Strength Endurance of Sedentary College Men : R. Sendhil, P. Vinothkumar, Dr. V. Murugu Valavan 45-50 Yoga and Healthy Aging: An Experimental Study on Cardio-Respiratory Physiology in The Middle-Aged Population : Sridip Chatterjee, Samiran Mondal, Sudip Sundar Das 51-61 Effect of Selected Yogic Practices on Physiological and Psychological Variables among College Men Students : S. Kalidasan 62-64 Analysis of Selected Performance Related Physical Fitness Components between Trained and Un–Trained Professional Students : Dr. A. Mahaboobjan 65-70 Participatory Influence of Music-Based Minor Games on the Behavioural Modifications of the Special Children : Sheila Stephen Instruction to authors
71-75
76
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
JOURNAL OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND YOGA Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga (JOAPEY) is a bi-annual publication of the Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Univeristy (RKMVU), Coimbatore. The journal publishes original articles in the area of Adapted physical education and Yoga. It includes research articles, book reviews, success stories of sports persons with disabilities, news about conferences, letters to the editors and forthcoming events. The purpose is to promote research in the field of Adapted physical education and yoga. The subscription rates are given below: Single copy: ` 100/-
One year : ` 200/-
Three years: ` 500/-
Mode of payment: Payment should be made by cheque or Demand Draft drawn in favour of “Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University” payable at Coimbatore. FORM: IV Statement about ownership and other particulars about Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga 1. Place of Publication : Coimbatore 2. Periodicity of Publication
: Bi-annual
3. Printer’s Name : Vidyalaya Printing Press Nationality : Indian Address : Ramakrishna Vidyalaya Printing Press, SRKV Post, Periyanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore 641 020 4. Chief Editor’s and Publisher’s Name
: Dr. S. Alagesan
: Indian
Nationality
Address Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Faculty of General & Adapted Physical Education and Yoga, SRKV Post, Periyanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore - 641 020 Tel: 0422 2692667, Mobile: 94434 20801 5. Name and addresses of Individuals & : Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, shareholders holding morethan 1% of Faculty of General & Adapted Physical the total capital. Education and Yoga, SRKV Post, Periyanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore 641 020 Tel: 0422 2692667. e-mail: fgapedy@gmail.com, I, Dr. S. Alagesan, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 iii
JOURNAL OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND YOGA ISSN : 2229-4821 Volume 1
Issue 2
December 2011
EDITORIAL BOARD CHIEF ADVISOR Swami Atmapriyananda Vice-chancellor, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University
ADVISORS Swami Abhiramananda Administrative Head, RKMVU Brahmachari Pradeep Asst. Administrative Head, RKMVU, Coimbatore CHIEF EDITOR Dr. S. Alagesan Professor, FGAPEdY, RKMVU, Coimbatore Co-Ordinator Dr. M. Ganeshkumar Asst. Professor, RKMVU, FGAPEdY, Coimbatore
EXPERT MEMBERS Dr. G. Raveendran
Dr. M.S. Nagarajan
Professor & Head,
Regional Sports Coordinator
Dept. of Phy. Edn & Sports Science,
Asia Pacific Special Olympics
Annamalai University, Chidambaram
Dr. P.J. Sebastian
Dr. M.L. Kamalesh
Professor, FGAPEdY
Former Principal,
RKMVU, Coimbatore.
LNCPE, Trivandrum
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
From the Desk of Chief Editor Dear Readers,
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga had been started to
diseminate knowledge in the field of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga and to encourage research among the young and energetic physical educationists. We feel happy that the second issue has received more number of research articles related to persons with disabilities. The content and findings of the research artciles should be followed up for the betterment of the subjects on whom it was studied.
We are really sorry that the December 2011 issue could come out
little late due to certain technical reasons. Swami Abhiramananda, Secretary of Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore had taken charge as new Administrative Head and Brahmachari Pradeep had taken charge as new Assistant Administrative Head of Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Coimbatore.
With their constant support and valuable guidance we hope we will be
able to serve the academic fraternity in a better way. Dr. S. Alagesan Chief Editor, JOAPEY
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
COMPARISON OF SELECTED BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES AMONG SPORTS PERSONS, YOGA PRACTITIONERS AND NON-PRACTITIONERS Dr. Sakti Ranjan Mishra*, Ms. Rajni Bali** and Sri Ambika Prasad Ray*** ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to find out the difference in selected Body Composition variables among yoga practitioners, non-practitioners and sportspersons. A sample of 450 subjects was selected through purposive sampling technique and divided into three groups viz yoga practitioners (N-150), non-practitioners (N-150) and sportspersons (N-150). Descriptive statistics and one way ANOVA were employed to treat data and discuss results. Conclusively the yogic practitioner group was found to differ significantly in all the selected physiological variables in comparison to other two groups. Key words: Fat Percentage, Fat Weight, Lean Body Mass and Body Density, Yoga Practitioner, Non-Practitioner, Sportspersons INTRODUCTION Body composition is used to describe the fat, bone and muscular percentage in the body. Because muscular tissue takes up less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition of weight determine leanness. Body fat can be divided into storage fat and essential fat. The essential fat important for normal body functioning is stored in lungs, bone marrow, heart, liver, muscles, kidney and the nervous system. The storage fat is that which comprises the adipose tissue or adiposities. The number of adiposities generally becomes fixed around 9 to 12 months after birth, later changes acquire only in the size. The storage fat provides energy reserves and protects the internal organs from injury. Bera & Rajapurkar (1993) conducted study on forty 12-15 years old male high school students for one year, to find out the relationship of yoga with body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power. The ANCOVA results revealed that a significant improvement in ideal body weight, body density, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power but no significant change in body fat (midaxillary), skeletal diameters and most of the body circumferences. Significant reduction was noticed in the fat-folds and body circumferences. The purpose of this study was to see whether significant differences in selected body composition variables i.e. fat percentage, fat weight, lean body mass and body density of yoga practitioners, nonpractitioners and sportspersons. * Baliapal College of Physical Education, Baliapal, Balasore, Odisha ** Dept. of Physical Education and Yoga, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, *** P.E.O., MS Law Collrge, Cuttack, Odisha
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
METHODOLOGY: Sample: 450 subjects aged 18-27 (150 yoga practitioners, 150 non yoga practitioners and 150 sportspersons) who participate in inter collegiate and / or inter University sports competition willingly served as a purpose sample for the study. Using a standard skin fold caliber measurement were taken on the selected four sides i.e, biceps, triceps, sub-scapular and supra-iliac, folds and recorded to one tenth of a millimeter. Biceps Skin-Fold: The skin fold was measured by rising a vertical fold at the marked mid acromiale-radiale line on the anterior surface of the arm. The subject stood with the arms hanging down freely. Special care was taken not to grasp the underlying muscular tissues. Triceps Skin Fold: The skin fold was measured in the midline of the posterior aspect of the arm, over the triceps muscle, at a point midway between the lateral projection of the acromian process of the scapula and the interior margin of the colcannon process of ulna. Sub Scapular Skin Fold: It is a measurement of the skin fold running parallel to the axillaries’ border. The measurement was taken at the interior angle of the scapula. Supra Iliac Skin Fold: It is the measurement of the vertical fold on the crest of the ileum at the mid auxiliary line. The thickness of this fold was measured by the skin fold caliper. The skin fold was held firmly between the thumb and finger at 450 to the anterior. Supra iliac spine on a diagonal line going downward and inwards and the measurement was taken with the help of the calipers. The measurements thus recorded were processed in the following manner to get results. Body Density This indicates the weight in grams per cubic centimeter of body tissues. Body density is estimated from the sum of four skin fold measurements [biceps, triceps, sub-scapular and super-iliac]. in the present study body density was estimated using Durnin & Rehman equation (1967). The formula is as follows: Body Density (Y) = 1.1533 – 0.0643 X X = sum of four skin folds in millimeters converted into logarithms Percent Fat: Percent fat is the amount of fat in 100 kg of body weight. It was calculated from body Density using Siri’s (1951) formula given below: đ??šđ?‘Žđ?‘Ą đ?‘ƒđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ = 4.95đ??ľđ?‘œđ?‘‘đ?‘Ś đ??ˇđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ś − 4.5 Ă—100
Fat Weight : This is the weight of the overall body fat, deposited in the subcutaneous area of the body. About fifty percent of the depot fat is stored in specialized cells under the skin, the thickness
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 3
of which depends upon the amount of fat in the body. This is calculated from the weight of the body and percent fat. The Durnin & Rehman formula was used to estimate fat weight. đ?‘đ?’‚đ?’• đ?‘žđ?’†đ?’Šđ?’ˆđ?’‰đ?’• = đ?‘Šđ?’?đ?’…đ?’š đ?’˜đ?’†đ?’Šđ?’ˆđ?’‰đ?’• đ??ą đ?‘ˇđ?’†đ?’“đ?’„đ?’†đ?’?đ?’• đ?‘đ?’‚đ?’•100
Lean Body Mass : This is the amount of muscle mass in the body. Lean body mass is considered to be divisible into biological constant proportions. These would include water (70-72%), minerals (7%) and organic substances including an undermined but probably constant percentage (2-3%) of essential liquids in bone marrow, the central nervous system and other organs. In other words, the lean body mass includes the weight of the essential fat. This is calculated by subtracting the fat weight from the total body weight. Again Durnin & Rahman formula is used to estimate the amount of lean body mass. Lean Body Mass = Weight – Fat weight STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data were treated statistically using mean, standard deviation and ANOVA to find out the three sample groups significantly differed on the selected body composition variables and also pulse rate, blood pressure, vital capacity. RESULTS Table - I ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF BODY DENSITY AMONG YOGIC PRACTITIONERS NON- PRACTITIONERS AND SPORTSPERSONS
SOV
TSS
Df
MSS
Between Groups
0.045176
2
0.022588
Within Groups
1.615308
447
0.03614
Total
1.660484
449
F Value
6.25**
**Significant at 0.01 level of confidence (4.66) Table I sows the F-value (6.25) in case of body density among yogic practitioners non practitioners and sportspersons to be significant at 0.01 as indicating to be exceeds tabulated value F (4.66). The three groups significantly different in body density.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Figure - 1 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF BODY DENSITY AMONG THE THREE GROUPS
In order to find the differences among groups, Post hoc test was applied and results are presented below in table -II: Table - II COMPARISON OF BODY DENSITY AMONG THE THREE GROUPS
Yogic Practitioners
Non- practitioners
Sport women
DM
-----
1.06
1.080
0.02**
1.087
1.06
------
0.03**
1.087
-----
1.080
0.007
CI 0.01
**Significant at 0.01 level of confidence Table II sows the mean difference in body density between non- practitioners and sportsperson (0.02) and yoga practitioners and non- practitioners (0.03) to be significant as the critical ration required is lower than the required at 0.01 level of confidence. However, the difference in mean score in the body density of the yogic practitioners and sportsperson (0.007) was less than the critical ratio (0.01). Table - III FAT PERCENTAGE AMONG YOGIC PRACTITIONERS, NON- PRACTITIONERS AND SPORTSPERSONS
SOV
TSS
Df
MSS
Between Groups
2154.114
2
1077.057
Within Groups
723.4243
447
1.618399
Total
2877.538
449
F Value 665.51**
**Significant at 0.01 level (4.66) It is observed from the table-III that the F-value (665.51) in respect of fat percentage among yogic practitioners, non practitioners and sportspersons is significant at 0.01 level as the obtained
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 5
value of F 665.51 is more than the tabulated value of F 4.66. It indicates that three groups have different fat percentages. Figure - 2 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF FAT PERCENTAGE AMONG THREE GROUPS
In order to find out the differences in pairs of groups, Post hoc test was applied and results are presented below in table IV 1.78: Table - IV COMPARISON OF FAT PERCENTAGE AMONG THREE GROUPS
Yogic Practitioners
Non- practitioners
Sport women
DM
-----
12.06
7.83
4.23**
7.10
12.06
-----
4.96**
7.10
-----
7.83
0.73**
CI
0.29
**Significant at 0.01 level of confidence Table IV shows that the difference in fat percentage mean scores between non- practitioners & sportspersons is 4.23 and between yogic practitioners & non- practitioners is 4.96, and in yoga practitioners & sportspersons is 0.73. In all the three cases it is more than the critical difference (0.29) at 0.01 level of confidence suggesting that the three sample groups significantly are at comparison of body composition. Table - V FAT WEIGHT AMONG THREE GROUPS
SOV
TSS
Df
MSS
Between Groups
1066.268
2
533.1342
Within Groups
6196.899
447
13.86331
Total
7263.167
449
**Significant at 0.01 level (4.66)
F Value
38.456492**
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
It is evident from the table V that F-value (38.46) in case of fat weight among the three sample groups was significant at 0.01 level of confidence as the obtained value of F 38.46 was more than the tabulated value of F 4.66. Figure - 3 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF FAT WEIGHT AMONG THREE GROUPS
In order to find out which sample group different with which group the post hoc test was applied and results are presented below in table VI. Table - VI COMPARISON OF FAT WEIGHT AMONG THREE GROUPS
Yogic Practitioners
Non- practitioners
Sport women
DM
-----
7.59
4.74
2.85**
4.03
7.59
-----
3.56**
4.03
-----
4.74
0.71**
CI 0.29
**Significant at 0.01 level of confidence Table VI clearly indicates significant difference in means between non- practitioners & sportspersons (2.85), between yogic practitioners & non practitioners (3.56) and between yogic practitioners and sportsperson as critical ratio required was 0.29 which significant at 0.01 level of confidence. Table - VII LEAN BODY MASS AMONG THREE GROUPS
SOV
TSS
Df
MSS
Between Groups
2023.994
2
1011.997
Within Groups
28111.59
447
62.88946
Total
30135.58
449
**Significant at 0.01 level (4.66)
F Value 16.09**
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 7
It is observed from the table VII that the F-value (16.09) in respect of lean body mass among yogic practitioners, non- practitioners and sportspersons was significant at 0.01 level of confidence as the obtained value of F 16.09 was more than the tabulated value of F 4.66 at 0.01 level of confidence. It indicates that the three groups had different amount of lean body mass as shown in Figure 4. Figure - 4 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF LEAN BODY MASS AMONG THREE GROUPS
In order to pin point the mean differences among the three groups, Post hoc test was applied and results are presented below in table VIII. Table - VIII COMPARISON OF VITAL CAPACITY AMONG THREE GROUPS
Yogic Practitioners
Non- practitioners
Sport women
DM
-----
50.53
55.72
5.19**
53.33
50.53
-------
2.80**
53.33
-----
55.72
2.39**
CI
1.80
**Significant at 0.01 level of confidence Table VIII clearly indicates that the mean difference in lean body mass between non- practitioners and sportspersons (5.19), between yogic practitioners and sportspersons (2.80) and between yogic practitioners and sportspersons (2.39) were significant at 0.01 level of confidence. Hence it suggests that the three groups significantly differ in lean body mass. FINDINGS
1. Yogic practitioners and sportsperson had more body density than the non- practitioners and non- practitioners had least body density but yogic practitioners and sportspersons had similar amount of body density.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
2.
Yogic practitioners had less fat percentage than those of sportsperson and non- practitioners but non- practitioners had more fat percentage.
3.
Yogic practitioners, sportspersons and non- practitioners had similar amount of fat weight.
4.
