General Risk Assessment - References

VALIDATED TOOLS LSI-R Andrews, D. A. (1982) The Level of Supervisory Inventory (LSI): The First Follow-Up. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice. Access here.

Andrews, D. A. and Bonta, J. (1995) LSI: R: The Level of Service Inventory-Revised. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health System. [Not accessible] Andrews, D. A. and Bonta, J. (2010) The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (5th edition). Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing. Access here.

Campbell, M. A. French, S. and Gendreau, P. (2009). The Prediction of Violence in Adult Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Instruments and Methods of Assessment. Criminal Justice and Behavior 36(6), 567–590. Access here.

Chenane, J. L., Brennan, P. K. Stein, B. and Ellison, J. M. (2015) ‘Racial and ethnic differences in the predictive validity of the level of service inventory – revised among prison inmates.’

Criminal Justice and Behavior 42(3), 286-303. Access here.

Dahle, K.-P. (2006) ‘Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: A comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 nad PCL-R.’ International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 29(5), 431-442. Access here.

Duwe, G. and Rocque, M. (2016) ‘A Jack of All Trades but a Master of None? Evaluating the Performance of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) in the Assessment of Risk and Need.’ Corrections 1(2), 81-106. Access here.

Fass, T. L., Heilbrun, K., DeMatteo, D. and Fretz, R. (2008). ‘The LSI-R and the Compas: Validation Data on Two Risk-Needs Tools.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 35(9), 1095–1108.

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Gutierrez, L., Wilson, H. A., Rugge, T. and Bonta, J. (2013) ‘The Prediction of Recidivism with Aboriginal Offenders: A Theoretically Informed Meta-Analysis.’ Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 55(1), 55-99. Access Here.

Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., and Quinsey, Y. V. L. (1993) ‘Violent Recidivism of Mentally Disordered Offenders: The Development of a Statistical Prediction Instrument.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 20(4), 315–335. Access here.

Hendricks, B., Werner, T., Shipway, L. and Turinetti, G. J. (2006). ‘Recidivism Among Spousal Abusers: Predictions and Program Evaluation.’ Journal of Interpersonal Violence 21(6), 703– 716. Access here.

Hogg, S. M. (2011) ‘The Level of Service Inventory (Ontario Revision) Scale Validation for Gender and Ethnicity: Addressing Reliability and Predictive Validity.’ Unpublished thesis for Degree of Masters of Arts. Saskatoon, Canada: University of Saskatchewan. Access here.

Hollin, C. R., Palmer, E. J., & Clark, D. (2003). The Level of Service Inventory-Revised Profile of English Prisoners: A Needs Analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(4), 422–440. Access here.

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Hollin, C. R. and Palmer, E. J. (2006). The Level of Service Inventory–Revised Profile of English Prisoners: Risk and Reconviction Analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 33(3), 347–366.

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Hsu, C.-I., Caputi, P., and Byrne, M. K. (2011) ‘The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (Lsi-R) and Australian Offenders: Factor Structure, Sensitivity, and Specificity.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38(6), 600–618. Access here.

Lowder, E. M., Desmarais, S. L., Rade, C. B. Johnson, K. L. and Van Dorn, R. A. (2017) ‘Reliability and validity of START and LSI-R assessments in mental health jail diversion clients.’

Assessment, 1-15. Access here.

Lowder, E. M., Morrison, M. M., Kroner, D. G. and Desmarais, S. L. (2019) ‘Racial Bias and LSIR Assessments in Probation Sentencing and Outcomes.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 46(2), 210–233. Access Here.

Lowenkamp, C. T., Holsinger, A. M., Brusman-Lovins, L. and Latessa, E. J. (2004) ‘Assessing the inter-rater agreement of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised.’ Federal Probation 68(3), 1-12.

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Lowenkamp, C. T., Lovins, B. and Latessa, E. J. (2009) ‘Validating the Level of Service Inventory—Revised and the Level of Service Inventory: Screening Version With a Sample of Probationers.’ The Prison Journal 89(2), 192–204. Access here.

