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Human Anatomy Physiology 10th Edition Marieb Hoehn Test Bank

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Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10e, Global Edition (Marieb) Chapter 8 Joints 8.1 Matching Questions

Figure 8.1 Using Figure 8.1, match the following: A) A B) C C) D D) E E) B 1) Periosteum.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

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2) Articular cartilage.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 3) Joint (articular) cavity.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 4) Synovial membrane.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 5) Fibrous layer.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) E 4) D 5) C

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Figure 8.2 Using Figure 8.2, what type of axial movement does each joint have?

A) uniaxial B) biaxial C) nonaxial D) multiaxial 6) Joint 1.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 7) Joint 2.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

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8) Joint 3.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 9) Joint 4.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 10) Joint 5.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 11) Joint 6.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 6) D 7) A 8) A 9) C 10) B 11) B

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Figure 8.2 Using Figure 8.2, identify each type of synovial joint by name.

A) pivot B) saddle C) hinge D) condyloid E) ball and socket F) plane 12) Joint 1.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

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13) Joint 2.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 14) Joint 3.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 15) Joint 4.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 16) Joint 5.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 17) Joint 6.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 12) E 13) A 14) C 15) F 16) B 17) D

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Match the following: A) Syndesmosis B) Gomphosis C) Symphysis D) Suture 18) Joint found only in the skull.

Section: 8.2 Learning Outcome: 8.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 19) Tooth in socket.

Section: 8.2 Learning Outcome: 8.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 20) Bones are connected exclusively by ligaments.

Section: 8.2 Learning Outcome: 8.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 21) Bones united by fibrocartilage.

Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 18) D 19) B 20) A 21) C

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8.2 True/False Questions 1) The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of that joint.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 8.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 2) All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 8.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 3) Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 4) Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 5) The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

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6) The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to unite bones and prevent undesirable movement.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 7) The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 8) Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 9) A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.11 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 10) Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

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11) The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 12) Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 13) Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 14) The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the "hinge" for the elbow joint.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 15) Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

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16) The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 8.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 17) Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 18) A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.12 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 19) A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 20) Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.

Answer: TRUE Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 3 Application

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21) Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condyles ending up in the infratemporal fossa.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 22) Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility.

Answer: FALSE Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge

1.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.

A) are also called collateral ligaments B) prevent hyperextension of the knee C) tend to run parallel to one another D) attach to each other in their midportions Answer: B Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 2) A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

A) symphysis B) gomphosis C) suture D) syndesmosis Answer: A Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 3) On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

A) pivot 12 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

B) syndesmosis C) symphysis D) synchondrosis Answer: B Section: 8.2 Learning Outcome: 8.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 4) Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

A) menisci B) ligaments C) tendons D) bursae Answer: D Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 5) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.

A) synarthroses B) amphiarthroses C) diarthroses D) synovial joints Answer: B Section: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 8.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 6) Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

A) syndesmoses B) gomphoses C) synchondroses D) sutures Answer: C Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 13 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

7) The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints.

A) pivot B) hinge C) plane D) condyloid Answer: C Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 8) The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.

A) anterior ligaments B) cruciate ligaments C) tibial collateral ligaments D) patellar ligaments Answer: B Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 9) Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.

A) circumduction B) extension C) hyperextension D) flexion Answer: C Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 10) In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

A) In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.

B) All synovial joints are freely movable.

C) Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable.

D) Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses.

Answer: B Section: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 8.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 14 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 11) Synarthrotic joints ________.

A) characterize all cartilaginous joints B) are found only in adults C) have large joint cavities D) are immovable joints Answer: D Section: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 8.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 12) Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

A) hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal B) sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses C) symphysis, sacroiliac, and articular D) pivot, hinge, and ball and socket Answer: B Section: 8.2 Learning Outcome: 8.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 13) In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

A) synovial membranes B) fibrocartilage C) tendon sheaths D) hyaline cartilage Answer: D Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 14) Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

A) It contains hyaluronic acid.

B) It contains hydrochloric acid.

C) It contains lactic acid.

D) It contains enzymes only.

Answer: A Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 15 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 15) Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

A) joints that permit angular movements B) interphalangeal joints C) amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility D) cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones Answer: D Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 16) What are menisci (articular discs)?

A) wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity B) small sacs containing synovial fluid C) cavities lined with cartilage D) tendon sheaths Answer: A Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 17) Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?

A) Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs.

B) Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

C) An example of a gliding movement is nodding one's head.

D) Gliding movements are multiaxial.

Answer: B Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 18) What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?

A) flexion B) abduction C) extension D) adduction Answer: B Section: 8.4 16 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 19) The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

A) arms B) feet C) hands D) hands and the feet Answer: B Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 20) The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

A) uniaxial B) biaxial C) multiaxial D) nonaxial Answer: C Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 21) Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones?

A) extension B) rotation C) abduction D) circumduction Answer: B Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 22) Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.

A) rare because of the ligament reinforcement B) common due to the weight bearing the hip endures C) rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint D) common in all people who are overweight Answer: A 17 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 23) Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?