Sportsperson had more amount of lean body mass than those of the non-practitioners and Yogic practitioners, but non –practitioners possessed the least amount of body mass.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bera T. K, Rajapurkar M, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Endurance and Anaerobic Power of Yogic Practitioner. Indian J Physiological Pharmacology 37(3) 1993:225-8. Sodhi, H.S. & Rajni (1996), Anthromopometric Study of Elite-Indian Waterpolists, A1 Scientific Journal, 19:34. Sodhi, H.S. & Sahota, A.H. (1991), Assessment of Body Composition of Elite Indian Sportsmen, NIS Scientific Journal, 14:15-21. Sodhi, H.S. & Sidhu, L.S. (1984), Physique and Selection of Sportsmen, Punjab Publishing House, Patiala, Pp. 8-28.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
COMPARISON OF CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE AND VO2 MAX BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR WOMEN BHARATHANATYAM DANCERS. S. Sabaananth * , V. Gopinath ** ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to compare Cardiorespiratory Endurance (CRE) and VO2 max between Professional and Amateur Bharathanatyam dancers. To achieve the purpose sixty (N=60) women Bharathanatyam dancers were randomly selected and they were classified in to Professional Dancers [(PD) (n=30, practice bharathanatyam 90 to 120 min / day for 5 to 6 day / week over the period of minimum 5 years)] and Amateur Dancers[(AD) (n=30, practice bharathanatyam 30 to 60 min / day/ 2 to 3 day / week over the period of minimum 5 years)] were selected as subjects, their mean age were 17 ± 1.3 years, They were measured CRE (Harvard step test) and VO2 max (Queen’s step test), the collected data were statistically treated by using independent ‘t’ test , 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance. The result shows that Professional Dancers were better than Amateur Dancers on CRE and VO2 max. Hence it was concluded that, professional bharathanatyam dancers developed better CRE and VO2 max than amateur dancers. Key words: CRE, VO2 max, Professional Dancers, Amateur Dancers, Bharathanatyam INTRODUCTION The urge to move appears to be genetic, beginning in and continuing throughout prenatal and neonatal development. At birth, patterns of movement are in the form of primitive reflexes that are designed to guarantee the infants’ survival. (Piaget, 1972, 1990). Every dance, no matter what style, has something in common. It not only involves flexibility and body movement, but also physic. Dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement to virtuoso techniques such as Bharathanatyam, Ballet, Aerobic dance and Kandyan Dance . Dance is a unique form of movement one that inspires creativity, motivation, self-discipline, and self-awareness. It is more than a mere physical movement, dance is aesthetic. Through dance, movement is transformed into a purposeful phrase of action that encompasses physical, emotion, and cognition. Dance uses “the movement of the body in its reactions to the environment” (Vanleena, 1996). Dancers are not just performing artists; their bodies are also the instruments through which the art is created. The quality of this art, therefore, necessarily depends on the physical qualities * Ph.D Scholar Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India. **Professor Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
and skills that dancers possess. The stronger and more flexible a dancer’s body, the more capable it is of a wide range of movement. Nearly all professional dancers start training at a young age in order to shape and develop their body correctly. Strength is built up in the right muscles, and the bone-connecting ligaments on which flexibility of the joints is so dependent are lengthened early before they begin to harden. A good dancer must also possess great coordination, a highly developed kinesthetic awareness, control over weight and balance in motion, and endurance is essential to continued existence of prolonged dance performance to develop awareness of space, a strong sense of rhythm, and an appreciation of music. Particularly in theatrical dance, the dancer must be able to project movement clearly and make its expressive qualities intelligible to the audience. Grace, fluidity, and harmony of body are also frequently desired in the dancer, as is physical beauty. Bharatanatyam: very popular dance form in South India. It is oldest of all classical dance forms in India. The general Etymology of Bharathanatyam is BHAva (expression) + RAga (music) + TAla(rhythm) + NATYAM(dance). The variety and style of the dance and musical accompaniment provide to the people tastes and performing them. Many learn as a hobby and few make it as a profession. Whether taken as a hobby or a profession it certainly needs lot of practice, concentration and dedication with physical fitness. The purpose of the study was to compare the CRE and VO2 max between women Professional and Amateur Bharathanatyam Dancers. METHODS To achieve the purpose of this study thirty (n=30) women professional and thirty (n=30) amateur bharathanatyam dance students from Kalabavanam bharathanatyam academy, Jaffna, Sri lanka were selected and their mean age were 17 ± 1.3 years. Professional dancers (PD) had been dancing 90 to 120 min per day; 5-6 days per wk over a period of minimum 5 yr, and amateur dancers (AD) had been dancing 30 to 45 minutes per day and 2 to 3 days per week over a period of minimum 5 years. Data were collected on cardiorespiratory endurance using Harvard Step Test. [Brouha et al. (1943)] and VO2 max by Queen’s step test [McArdle et al. (1972)]. Each test conducted on one day after another day. The collected data were subjected to statistical treatment using independent ‘’t’’ test. In all the cases 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance, which was considered as appropriate. RESULTS Table – I COMPARISON OF CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE AND VO2 MAX BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR BHARATHANATYAM DANCERS
Variables Name CRE
Group
Mean
SD
SE
Professional Dancer
56.23
6.96
1.27
Amateur Dancer
47.67
3.40
0.62
t 6.06*
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 11
Variables Name VO2 max
Group
Mean
SD
SE
Professional Dancer
46.67
2.57
0.47
Amateur Dancer
44.33
2.98
0.54
t 3.25*
*Significant at .05 level of confidence. with df (1, 58) is 2.00 The result shows that professional dancers (PD) were better than amateur dancers (AD) on cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) and VO2 max. Hence it was concluded that, professional bharathanatyam dancers have better cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) and VO2 max than amateur dancers. DISCUSSIONS Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. The Dance movements may be without significance in themselves, such as in classic dance and folk dance. Bharathanatyam is a salient feature of the aesthetic, artistic and graceful form of dance, and sacred in Indian culture, codifies dance into a series of rules determining the gestures used to depict different themes and emotions. It may indicate the associated dance training out comes could be affected by such difference in duration, intensity and frequency of dance they undergone. Regular dance training essential for maintain and developing the dancer’s technique and coordination. The energetic demands during these training sessions stand in rather sharp contrast to those which can exist during stage performance. The result also shows that the professional dancers have better CRE and VO2 max compare to amateur dancers. The literature indicates that changes in cardiorespiratory endurance, VO2 max are directly related to the subject’s initial fitness level and the frequency, intensity and duration of the training programme. Some aerobic type of activities, there is a close association with VO2 max (Hemple and wells, 1985). It has been shown that arm work performed above the head produces a higher VO2 max than the work performed bellow head level, due to an increased sympathetic tone (Parker et-al 1989). According to Hamilton et.al (1989) aerobic dance and circuit training can be intense enough to promote aerobic capacity. In another study improvement in cardiovascular fitness is related to the mode, frequency, duration, intensity, and rate of progression of exercise (Kirkendall DT & Calabrese LH-1983). The data suggest that dance as an activity for promoting fitness and will improve aerobic and physical working capacity. In the present investigation, the same trend was observed. The Professional Dancing group has higher cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) andVO2 max than the Amateur Dancing group.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
CONCLUSIONS From the results it was clear that, Professional Dancers were better than Amateur Dancers on cardiorespiratory endurance and VO2 max. Hence it was concluded that professional dance (PD) practice may have positive influence on health status in respect to cardiorespiratory endurance as well as VO2 max in women dancers. IMPLICATION Bharathanatyam will be recommended to improve and maintain good cardiorespiratory endurance and VO2 max. Further the professional dancers will undergo some type of aerobic fitness programme for improving and / or maintaining there cardiorespiratory endurance and VO2 max for excellent theatre performance. BIBLIOGRAPHY Judith R. Mackrell artical from the Encyclopædia Britannica Brough, L. et al. (1943) The step test: A simple method of measuring Physical Fitness for Muscular Work in Young Men. Research quarterly, 14, p. 31-35 Mackenzie, B. (2007) Harvard Step Test [WWW] Available from: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/havard. htm [Accessed 31/8/2011] Majumdar D.C, (1950) Encyclopedia Of Indian Physical Culture, Baroda: Baroda Book Companies. P. 27. Barbara Stoler Mille., Natya Shastra, for information about Geetagovinda. The Geetagovinda of Jayadeva, Love Song of the Dark Lord - By Barbara Stoler Miller, for information about Geetagovinda. Cohen JL, Segal KR, Witriol I, et al. (1982) Cardiorespiratory responses to ballet exercise and the VO2 max of elite ballet dancers. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 14 (3): 212-7 Kirkendall DT & Calabrese LH. (1983) ‘’Physiological aspects of dance’’. Clin sports med 2(3): 525-37 McArdle, W.D. et al. (1972) Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen uptake, physical work capacity and step test scores in college women. Medicine and Science in Sports, 4, p. 182-186 Vanleena Wiesler E, Hunter M, Martin D, et al.(1996) “Ankle flexibility and injury patterns in dancers”, Am J Sports Med. 19:5 PP.36 -45, 1996 Hamilton, S. J., Patterson, P., & Sucec, A. (1989). Physiological benefits of continuous versus interval circuit aerobic dance exercise. Unpublished manuscript, San Diego State University, Physical Education, SanDiego. Hempel, L.S., & Wells, C.L. (1985). Cardiorespiratory cost of the Nautilus Express Circuit. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, ld(4), 82-97. Parker, S.B., Hurley, B.F., Ranlon, D.P., & Vaccaro, P. (1989). Failure of target heart rate to accurately monitor intensity during aerobic dance. Medicine and Science in sports and Exercise, li, 230234. Piaget, J. (1972). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books. Piaget, J. (1990). The child’s conception of the world. New York: Littlefield Adams.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON COORDINATION OF DEXTEROUS S. Vijay* , V. Gopinath** ABSTRACT
Handedness is an attribute of humans defined by their unequal distribution of fine motor skill between the left and right hands. Dexterous refers to the skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands, adroitness. An individual who is more dexterous with the right hand is called right-handed (sinistralists), and one who is more skilled with the left is said to be left-handed (dextralists). The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of physical training on coordination of dexterous. For the propose 40 right hand dominance men students from Department of engineering and technology, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India were selected as subjects at random, Their age ranged between 18-21 years. The selected subjects were divided in to two equal groups namely physical training (n=20) and control (n=20). The training group underwent the training for 60 min/4 days/15 weeks. The hand coordination (Bennit hand tool Dexterity test and nine hole peg test) were selected as dependent variables and tested before and after the experimental period for both the groups. The collected data were analyzed by using ANCOVA. Further, dependent ‘t’ was calculated to find out the difference between left and right hand and the magnitude of improvement was also calculated to find out the level of improvement on dexterous. Level of confidence was fixed at 0.05. The result of the study showed that the physical training improved the selected coordination variables (hand screwing coordination and hand peg coordination) compared to control group. The difference between right and left hand on hand screwing coordination and hand peg coordination was insignificant. The dominant hand showed better improvement on hand screwing coordination and the nondominance hand showed better improvement on hand peg coordination. Hence, it was concluded that physical training may be given to improve the dexterous (use of hands) level and quality. Key Words: Physical Training, Coordination, Dexterous. INTRODUCTION Dexterous refers to the skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands, adroitness. In other words, Ability to manipulate fine objects with the hands. Other terms linked to handedness have acquired even more metaphorical significance. Sinister, the Latin for ‘left’, has taken on the meaning of evil-suggesting, or malignant. Handedness is the preferred use of the right hand, * Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu ** Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
the left hand, or one or the other depending on the task. Handedness is the natural or biological preference for using one hand more than the other in performing special tasks depending on which hemisphere is dominant for the task (Rice, 1998). The adaptive response by the physiological system of the body to physical training, including the neuromuscular system are directly related to the training stimulus. The physical training involves prolonged muscular work increases physical capacity such as strength, endurance, flexibility, coordination and so on. The abilities that involve the use of hands, develop over time, starting with primitive gestures such as grabbing at objects to more precise activities that involve precise hand coordination. Fine motor skills, are skills that involve a refined use of the small muscles controlling the hand, fingers, and thumb. Being right or left-handed that matters, but the strength of preference for one hand over the other. The controversial idea, people are not either left-handed or right-handed but “strong-handed” or “mixed-handed” (Guiard, Y. 1987). Fine motor skills include the ability to manipulate small objects, transfer objects from hand to hand, and various eye–hand coordination tasks. The training is an effective means of training people to develop the ability to control the movements of their eyes. The exercise helps in the development of hand-eye coordination. The physical training on hand can help improve the fine motor skills of the hands’ grasping power and finger flexibility. Physical training using varying softness and hardness being on a continuous basis can build the hand grip of the patient and teach how to grip different objects. It also makes the hands and fingers stronger (Kabbash, P, 1994). These physical training methods to developing fine motor skills and improve hand-eye coordination. It also improves visual skills by showing how to distinguish and associate between dexterous and motor co-ordination. METHODOLOGY For the propose of the study 40 right hand dominance men students from Department of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India were selected as subjects at random and their age ranged between 18-21 years. They were divided into two groups of twenty subjects each namely physical training group (n=20) and control group (n=20). The physical training group underwent training on bouncing the basketball (right and Left hand alternatively), wall catching the ball (right and Left hand alternatively), ball juggling (right to left hand), ball juggling (left to right hand), pec dec [weight machine exercise] (right and Left hand simultaneously) and arm pullover [weight machine exercise] (right and Left hand alternatively) as physical training for fifteen weeks, four days per week and sixty minutes per day including warming up and cooling down exercises. The training intensity was changed every three weeks. For non weight machine exercises, the intensity was fixed as two to six sets and 10 to 15 repetitions respectively. The weight machine exercises, the intensity was fixed between 53% to 65% of the individual 1RM. The intensity was increased 3% for every three weeks. The hand screwing coordination (Bennit hand tool Dexterity test), hand peg coordination (nine hole peg test) were selected as dependent variables and tested before and after the experimental period for both the groups. The collected data were analyzed by using ANCOVA. Further, dependent ‘t’ was used to find out the difference between left and right hand and the magnitude of improvement on dexterous. Level of confidence was fixed at 0.05.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 15
RESULTS Table - I ANCOVA FOR COORDINATION
Adjusted Post Test Mean Variables
Hand Screwing Coordination
Hand Peg Coordination
DEXTEROUS
Physical Training Group
Control Group
Right Hand
1.26
1.35
Left Hand
1.38
1.46
Right Hand
9.75
10.71
Left Hand
11.38
12.66
sov
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Squares
B W B W B W B W
0.072 0.048 0.056 0.054 8.60 6.24 16.27 9.51
1 37 1 37 1 37 1 37
0.072 0.001 0.056 0.001 8.60 0.17 16.27 0.26
‘F’ Ratio
55.10* 38.61* 50.98* 63.31*
(SOV – Source of Variance, B –Between, W – With-in, df – Degree of Freedom) * Significant at .05 level of confidence. (The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 37 is 4.11). The Table I shows that there was significant difference between the adjusted post-test means of physical training group and control group on right and left hand coordination. To find out the improvement on dexterous level, dependent ‘t’ ratio was calculated and percentage of magnitude of improvement was also calculated. Table - II DEXTEROUS ‘T’ VALUE AND MAGNITUDE OF IMPROVEMENT IN PERCENTAGE Variables
Dexterous
Mean
SD
Hand Screwing Coordination
Right Hand
0.12
0.08
Left Hand
0.11
0.15
Hand Peg Coordination
Right Hand
0.62
0.52
Left Hand
0.64
0.45
‘t’ value 0.11 0.16
Magnitude of Improvement 4.95% 2.22% 6.26% 6.31%
* Significant at .05 level of confidence.