Manchak, S. M., Skeem, J. L. and Douglas, K. S. (2008) ‘Utility of the revised Level of Service Inventory (LSI-R) in predicting recidivism after long-term incarceration.’ Law and Human Behavior, 32(6), 477-488. Access here.

Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., & Wormith, J. S. (2014). Thirty years of research on the Level of Service Scales: A meta-analytic examination of predictive accuracy and sources of variability.

Psychological Assessment 26(1), 156-176. Access here.

Ostermann, M. and Salerno, L. M. (2016) ‘The Validity of the Level of Service Inventory – Revised at the Intersection of Race and Gender.’ The Prison Journal 96(4), 554-575. Access here.

Palmer, E. J., & Hollin, C. R. (2007) The Level of Service Inventory— Revised With English Women Prisoners: A Needs and Reconviction Analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 34(8), 971–984.

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Persson, M., Belfrage, H., Fredriksoon, B. and Kristiansson, M. (2017) ‘Violence During Imprisonment, Forensic Psychiatric Care and Probation: Correlations and Predictive Validity of the Risk Assessment Instruments COVR, LSI-R, HCR-20V3 and SAPROF.’ International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 16(2), 117-129. Access Here.

Raynor, P. (2007) ‘Risk and need assessment in British probation: the contribution of LSI-R.’ Psychology, Crime and Law 13(2), 125-138. Access here.

Raynor, P. and Miles, H. (2007) Evidence-based Probation in a Microstate: The British Channel Island of Jersey. European Journal of Criminology 4(3), 299–313. Access here.

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Schlager, M. D. and Simourd, D. J. (2007) Validity of the Level of Service Inventory—Revised (LSI-R) Among African American and Hispanic Male Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 34(4), 545–554. Access here.

Smith, P., Lovins, B. R., Latessa, E. J. and Labrecque, R. M. (2014) ‘The Importance of Reassessment: How Changes in the LSI-R risk score can improve the prediction of recidivism.’

Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 53(2), 116-128. Access here.

Vose, B., Cullen, F. T. and Smith, P. (2008) ‘The Empirical Status of the Level of Service Inventory.’ Federal Probation 72(3), 22-29. Access here.

Watkins, I. (2011) ‘The Utility of Level of Service Inventory – Revised (LSI-R) Assessments within NSW Correctional Environments.’ Corrective Services NSW Research Bulletin 29 (January).

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Wilson, S. Singh, J. P., Leech, N. and Nicholls, T. (2016) ‘Appendix: structured instruments commonly used in violence risk assessment.’. In J. P. Singh, S. Bjørkly and S. Fazel. International Perspectives on Violence Risk Assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 353-372. Access here.

Wilson, R. J. and Stevenson, B. (2017) ‘Reporting intellectual capacity and cognitive functioning.’ In Brown, S. Bowen, E. and Prescott, D. (eds.) The Forensic Psychologist’s Report Writing Guide. London: Routledge, 30-43. Access here.

Wormith J. S. and Bonta, J. (2018) ‘The Level of Service (LS) instruments.’ J. P. Singh, D. G. Kroner, J. S. Wormith, S. L. Desmarais and Z. Hamilton. (eds.) Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 117-145. Access here.

LSI-R:SV Andrews, D. A. and Bonta, J. (1998). The psychology of criminal conduct (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company. [Not accessible] Daffern, M., Ogloff, J. R. P. Ferguson, M. and Thomson, L. (2005) ‘Assessing risk for aggression in a forensic psychiatric hospital using the level of service inventory, revised: screening version.’

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 4(2), 201-206. Access here.

Daffern M., Howells K. and Ogloff J. (2007) ‘What's the point? Towards a methodology for assessing the function of psychiatric inpatient violence.’ Behaviour Research and Therapy 45(1), 101–111. Access here.

Ferguson, A. M., Ogloff, J. R. P. and Thomson, L. (2009). ‘Predicting recidivism by mentally disordered offenders using the LSI-R:SV.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 36 (1), 5-20. Access here.