A) the medial patellar retinacula B) the patellar ligament C) the lateral patellar retinacula D) the extracapsular ligament Answer: B Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 24) Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the following is (are) damaged as a result?

A) tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament B) arcuate popliteal and the posterior cruciate ligaments C) suprapatellar ligament D) oblique popliteal and extracapsular ligaments Answer: A Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 25) Pointing the toes is an example of ________.

A) pronation B) circumduction C) protraction D) plantar flexion Answer: D Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 26) Which of the following is a true statement?

A) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.

B) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint.

C) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.

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D) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.

Answer: A Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 27) Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

A) hinge joint B) symphysis C) suture D) synchondrosis Answer: A Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 28) Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.

A) the patellar ligament extending from femur to patella B) cruciate ligaments, which help secure the articulating bones together C) fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation D) the oblique popliteal crossing the knee anteriorly Answer: C Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 29) Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow.

Which ligament would this surgery target?

A) lateral ligament B) acetabular labrum C) anular ligament D) ulnar collateral ligament Answer: D Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 30) An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is ________.

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A) the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends B) between the vertebrae C) the radius and ulna along its length D) between the humerus and the glenoid cavity Answer: C Section: 8.2 Learning Outcome: 8.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 31) Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?

A) They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.

B) They occur only between bones with flat articular processes.

C) They turn a bone along its own long axis.

D) They allow movement only in one plane.

Answer: A Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 32) Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton.

A) carpometacarpal joint of the phalanges B) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb C) metacarpophalangeal joint of the finger D) interphalangeal joint of the finger Answer: B Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 33) Tendon sheaths ________.

A) act as friction-reducing structures B) help anchor the tendon to the muscle C) are lined with dense irregular connective tissue D) are extensions of periosteum Answer: A Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 20 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

34) Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?

A) articular cartilage B) tendon sheath C) joint (articular) cavity D) articular (joint) capsule Answer: B Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 35) All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT? A) structure and shape of the articulating bone B) strength and tension of joint ligaments C) arrangement and tension of the muscles D) number of bones in the joint Answer: D Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 36) Performing "jumping jacks" requires ________.

A) pronation and supination B) flexion and extention C) abduction and adduction D) inversion and eversion Answer: C Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 37) Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.

A) pronation B) retraction C) adduction D) protraction Answer: D Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 21 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

38) Antibiotic treatment would be recommended for ________.

A) osteoarthritis B) Lyme disease C) rheumatoid arthritis D) gout Answer: B Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.13 Global LO: G2, G5 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 39) Lifting up a glass to take a drink involves the elbow joint. Which of the following correctly characterizes that joint?

A) cartilaginous B) pivot C) diarthrotic D) biaxial Answer: C Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 40) An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?"

A) the additional joint present doubles the range of motion B) articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage C) greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it D) the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal Answer: D Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 41) The type of joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the first metacarpal is a ________ joint.

A) saddle B) hinge C) condylar D) plane Answer: A Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 22 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 42) Which joint does NOT belong with the others?

A) elbow B) ankle C) wrist D) interphalangeal (toes) Answer: C Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 43) Which joints are correctly matched?

A) interphalangeal; plane B) ankle; hinge C) elbow; pivot D) wrist; saddle Answer: B Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

1.4 Short Answer Questions 1) Why are epiphyseal plates considered temporary joints?

Answer: Once long bone growth in length is complete, the cartilage of the epiphyseal plates completely ossifies to become a permanent connection between the bones.

Section: 8.3 Learning Outcome: 8.4 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 2) A friend finally completes a basement floor tiling project that required extensive time on his knees. Afterwards, knee pain took him to a doctor who diagnosed bursitis. Help explain to your friend what bursitis is and what can be done to relieve it.

Answer: Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa. Repeated pressure and friction on the knee while completing the project caused damage to the prepatellar bursa. This can be treated by avoiding pressure to the area and injection of anti-inflammatory drugs into the bursa. If significant fluid accumulates, aspiration may be required to relieve pressure.

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Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.11 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 3) After months of very little exercise, you decide to go for a long run. After a mile, you start to feel pain in your kneecap area. What could explain this?

Answer: Muscle tone is very important for stabilizing the knee joint. The long time off allowed the muscles whose tendons span the knee joint to weaken and lose that stabilizing force. Running should stop until the muscles can be reconditioned. Then the distance should be short at first and increased incrementally.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.7 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 4) Synovial joints have six distinguishing features. What are they?

Answer: articular cartilage, a joint (articular) cavity, an articular (joint) capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and nerves and blood vessels.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 1 Knowledge 5) How can osteoarthritis be treated?

Answer: In many cases, symptoms can be controlled with over-the-counter pain relievers, along with moderate exercise to keep joints mobile. Although the nutritional supplements glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are used by many arthritis sufferers, recent studies show that effects are not statistically significant when compared with placebo.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 6) For each of the following movements, indicate the specific kind of joint involved (e.g., hinge, etc.) and the movement performed (e.g., extension, etc.). a. Bending the elbow: ________, ________. b. Turning head side to side: ________, ________. c. Lowering your arm to your side in the frontal plane: ________, ________. d. Turning the sole of foot medially: ________, ________.