(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 38 is 2.03). The result of the study showed that there was a insignificant difference between right and left hand screwing coordination (Bennit hand tool Dexterity test ) and hand peg coordination (nine hole peg). The magnitude of improvement was higher for right hand when compared to left hand on hand screwing coordination. The magnitude of improvement for left hand and right hand on hand peg coordination was very low. Hence, it was concluded that the selected physical training did not improves the dexterous level, however the level of improvement was observed at post level when compared to initial level.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
DISCUSSION The findings confirm that physical training has a little impact on eye hand coordination. The following findings of different researches were in conformity with this study. Ruth Humphry et al 1995, studied development of in hand manipulation and relationship with activities. Some of the significant observations include that right & left hand rivet removal have more score than arranging the rivets in holes with left and right hand. This might be because of the time taken for manipulation while picking up rivets from container, when other conditions are constant like position of test platform and the subject, the distance that the arm movement is covering. The finger dexterity test is used to assess a subject’s fine motor skills. It is performed by one hand and the time score is inversely related to the performance. This test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the performance scores of the left and right hands in any of the groups. (Nalcacy E, Cicek M, Genç Y, 2001). In the present study shows insignificant difference beween right and left hand on coordination (hand screwing coordination and hand peg coordination). The efficiency of one hand gained through practice, does not imply efficiency of the other ones especially for writing where correlated between scores for preferred and non preferred hands are lower. It might be difficult to find efficiency tests where scores for preferred and non preferred hands are not correlated as suggested (Hiscock, M, 1988). There is no difference handedness between the dominant and non-dominant hands in performance of tasks requiring eye-hand and arm-hand coordination. (Benton AL, Meyers R, Polder GJ, 1992). The present study results are also shows same. The results for the nine-hole peg test indicate that the measured dexterity is most adversely affected, as expected, when a combination of two of the three major fingers (index, middle and ring) are immobilized. The deterioration in performance is more marked in the test that used the small pegs than it is in the test that used the large pegs. These observations indicate that for fine motor dexterity it is important to have at least two of the major fingers free in order to carry out the required manipulation (L. Biagiotti, F. Lotti, 2004). (Smith YA et al, 2000), evaluated norms for fine motor dexterity skills on elementary school children of ages 5 through 10. Bimanual coordination tended to increase with significant difference as the age increases in both males and females, from 5 through 20 years of age. This finding is similar as with (Livia et al, 1989), who studied the bilateral motor coordination in 5 to 9 year old children. This study the sex differences were not significant up to age of 9. After data analyses the findings indicate that there was significant difference in the scores of different stages of evaluate norms on the dexterous task test that measured hand dexterity in males & females. Hand preference and asymmetries in motor proficiency are strongly related, as there is better proficiency in right hand than its counterpart. This finding defined handedness as preference or hand difference in task performance and examined hand asymmetries on Purdue Pegboard Performance (Pramita Shenoy et al, 1996)
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 17
CONCLUSION It was concluded that the selected physical training marginally improves coordination, hand screwing coordination (Bennit hand tool Dexterity test) and insertion the peg coordination (nine hole peg test) of dexterous (Hands). Hence, the dominant hand shows slight improvement on hand screwing coordination and the nondominance hand shows better improvement on hand peg coordination. The nondominant has improves coordination when compared to base level. They may due to less duration of training as the quality assessed was fine motor base one. IMPLICATION If an individual having better coordination on dexterity, they can able to do any sort of work with both hands simultaneously without having any tired. The physical training on dexterity was helpful to the players to coordinate both dominant and nondominant hands effectively. Especially for the ball games such as volleyball spiking, basketball dribbling, handball dribble and catch and so on. Bimanual training decreases the interhemispheric inhibition by activation of both hemispheres simultaneously. Right and left hemispheres have symmetrical organization for hand control in the motor cortex, which are both activated. The bilateral training were develop dexterity on both the dominant and nondominant hand, further the consistency of training may develop the nondominant hand and the individual have more familiar in both hand and be a ambidextrous, and the training also used to restored upper limb deformity like stroke, tennis elbow and so on. Being ambidextrous (using both hands) in sports activity is especially helpful during high-level competition. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ruth Humphry et al, Development of in hand manipulation and relationship with activities, American Journal of Occupational Therapy, (Sept. 1995) vol-49, no.8 page 763-771 Nalcacy E, Cicek M, Genç Y. The relationship between handedness and fine motor performance. Cortex 2001; 37: 493-500. Benton AL, Meyers R, Polder GJ. Some aspects of handedness. Psychiatrica Neurological 1992; 147:321-337 Hiscock, M, Behavioural asymmetries in normal children, In D.L. Milfese & s.J . Segalowitz (Eds), Brain lateralization in children. New York, Guilford, 1988, PP. 85-169. L. Biagiotti, F. Lotti, C. Melchiorri, G. Vassura, “How far is the Human Hand? A review on Anthropomorphic Endeffectors”, DIES Internal Report, University of Bologna, 2004. Smith YA, Hong E, Presson C. Normative and validation studies of the Nine-Hole Peg Test with children. Percept Mot Skills 2000 Jun; 93 (3 Pt 1): 823-43 Pramita Shenoy et al, Study of manual dexterity & grip strength in flexor tendon injuries of hand, (August 1996) Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy, VOL.XXV, NO.2, 4-8. Rice, P. F (1998), Human development (3rd ed.).New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Guiard, Y. (1987). “Asymmetric division of labor in human skilled bimanual action: The kinematic chain as a model”. Journal of Motor Behavior 19 (4): 486–517. Kabbash, P.; Buxton, W.& Sellen, A.. “Two-Handed Input in a Compound Task”. Proceedings of CHI ‘94, 1994: 417–423.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
EFFECT OF YOGA THERAPY ON BIOCHEMICAL VARIABLES AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS Miss. M. Uma Kamalavathi, Dr. D. Shunmuganathan** ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yoga therapy on biochemical variables among diabetic patients. The objective of the study is to determine the blood sugar, triglycerides and total cholesterol of diabetic patients and the effect of yoga asana on these variables. To achieve the purpose of the study, twelve middle aged men diabetic patients were selected from Tuticorin district. The age of the subjects were ranged from 45-65 years. The subjects performed selected yoga asana in the morning time for 30 – 40 minutes every day for 40 days which was given by the yoga expert. The biomechanical variables such as blood sugar, triglycerides and total cholesterol were selected as dependent variables. The selected variables were estimated before and after the yogic program of 40 days with the help of qualified Lab Technician. The single group pre and post test random group design was used as experimental design. The dependent “t” test was applied to determine the difference between the means of diabetic patients. The level of confidence was fixed at .05 levels. The result of the study shows that there was a significant reduction in blood sugar, triglycerides and total cholesterol between pre and post test. It was concluded that, there was a significant improvement on blood sugar, triglycerides and total cholesterol among diabetic patients due to yoga therapy. Hence it is recommended that, similar study may be attempted by changing the hematological variables, may be attempted by the state or national level young aged men and women, may be conducted for the cardiac patients. INTRODUCTION Yoga is an ancient philosophical and religious tradition which is thought to have originated in India in at least 1000 B.C. (Feuerstein, 1990). It refers to a large body of values, attitudes and techniques (Feuerstein, 1990) whose primary objective is the pursuit of enlightenment or self-knowledge (Feuerstein, 1993). The word yoga is probably derived from the Sanskrit word “Yuj” which means to “unite” or “connect” and in the higher levels of yoga this is often said to mean the experience of union of the individual self with the universal self (Feuerstein, 1990). Yoga is the mental, physical, spiritual control, developed thousands of years ago in India. The joining of body and soul are achieved through the practice and mastering of specific physical postures called asana, breathing exercises called pranayama (Kogler, 1999). *Lecturer, Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendur, Ph. 9994160332 ** Professor cum Director & Head, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 19
Yoga therapy is the science of applying the various techniques of yoga in a variety of illnesses and conditions, to facilitate optimal health, healing and awakening. Classes are designed for the individual or group with a therapeutic focus for a specific health condition e.g. cancer, heart, prenatal, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (Yoga Therapy, 2010). Diabetes is a complex condition with a multitude of metabolic imbalances involving the regulation and utilization of insulin and glucose (sugar) in the body. Yoga’s effectiveness at preventing and treating diabetes is due to its emphasis of a healthy diet and lifestyle as well as its ability to balance the endocrine system, massage and tone the abdominal organs, stimulate the nervous and circulatory systems, and reduce stress (Sahay, 1994). STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study is to find out the effect of yoga therapy on biochemical variables among diabetic patients. METHODOLOGY The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yoga therapy on biochemical variables among diabetic patients. The objective of the study is to determine the blood sugar, triglycerides and total cholesterol of diabetic patients and the effect of yoga asana on these variables. To achieve the purpose of the study, twelve middle aged men diabetic patients were selected from Tuticorin district. The age of the subjects were ranged from 45-65 years. The subjects performed selected yoga asana in the morning time for 30 – 40 minutes every day for 40 days which was given by the yoga expert. The biomechanical variables such as blood sugar, triglycerides and total cholesterol were selected as dependent variables. The selected variables were estimated before and after the yogic program of 40 days with the help of qualified Lab Technician. The single group pre and post test random group design was used as experimental design. The dependent “t” test was applied to determine the difference between the means of diabetic patients. The level of confidence was fixed at .05 levels. Table - I NAME AND DURATION OF VARIOUS YOGAASANAS INCLUDED IN YOGIC EXERCISES
Name
Duration
Kapal- bhati
5-10mins per day
sarpasana
5-10 mins per day
Bhramari
5 times a day
shavasana
5 – 10 mins per day
Tadasana
¼ minute to one minute for adding ¼ minute per week.
Trikona-asana
¼ minute to 1 minute for each side, adding ¼ minute per week
Pashimottanasana
¼ minute to one minute for each side, adding ¼ minute per week
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF DATA The data on biochemical variables are analysed and the obtained results are presented in Table II. Table - II SUMMARY OF MEAN AND DEPENDENT ‘T’ TEST ON BLOOD SUGAR, TRIGLYCERIDES AND TOTAL CHOLESTEROL BETWEEN PRE AND POST TEST OF DIABETIC PATIENTS SL.NO
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
1
Blood Sugar
2
Triglycerides
3
Total Cholesterol
TEST
NUMBER
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
Pre Test
12
262
56.90
Post Test
12
202.75
34.89
Pre Test
12
254.08
34.05
Post Test
12
207.25
22.76
Pre Test
12
295.16
39.63
Post Test
12
239.08
34.46
‘T’ VALUE
9.36*
8.18*
14.03*
*Significant at .05 level. (Table value required for significance at .05 levels for ‘t’ with 11 is 2.20). Figure - 1 MEAN VALUES OF PRE AND POST TEST AMONG MEN DIABETIC PATIENTS ON BLOOD SUGAR, TRIGLYCERIDES AND TOTAL CHOLESTEROL
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 21
Any systematic and scientific training will produce desirable effect if administered for a specific period. That systematically designed training develops dependent variables are very importance quilts for better performance in almost all sports and games. Here the 40 days of yogic program improves the selected variables. The present study also shows a significant decrease in Blood Sugar (BS), Triglycerides (TG) and Total Cholesterol (TC) from its initial value after forty days of yoga-asana. Due to the yoga therapy there was a significant reduction in the selected bio chemical variables although showing a reduction didn’t show significant change. Various yoga-asana may be directly rejuvenating cells of pancreas as a result of which there may be increase in utilization and metabolism of glucose in the peripheral tissues, liver and adipose tissues through enzymatic process. The findings of the present study were supported by the following research findings. Sahay et al have also reported a significant decrease in biochemical variables such as free fatty acids and a significant reduction in serum lipase activity in diabetics after Yoga practice. Singh et al (2002 & 2004) also observed the similar findings in their study. Hence it is concluded from the result of the study and also inferred from the above literature cited the bio chemical variables should be considered properly when the person getting the middle age to lead healthy life. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions were drawn from the findings of the present study. They were 1.
There was a significant improvement on blood sugar among men diabetics due to the effect of yoga therapy.
2.
There was a significant improvement on triglycerides among men diabetics due to the effect of yoga therapy.
3.
There was a significant improvement on total cholesterol among men diabetics due to the effect of yoga therapy.
RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of the results of the study the researcher suggests the following recommendations, 1. Similar study may be attempted by the state or national level young aged men and women. 2. Similar study may be attempted by changing the hematological variables. 3. Similar study may be conducted for cardiac patients. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kogler., et al. (2003). “Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability” Indian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology, 47(1), 34-42. Feuerstein, G. (1990). Yoga: The technology of ecstasy. Welling Borough: The Aquarian Press.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Feuerstein, G. (1993). Introducing Yoga. In G. Feuerstein, S. Bodial, & Yoga Journal Staff (Eds.), Living Yoga: A Comprehensive guide for daily life (pp. 1-9). New York: Penguin Putnam Inc. Singh, S, Malhotra, V, Singh, K. P., Madhu, S. V., & Tandon, O. P. (2004). Role of yoga in modifying certain cardiovascular functions in type 2 diabetic patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 52: 203-06. Singh, S., Malhotra, V., Singh, K. P., Madhu, S. V., Tandon, O. P. (2001). Study of yoga asanas in assessment of pulmonary function in NIDDM patients. Indian Journal of Physiology, 46(3), 313-20. Sahay, B. K., (1994). Yoga and Diabetics. In Proceedings of Noro Nordisk Diabetes Update, Ed. Anil kapu, (Health Care Communication, Bombay, India), 1994159 – 167. Yoga Therapy. (2010). Retrieved from http://yogaflowtucson.blogspot.com/2008/05/vinyasa-flowteacher-training.html on August, 2010.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
EFFECT OF YOGA TRAINING ON HAEMATOLOGICAL VARIABLE OF HEARING IMPAIRED STUDENTS Dr. M. Rajkumar*, Dr. N. Kumar** ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yoga training on haematological variable namely hemoglobin level of Hearing Impaired students. For this study, twenty four Hearing Impaired students from C.S.I. High School for the Hearing Impaired, Sivakasi and their age ranged from 12 to 15 years were selected randomly as subjects. The selected subjects were divided into two groups namely group I for experimental group (yoga training group) underwent yoga training and group II acted as a control group. The data were collected from each subject before and after the training period and statistically analyzed with dependent‘t’ test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). It was found that there was a significant improvement in the percentage of hemoglobin level due to the eight-week yoga training. INTRODUCTION “Yoga has complete message for humanity Yoga has a message for the human body”.
- Swami Kuvalayananda
The body is the temple of Soul and to reach a harmony of the mind, body and spirit, the body must be physically fit. The human body is built for physical activity and movement. Throughout the ages, man has had to be physically active in order to procure his daily food to succeed in the battle for survival. Every individual physical activity is essential for harmonious physical and mental development. The body becomes strong and healthy, excessive fat disappears, the face glows, the eyes are bright and the whole personality radiates a special charm. The whole body is purified and the mind improves in ability to concentrate. The other importances are: In blood, blood vessels are purified through different yogasanas. Yogasanas helps the mind to experience tranquility. This is progressive intellectual development because of the calm mind. HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesized that there might be significant improvement in the hemoglobin level of Hearing Impaired students due to the yoga training. METHODOLOGY Research methodology involves the systematic procedure by which researcher starts from the initial identification of the problem to its final conclusions. The role of the methodology is to carry on the research work in a scientific and valid manner. For this study, twenty four Hearing Impaired students from C.S.I. High School for the Hearing Impaired, Sivakasi and their age ranged from 12 to Asst.Professor, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Maruthi College of Physical Education, Coimbatore ** Asst.Professor, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, FGAPEdY, Coimbatore
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
15 years were selected randomly as subjects. The selected subjects were divided into two groups namely Group I for Experimental group(yoga training group) underwent yoga training and Group II acted as a control group who will not participate in any experimental training during the training period other than their daily routine. SELECTION OF VARIABLE Hemoglobin
-
Shali’s Method
TRAINING PROGRAM The training program was scheduled for one session in the morning between 6.30 AM to 7.30 AM for 3 days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) a week and the same was continued for 12 weeks. 10 Minutes – Warming up and stretching 40 Minutes – Asanas 10 Minutes – Relaxation Table - I SELECTION OF ASANAS FOR TRAINING TYPE OF ASANAS
NAME OF THE ASANAS
Standing Asanas
Tadasana and Vrukshanasana
Sitting Asanas
Padmasana, Matsyasana - Vajrasana, Supta Vajrasana Shashankasana and Paschirmottanasana
Inversion Asanas
Sirshasana
Prone Position Asanas
Salabhasana,Dhanurasana, and Bhujangasana
Supine Position Asanas
Sarwangasana, Halasana and Chakrasana
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data collections from the yoga training group and control group prior and after the experimentation on selected criterion variable and statistically examined by using dependent‘t’ test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the differences. In all the cases to test the significance, 0.05 level of confidence was used. Table - II SUMMARY OF MEANS AND DEPENDENT ‘T’ TEST FOR THE PRE AND POST TEST ON CRITERION VARIABLE OF YOGA TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP Variable Hemoglobin
Mean and ‘t’ test Pre test Post test
Yoga Group 7.7 + 1.3342 9.7917 +1.8730
Control Group 9.1667 +1.2950 9.1833 +1.4788
‘t’ test
2.733*
.883
· (Significance at 0.05 levels, df 1 and 22 is 2.074)
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 25
B W
4.916 .608
1 21
4.916 .296
‘F’ - Ratio
8.940
Mean of Squares
7.614
df
Control Group
Hemoglobin Level
Source of Squares
Variable
Yoga Group
Adjusted Post test means
Source of Variance
From the table II the dependent ‘t’ test values of hemoglobin level of Yoga training group was greater than the table value of 2.074 with df 1 and 22 at .05 level of confidence. It is conclude that Yoga training group had significant improvement in the hemoglobin level when compared with control group. Table - III ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON CRITERION VARIABLE OF YOGA TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP
16.586*
· Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (The table value required for significance at 0.05 level with df 1 and 21 is 4.32) From the table III the ‘F’ ratio of hemoglobin level for adjusted post test mean was more than the table value of 3.47 for df 1 and 21 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. The result of the study indicate that there was a significant difference among adjusted post test means of Yoga training group on the hemoglobin level due to the effect of yoga training. DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS In this study the following hypothesis was framed and discussed. The hypothesis of this study stated that there may be significant improvement in hemoglobin level of Hearing Impaired students due to the eight-week yoga training. The result of the study revealed that there was significant improvement in hemoglobin level of Hearing Impaired students due to the eight-week yoga training. Since the findings of the study were coincided with the formulated hypothesis, the hypothesis was accepted on the above said component. CONCLUSION Based on the result obtained by statistical analysis of the data there was a significant difference found in hemoglobin level between yoga training group and control group. BIBLIOGRAPHY Felix Guyot, Yoga the art and science of self mastery for success. (Delhi : The Universal Book and Stationary Co., 1967), p.88.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
L.S. Joshi, Yogic pranayama breathing to long life and good health (Delhi : Orient paper backs, 1986), pp.176-177. Gharote, “A study of the psychological effects of short term yogic exercises on the Adolescent high school boys” A research report submitted to the Government of India, ministry of education, as a research scholar under the scheme of Study of yoga and recreation indigenous activities”, 1962, pp.56. M.L. Gharote, P.V. Karambelker and M.V. Bhole “Effect of Yoga Practices on vital capacity”, Indian journal, 12:1 and 2, (April 1974), pp.1-4. D. Sakthignanavel, “Effect of Pranayama with aerobic exercise on Aerobic fitness”, Yoga Mimamsa, 32:4, (January 1998), pp.1-12. D.D. Madanmohan, et.al., “Effect of yoga training on reaction time, respiratory endurance and muscle strength”, Indian Journal Physiology and Pharmacology, 36:4(1992), pp.229-233. A.M. Moorthy, “The effect of selected yogic practices on cardiovascular fitness level of college men and women”, Yoga Mimamsa 27:1 & 2, (1988), pp.1-2. V. Lurtha, Effect of breath holding on aerobic and anaerobic capacities”, Yoga Mimamsa, 24:3 (October 1985), p.29.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 27
IMPACT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON PSYCHOMOTOR ABILITY OF NTELLECTUALLY DISABLED CHILDREN Dr. E. Amudhan*, P. Ganesan** ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to find out the influence in psycho motor ability (Finger dexterity) of intellectually disabled children resulting from six weeks participation in yogic practices. The investigator randomly selected 20 intellectually disabled children from TAT Kalanilayam middle school at SRKV in Periyanaickenpalayam. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group I consisting 10 subjects was called as the control group and the group II consisting of 10 subjects was called as the experimental group. The Finger dexterity was selected as dependent variable for this study. The following yogic practices were given to experimental group. Surya Namaskar, Patmasana, Yogamudra, Parvathasana, Paschimothanaasana, Pawanmuktasana, Ustrasana, Matsyasana, Nadi Shuddhi Pranayama, Kapalapati, Shavasana. The experimental group underwent the yogic training, two hours per session for the period of six weeks (five days per week). Group (I) instructed not to participate in any kind of yogic practices and physical exercises and they were instructed to do their regular routine. Group (II) underwent yogic practices, for a period of six weeks. Paired ‘t’ test statistical technique was employed to find out the influence in psychomotor ability (Finger dexterity) of intellectually disabled children. The result of this investigation shows that significant improvement on Finger dexterity in experimental group, as a result of six weeks of selected yogic practices. INTRODUCTION Intellectual disability means a delay in mental development compared to others of the same age. A Intellectual disability child learns at a much slower rate than a normal child. At maturity his/ her capacity to understand and learn will be less than average. Yoga asana is important for freeing the mind of various psychogenic diseases and mental illness. It may also improve rehabilitation of mentally handicapped people, which is a burning problem of modern society. The mentally retarded children can be treated up to a great extent with the help of yogic techniques. Yoga helps individuals develop their latent mental faculties and intelligence to the fullest possible extent Indian culture has given many gifts to the world. One of the gifts which have taken the modern world by storm is the ancient art of yoga. * Asst. Professor, SRMV Maruthi College of Physical Education, Coimbatore-20. ** MPhil Scholar, FGAPEdY, RKM Vivekananda University, Coimbatore-20
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When any type of asana is done, the body becomes flexible and the vital organs function in proper working order. With the help of asanas, memory, concentration, learning power, curiosity to learn and the way of thinking are improved. Any type of sitting asana provides greater blood circulation in parts above the waist. Thus the vital organs will be energised, giving increased stimulus to brain functioning. In the case of sarvangasana, halasana, sirshasana and bhujangasana, the brain gets more blood supply which improves mental sub-normality, IQ and social adaptability. Tranquility of mind and diminishing of hyperkinetic behavior can be increased permanently by yogic practices, which improve brain functioning. From recent experiments in this area, we can rightly say that Intellectual Disability can be improved to a great extent with the help of regular yogic practices. Improved socialization will tend towards rehabilitation of mentally retarded people, but a trained yoga teacher should initiate and guide yoga training from easy stages to difficult. Finger dexterity is the ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study was to find out the changes in Finger dexterity of intellectually disabled children resulting from six weeks participation in yogic practices. METHODOLOGY The investigators randomly selected 20 intellectually disabled children from TAT Kalanilayam middle school at SRKV in Periyanaickenpalayam. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group I consisting 10 subjects was called as the control group and the group II consisting of 10 subjects was called as the experimental group. To achieve the purpose of the present study, the training programme for experimental group was designed. The scientifically designed programme was given to the subjects of experimental group. The subjects of the control group were not participated in training. The detailed procedures of training programme are given in this chapter. The followings are the selected yogic practices were given to experimental group. Surya Namaskar , Patmasana, Yogamudra , Parvathasana , Paschimothanaasana, Pawanmuktasana, Ustrasana, Matsyasana, Nadi Shuddhi Pranayama, Kapalapati, Shavasana. The experimental group underwent the yogic training, two hours per session for the period of six weeks (five days per week). Group (I) instructed not to participate in any kind of yogic practices and physical exercises and they were instructed to do their regular routine. Group (II) underwent yogic practices, for a period of six weeks. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE Paired ‘t’ test statistical technique was employed to find out the changes in psychomotor ability of intellectually disabled children.