Livingston. J. D., Chu, K., Milne, T. and Brink, J. (2015) ‘Probationers mandated to receive forensic mental health services in Canada: Risk/needs, service delivery and intermediate outcomes.’ Psychology, Public Policy and Law 21(1), 72-84. Access Here.

Lowenkamp, C. T., Lovins, B. and Latessa, E. J. (2009) ‘Validating the Level of Service Inventory—Revised and the Level of Service Inventory: Screening Version With a Sample of Probationers.’ The Prison Journal 89(2), 192–204. Access here.

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Thomas, S. DM., Daffern, M., Martin, T., Ogloff, J. RP., Thomson, L. DG. and Ferguson, M. (2009) ‘Factors associated with seclusion in a statewide forensic psychiatric service in Australia over a 2-year period.’ International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 18 (1), 2-9. Access here.

Walters, G. D. (2011) ‘Predicting recidivism with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Level of Service Inventory–Revised: Screening Version.’ Law and Human Behavior 35(3), 211-220. Access here.

Walters, G. D. and Schlauch, C. (2008) ‘The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles and level of service inventory-revised: Screening version as predictors of official and selfreported disciplinary infractions.’ Law and Human Behavior 32(5), 454-462. Access here.

Yessine, A. K. and Bonta, J. (2006) ‘Tracking High-Risk Violent Offenders: An Examination of the National Flagging System.’ Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 48(4), 573607. Access Here.

LS/CMI Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J. and Wormith, J. S. (2004) The Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI). Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health System. [Not accessible] Andrews, D. A., Guzzo, L., Raynor, P., Rowe, R. C., Rettinger, L. J., Brews, A. and Wormith, J. S. (2012) ‘Are the Major Risk/Need Factors Predictive of Both Female and Male Reoffending?’

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56(1), 113-133.

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Bhutta, M. H. and Wormith, J. S. (2016) ‘An examination of a risk/needs assessment instrument and its relation to religiosity and recidivism among probationers in a Muslim culture.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 43(2), 204-229. Access here.

Caldwell Jimenez, A., Delgado, R. H., Vardsveen, T. C. and Wiener, R. L. (2018) ‘Validation and Application of the LS/CMI in Nebraska Probation.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 45(6), 863884. Access here.

Dyck, H. L., Campbell, M. A. and Wershler, J. L. (2018) ‘Real-world use of the risk-needresponsivity model and the level of service/case management inventory with communitysupervised offenders.’ Law and Human Behavior 42(3), 258-268. Access here.

Gilligan, D. G. and Lennings, J. C. (2011) ‘An Examination of the Divergent General, Specific and Other Criminogenic Risk/Needs Across Neuropathic and Psychopathic Pathways to Homicide.’

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 55(5), 693-715.

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Girard, L and Wormith, J. (2004) ‘The Predictive Validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision on General and Violent Recidivism among Various Offender Groups.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 31(2), 150-181. Access Here.

Gordon, H., Kelty, S. F. and Julian, R. (2015) ‘Psychometric evaluation of the level of service/case management inventory among Australian offenders completing community-based sentences.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 42(11), 1089-1109. Access here.

Guay, J. P. (2012) Predicting Recidivism with Street Gang Members. Ottawa, Canada: Public Safety Canada. Access here.

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Guay, J. P. (2016) ‘French Validation of the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory – LS/CMI.’ European Review of Applied Psychology 66(4), 199-210. Access here.

Guay, J.-P. and Parent, G. (2017) ‘Broken Legs, Clinical Overrides and Recidivism Risk: An Analysis of Decisions to Adjust Risk Levels with the LS/CMI.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 45(1), 82-100. Access here.

Gutierrez, L., Wilson, H. A., Rugge, T. and Bonta, J. (2013) ‘The Prediction of Recidivism with Aboriginal Offenders: A Theoretically Informed Meta-Analysis.’ Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 55(1), 55-99. Access here.

Holliday, S. B., King, C. and Heilbrun, K. (2013) ‘Offenders’ Perceptions of Risk Factors for Self and Others: Theoretical Importance and Some Empirical Data.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 40(9), 1044-1061. Access here.