Answer: a. hinge; flexion 24 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

b. pivot; rotation c. ball and socket; adduction d. plane; inversion Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 7) Briefly describe the structure of a typical synovial joint.

Answer: The ends of each bone are covered with hyaline cartilage that is continuous with the synovial membrane enclosing the joint. Synovial fluid fills the space between the articular cartilage. Outside the synovial membrane there is a very tough, fibrous capsule that prevents the synovial membrane from bulging out as pressure is applied to the ends of the bones.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.5 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 8) Although uric acid is a normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism, excessive levels lead to gouty arthritis. How does this waste product build up and cause so much pain when things go wrong and why is it more common in men?

Answer: Blood levels of uric acid increase due to excessive production or slow excretion. Males have higher blood levels of uric acid than females because estrogens are thought to increase the rate of uric acid excretion. When blood levels of uric acid rise excessively, it is deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints. This causes an inflammatory response and pain, typically at one joint at the base of the great big toe.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 9) After reading a medical report, you learn that a 45-year-old female has the following symptoms: inflammation of synovial membranes, accumulation of synovial fluid, pain and tenderness about the joints, pannus formation, and some immobility at certain joints. On the basis of these symptoms, what would the patient probably have?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 10) Greg is somewhat of a "weekend athlete" who has overextended himself by pitching multiple baseball games for a local team during the week and by playing golf on the weekends for several 25 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

hours. He presented himself to the emergency room last week with severe shoulder pain (at the glenohumeral joint). The physician told him that the X-ray was not conclusive, but he may have damage to his rotator cuff. What is the rotator cuff, and how might he have caused this damage?

What remedies will the physician recommend?

Answer: Greg has either stretched or torn his rotator cuff. He will be told to rest for a few months, and if the pain does not subside, surgery will be necessary. The rotator cuff is made up of four tendons that belong to the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles and encircle the shoulder joint. They are vulnerable to damage when the arm is circumducted vigorously. Greg is obviously overdoing his activities by pitching multiple baseball games per week and playing golf on weekends.

Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 11) Why is muscle tone the most important stabilizing factor for most joints?

Answer: The shapes of the articular surfaces may hinder rather than help joint stability.

Ligaments can stretch and reduce stability. Muscle tendons are kept taut at all times by the tone of their muscle.

Section: 8.4 Learning Outcome: 8.7 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension

1.5 Clinical Questions 1) Steven, a football player, complained of severe pain and the inability to use his right arm and shoulder after having been tackled during a game. What would you guess might be his problem?

Answer: He might have suffered a shoulder dislocation since the shoulder joint has sacrificed stability for flexibility.

Section: 8.5 Learning Outcome: 8.10 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 2) Mary has been suffering from a "bad knee" for several months. She is a tennis player who often slides in to attack a ball; she is an aerobic devotee and a jogger. She visited an orthopedic surgeon last week who told her that he would "like to have a look at her knee joint." He also told her that her symptoms indicated damage to the meniscus, and it might have to be removed. What will the doctor do to see the joint, and if the meniscus is removed will Mary be able to play tennis again?

Answer: The doctor will perform arthroscopic surgery on Mary in order to view the interior of the joint. If she has severely damaged the meniscus, it can be removed with little impairment to 26 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

the knee except some loss in stability. However, over the long term, the lack of weight distribution by the missing meniscus increases the likelihood of osteoarthritis in her knee. Mary might consider taking up swimming instead.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.11 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 3) Farhad begins typing his term paper on his new computer early one morning. After 8 hours of typing, he notices that his wrists are stiff and very sore. The next morning, Farhad begins to finish his paper, but soon finds his wrists hurt worse than last night. What is wrong?

Answer: Farhad is suffering from tendonitis. If he continues to use the keyboard incorrectly, the tendonitis could develop into the more serious condition called carpal tunnel syndrome.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.11 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis 4) Probenecid inhibits the active resorption of uric acid in the kidney, which leads to increased urinary excretion of uric acid. Explain why this drug would be useful in treating gout.

Answer: Uric acid, a normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism, is ordinarily excreted in urine without any problem. However, when blood levels of uric acid rise excessively, it may be deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissue of joints. An inflammatory response follows, which leads to gout. By lowering the uric acid level, no crystals form, and inflammation subsides.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 5) Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. She complains of painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the nurse if she is going to be "crippled." How might the nurse explain the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and inflammatory disorder. RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissue. RA begins with inflammation of the synovial membrane of the affected joints. Fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling. The nurse should explain that RA is a chronic crippling disease with joint stiffening (ankylosis) resulting in restriction of joint movement and extreme pain.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 3 Application 27 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Human Anatomy Physiology 10th Edition Marieb Hoehn Test Bank

6) Susan was bitten by a deer tick and now complains of joint pain, flu-like symptoms, and difficulty thinking. What might be her diagnosis and the treatment required to alleviate her symptoms?

Answer: She probably has contracted Lyme disease, which is treated with antibiotics.

Section: 8.6 Learning Outcome: 8.13 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom's Level: 4 Analysis

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