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Table - I COMPUTATION OF ‘T’ RATIO BETWEEN PRE AND POST TESTS MEANS ON FINGER DEXTERITY (RIGHT HAND) OF CONTROL GROUP
Groups
Mean
SD
Pre- test
25.8
2.90
Post - test
26.00
2.77
σ DM
DM
‘t’ ratio
0.41
0.2
0.49
*significant at 0.05 levels Table I reveals that the obtained‘t’ ratio on finger dexterity was found to be lesser than the required table value of 2.26 at 0.05 level of confidence for 9 degrees of freedom. So it was found to be insignificant. Table - II COMPUTATION OF‘T’ RATIO BETWEEN PRE AND POST TESTS MEANS ON FINGER DEXTERITY (RIGHT HAND) OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP Groups
Mean
SD
Pre- test
27
3.06
Post - test
31
3.04
σ DM
DM
‘t’ ratio
0.42
-4
-9.5*
*significant at 0.05 levels Table II reveals that the obtained‘t’ ratio on finger dexterity (right hand) was found to be higher than the required table value of 2.26 at 0.05 level of confidence for 9 degrees of freedom. So it was found to be significant. Table - III COMPUTATION OF ‘T’ RATIO BETWEEN PRE AND POST TESTS MEANS ON FINGER DEXTERITY (LEFT HAND) OF CONTROL GROUP Groups Pre- test Post - test
Mean 25.9 26.00
SD 2.85 2.84
σ DM
DM
‘t’ ratio
1.53
0.1
0.07
*significant at 0.05 levels Table III reveals that the obtained‘t’ ratio on finger dexterity (left hand)was found to be lesser than the required table value of 2.26 at 0.05 level of confidence for 9 degrees of freedom. So it was found to be insignificant. Table - IV COMPUTATION OF ‘T’ RATIO BETWEEN PRE AND POST TESTS MEANS ON FINGER DEXTERITY (LEFT HAND) OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
Groups
Mean
SD
Pre- test
21.3
2.50
Post - test
22.8
2.45
*significant at 0.05 levels
σ DM
DM
‘t’ ratio
0.35
1.5
4.29*
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Table IV reveals that the obtained ‘t’ ratio on finger dexterity (left hand) of experimental group was found to be greater than the required table value of 2.26 at 0.05 level of confidence for 9 degrees of freedom. So it was found to be significant. DISCUSSIONS ON FINDINGS The result of this investigation shows that there was a significant improvement on finger dexterity (right hand) in experimental group, as a result of six weeks of selected yogic practices. The ‘t’- ratio was -9.5.This improvement was due to selected yogic practices. The result of this investigation shows that there was a significant improvement on finger dexterity (left hand) in experimental group, as a result of six weeks of selected yogic practices. The ‘t’- ratio was 4.29.This improvement was due to selected yogic practices CONCLUSIONS From the statistical findings it was found that there was an improvement in the finger dexterity (right hand) due to specific yogic practices. From the statistical findings it was found that there was an improvement in the finger dexterity (left hand) due to specific yogic practices. REFERENCES: Donders, F.C. (1969). On the speed of mental processes. Translated by W.G. Koster in W.G. Koster (Ed.) Attention and Performance II (pp. 412-431). Amsterdam: North Holland. (Reprinted from Onderzoekingen gedaan in het Physiologigisch Laboratorium der Utrechtsche Hoogeschool, 1868-1869, Tweede reeds, II, 92-100). Hart CE, Tracy BL. (2008) Yoga as steadiness training: effects on motor variability in young adults, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA. Raghuraj P, et al (2004) Muscle power, dexterity skill and visual perception in community home girls trained in yoga or sports and in regular school girls. Vivekananda Kendra Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore, India. 40(1):35-40. Subramanya P, et al (2009) Performance on psychomotor tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Indian council of medical research, centre for advanced research in yoga and neurophysiology, SVYASA, Bangalore, India. Uma K, et al (1989). The integrated approach of yoga: a therapeutic tool for mentally retarded Children : a one –year controlled study, Vivekanandra Kendra Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore, India. Manjunath NK, et al (1999) Factors influencing changes in tweezer dexterity scores following yoga training. Vivekananda Kendra Yoga Research Foundation, K.G. Nagar, Bangalore.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
RESISTANCE TRAINING AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE AMONG VISUAL IMPAIRED ADOLESCENTS M. Suresh Kumar* ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to measure the muscular performance among visual impaired adolescents owing to resistance training. To achieve the purpose of this study the investigators selected eight visual impaired adolescents from Namakkal district, Tamilnadu and their age ranged from 12 to 15 years. Training occurred three times per week with at least one day of rest between sessions. Shoulder strength was assessed by pull ups test, muscular endurance was assessed by sit ups test and explosive strength was assessed by standing broad jump. Single group design was used in this study. Dependent ‘t’ test was computed to find out the difference between initial and final means. After six weeks of resistance training the result reveals that there was a significant improvement in all the selected parameters owing to resistance training.
Key Words: Visual Impaired, Resistance training, Muscular performance. INTRODUCTION The greatest tragedy in life is people who have sight, but no vision. Visual impairment is vision loss of a person to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication or surgery (Arditi, & Rosenthal, 1998). Visually impaired doesn’t necessarily mean that they are blind, it could mean that have impaired vision. According to Jacobs (2009) visual impairment is the consequence of a functional loss of vision, rather than the eye disorder itself. The World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Impairment, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) system is used to classify disorders (diseases), impairments, disabilities, and handicaps. Resistance training that uses a resistance to the force of muscular contraction. The purpose of this study was to measure the muscular performance among visual impaired adolescents owing to resistance training. MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve the purpose of this study the investigators selected eight visual impaired adolescents from Namakkal district, Tamilnadu and their age ranged from 12 to 15 years. Training occurred three times per week with at least one day of rest between sessions for six weeks. The following exercises were included in the training program viz. free weight squats, bench press, overhead dumbbell rows, lateral dumbbell raise and biceps curls, crunches. They performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions. With the help of the experts the subjects were assisted while doing the exercises. Shoulder strength was * Assistant Professor, Selvam College of Physical Education, Namakkal-03, Tamilnadu
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assessed by pull ups test, muscular endurance was assessed by sit ups test and explosive strength was assessed by standing broad jump. The test items were carefully administered with skillfull hands and proper precautions were given. Single group design was used in this study. Dependent ‘t’ test was computed to find out the difference between initial and final means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results were presented in the following table, Table-I SIGNIFICANCE OF MEAN GAINS & LOSSES BETWEEN PRE AND POST TEST SCORES ON SELECTED VARIABLES OF RESISTANCE TRAINING GROUP
S.No
Variables
Pre-Test Mean
Post-Test Mean
Mean Std. Dev (±) difference
1
Shoulder Strength
2.75
4.62
1.87
2
Muscular Endurance
11.62
17
3
Explosive Strength
0.54
0.83
σ DM
‘t’ Ratio
0.64
0.22
8.27*
5.37
2.61
0.92
5.81*
0.29
0.12
0.04
6.86*
An examination of table-I indicates that the obtained ‘t’ ratios were 8.27, 5.81 and 6.86 for shoulder strength, muscular endurance and explosive strength respectively. The obtained ‘t’ ratios on shoulder strength, muscular endurance and explosive strength were found to be greater than the required table value of 2.36 at 0.05 level of significance for 7 degrees of freedom. So it was found to be significant. The results of this study showed that statistically significant and explained its effects positively. Figure - 1 FIG-1: SHOWS THE PRE AND POST TEST MEAN SCORES ON SELECTED VARIABLES OF VISUAL IMPAIRED ADOLESCENTS
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CONCLUSION From the analysis of the data, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. The results show that there was a significant difference on selected variables among visual impaired adolescents owing to resistance training. 2. From the results it was observed that the resistance training programme could be considered for visual impaired adolescents to improve their muscular parameters. BIBLIOGRAPHY Arditi, A., & Rosenthal, B. (1998). Developing an objective definition of visual impairment. In Vision ‘96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference (pp. 331-334). Madrid, Spain: ONCE. Jacobs, P. L. (2009). Effects of resistance and endurance training in persons with paraplegia. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(5), 992-997. Baumgartner, T, A., Andrew, S. J., Matthew, T. M., & David, A. R. (2003). Measurement for Evaluation in Physical Education & Exercise Science. New York: Mc-Graw Hill. Clarke D. H., & Clarke H. H. (1970). Research Process in Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
ROLE OF YOGA IN EMPOWERING THE ATTENTION DEFICIT AND HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN Ahmed Shahin* ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of the role of yogic practices in the alienation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral condition found in 5% of school-age children that is characterized by lack of attention, problems with impulse control, and difficulty in adherence to rules. Common behaviors include hyperactivity, difficulty following instructions, restlessness, impatience and low self-esteem. Although children with ADHD have normal intelligence, school performance is often poor. There are many factors contributing to this behavioral disorder: TV violence; poor nutrition; prenatal drug use by parents; sensory overload; pollution; crowding; and the breakdown of the family structure. A common treatment for ADHD includes stimulant drugs which increases blood flow and boosting levels of chemicals in the brain. However, up to onethird of children are not responsive to this treatment and the side effects are significant and possible interference with normal brain development have been linked to long-term drug use. When medication is ineffective, behavioral therapy has been suggested as a treatment alternative. Although behavioral therapy has shown some benefit in adult ADHD, most research has shown little or no effect in children.Clearly, alternative treatments for ADHD are needed that are effective yet safe. Yoga is a great alternativeto medication. Yoga incorporates deep breathing exercises that enhance relaxation and improve self-control. These benefits spill over into the daily lives of children with ADHD and help them to improve self-esteem, do better in school and get along with others. Yoga also emphasizes maintenance of poses and relaxation, as it stresses about muscle and joint awareness. Numerous research studies support the use of regular yoga for kids with ADHD (Rojas 2005, Weber 2007). One study showed that yoga improves attention and behavior in school-age boys that were already stabilized on medication, compared to boys on medication only (Jensen 2004). Overall, yoga students will ultimately develop greater attention and ability to concentrate; qualities that are deficient in children with ADHD. Yoga also reduces depression, anxiety, anger and neurotic symptoms. This results in overall improvements in mental health and better behavior in social settings. INTRODUCTION It is not shocking to learn that the majority of children today occupy their time by sitting in front of the television and the computer, listening to their iPods and playing video games. With their abuse of these electronic toys, negative attitudes and unhealthy bodies ensue. As a result, * Ahmed, Shahin Reader, Dept. of Sports Psychology & Sociology, Tamil Nadu Physical Education & Sports University, Chennai.