Jung, S., Brown, K., Ennis, L., & Ledi, D. (2015). The association between presentence risk evaluations and sentencing outcome. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice 11(2), 111-125.

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Labrecque, R. M., Campbell, C. M., Elliott, J. King, M. Christmann, M. Page, K., McVay, J. and Roller, K. (2018) ‘An examination of the inter-rater reliability and rater accuracy of the level of service/case management inventory.’ Corrections: Policy, Practice and Research 3(2), 105118. Access here.

Olver, M. E. and Kingston , D. A. (2019) ‘Discrimination and Calibration Properties of the Level of Service Inventory–Ontario Revision in a Correctional Mental Health Sample.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 46(1), 5–23. Access Here.

Rettinger, L. J. and Andrews, D. (2010) ‘General risk and need, gender specificity and the recidivism of female offenders.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 37(1), 29-46. Access here.

Rowe, R. C. (1999) The prediction of recidivism in a parole sample: an examination of the two versions of the Level of Service Inventory. Unpublished report. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University. [Not accessible] Spence, D. H. and Haas, S. M. (2015) ‘Predicting Client Success in Day Report Centers: The Importance of Risk and Needs Assessment.’ Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 54(7), 502-519.

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Wolbransky, M., Serico, J. M. and Heilbrun, K. (2012) ‘Forensic Sentencing Evaluations under Post-Booker Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Incorporating Voluntary Substance Use.’ Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 12(1), 57-67. Access here.

Wormith, J. S., Olver, M. E., Stevenson, H. E. and Girard, L. (2007) ‘The long-term prediction of offender recidivism using diagnostic, personality and risk/need approaches to offender assessment.; Psychological Services 4(4), 287-305. Access here.

Wormith, J. S., Hogg, S. and Guzzo, L. (2012) ‘The Predictive Validity of a General Risk/Needs Assessment Inventory on Sexual Offender Recidivism and an Exploration of the Professional Override.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 39(12), 1511-1538. Access here.

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Wormith, J. S., Hogg, S. M. and Guzzo, L. (2015) ‘The Predictive Validity of the LS/CMI with Aboriginal Offenders in Canada.’ Criminal Justice and Behaviour 42 (5), 481-508. Access here.

Wormith J. S. and Bonta, J. (2018) ‘The Level of Service (LS) instruments.’ J. P. Singh, D. G. Kroner, J. S. Wormith, S. L. Desmarais and Z. Hamilton. (eds.) Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 117-145. Access here.

OGRS3 Copas, J. and Marshall, P. (1998) The Offender Group Reconviction Scale: A Statistical Reconviction Score for Use by Probation Officers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), 47(1), 159-171. Access here.

Debidin, M. (ed.) (2009) A compendium of research and analysis on the Offender Assessment System (OASys) 2006 – 2009. Ministry of Justice Research Series 16/09. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

Home Office. (2002) Offender Assessment System: OASys User Manual V2. London: Home Office. [Not accessible] Howard, P. (2009) Improving the prediction of reoffending using the Offender Assessment System, Ministry of Justice Research Summary 2/09. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

Howard, P. (2011) Hazards of different types of reoffending. Ministry of Justice Research Series 3/11. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

Howard, P. (2015a) ‘Predicting reoffending for rare, harmful offences.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 2009-2013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 92-113. Access here.

Howard, P. (2015b) ‘OGRS4: The Revised Offender Group Reconviction Scale.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 20092013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 152-178. Access here.

Howard, P. (2018) ‘Offender Group Reconviction Scale.’ In Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools (first edition). Singh, J. P., Krone, D. G. Wormith, S., Desmarais, S. L. and Hamilton, Z. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 231-242. Access here.

Howard, P. D. and Dixon, L. (2012b). ‘Identifying change in the likelihood of violent recidivism: Causal dynamic risk factors in the OASys Violence Predictor.’ Law and Human Behavior 37(3), 163-174. Access here.