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an increasing number of children suffer from insomnia, eating disorders, headaches, bad posture, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), aggression and other daily stressors. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that becomes apparent in some children in the preschool and early school years. It is estimated that between 3 and 5 percent of children have ADHD, or approximately 2 million children in the United States. This means that in a classroom of 25 to 30 children, it is likely that at least one will have ADHD (NIMH, 2009). ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is a behavioral disorder formally defined as a significant deficiency in age-appropriate attention, impulse control and rule-governed behavior, which manifests in early childhood. Associated behaviors include: hyperactivity; speaking or acting before one thinks; difficulty in following instructions; poor organizational skills; restlessness; impatience; forgetfulness; low self-esteem; and poor social skills. Children with ADHD find it difficult to slow down, even when they want to; often they are so hurried that they seem clumsy and uncoordinated. Some experts believe that ADHD is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, but there is no documented proof that this is actually the case. Although the exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, several factors increase the risk including lead exposure ; poor nutrition; vitamin deficiency; prenatal drug use by parents; sensory overload; pollution; TV violence; crowding; and the breakdown of the family structure. These factors are believed to influence brain development; specifically to alter the function in the part of the brain that controls impulse control and attention. The incidence of ADHD varies from 3 to 15 percent for school age population, depending on the strictness of the diagnosis. Sometimes referred to as ADD/WH or “minimal brain dysfunction,” children with ADHD generally do not perform well in school, though most of them test at average or above average intelligence. A common treatment for ADHD includes stimulant drugs like Ritalin or Amphetamines. Stimulant drugs work by increasing blood flow and boosting levels of dopamine, serotonin and nor epinephrine in the brain. However, up to one-third of children are not responsive to this treatment and the side effects are significant and include weight loss, insomnia and nervous tics. Not only that, psychiatric problems, sudden cardiac death and possible interference with normal brain development have been linked to long-term Ritalin use. In children who cannot tolerate medications or when medication is ineffective, behavioral therapy has been suggested as a treatment alternative. Although behavioral therapy has shown some benefit in adult ADHD, most research has shown little or no effect in children. Children with ADHD often lack the balance between what the mind thinks and how the body feels or reacts. With ever increasing concerns of long-term problems from these drugs, people are looking for a less extreme way to help cope with the symptoms. Researchers in Australia and Germany have found that YOGA may help children with ADHD increase their ability to focus and feel more at ease, leading to a more balanced mind/body connection . Jensen, P (2004) reported that “Yoga can be a lifetime friend,” as “It increases concentration, promotes mental and physical discipline, and induces confidence.” Though the parents reported that the 8- to 13-year-old boys who practiced
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yoga once a week for five months were less hyperactive, the findings did not conclude that a yoga practice could replace drug treatment. However, Godstein, N ( 2006 ) found that German children undergoing drug treatment for ADHD can greatly benefit from a yoga practice and that forward bends are particularly effective, as these forward bends increase exhalation by lengthening and deepening the breath. Numerous research studies support the use of regular yoga for kids with ADHD (Rojas 2005, Weber 2007). Furthermore, the boys who practiced yoga more frequently had even better outcomes. Another study randomly selected children with ADHD to practice either yoga or traditional exercise (Haffner 2006) found that the children who performed yoga improved attention and had fewer ADHD symptoms versus the exercise group. Clearly, alternative treatments for ADHD are needed that are effective yet safe. Yoga is a great alternative to medication. Yoga incorporates deep breathing exercises that enhance relaxation and improve self-control. These benefits spill over into the daily lives of children with ADHD and help them to improve selfesteem, do better in school and get along with others. It also emphasizes maintenance of poses and relaxation, which gives them the awareness of muscle and joint. Yogas’s forwards bends, a pose that helps deepen and lengthen breath, is said to aid well in helping ADHD students concentrate. Overall, it ultimately develops greater attention and ability to concentrate; qualities that are deficient in children with ADHD. Yoga affects a person’s awareness of their thoughts and actions. As a result, yoga helps to improve self-esteem leading to reduced depression and anxiety and an improved healthy relationship with themselves, others, and the world. This results in overall improvements in mental health and better behavior in social settings. Overall, yoga can have similar effectiveness to medication and better effectiveness than behavioral therapy for the treatment of children with ADHD. Furthermore, there are no side effects whatsoever except for improved behavior, better school performance and higher self-esteem. ADHD CHILDREN AND YOGA PRACTICE Yoga and ADHD are relative in the fact that the former can work to bring about a great deal of relief and help to manage the disruptive mental affects of the latter. Yoga cultivates attention and awareness in the mind. According to ADDitude magazine (2009), “the nervous system has two parts. The stress response and the recharge response.” Both responses are underactive in a child with ADHD. As with most things in life, there needs to be a balance between the two. Coherent breathing, a phrase coined by yoga specialist Stephen Elliott, puts the heart, lungs, and brain in rhythm. Elliott suggests practicing 10-20 minutes a day on the breathing exercises until it becomes automatic. 5 to 6 breaths a minute is preferred to help kids calm down. It is suggested that children have something positive to visualize, such a favorite color or place. Many children with ADHD often cannot help their inattention, lack of focus or impulsivity. Exercise, in the form of the playground or with yoga, can help them improve academically. Studies
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show that even just 30 minutes 3 to 5 times a week can be advantageous. They are able to deal easier with class work because they can focus better and are less frustrated. THE MIND LEARNS FROM THE BODY
Yoga and ADHD is an outstanding combination for anyone who suffers from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and wants to be proactive about managing and coping with their mental affliction. Although help from trained mental health professionals, and the medication they might prescribe is first in order, enlisting the aid of yoga is something an ADHD sufferer can do above and beyond that to bring about some relief of the symptoms. By its very nature, yoga plays down that attention deficit by teaching the practitioner to focus and pay close attention to very specific movements. The postures sometimes involve a tiny muscle somewhere in the body that they were previously unaware of. Unlocking secrets in the body paves the way for revealing the hidden power you have in your mind. One has to slow down and control the body to get into a yoga pose, gaining victory over actions with the cultivation of single-mindedness. In contrast, people with ADHD experience a wild, untamed mind pulling them in several different directions at once. The balancing of the body required in yoga poses will bring about balance and harmony in the mind too. Yoga helps create a relaxed mind which in turn can become a more focused mind. There are certainly some theories out there that ADHD is worsened by the bombardment of our brains from all the business, frustration, and technology that is rampant in today’s world. Yoga helps to counteract all that. Iyengar Yoga is a specific kind of yoga that is available to anyone regardless of athletic ability or age. And it can even be performed by people with severe physical disabilities. This school of yoga would perhaps be best for ADHD sufferers simply because so much emphasis is placed on controlling the tiniest muscles that you wouldn’t have imagined possible until you learn how from a certified instructor. The poses are held longer in Iyengar so that the student goes deep into a pose virtually freeing themselves from the constraints of the over-stimulated world at large. The standing poses and headstands you will learn will do wonders for your head. And the Savasana pose you do at the end of every class brings about the kind of relaxation you may simply never have experienced in your life before. Three Beginner Poses that will help you teach ADHD children specific poses that might bring about a calming and stress-freeing feeling in them. 1. Table Pose Table Pose is a great pose to include in a yoga routine for people who suffer from ADHD because it requires a great deal of concentration. Start on all fours. Look down at your hands; make sure they are directly under your shoulders, and your fingers are spread widely apart. Next, look back at your knees. They should be positioned directly below your hips, with your lower legs resting on the ground. Make sure your spine is in a straight line from your head down to your tailbone. Take a few deep breaths.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
As you exhale, slowly lift your right arm off the ground, and extend it in front of your body, reaching forward. Your arm should be at the same height as your spine, and should reflect a continuation of the spine. Carefully set the right arm back onto the ground. Repeat the process with the left arm. Hold each arm up for at least thirty seconds, being sure to keep it extended straight in front of your body. Repeat another time if desired. 2. Balancing Pose Balancing pose is another great pose that not only strengthens your body, but helps to ease your mind. Sit on the ground with your knees bent and your feet flat on the floor. Roll your weight slightly back, so you are sitting on your tailbone. Raise your hands up, and place them behind the legs, on the underside of the knees. Slowly roll your weight back even further, so that your feet come off the ground. Keep your hands behind your knees, supporting their weight. At this point, try to keep your spine in as straight a line as possible. Look straight ahead, and hold the pose as long as you can–ideally, the pose should be held for at least 30 seconds. 3. Corpse Pose Finally, corpse pose is a great way to wrap up any yoga session, especially one designed for people who are suffering from ADHD. Lay back on the ground with your back on the floor and your legs extended in front of your body. Relax your arms by your sides, allowing your palms to face the sky. Relax all of the muscles in your body, including those in your feet–allowing them to fall to the sides. Empty your mind. If a though passes through your mind, acknowledge it, and then dismiss it. Simply concentrate on where you are at the current moment and how your body is feeling. As part of a holistic treatment plan, yoga is known to help children with ADHD overcome their inattentive and hyperactive tendencies. When the whole body is involved in physical activity, brain functioning drastically improves, because it receives neuronal stimulation from the postural muscles. Certain salutations like Sun Salutation are designed to stimulate both sides of the brain, to facilitate efficient learning and assist brain integration. The physical demands of the practice also serve as an excellent outlet for pent-up energy, especially for children with ADHD type. At the same time, the slow pace teaches children how to exert control and focus on the task at hand. The calming atmosphere of the Yoga studio also decreases the number of stress hormones, which are known to aggravate ADHD. Yoga’s spiritual component also promotes greater internal awareness, which helps the child control impulses and learn to focus – two things that children with ADHD have difficulty doing. Yoga also teaches your child to listen to the instructor and follow directions instead of running off before instructions are given. In other words, yoga can correct certain behaviors characteristic of ADHD as it rehabilitates the body and mind. Although, the benefits of Yoga will not show up immediately, the changes that will occur are profound and will last forever. The term you hear most often in a yoga class is “Namaste” which can be translated as “the light in me salutes the light in you.” No mental disorder, ADHD or otherwise, will ever take away the light that is in you and yoga will
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 39
help you to understand just what that means. Of course, yoga alone cannot treat ADHD, It should be a comprehensive treatment program that includes healthy meals, a toxin-free environment, and other therapeutic approaches designed to treat ADHD naturally. BIBLIOGRAPHY Jensen PS, Kenny DT.(2004) The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders.;7:205-216 Haffner J, Roos J, Goldstein N, et al.(2006) The effectiveness of body-oriented methods of therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): results of a controlled pilot study [in Ger-man]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother.;34:37-47. Rojas NL, Chan E(2005) Old and new controversies in the alternative treatment of attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Mental Retardation Developmental Disabilities Research;11:116-130. Weber W, Newmark S.(2007) Complementary and alternative medical therapies for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism. Pediatric Clinical North America;54:983-1006.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
EFFECTS OF RESISTED EXERCISES ON STRENGTH ENDURANCE AND MAXIMUM SPEED OF HEARING IMPAIRED HIGH SCHOOL BOYS Dr.George Abraham*, Sunilkumar S**, Biju Sukumar** ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of resisted exercises on strength endurance and maximum speed of Hearing Impaired high school boys. To achieve this thirty interested deaf and dump high school boys students (N = 30) were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 14 and 18 years. The subjects were categorized into two groups randomly viz. Resisted exercise group (REG) and Control group (CG) and each group comprise of 15 subjects. Control group was not exposed to any specific training apart from their regular activities. Experimental group underwent their respective experimental treatment for eight weeks, 3 days per week and a session on each day. Strength endurance and maximum speed were taken as variables for this study. The collected data was analysed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results revealed that resisted exercise group (REG) produced significant improvement for deaf students on abdominal strength and maximum speed as compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05).
Keywords: Resisted exercise, Strength endurance, Maximum speed, Deaf &Dumb students. INTRODUCTION Formal international competition in deaf sport began with the 1924 Paris Silent Games, organized by the Committee International des Sports des Sourds, CISS (The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf ). These games evolved into the modern Deaflympics, governed by the CISS. The CISS maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports (Chappell, 2007). Resisted exercise is an anaerobic form of exercise (Teng et al. 2008). It is caused to enhance the ability of the body to perform at very high force or power for a very short period of time (Baechle, 1994). Two types of resistance training are there, perform exercise with the support of additional weights and the other method is without additional support of weight. Resistance training with weight is helps to improve the strength, power and size of the muscle. It may be the most effective technique for developing the size of the skeletal muscle (Webb, 1990). This method is mainly using the athletes for improving their sports performance (Christou, 2006). Resistance training with body weight is also possible to improve strength and power (Dorgo, 2009). Any person can improve power and speed through resistance band, step-up exercise, own body weight exercise like spine pull-ups, chin-ups, wall push-ups, sit-ups, crunches etc. (Gutekunst et al. 2006). This type of without exercise is called calisthenics, which is the great way to build strength and speed. *Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physical Edn. & Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu. **PhD.Scholers, Dept. of Physical Education & Sports Sciences Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 41
Strength endurance is defined as the capacity of the whole organism to withstand fatigue under the long lasting expenditure of strength. Consequently, it is characterized by a relatively high ability to express strength together with a faculty of preserve (Dick, 1978). Speed is the rapidity with which a movement of successive movements of the same kind may be performed. It is an ability to execute motor action under given condition in maximum possible time (Clarke, 1987). Speed is related to the percentage of fast switch muscle fibres in the athleteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body, because the quantity of fast switch muscle fibres is partially inherited. It is difficult to improve significantly, however it can be done through resistance training (Jensen et al.1979). METHODOLOGY The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of resisted exercises on strength endurance and maximum speed of Hearing Impaired high school boys. Thirty (N = 30) high school male students of CMS Deaf School, Tiruvalla, Pathanamthitta (Dist), Kerala, were selected as subjects and the age of the students were between 14 and 18 years. The selected subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups of fifteen subjects each (N = 15). One experimental and control group. During the training period, the experimental group underwent their respective training programme for three days per week for 8 weeks. The duration of training session in all days was between one to one and half hours. Control (CG), did not participate in any specific training in addition to their regular physical activities. Strength endurance and maximum speed were taken as variables for this study. Strength endurance was measured by bend knee sit ups and maximum speed was assessed by using electronic stop watch to 50 mts. Sprint. The experimental group (REG) performed the following exercises 1. push-ups; 2. step-ups; 3. pull-ups; 4. sit-ups; 4. crunches; 5. wall pull-ups; 6. tape or band running; 7. tyre running; 8. medicineball exercises; 9. light weight training. The pre and post test data were taken one day before and after the experimental treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Mean and standard deviation were calculated for strength endurance and maximum speed for training group. And the data were analysed by using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). Statistical significance was set to a priority at p < 0.05. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS STRENGTH ENDURANCE Table -I ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR STRENGTH ENDURANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS Test
REG
CG
SOV
SS
df
MS
Mean
35.47
39.4
B.G
116.03
1
116.03
S.D (Âą)
7.3
6.56
W.G
1349.33
28
48.19
F Ratio
Pre-test 1.72
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Test
REG
CG
SOV
SS
df
MS
Mean
44.6
39.73
B.G
177.63
1
177.63
S.D (±)
7.93
6.02
W.G
754.60
28
26.95
37.78
B.G W.G
582.003 53.02
1 27
582.003 1.96
F Ratio
Post-test 6.59*
Adjusted Post-test Mean
46.56
270.92*
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence, df (1,28) = 4.20 and df (1,27) = 4.21, (p ≤ 0.05). The analysis of covariance on strength endurance of the pre, post and adjusted post mean values of resisted exercise group and control group have been analyzed and presented in Table 1. The above table indicates that the pre and post test mean and standard deviation of experimental and control groups on strength endurance. The obtained ‘F’ value for pre test mean on strength endurance was 1.72, which was lesser than table value of 4.20 for degree of freedom 1 and 28 at 0.05 level of confidence; hence there was no significant difference in pre test data of experimental and control groups. The analysis of post and adjusted post test mean data reveals that obtained ‘F’ value of 6.59 and 270.92 respectively, which were higher than table ‘F’, hence there exist difference in strength endurance among the experimental and control groups. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups. MAXIMUM SPEED Table - II ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR MAXIMUM SPEED OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS Test
REG
CG
SOV
SS
df
MS
Mean
7.68
7.87
B.G
0.28
1
0.28
S.D (±)
0.54
0.54
W.G
5.72
28
0.20
Mean
7.46
7.88
B.G
1.33
1
1.33
S.D (±)
0.55
0.33
W.G
5.85
28
0.021
B.G
0.38
1
0.38
W.G
0.06
27
0.002
F Ratio
Pre-test 1.34
Post-test 6.38*
Adjusted Post-test Mean
7.55
7.78
170.44*
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence, df (1, 28) = 4.20 and df (1, 27) = 4.21, (p ≤ 0.05). The analysis of covariance on maximum speed of the pre, post and adjusted post mean values of resisted training group and control group have been analyzed and presented in Table 2. The
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above table indicates that the pre and post test mean and standard deviation of experimental groups on maximum speed. The obtained ‘F’ value for pre test mean on maximum speed was 1.34, which was lesser than table value of 4.20 for degree of freedom 1 and 28 at 0.05 level of confidence; hence there was no significant difference in pre test data of experimental and control groups. The analysis of post and adjusted post test mean data reveals that obtained ‘F’ value of 6.38 and 170.44 respectively, which were higher than table ‘F’, hence there exist difference in strength endurance among the experimental and control groups. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups. DISCUSSION The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS) evolved into the modern Deaflympics. The CISS maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports. This study is concerned with deaf students. The analysis of the data reveals that there was no significant difference between experimental and control groups in pre test mean in strength endurance. It also indicates that there was a significant difference in post and adjusted post test mean between the groups in strength endurance and maximum speed. Several research studies suggested that resistance training may be valuable for determining the variables such as strength endurance and maximum speed. Blakey (1987) pointed out the resistance training is best suited for developing strength. The reason may be due to the increase in fibre diameter, number among size of the myofibrils, especially in the myosin filaments and capillary density per fibre. Resistance training with weights is the best for developing horizontal explosive power. Christou (2006) investigated that strength qualities influence the maximum speed. McBride (2005) indicates the training with squat jump helps to increase the movement velocity and speed. Paavolainen et al. (1999) explains explosive strength training improves muscle power and running economy. Kelly et al. (2007) found out multiple set of resistance training is better than single set to improve power and speed. Hence, it is recommended that systematic designed resistance training helps to improve the explosive power and maximum speed for deaf students also. That is why we can say from the literature, there have no difference between deaf and normal students to improve power and speed (Howe & Jones, 2006). CONCLUSION As a conclusion, the present study showed that the strength endurance and maximum speed were significantly improved due to the resisted exercises for Hearing Impaired students. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baechle Thomas, R. (1994). Essential of Strength Training and Condition, Champaign: Human Kinetics, p. 21. Blakey, J.G., & Southard, D. (1987). The combined effects of weight training and plyometric on dynamic leg strength and leg power, Journal of Applied Sports Science Research, 1. Chappell, R. (2007). Sports in developing countries, International sports publications: Survey
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Clarke Harrison, H., & David, H. Clarke. (1987). Application of Measurement of Physical Education, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 6. Clayne, R. Jensen., & A. Garth Fisher. (1979). Scientific Basis of Athletic Conditioning, London: Henry Kimpton Publishers, p. 78. Dick Frank W., Carl Johnson & Wilf Paish. (1978). Strength training for athletes. London brutish amateur athletic board. Dorgo Sandor. (2009).Effects on manual resistance training on fitness in adolescents, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 23(8), pp. 2287-2294. Howe, P D., and Jones, C. (2006). Classification of sports journal, 23:1, pp.29-47. Jeffrey, M. Mc bride. (2005). The acute effect of heavy load squats and loaded countermovement jumps on sprint performance, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 19(4), pp. 669-674. Kelly, S.B., Brown, L.E., & Nguyen, D. (2007). Effect of Single Vs Multiple Sets for Strength, ACSM Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Presentation No. 2507. Leena Paavolainen, Keijo Hakkinen, Ismo Hamalainen, Ari Nummela., & Heikki Rusko. (1999). Explosive strength training improves 5 km running time by improving running economy and muscle power, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86(5), pp. 1527-1533. Marios Christou. (2006). Effects of resistance training on the physical capacities of adolescent soccer players, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 20(4), pp. 281-288. Webb Dr. (1990). Strength Training in Children and Adolescent, Centre for Sports Medicine, St. Francis Memorial Hospital, San Francisco, 37: 5. WooMei Teng, Chen Chee Keong, Ashok Kumar Ghosh., & Visvanathan Thimuryan. (2008). Effects of a resistance training programme on isokinetic peak torque and anaerobic power of 13 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 16 years old teakwondo athletes, International Journal of Sports Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 111-121.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
EFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON STRENGTH AND STRENGTH ENDURANCE OF SEDENTARY COLLEGE MEN R. Sendhil*, P. Vinothkumar**, Dr. V. Murugu valavan ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of plyometric training on strength and strength endurance of sedentary college men. To achieve the purpose thirty students divided in to two groups experimental and control group each consisted of fifteen students. It was hypothesized that there would be significant changes in the effect of plyometric training on strength and strength endurance of sedentary college men. The experimental group underwent the plyometric training for a period of twelve weeks, whereas the control group did not involve in any strenuous physical activity during the course of study. However both the groups were permitted to go their routine curriculum. The study was formulated as a random group design. The subjects were tested at the beginning (pre-test) and at the end of the experimental period (post-test) was taken after a twelve weeks. The data were analysed of ANOVA was used for statistical analyzed. The result shows that experimental group showed remarkable increases in the strength and strength endurance than the control group.
Key Words: Plyometric, Strength, Strength Endurance, Sedentary INTRODUCTION Sports have a very important role in modern society. It is important for an individual, a group, a nation and indeed the world. Sports performance is the result and expression of the total personality of a sports man. The development of a sports man enabling him to achieve high level of performance is usually concerned in four areas namely physical power, social adjustment, psychological development and physiological efficiency. Different activities make different demands on the organism with respect to circulatory, respiratory, metabolic and neurological and temperature regulating functions. (David D. Anaheim1987) Strength is a conditional ability. It depends largely on the energy liberation processes in the muscles. Strength is also perhaps the most important motor ability in sports as it is a direct product of muscle contractions. All movements in sports are caused by muscle contractions. And, therefore, strength is a part and parcel or all motor abilities, technical skills and tactical actions Strength endurance is the ability to overcome high resistance or to act against high resistance under conditions of fatigue e.g., in combat sports, long duration events requiring strength e.g., pole vault. Endurance strength is needed for activates in which low resistances are to be tackled e.g., Swimming, Road cycling etc (Hardayal Singh1995) * Ph.D Research Scholar(Full Time), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University ** Ph.D., Research Scholar (Full-Time) TamilNadu Physical Education and Sports University. *** Assistant Professor cum Medical Officer TamilNadu Physical Education and Sports University.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training on strength and strength endurance of sedentary college men. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Ford, et.al., (2003) conducted a research on effects of three combinations of plyometric and weight training programs on selected physical fitness test items. To determine the effects of prescribed training programs on 5 physical fitness test items, each of 50 high school boys participated for 10wk. in one of three programs(wrestling, softball and plyometrics; weight training; and weight training and plyometrics). (a) On the sit-ups, 40-yd dash, vertical jump, and pull-ups, each group improved significantly from pre- to posttest. (b) On the shuttle run, none of the groups improved significantly from pre- to posttest. (c) On the vertical jump, groups had a significant effect, but the interaction was no significant. No effects were significant. Mullai (1987) conducted a study on the effect of selected plyometric exercises on performance of strength and long jump and the following are the results. The investigation showed a significant improvement among the subjects of the experiments group after regular practice of plyometric improvement in the strength and long jump performance. This investigation revealed that the plyometric exercises contributed to the improvement of pull ups, leg power, sprinting ability, coordination, and balance in the flight, which in turn improved the performance in broad jump. METHODOLOGY The study was formulated as a random group design. Thirty Sedentary college men students were selected for this study were randomly divided in to two groups i.e Group ‘A’ Plyometric group (n=15) Group ‘B’ control group (n=15). The Plyometric group underwent the training period of 12 weeks. The control group did not involve in any strenuous physical activity during the course of study. However plyometric group and control group were permitted to attend their routine curriculum. The subjects were tested at the beginning (pre test) and end of the experiment (post test) in the period of twelve weeks. The programme was scheduled for in evening sessions between 4:30p.m and 5:30 p.m. The training programme consists of Plyometric training. SELECTION OF VARIABLES The following variables were selected to this study. 1. Strength 2. Strength endurance STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data pertaining of the variables under study have been examined by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each variables in order to determine the differences. When the differences were found to be significant by analysis of variance, the scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to assess the significant difference between adjusted means. The level of significance to test the F-ratio obtained by the analysis of variance at .05 level .01 level of confidence of data.
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Table - I ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) OF STRENGTH FOR PRE - TEST AND POST –TEST SCORES OF PUSH-UPS Source of Sum of squares Df Mean square ‘F’ variance Between Pre –test Post -test
32.033 218.700
1
Within Pre-test Post-test
779.467 914.667
28
32.033 218.700
Pre –test 1.151 Post- test 6.695
27.838 32.667
Table Value for DF (1, 28) at 0.05 level = 4.20 The difference in pre test mean scores across groups is tested with ANOVA and the results are portrayed in table. It is apparent from the examination of result that there is no significant difference in pre test group means of Push-ups .This is because F value obtained from the analysis is insignificant for pre test scores (1.151). The lack of significant has clearly revealed that there is no difference in group mean values. The calculated F- value is lesser than table the value of 4.20 at 0.05 level and hence it is not significant. Therefore, there is no significant difference among pre-test scores of pushups scores of control and experimental group. The table shows that the difference in post-test mean between two groups differ significantly at 0.05 level as the obtained ANOVA F value 6.695 is higher than 4.20 the table value for 1, 28 degrees of freedom at above specified significant level this in turn indicates that there is variance between pre and post test conditions of the subjects. Scheffe’s post test is applied for between group comparisons. The result of the post-hoc test is portrayed in Table II. Table - II SCHEFFE’S TEST: TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRS OF MEANS Mean values Experimental group 32.93
Mean difference
Confidence Inteval
5.40
4.27
Control group 27.53
Scheffe’s Confidence Interval at 0.05 Level = 4.27 It can be observed from table II that the scheffe’s confidence interval (CI) values at 0.05 level for post-test score is 4.27 respectively. The mean difference between Control group and Experimental group (5.40) is above the obtained CI values, 4.27 at 0.05 percent significant level respectively. On the whole from overall result for push-ups, it is inferred that plyometreic training has significant effect on increasing the push-ups of Experimental group.
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Figure - 1 THE BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST OF PUSH-UPS
Table - III ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) FOR STRENGTH ENDURANCE OF PRE- TEST AND POST -TEST SCORES OF SIT-UPS Source of variance
Sum of squares
Df
Mean square
Between Pre-test Post-test
4.800 307.200
1
4.800 307.200
Within Pre-test Post-test
412.667 296.267
28
‘F’
Pre-test .326 Post-test 29.033
14.738 10.581
Table Value for DF (1, 28) at 0.05 level = 4.20 Table III, which portrays the result of one way ANOVA for difference in mean sit-ups between experimental group and control group before (pre) test, shows that obtained F values are insignificant (F=.326) for pre test. The lack of significant has clearly revealed that there is no difference in group mean values. The calculated F- value is lesser than table value of 4.20 at 0.05 level and hence it is not significant. Therefore, there is no significant difference between pre-test scores of sit-ups scores of control and experimental group. From the examination of table it is observed that F value from (ANOVA) for post-test scores, 29.033 is much higher than the above 4.20, the table value for 1, 28 degrees of freedom, revealing that the difference in post-test mean scores sit-ups between two groups dose differ significantly. As the variance F is significant, scheffe’s post test is carried to know the significance of the difference in post-scores between two groups.
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Table - IV SCHEFFE’S TEST: TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRS OF MEANS Mean values Experimental group
Control group
36.73
30.33
Mean difference
Level of Significance
6.4
2.43
Scheffe’s Confidence Interval at 0.05 level = 2.43, It can be observed from table IV that the scheffe’s confidence interval (CI) values at 0.05 level for post-test scores is 2.43 respectively. The mean difference between Control group and Experimental group (6.4) is above the obtained CI values, 2.4 at 0.05 percent significant level respectively. On the whole from overall result for sit-ups, it is inferred that plyometreic training has significant effect on increasing the sit-ups of Experimental group. Figure - 2 THE BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST OF SIT-UPS
DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS All the subjects of the experimental groups involved in this study were underwent regular plyometric training which is assigned to them. From the previous tables it is evident that in the case of selected physical fitness variables such as strength and strength endurance significant changes were noticed after 12 weeks of plyometric training. As regards to control group no changes were seen in the selected physical fitness variables. CONCLUSION Strength and strength endurance of experimental groups improved following 12 weeks impact of plyometric training.
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The experimental group has under gone plyometric training programme for 5 days in a week with sufficient rest period of 2 days in a week. All the selected physical fitness variables were improved because of the continuity of training with in the 12 weeks of time. All these significant changes may be attributed to fact that as they undergoing the plyometric training. This works load improves the physical fitness such that the strength and strength endurance improves in efficiency. Thus the research hypothesis is accepted. BIBLIOGRAPHY David D. Anaheim, Essential of Athletic Training, (Saint Louis: Mosby College Publishing, (1987):18. Hardayal Singh, Science of Sports Training, (New Delhi: D.V.S. Pulications, 1995):115. Ford.H.T., “Effect of Three Combination of Plyometric and Weight Training Programme on Selected Physical Fitness Test Items “, Journal of Strength Conditioning and Research 17(1) (February 2003): 60-67. Mullai.D, “Effect of Selected Plyometric Exercises Performance of Long Jump”, (Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Madras 1987).
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
YOGA AND HEALTHY AGING: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CARDIO-RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE-AGED POPULATION Sridip Chatterjee*, Samiran Mondal**, Sudip Sundar Das*** ABSTRACT
Aging is associated with a gradual decline in physiological functions. Ancient yogic text claimed that regular yogic practices may restore or maintained physiological properties of the individual. Functional efficiency of the cardio-respiratory systems were decreased with advancing age, face the challenge to maintain a better cardio-respiratory fitness level, which may also vary from active individuals to inactive peers. Objective of the study: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of regular yogic practices for twelve weeks on cardio-respiratory physiology in a middle aged population. Methods: Forty five untrained volunteers (30 male and 15 female, age group of 35-55 years) divided into two groups (experimental: male = 15 & female = 8; control: male = 15 & female = 7). The study group (experimental) was underwent yogic practices (kriyas, surya namaskara, asana, pranayama and meditation) daily in the morning for 6 days/ week for 12 weeks. Body weight, body mass index, resting heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and peak expiratory flow rate were measured before commencement and after 6 and 12 weeks of yogic training period. In the present study the repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. Simple percentages were also calculated from the mean value to see the quantitative changes of the yogic training. Results: 12 weeks of yogic training produce a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, where as peak expiratory flow rate was increased significantly (P < 0.05) for both male and female group as compared to control. In case of diastolic blood pressure significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed only in male group. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that integrated approach of yogic training may be beneficial for maintain the cardio-respiratory efficiency and promote healthy aging. Keywords: Cardio-respiratory Physiology/Efficiency/Fitness, Healthy Aging INTRODUCTION Aging is inevitable, but the rate of aging varies greatly among individuals. This process in the human beings, results from the complex interplay of physiological, psychological and social factors (Rao, 1994). The life spans of all multi-cellular organisms including man are believed to be genetically programmed, since the expressions of genes are influenced by environment, a number of factors * Ph.D Research Scholar(Full Time), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University ** Ph.D., Research Scholar (Full-Time) TamilNadu Physical Education and Sports University. *** Assistant Professor cum Medical Officer TamilNadu Physical Education and Sports University.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
such as nutrition, physical exercise, stress (physical and mental), life style etc. are known to modulate the rate of aging process. Cardiorespiratory physiology refers to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to the muscles during activity and also how well individual muscles are able to absorb and use the oxygen, once it has been delivered to the working muscle. Body’s ability to transport oxygen to the working muscles is dependent on the coordinated activities of heart, arteries, veins, and lungs. Functional efficiency of the heart, arteries, veins, and lungs were decreased with advancing age, face the challenge to maintain a proper cardio-respiratory fitness level, which may also vary from active individuals to inactive peers. Regular yogic practices makes these systems more efficient by enlarging the heart muscle, enabling more blood to be pumped with each stroke, and increasing the number of small arteries in trained skeletal muscles, which supply more blood to working muscles. It also improves the efficiency of respiratory system by increasing the amount of oxygen that is inhaled and distributed to body tissue. Healthy aging is described as a state of low risk and high function in contrast to usual aging which is a non-pathologic state but at high risk (Rowe and Kohn, 1987). Healthy aging has three main components: (a) A low probability of disease and disease-related disability (b) A high capacity for cognitive and physical functioning and (c) An positive engagement with life including interpersonal relations and productive activity (Rowe and Kahn, 2000). Patil and Telles (2006), reported that heart rate increased during the yoga postures and decreased in guided relaxation and after cyclic meditation. Yogic practices for 3 months in healthy men (age group 25-35 years) produced an improvement in cardio-respiratory performance i.e., heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and peak expiratory flow rate (Harinath, 2004). Bhutkar et al., (2008) studied the effect of suryanamaskara on cardio respiratory fitness i.e. pulse rate, blood pressure, vital capacity, maximum ventilatory volume, force expiratory volume, aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and endurance. In male and female group after 6 months of suryanamaskara training, pulse rate, blood pressure reduced significantly and endurance measures by 40 mm endurance test increased significantly in the both groups. Practice of ‘OM’ meditation significantly reduced the heart rate (Telles, 1998). The practice of cyclic meditation was showed to decrease the breath rate in forty volunteers (Telles, 2000). 30 minutes of transcendental meditation (CM) practice in college students caused a reduction in heart rate, breathing rate and oxygen consumption (Wallace, 1970).A number of studies have showed that the practice of transcendental meditation leads to clinically beneficial reductions in blood pressure (Benson, 1972; Blackwell, 1975; Cooper, 1978; Wallace, 1983; Alexander, 1989; Schneider, 1992; Alexander, 1996). Yoga practice also significantly improved blood pressure among people with hypertension (McCattrey, 2005; Biglani, 2005; Damodaran, 2002; Vijayalakshmi, 2004), Cardiovascular disease (Mahajan, 1999; Manchanda, 2000; Sivasankaran, 2006; Yogendra, 2004) and type 2 diabetes (Malhotra, 2002; Malhotra, 2002a; Singh, 2004). Yadav and Das (2001) studied the effect of yogic practice on some pulmonary functions. They found that there was significant increase in FVC, FEVI and PEFR at the end of 12 weeks. Persons with bronchial asthma following yoga showed a significant improvement in PEFR score (Murthy et.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 53
al., 1984). In another study, (Nagarathna and Nagendra, 1985) yoga training for the patients of bronchial asthma showed an increasement in peak expiratory flow rate. Sinha et al., (2004) measured the energy cost and cardiovascular changes during the practice of surya namaskara. They recommended that surya namaskara seemed to be ideal as an aerobic exercise as it involves both static stretching and slow dynamic component of exercise with optimal stress on the cardio respiratory system. Hagins et al., (2007), studied the effect of hatha yoga practice on health and cardiovascular fitness and reported that the yoga practice incorporating sun salutation postures for minimum bout of 10 minutes may contribute some portion of sufficiently intense physical activity to improve cardio respiratory fitness in unfit or sedentary individuals. Rai and Ram (1993) studied energy expenditure and ventilatory responses of virasana on 10 healthy men (25 – 37 years). Their observations suggested that virasana induces temporarily a hyper metabolic state characterized by enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity. Rai et al., (1994) studied energy expenditure and ventilatory responses during siddhasana and suggested that siddhasana is a mild type of exercise. PROBLEM STATEMENT
After thoroughly reviewing, the researcher pointed out that there are minimum number of studies in the perspective of middle aged population and yogic intervention. The aging process starts somewhere in the middle age. If in this volatile age, by some means aging can be delayed, it could surely add more youthful years in the life. For that reason the present researcher selected middle age group as his population of this study. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of regular yogic practices for twelve weeks on cardio-respiratory physiology in a middle aged population. METHODOLOGY Subject: Forty-five untrained volunteers, thirty male and fifteen female, (age between 35-55 years) were participated in this study. All the subjects were belongs to near about same socioeconomical background in Bolpur thana, Birbhum district, Santiniketan, West Bengal. In the present study the convenient sampling method was applied. A “Yoga and Health Awareness Camp” was jointly organized by the researcher and one of the best community health clubs (Jayanto Smriti Sangha, Bhubandangha, Bolpur; Reg. No. S/1L/2235). After a month long local advertisement and personal contact a total number of 50 middle aged male and female were willingly registered their names as a subject for this study. As per the requirement of this study the total forty-five subjects were able to meet the screening criteria, hence included in the study whereas five subjects were excluded from the experiment. On the basis of serial of the registration first group was represented as experimental group (Male 15; age 42.80 + 7.43; Female 8, age 44.75 + 8.40 years). Whereas the second group served as a waitlist control group (Male 15, age 41.67 + 7.87; Female 7, age 45.43 + 7.00 years). The university research board approved the study. The aims and objectives of this study were thoroughly discussed with all the subjects, then after a standard informed consent form was provided by the researcher and received back after signed by the subjects.
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Study Design: The researcher considered two groups (Experimental and Control) for the experiment to observe the effect of yogic training on some age dependent cardio-respiratory variables. Before commencement of the yogic training all the variables were measured in both the groups and found no significant difference in the baseline data. Both the experimental and control group subjects were again assessed after six weeks (mid test) and after twelve weeks (posttest) of yogic training. Variables studied: In this study age, standing height, standing weight, body mass index, resting heart rate, resting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), resting respiratory rate and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured. Training Protocol: The yoga intervention consisted of surya namaskara or shitilikarana practices, kriyas, asanas, pranayamas and meditation. Detailed Yogic practices are scheduled according to the demand of the yogic science and to fulfill the objectives of the study. The principles of “Holistic approach of Yogic science”, i.e. the body as an integrated (whole) matter rather than a series of systems, were considered and given more weightage in the present study. Progressive training load method (Singh, 1997) was applied in the form of duration, repetitions, volume from 1st week to the end of the training (twelve weeks) schedule. STATISTICAL APPLICATION In the present study the repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis (Zar, 1999). Here, RM ANOVA was used to test for (i) significant differences between the assessments i.e., at baseline (pretest), after six weeks (midtest) and twelve weeks (posttest) and this was a within subjects factor: time and (ii) differences between the groups (Yoga and Waitlist control), this was a between – subjects factor, and the test for a time by group interaction provide a global test for an intervention effect. The level of significant was set at 0.05 levels (p<0.5). Simple percentages (%) were also calculated from the mean value to see the quantitative changes of the yogic training. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Baseline Characteristics: Before commencement of the yogic training baseline difference between experimental and control group for the selected variables were calculated (Independent ‘t’ test) and P values are presented in the table no. 1. Table - I BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP Sl. No.
Variables
Male
Female
1.
Body Weight
P = 0.49
P = 0.99
2.
Body Mass Index
P = 0.40
P = 0.76
3.
Resting Heart Rate
P = 0.89
P = 0.46
4.
Resting Blood Pressure(systolic)
P = 0.98
P = 0.49
5.
Resting Blood Pressure(diastolic)
P = 0.58
P = 0.98
6.