Howard, P., Francis, B., Soothill, K. and Humphreys, L. (2009) ‘OGRS3: the revised offender group reconviction scale.’ Ministry of Justice Research Summary 7/09. Access here.

Maguire, M., Grubin, D., Lösel, F. and Raynor, P. (2010). ‘“What Works” and the Correctional Services Accreditation Panel: Taking stock from an inside perspective.’ Criminology & Criminal Justice 10(1), 37–58. Access here.

Moore, R. (2015) ‘The Offender Assessment System (OASys) and the 2009-2013 research projects.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 2009-2013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 2-17. Access here.

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Moore, R. and Howard, P. (2015) ‘Compendium Conclusions.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 2009-2013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 290-295. Access here.

Stephens, K. and Brown, I. (2001) ‘ORGS in practice: an elastic ruler.’ Probation Journal 48(3), 179-187. Access here.

Taylor, R. (1999) Predicting Reconvictions for Sexual and Violent Offences Using the Revised Offender Group Research Scale. Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Research Paper No. 104. Access here.

Wakeling, H. C., Howard, P. and Barnett, G. (2011) ‘Comparing the Validity of the RM2000 Scales and OGRS3 for predicting recidivism by internet sexual offenders.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 23(1), 146-168. Access here.

Wood, M., Cattell, J., Hales, G., Lord, C. Kenny, T. and Capes, T. (2015) Re-offending by offenders on Community Orders: Results from the Offender Management Community Cohort Study. London: Ministry of Justice Analytical Series. Access here.

Youth Justice Board (2003) Asset: An Assessment Framework for Young People Involved in the Youth Justice System. London. Youth Justice Board. Access Here.

OASyS Debidin, M. (ed.) (2009) A compendium of research and analysis on the Offender Assessment System (OASys) 2006 – 2009. Ministry of Justice Research Series 16/09. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

Fitzgibbon, D. and Green, R. (2006) ‘Mentally disordered offenders: Challenges in using the OASys risk assessment tool.’ British Journal of Community Justice 4(2), 35-46. Access here.

Fitzgibbon, D. W. (2008) ‘Fit for purpose? OASys assessment and parole decisions.’ Probation Journal 55(1), 55-69. Access here.

Home Office. (1999) Offender Assessment System Manual. London: Home Office. [Not accessible] Howard, P. (2009) Improving the prediction of reoffending using the Offender Assessment System, Ministry of Justice Research Summary 2/09. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

Howard, P. (2011) Hazards of different types of reoffending. Ministry of Justice Research Series 3/11. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

Howard, P. (2015a) ‘Predicting reoffending for rare, harmful offences.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 2009-2013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 92-113. Access here.

Howard, P. (2015c) ‘Positive, promotive and protective factors.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 2009-2013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 114-135. Access here.

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Howard, P. and Barnett, G. (2015) ‘Development of a new sexual reoffending predictor.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 20092013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 209-238. Access here.

Howard, P., Clark, D. and Garnham, N. (2006) An evaluation of the Offender Assessment System (OASys) in three pilots. London: Home Office. [Not accessible] Howard, P. D. and Dixon, L. (2012a) ‘The Construction and Validation of the OASys Violence Predictor: Advancing Violence Risk Assessment in the English and Welsh Correctional Services.

‘Criminal Justice and Behavior 39(3), 287–307. Access here.

Moore, R. and Howard, P. (2015) ‘Compendium Conclusions.’ In A compendium of research and analysis on the offender assessment system (OASys) 2009-2013. Moore, R. London: National Offender Management System, 290-295. Access here.

Morton, S. (2009) Can OASys deliver consistent assessments of offenders? Results from the inter-rater reliability study, Research Summary 1/09. London: Ministry of Justice. Access here.

TOOLS AWAITING VALIDATION OxRec Chang, Z., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P. and Fazel, S. (2015) ‘Psychiatric disorders and violent reoffending: a national cohort study of convicted prisoners in Sweden.’ Lancet Psychiatry 2(10), 891-900. Access Here.