Resting Respiratory Rate
P = 0.29
P = 0.95
7.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
P = 0.82
P = 0.73
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 55
Personal Data: In the present study age, standing height, body weight and body mass index were considered as personal data. It was observed that the body weight for both male & female in the experimental group was reduced after six weeks male: - 0.61%, female: - 1.54% and after twelve weeks male: - 1.65%, female: -3.34%. The BMI of experimental group (male & female) were fall significantly (p<0.05) after yogic training where as in the control group no as such changes were found. Resting Heart Rate: Heart is a major organ in the human body. In the time of physical and mental activity, heart rate (beats/minute) may vary, it also vary in the resting condition due to the size of the heart, neuroendocrinal signal to the heart, exposure to psychophysiological stress and many other influences. Resting heart rate is one of the important and essential measuring tools to know individual’s cardio-physiological health. In this study the researcher found that resting heart rate of experimental group was decreased significantly in both male and female as compared to waitlist control group. (Graph & Table no. 1 & 2). Graph & Table – 1: Resting Heart Rate (Male) 100 0.25 %
Beats/Minite
80
-7.53 % ***
60
- 0.25 %
-12.94 % ***
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
40 20 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 *** Graph & Table – 2: Resting Heart Rate (Female) 100 0.25 %
Beats/Minite
80
-3.69 % **
60
- 0.25 %
-9.79 % **
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
40 20 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 ***
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Telles, 1998; Harinath, 2004; Bhutkar et al., 2008 observed the similar results after yogic practices. The decreased resting heart rate may be attributed to the adaptation of higher parasympathetic activity and lower sympathetic activity and reduced baro reflex receptor sensitivity. Resting Blood Pressure: The pumping system of the heart produces a high pressure and low pressure to the blood vessels. The high zone is called as systolic pressure and low zone is called the diastolic pressure. With the circadian rhythm the blood pressure may vary. Also physical activity, mental tension, anxiety, emotion, environmental conditions, and other different factors may change the blood pressure. The change of this blood pressure may disturb homeostatic balance in the body. Yogic authorities claimed that regular yogic practice may balance the internal environment; definitely resting blood pressure is one of the authentic parameter to know the internal environment (homeostasis). Hence, the researcher collected data on resting blood pressure in the baseline after six weeks and twelve weeks of practice. The data reveal that resting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) reduced significantly within the normal range in the experimental group for both male & female (Graph & Table no. 3,4,5 and 6) as compared with the control group. Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3: Systolic Blood Pressure (Male) 150 0.86 %
hg/mm
125 -4.81 % ***
100
- 0.16 %
-6.82 % ***
Exp. Gr
75
Cr. Gr
50 25 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 *** Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4: Systolic Blood Pressure (Female) 150 0.73 %
0.24 %
100
-4.00 % *
-5.57 % *
hg/mm
125
Exp. Gr
75
Cr. Gr
50 25 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 ***
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 57 Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5: Diastolic Blood Pressure (Male) 100 -0.59 %
0.50 %
hg/mm
80 -5.74 % ***
60
-10.08 % ***
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
40 20 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 *** Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6: Diastolic Blood Pressure (Female) 100 0.35 %
1.07 %
hg/mm
80 -4.44 %
-5.23 %
60 Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
40 20 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 ***
McCaftrey, 2005; Bijlani, 2005; Damodaran, 2002; Vijayalakshmi, 2004, have also observed similar results in their studies. Lowering of resting blood pressure may be due to the adaptation and balance in the neuroendocrinal system. The nature of yogic activity may contribute to modify the psychoneural high in the human, stretching type of activity (asana) may reduce muscle tension, pranayama control the respiratory function and meditation increases the alfa wave (increase calmness), combination of all these may give an impact to reduce the resting blood pressure. Resting Respiratory Rate: Lung is an organ which can be controlled involuntarily as well as voluntarily. Diffusion of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide are the major function of respiratory system. Some yogic exercises may increase respiratory rate other may decrease respiratory rate. In the combination of increased and decreased there may be an adaptation inside the respiratory system which is reflected by the resting respiratory rate. In the present investigation the researcher observed lower resting respiratory rate in the experimental group (Graph & Table no. 7 & 8).
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7: Resting Respiratory Rate (Male) 30
Breaths/Minite
25
-0.60 %
20
0 %
-7.67 % ***
15
-25.43 % ***
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
10 5 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 *** Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8: Resting Respiratory Rate (Female) 30
Breaths/Minite
25
-3.20 %
-1.26 %
20 -10.11 % *** -19.64 % ***
15
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
10 5 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 ***
Telles, 2000; Harinath, 2004; Bhutkar et al., 2008, have also observes resting respiratory rate and found very similar result. Decreased respiratory rate may be due to the balance of autonomic nervous system and may be due to the adaptation of chemoreceptors inside the body; also voluntary regulation of breathing may reduce the activity of respiratory control system in the medulla and in the higher brain. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR): Inspiration and expiration are the main function of lungs. Lungs volume is increased according to age. Aging process may decrease lung function which can affect total physiological process, because lungs are supplying oxygen which is utilized throughout the body and produce energy. On the other hand, yogic text claimed that regular practice of yoga may improve respiratory function and ultimately improved total psychophysiological process. In the present research a very useful internationally accepted test (PEFR) used to measure lung function. The researcher documented that after 12 weeks of yogic practice, peak expiratory flow rate was improved significantly in both the experimental groups, the reports are presented in the Graph & Table no. 9 & 10.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 59
Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9 : Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Male) 500 26.78% ***
Lit/ Min
400
7.867 % **
300
1.62 %
-0.30 %
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
200 100 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 *** Graph & Table â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10: Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Female) 500
Lit/ Min
400
25.39 % *** 7.15 % *
300 -0.51 %
200
0.25 %
Exp. Gr Cr. Gr
100 0 PRE
MID
POST
P< 0.05 * , P< 0.01 ** , P< 0.001 ***
Many researchers (Murthy et. al., 1984; Nagarathna and Nagendra, 1985; Yadav and Das, 2001) were observed that after yogic practices PEFR was improved. Yogic asanas are moderate type of physical exercises, pranayama utilized the optimum lung volume and kriya e.g. kapalbhati may tremendously effect on inspiration and expiration process, all these different mode of yogic practices may alter the inspiratory volume after 12 weeks. Possibly the voluntary and involuntary respiratory muscles may get adapted due to the psyneuroendocrinal changes in the regular yogic practicing subjects. CONCLUSION Within the limitation (not a randomized control trial) of the study it may be concluded that regular practice of yoga may provide a better cardio-respiratory health and promote healthy aging. It also suggested that integrated approach of yogic training (sun salutation, yogic postures, yogic breathing and meditation) may be adopted for better cardio-respiratory fitness in the middle aged group.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY Alexander CN, Langer RI. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989; 56(6): 950-964. Alexander CN, Schneider RH, Staggers F, Sheppard W, Clayborne BM, Rainforth M, et. al. Trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans II- sex and risk subgroup analysis. Hypertension. 1996; 28: 228-237. Benson H, Wallace RK. Decreased blood pressure in hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation circulation, 45. 1972; Supplement II: 516. Bhutkar PM, Bhutkar MV, Taware GB, Doijad V, Doddamani BR. Effect of suryanamaskar practice on cardio-respiratory fitness parameters: A pilot study. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2008; 1(2): 126-129. Bijlani RL, Vempati RP, Yadav RK, Ray RB, Gupta V, Sharma R et. al. A brief but comprehensive lifestyle education program based on yoga reduces risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. J. Altern complem Med. 2005; 11: 267-74. Blackwell B, Hanenson IB, Bloomfield SS, Magenheim HG, Nidich SI, Gartside P. Effects of transcendental meditation on blood pressure: A controlled pilot experiment. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1975; 37(1): 86. Cooper M, Aygen M. Effect of meditation on serum cholesterol and blood pressure. Harefuah, Journal of the Isracl Medical Association. 1978; 95: 1-2. Damodarn A, Malathi A, Patil N, Shah N, Suryavansihi, Marathe S. Theraputic potential of yoga practices in modifying cardiovascular risk profile in middle aged men and women. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002; 50: 633-40. Hagins M, Moore W, Rundle A. Does practicing hatha yoga satisfy recommendations for intensity of physical activity which improves and maintains health and cardiovascular fitness? BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007; 7: 40.
Harinath K, Malhotra AS, Pal K, Prasad R, Kumar R, Kain TC, et. al. Effects of hatha yoga and omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychological profile and melatonin secretion. J Altern complement Med. 2004; 10(2): 261-8. Mahajan AS, Reddy KS, Sachdeva U, Lipid profile of coronary risk subjects following yogic lifestyle intervention. Indian Heart J. 1999; 51: 37-40. Malhotra V, Singh S, Singh KP, Gupta P, Sharma SB, Madhu SV, et. al. Study of yoga asanas in assessment of pulmonary function in NIDDM patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002; 46: 313-20. Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Madhu SV, Prasad A, Sharma SB. Effect of yoga asanas on nerve conduction in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002; 46: 298-306. Manchanda SC, Narang R, Reddy KS, Sachdeva U, Prabhakaran D, Dharmanand S, et. al. Retardation of coronary atherosclerosis with yoga litestyle intervention. J Assoc Physicians India. 2000; 48: 687-94. McCattrey R, Rukuni P, Hatthakit U, Kasetsomboon P. The effects of yoga on hypertensive persons in Thiland. Holistic Nurs Prac. 2005; 19: 173-80.
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Murthy KJR, Sahay BK, Sitaramaraju P, Madhavi Sunitha, Ramananda yog, Venkatareddy et. al. Effect of pranayama (Rechaka, Puraka and Kumbhaka) on bronchial asthma - a open study. Lung India. 1984; 2: 187-191. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for bronchial asthma: a controlled study. British Medical Journal. 1985; 291: 1077-1079. Patil S, Telles S. Effects of two yoga based relaxation techniques on heart rate variability. International Journal of Stress Management. 2006; 13(4): 460-475. Rai L, Ram K, Kant U, Madan SK, Sharma SK. Energy expenditure and ventilatory responses during Siddhasana--a yogic seated posture. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994 ;38(1):29-33. Rai L, Ram K. Energy expenditure and ventilatory responses during Virasana--a yogic standing posture. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993; 37(1):45-50.
Rao KS. Aging. New Delhi: National book trust, 1994. Rowe J. and Kahn R. Human aging: Usual and successful. Science. 1987; 237: 143-149. Rowe JW. and Kahn RL. Successful aging and disease prevention. Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy. 2000; 7 (1): 70-71. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Wallace RK. In search of an optional behavioral treatment for hypertension: A review and focus on transcendental meditation. In: Johnson EH, Gentry WD, Julius (eds). Personality, Elevated Blood Pressure and Essential Hypertension. 1992; 291-312. Singh H. Science of Sports Training. 1 st ed. D.V.S. Ppublication: New Delhi, India; 1997 (reprint). Singh S, Malhotra V, Singh KP, Madhu SV, Tandon OP. Role of yoga in modifying certain cardiovascular functions in type 2 diabetic patients. J Assoc Physician India. 2004; 52: 203-6. Sinha B, Ray US, Pathak A, Selvamurthy W. Energy cost and cardiorespiratory changes during the practice of Surya Namaskar. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004; 48(2):184-90. Sivasankaran S, Pollard-Quintner S, Sachdeva R, Pugeda J, Hoq SM, Zarich SW. The effect of six weeks of yoga and meditation on brachial artery reactivity: do psychosocial interventions affect vascular tone? Clin cardiol. 2006; 29: 393-8. Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Autonomic changes while mentally repeating two syllables one meaningful and the other neutral. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998; 42(1): 57-63. Telles S, Reddy SK, Nagendra HR. Oxygen consumption and respiration following two yoga relaxation techniques. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2000; 25: 221-227. Vijayalakshmi P, Madanmohan, Bhavanani AB, Patil A, Babu K. Modulation of stress induced by isometric handgrip test in hypertensive patients following yogic relaxation training. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004; 48: 59-64. Wallace RK, Silver J, Mills PJ, Dillbeck MC, Wagoner DE. Systolic blood pressure and long-term practice of the transcendental Meditation and TM â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Siddhi program: effects of TM on systolic blood pressure. Psychosomatic medicine. 1983; 45(1): 41-46. Wallace RK. The physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science. 1970; 167: 1751-1754.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
EFFECT OF SELECTED YOGIC PRACTICES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE MEN STUDENTS
S. Kalidasan* ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of selected yogic practices on selected physiological and psychological variables of physical education students. Twenty students were selected from Faculty of General & Adapted Physical Education and Yoga, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Coimbatore. Data were collected from each subject before and after the six weeks of yogic practices. The collected data were statistically analyzed by dependent ‘t’ test. It was found that there was a significant improvement on selected physiological and psychological variables due to the effect of yoga.
INTRODUCTION The word Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root Yuj. Yoga means to “Yoke”, to “Bind”, to “Link” to “connect” or to “Merge”. Yoga joins body and mind together. According to the great sage Patanjali, “The withdrawal of sense organs from their worldly objects and control is yoga.” “Yoga is a system of integrate education of the body, the mind and the inner sprit. It is a way to attain salvation and to get oneself freed from the cycle of birth and death. Its main purpose is the elimination of the forces harmful to the soul. The English meditation is derived from the Latin meditatio, from a verb meditari, meaning “to think, contemplate, devise, ponder, and meditate”. Yoga is a science that has been practiced for thousands of years. It is consists of Ancient Theories, observations and principles about the mind and body connection which is now being proven by modern medicine. Substantial research has been conducted to look at the Health Benefits of Yoga - from the Yoga Postures (Asanas), Yoga Breathing (Pranayama), and Meditation. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study under investigation was intended to find out the effect of selected yogic practices on physiological and psychological variables among the college men students. HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesized that there might be significant improvement on the selected physiological and psychological variables due to the effect of selected yogic practices. METHODOLOGY To achieve the purpose of this study twenty students were selected from FGAPEdY, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Coimbatore were randomly selected as subjects. The selected subjects were undergone six weeks of selected yogic practices (Meditation, Pranayama, * Asst.Professor., FGAPEdY, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Coimbatore.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 63
kriyas and selected Asanas) The following physiological variables such as resting heart rate, respiratory rate and vital capacity and psychological variables such as stress, visual perception and self-esteem were selected. The selected physiological and psychological variables were tested with standardized tests. The data were collected before and after the training programme. The data of pre and post test were collected in a single day at the same time. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The collected data were statistically analyzed with dependent‘t’ test to find out the significant difference between the pre and post test. Table – I TABLE SHOWS THAT THE COMPUTATION OF ‘T’ TEST BETWEEN PRE AND POST TEST MEANS OF THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES. Pre test S.No
Post test
Variables
‘t’ Mean
SD
Mean
SD
1
Resting heart rate
69.80
1.58
68.40
1.23
5.09*
2
Respiratory rate
16.00
1.21
14.60
0.68
6.66*
3
Vital capacity
4.31
0.19
4.81
0.07
14.07*
4
Stress
30.50
3.76
26.30
4.47
5.13*
5
Visual perception
27.90
5.74
23.70
4.99
5.43*
6
Self esteem
13.70
1.45
11.60
1.85
4.90*
*significant Table Value for 0.05 Level for df (1, 19) = 2.09 An examination of table I indicates that the obtained ‘t’ ratios 5.09, 6.66, 14.07, 5.13, 5.43 and 4.90 for resting heart rate, respiratory rate, vital capacity of physiological variables and stress, visual perception and self-esteem of psychological variables respectively were found to be greater than the required table value of 2.09 at 0.05 level of significance for 19 degrees of freedom. Hence it was found to be statistically significant. The result of the study reveals that the selected yogic practices significantly improved all the selected physiological and psychological variables of the yogic practices group.
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Figure - 1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE MEAN VALUE OF PRE AND POST TEST ON RESTING HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE, VITAL CAPACITY, STRESS, VISUAL PERCEPTION AND SELF ESTEEM
DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS Results of the study indicated that the physiological variables such as such as resting heart rate, respiratory rate and vital capacity and psychological variables such as stress, visual perception and self-esteem were improved due to the participation in the six weeks of selected yogic practices. CONCLUSION Through this study we find out that the selected yogic practices improves the physiological variables such as such as resting heart rate (2.02%), respiratory rate (5.6%) and vital capacity (4.59%), and psychological variables such as stress (12%), visual perception (17.72%) and self-esteem (18%). The investigator suggests the yogic practices to all the physical education students for improving the selected physiological and psychological variables among them. BIBLIOGRAPHY Iyengar BKS: Tree of yoga. Boston, MA, Shambala; 1989 Joshi LN, Joshi VD, Gokhale LV. Effect of short term pranayama practice on breathing rate and
ventilator functions of lung. Indian Journal Physical Pharmacology 1992; 36: 105–108.
Kuvalayananda Swamy : Pranayama, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1968; 24–29. Udupa KN, Singh RH. (1972). The scientific basis of Yoga. JAMA, 220:1365
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PERFORMANCE RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS BETWEEN TRAINED AND UN–TRAINED PROFESSIONAL STUDENTS Dr. A. Mahaboobjan* ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to compare the selected performance related physical fitness components between trained and un–trained professional students. To achieve the purpose of the present study the investigator randomly selected 30 trained professional students and 30 un-trained professional students who were studying in Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Salem as subjects. The following variables namely 50 mts dash, sit-ups, shuttle run, 12 minute run and walk were selected as criterion variables. The age of the subjects were ranged between 19 to 22 years. The data were collected on selected criterion variables were statistically analysed by using ‘t’ ratio. In all the cases 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on speed, muscular strength, agility and cardio vascular endurance.