Fazel, S., Singh, J. P., Doll, H. and Grann, M. (2012) ‘Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence and antisocial behaviour in 73 samples involving 24 827 people: systematic review and meta-analysis.’ British Medical Journal 345, e4692. Access Here.

Fazel, S., Chang, Z., Fanshawe, T., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H. and Mallett, S. (2016) ‘Prediction of violent reoffending on release from prison: derivation and external validation of a scalable tool.’ Lancet Psychiatry 3(6), 535-43. Access Here.

Fazel, S., Wolf, A., Vazquez-Montes, M. D. L. A., Fanshawe, T. R. (2019) ‘Prediction of violent reoffending in prisoners and individuals on probation: a Dutch validation study (OxRec).’

Scientific Reports 9(1): 841. Access Here.

SAQ Andreau-Rodriguez, J. M., Peña-Fernández, M. E. and Loza, W. (2016) ‘Predicting risk of violence through a self-appraisal questionnaire.’ The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context 8(2), 51-56. Access Here.

Hemmati, T. (2004) Reliability and Validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire in a Sample of Incarcerated Youth. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University. Access here.

Kubiak, S. P., Kim, W. J., Bybee, D. and Eshelma, L. (2014) ‘Assessing the validity of the selfappraisal questionnaire in differentiating high-risk and violent female offenders.’ The Prison Journal 94(3), 305-327. Access here.

Loza, W. (2018) ‘Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ): A tool for assessing violent and non-violent recidivism.’ J. P. Singh, D. G. Kroner, J. S. Wormith, S. L. Desmarais and Z. Hamilton. (2018) RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019

Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: New Jersey, 165-179. Access here.

Loza, W., Neo, L. H., Shahinfar, A. and Loza-Fanous, A. (2005) ‘Cross-Validation of the SelfAppraisal Questionnaire: A Tool for Assessing Violent and Nonviolent Recidivism With Female Offenders.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 49(5), 547–560. Access here.

Loza, W., Loza-Fanous, A. and Heseltine, K. (2007) ‘The Myth of Offenders’ Deception on SelfReport Measure Predicting Recidivism: Example From the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ).’

Journal of Interpersonal Violence 22(6), 671–683. Access here.

Villeneuve, D. B., Oliver, N. and Loza, W. (2003) ‘Cross-Validation of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire with a Maximum-Security Psychiatric Population.’ Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18(11), 1325–1334. Access here.

Mitchell, O., Caudy, M. S. and MacKenzie, D. L. (2012) ‘A reanalysis of the self-appraisal questionnaire: psychometric properties and predictive validity.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 57(4), 445-459. Access here.

Prinsloo, J. and Hesselink, A. M. (2011) ‘An evaluation of the reliability and validity of the selfappraisal questionnaire (SAQ) in South African context.’ Journal of Psychology in Africa 21(1), 145-150. Access here.

Rodrigues, N. C., Seto, M. C. Ahmed, A. G. and Loza, W. (2016) ‘The Predictive and incremental validity of two self-report risk assessment measures with adult male offenders who have mental health problems.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 43(5), 583-599. Access here.

IORNS Bergeron, C. L. and Miller, H. A. (2013) ‘Tracking change through treatment with the Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs and Strengths.’ Psychological Assessment 25(3), 979-990. Access here.

Miller, H. A. (2006) ‘A dynamic assessment of offender risk, needs and strengths in a sample of pre-release general offenders.’ Behavioral Sciences & the Law 24(6), 767-782. Access here.

Miller, H. A. (2015) ‘Protective strengths, risk and recidivism in a sample of known sexual offenders.’ Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 27(1), 34-50. Access here.

Miller, H. (2018) ‘The Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs and Strengths (IORNS).’ In J. P. Singh, D. G. Kroner, J. S. Wormith, S. L. Desmarais and Z. Hamilton. (2018) Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: New Jersey, 101-116. Access here.

Ullrich, S. and Coid, J. (2011) ‘Protective factors for violence among released prisoners—Effects over time and interactions with static risk.’ Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 79(3), 381-390. Access here.

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