Key Words : Professional Students, Physical Fitness, INTRODUCTION Physical fitness as a term refers to the total dynamic physiological state of the individual ranging on continue from optimal human performance to serve debilitation and death. The complexity arises because physical fitness is made up of a series of components for example strength, endurance, flexibility and soon, each one of which makes some independent contribution to the whole state (Hazeldine, 1995). Physical fitness is considered to be either performance–related or health related. The health related component of physical fitness is concerned with the development of the body to provide protection against diseases such as coronary heart disease and obesity. Performance related fitness is associated with developing the attributes necessary for improved performance in sports and other physical activities. Both components involve similar knowledge of bodily function but the degree of knowledge varies. Performance-Related fitness though not essential for health, is necessary for the execution of sports skills. Skill-related physical fitness has direct relevance to performance in games and sports, with greater strength, speed, power, agility, endurance, balance etc., and in turn makes him capable of attaining good performance in a sport. Physical training makes a valuable contribution to the preparation of on coming generation. It is the most and mainly dependent upon the capacity of performance and it is determined by the * Director and Principal, Faculty of Physical Education, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamilnadu.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
physical abilities in sports, technical and tactical skills, the intellectual qualities as well as by the athletes knowledge and experiences. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of this study was to compare the selected performance related physical fitness components between trained and un–trained professional students. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Rajkumar and Singaravelu (2004) conducted a study to compare the general fitness between college men athletes and non–athletes. For this purpose speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, strength, explosive power was selected as variables. Thirty college men students aged between 18 to 25 years from Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar college of physical education, Thiruchendur, were selected as a subjects standardized tests were selected as a subjects standardized tests were used to collect data. The mean and standard deviation were calculated and it was found that college men athlete and non–athletes did not vary in speed, strength, agility and flexibility. It was found that there was significant difference in endurance and explosive power between college men athletes and non–athletes. Ghai and Negi (2007) conducted a study to compare the motor development patterns of trained and untrained girls of 10 – 16 years of age. The present investigator was curried out and 752 trained girls and 957 untrained girls from different games and sports (trained) and from different part of India (untrained) falling in the age range of 10–16 years. Six components of motor development, namely explosive leg strength, abdominal strength, trunk flexibility, speed, agility, endurance were assessed using standard techniques. The results in general indicate a trend of improvement in all the motor performance components of trained and untrained girls belonging to 10 – 16 years of age. Further the results also indicated that trained girls were superior to untrained girls, on selected motor performance at every age level. The trend of improvement is rapid up to 13 to 14 year of age, after that the trend seem to be slow or stagnated or deteriorated. Ortiz (2005) investigated to establish the reliability of selected physical performance tests in women athletes and non athletes and to determine performance differences between groups. Fifty women (25 athletes, 25 non athletes) performed 5 tests in 2 sessions. The performance tests included the figure-eight hop test, up-and-down hop test, side-to-side hop test, hexagon hop test, and zigzag run test. Intra class correlation coefficients ( ICC [2,1] ) were calculated for trial-to-trial, inter tester, and day-to-day reliability. Independent t-tests with Bonferroni adjustment (alpha = 0.01) were used for each individual test to compare differences between groups. All tests showed good reliability values (ICC > or = 0.76) in the non athlete group for all conditions and varied reliability values (0.48-0.99) among conditions in the athlete group. The independent t-tests showed a statistically significant group effect (t > or =3.041; p < or = 0.004) for all tests. The results showed that these physical performance tests are reliable measurement tools in the female population.
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011 67
METHODOLOGY The purpose of this study was to compare the selected performance related physical fitness components between trained and un–trained professional students. To achieve the purpose of the present study the investigator randomly selected 30 trained professional students and 30 un-trained professional students who were studying in Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Salem as subjects. The age of the subjects were ranged between 19 to 22 years. The following standardized tests were used to collect relevant data on the selected depended variables and they were presented in table I. Table – I TEST SELECTION S.No.
Criterion variables
Test Items
Unit of Measurement
1.
50 mts dash
Speed
in seconds
2.
sit-ups
Muscular Endurance
in numbers
3.
shuttle run
Agility
in seconds.
4.
12 minute run and walk
Cardio Respiratory Endurance
in meters
The data were collected on selected criterion variables were statistically analysed by using ‘t’ ratio. In all the cases 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ‘t’ ratio were computed for speed, muscular strength, agility and cardio vascular endurance by using the mean difference and the standard error of the difference between the means of trained and un–trained professional students. Table – II COMPUTATION OF ‘T’ RATIO BETWEEN TRAINED AND UN–TRAINED PROFESSIONAL STUDENTS ON 50 MTS DASH SIT UPS SHUTTLE RUN AND 12 MINUTE RUN-WALK Mean Variable
Trained Professional Students
Un–Trained Professional Students
DM
σDM
‘t’ ratio
50 mts Dash
8.4
9.52
1.12
0.18
6.22*
Sit Ups
21.63
19.03
2.6
0.67
3.88*
Shuttle Run
11.57
12.43
0.85
0.29
2.93*
12 Minute Run – Walk
2045.33
1796.17
249.16
76.63
3.25*
*Significant at 0.05 Level of confidence.
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Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Table II shows that the mean value on 50 yard dash for trained and Un–trained professional students were 8.4 and 9.52 sec respectively. The obtained ‘t’ ratio on 50 yard dash 6.22 which was greater than the table value required for significant with df 58 was 2.00. This clearly revealed that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on 50 mts dash. Table II also shows that the mean value on sit ups for trained and un–trained professional students were 21.63 and 19.03 respectively. The obtained ‘t’ ratio on sit – ups 3.88 Which was greater than the table value required for significant with df 58 was 2.00. This clearly revealed that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on sit ups. Table II also shows that the mean value on shuttle run for trained and un – trained professional students were 11.57 and 12.43 respectively. The obtained ‘t’ ratio on shuttle run 2.93 Which was greater than the table value required for significant with df 58 was 2.00. This clearly revealed that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on shuttle run. Table II also shows that the mean value on 12 minute run–walk for trained and un–trained professional students were 2045.33 and 1796.17 respectively. The obtained ‘t’ ratio on 12 Minute Run – Walk 3.25 Which was greater than the table value required for significant with df 58 was 2.00. This clearly revealed that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on 12 minute run and walk. The mean scores of 50 mts dash, sit-ups, shuttle run, 12 minute run and walk were shown graphically in figure 1 - 4. FIGURE 1 : MEAN SCORES OF 50 MTS DASH
FIGURE 2 : MEAN SCORES OF SIT-UPS
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FIGURE 3 : MEAN SCORES OF SHUTTLE RUN
FIGURE 4 : MEAN SCORES OF 12 MINUTE RUN & WALK
DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on speed, muscular strength, agility and cardio vascular endurance. The results of the study also revealed the trained professional students were superior then the un trained professional students in all the selected criterion variables.. Based on this study high level performance of a player depends upon training on selected variable extended towards the players. Therefore training plays decisive rolls in achieving outstanding performance. The result of the study is in corroboration with the findings of Raj kumar and Singaravelu (2004), where in his research it was concluded that there was a significant difference in general fitness between college men athletes and non athletes. Ghai and Negi (2007), where in his research it was concluded that there was a significant difference in motor performance components between trained girls and un-trained girls. CONCLUSIONS 1. It was concluded that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on speed. 2. It was concluded that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on strength. 3. It was concluded that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on agility. 4. It was concluded that there was a significant difference between trained and un–trained professional students on endurance. RECOMMENDATIONS 1.
A similar study may be elaborately and extensively conducted to cover different sports and games.
2.
A similar study may be conducted at state level and national levels.
3.
A similar study may be conducted to difference age groups on both sex.
4.
A similar study may also be conducted on college and university players.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hazeldine, Rex (1985), Fitness for Sport, Ramsbury: The Growood Press, PP.3-104. Bucher, Charles A. and William E. Prentice (1985), Fitness for College and life, St. Louis: Times Mirror/ Mosby College Publishing, P.7. Pestdesi, A. Robert and Cindi Baker (1990), Introduction to Physical Education a Contemperary Careers Approach, United States of America: Scott/Foresmen and Company, P.18. Ghai, G.D. and Negi S.C (2007), “A Comparative Study of Motor Development Patterns of trained and Untrained Indian Girls”, Journal of Exercise Science and physiotheraphy, 3:2, P.142. Ortiz, A. et.al., (2005), “Reliability of Selected Physical Performance Tests in Women Athletes and Non-athletes”, Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 19:1, PP.39-44. Rajkumar, M. and Singaravelu, D. (2004), “Comparative Study of General fitness Between College Men Athlete and Non-athletes”, Journal of Studies in Physical Education and Sports Science, 1:1, P.13.
Vol. 1 - Issue 2 December 2011
Journal of Adapted Physical Education and Yoga ISSN: 2229-4821
PARTICIPATORY INFLUENCE OF MUSIC-BASED MINOR GAMES ON THE BEHAVIOURAL MODIFICATIONS OF THE SPECIAL CHILDREN Sheila Stephen * ABSTRACT The goal intended to be achieved is to find out whether there is any modification in the behaviour of the special children during the process of making them to participate in the minor games which is music – based . It is felt that the special children have a greater inclination to the music and the rhythm which makes them to volunteer in participating in active physical activity. To find out the influence of such music based activity program the author has chosen the special children,(girls) who are classified under mild and moderate mental retardation who are within in the age group of 10 to 13. The classification is IQ based, not under the Clinical category . The design chosen for the study is the single group design in which 20 special children are chosen as subjects from the category, the mild and moderate mental retardation. This group is chosen so that they will be able to understand the game and hence it will be easier to monitor their behaviour. To find out the possible behaviour changes the ‘author made ‘ questionnaire is used which will be distributed to the parents of the child or the care taker. Normally the care taker /parent could very well monitor the behaviour of the child at home and at play. The author made questionnaire carries 26 simple questions in which the person who uses the questionnaire should answer in a ‘three point scale’, (I agree , I don’t agree , I partially agree.)
The simple questions put forth will give the final added score which helps to identify the differences before and after the participation in active play . The minor game chosen are interesting, possessing easy organization. The scholar has chosen games which involves the inclusion of music ,like Merry Go Round, Crossing the river, Musical Hush, and so on . All the games chosen are group games which paved way for them to socialize , adjust, co-operate and interact. The treatment variable the minor games were given to them for 7 weeks , having the program for two days per week . The 26 questions were to be answered by the parent/care taker. Out of 26 , 6 of them are negative questions, which counts 3,2 and 1 instead of 1,2 & 3 . The scores when added would give the total score . Simple “t” was used to find out the influence of the treatment variable. The results indicated there is tremendous changes seen in the behaviour which was favourable in terms of their sleep, behaviour, understanding , co-operation and even in their personal care. Hence the hypothesis of the author was accepted and the null hypothesis was rejected .This study proves to say that active involvement in physical activity, of a mentally challenged child could have mouldered a child to a greater extent which is really a welcome note for the parents / caretakers who toil to handle them on daily basis. Key words: Special children, minor games, behavioural modification ,Music , Questionnaire. * Principal, YMCA College of Physical Education, Chennai
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INTRODUCTION There are large number of children, particularly children belonging to the category of mentally challenged children who do not have the chance to develop as they should. Mentally challenged children will have to face stigma , rejection, and this also prevent them in accessing the social and psychological support systems.(Goldstein and Siegle 1961). Play allow children to enter the world that is theirs where they share touch, sight , smell, shape ,size, colors, movement of many kinds and the sounds of objects and voices(Honeck,1997). Each child will travel his own developmental journey according to his/her own road map to maximize its potential. It is true, in the case of the special children also .Indeed as work skills become revaluated as our technological achievements advance we may all find ourselves seeking to learn play behaviour than even before. An awareness of normal development and assorts ,deficit and excesses of behaviour of the special child closes us as to what we should be teaching in respect of play and play skills (Jain,2003) PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Our human life span is a gift from God and that should be lived with purpose. The purpose is not only towards the self- development but it should be to uplift of the down trodden and the needy. Special children also need to development in their lifestyle . Hence a comprehensive attempt is made to provide special physical activities so that they could modify their behaviour . The intervention programs provided should be able to make the special child to march towards normalization. Hence the music based physical activities are chosen to find out the changes in their behaviour. This attempt also will make the mild and the moderate children to integrate themselves into the adapted physical education, music therapy, movement therapy , recreational therapy and get into the normal stream of education pattern. This effort mainly is focused on the influence of music based minor games in the process of bringing the behavioural modification. METHODOLOGY To assess the changes of the special children through participating in the music based physical activities , 20 girls with in the age group of 10 to 13, with mild and moderate mental disorder were chosen .The proposed study is formulated as Single Group Design in which the pre and post tests are conducted on a single group consisting of 20 children who are mentally challenged . They were classified as the mild and moderate based on the educational classification. Normally there are three ways in which they are classified (i) Medical (ii). Psychometric and (iii). Educational (Goodenough,2007). The subjects chosen for this study fall between the age group of 10 to 13 and are from two categories. .Mild retardation, come under the category of ‘educable’ and the moderate retardation are called ‘trainable’ . The initial step was to find out the category of the special children. Psychologists were used as experts in the process of choosing the subjects. The following is the specific characteristics of the subjects chosen for the study.
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(i)
The mild have and IQ level of 52-69 in psychological classification and and IQ level of 50-70 (educable) in educational classification.
(ii) The moderate have and IQ level 36-51 in the psychological classification and an IQ level being 35-70 (trainable) in educational classification The author made questionnaire which was prepared with the help of the Special Educators was used before and after the intervention or the treatment period .The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire has been designed to measure following fifteen dimensions of Activity Level: Level of gross motor activity including rate and extent of locomotion. Anger/Frustration: Amount of negative affect related to interruption of ongoing tasks or goal blocking. Approach: Amount of excitement and positive anticipation for expected pleasurable activities. Attentional Focusing: Tendency to maintain attentional focus upon task-related channels. Discomfort : Amount of negative affect related to sensory qualities of stimulation, including intensity, rate or complexity of light, movement, sound, and texture. Falling Reactivity & Soothability: Rate of recovery from peak distress, excitement, or general arousal. Fear: Amount of negative affect, including unease, worry or nervousness related to anticipated pain or distress and/or potentially threatening situations. High Intensity Pleasure: Amount of pleasure or enjoyment related to situations involving high stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty, and incongruity. Impulsivity: Speed of response initiation. Inhibitory Control: The capacity to plan and to suppress inappropriate approach responses under instructions or in novel or uncertain situations. Low Intensity Pleasure: Amount of pleasure or enjoyment related to situations involving low stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty, and incongruity. Perceptual Sensitivity: Amount of detection of slight, low intensity stimuli from the external environment. Sadness: Amount of negative affect and lowered mood and energy related to exposure to suffering, disappointment, and object loss. Shyness: Slow or inhibited approach in situations involving novelty or uncertainty. Smiling & Laughter: Amount of positive affect in response to changes in stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, and incongruity. The questionnaires were filled by the parents or the care takers .Special assistance was given as the questions were in English and needed translation for the parents. The minor games with could be played with music were used to make the game enjoyable . The program was planned for two days per week for a period of seven weeks. The children enjoyed all the games and started socializing and co-operating with one another. The way they involved themselves during the participation time proved that they were attracted to music and the minor games. The games chosen were of easy organization , active, without equipment . No ‘elimination game’ was planned during this time . To motivate the students in participation the investigator used small gifts/prizes and that further made the students to be regular. The special educators were also made to assist them during the play time. ‘One on One’ attention was given during the entire play time which lasted for 40 minutes every time. This was planned in the evening on two days / week The behavioural changes were assessed by getting the total composite for each child and taking the average. Special care was taken when they answered the negative questions. The 26 questions
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were to be answered by the parent/care taker. Out of 26 , 6 of them are negative questions, which counts 3,2 and 1 instead of 1,2 & 3 . The scores when added would give the total score . Simple “t” was used to find out the influence of the treatment variable. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table - I TABLE SHOWING THE MEAN , MEAN DIFFERENCE, STANDARD DEVIATION AND OBTAINED ‘T’ RATIO AND THE VALUES OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST ON BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION OF SPECIAL CHILDREN. Mean Value of the test
Standard Deviation
Pre test
36.3
3.71
Post test
38.7
3.27
Mean Difference
‘t’ ratio
2.4
10.85
Figure - 1 GRAPH SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES OF THE PRE TEST AND THE POST TEST VALUES OF BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION
The results indicated there is tremendous change seen in the behaviour which was favourable in terms of their sleep, behaviour, understanding , co-operation and even in their personal care. Table I shows the mean values of the pre test and the post test on behaviour modification. The obtained ‘t’ ratio of 10.85 was greater than the table value of 2.262 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence it is proved that the researcher’s hypothesis stating that there would be significant difference in the Behaviour of the special children bringing modification in the positive side. This shows that the Music Based movement activities have tremendous influence on the special children .This is well supported by the findings of Gilkey and Zetlin,(1987) who state that the special children promote personal growth and social skills as they participate in the physical activity program. They also have proved that the children learn the coping skills as they interact well with others and develop the skill of ‘adjustment’.
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CONCLUSION It is encouraging to conclude that the special children are benefited to a greater extent by participating in the physical activities in general and music-based minor games in particular . The behaviour modifications assessed along with a check list have shown a significant result reflecting the importance of the program. The IP, individualized Programs if planned would show better result in this area . BIBILIOGRAPHY Gilkeyand Zetlin,(1987) Peer relations of mentally handicapped adolescent pupils at an ordinary school .British journal of Mental Retardation,33,50-56. Goodenough, F.L(2007) .Measurement of Intelligence by drawings, Newyork: World book Company p.23 Goldstein and Siegle (1961) Characteristics of educable mentally handicapped children, Mental Retardation, ,Newyork: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 20-23. Jain. S,(2003) Assessing personality traits of individual with mental retardation, American Journal of Mental Retardation, 107(2),108-111. Honeck, R.P (1997). An outsider looks at mental retardation: A moral a model and a meta principal, International Review of Research I n mental retardation, 21,1-3
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