Mathare River Book

water, waste, AGRICulture in “MATHARE” SLUM STUDIES TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION

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Authors: Riccardo Luca Conti www.hatarc.it Giacomo Coppo

Thanks to: Liveinslums NGO Luca Astorri Matteo Poli and all the people of Mathare

2

ABSTRACT The inspiration for this research came from a project realized by Liveinslums NGO where a dumpsite was cleaned and converted in a garden in the slum Mathare (www.liveinslums.org). Starting from this specific project of successful environmental requalification, the research explores the possibility of a intervention/plan that would work on environmental requalification at the wider scale of the entire slum.

The name of the research: “Mathare River�, comes from the fact that the River Mathare represents a space of opportunity for interventions in these matters and it has also functioned as guide in our spatial exploration of the slum.

This book is unfolded in three parts. The first part is a report of a mapping project that has been done on the field with local stakeholders and inhabitants of Mathare. The mapping was concerning: agriculture activities, dumpsites and recycling points. The map produced was the first one of that kind in Mathare and for this reason it constitutes a very important outcome of the research.

The second part of the research deeply investigates the topics of Water, Waste and Agriculture providing data and essential information for the understanding of them in the Mathare and Nairobi context.

Finally, the third part of the research is focused on the strategies for environmental requalification of the slum.

3

INDEX p. 6

1. CONTEXT 2. INTRODUCTION

p. 12

3. MATHARE RIVER PROJECT (STEPS)

p. 16

4. MAPPING 4.1 gardens 4.2 dumpsites 4.3 recycling workshops 4.4 garbage collection points

p. 18 p. 23 p. 54 p. 59 p. 62

5. WATER

p. 65

6. AGRICULTURE

p. 70

7. WASTE

p. 78

8. TECHNIQUES

p. 90

9. STAKEHOLDERS

p. 91

10. NETWORKING

p. 98

11. PROPOSED VISION 11.1 sites

p. 106 p. 108

12. PILOT PROJECT

p. 128

13. CONCLUSION

p. 134

14.NOTES

p. 136

15.SOURCES

p. 141 4

5

context Algiers

Rabat Casablanca

Alexandria

Cairo Khartoum

Dakar Kano

Conakry

Addis Abeba

Accra Abidjan

Douala

Nairobi 3.523.000 ab

Lagos

KENYA

Dar es Salaam

Kinshasa Luanda Lusaka

EAST AFRICA Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Etiopia

Uganda Somalia

CENTRAL REGION

Kisumu

NAIROBI AREA

Nairobi

Tanzania

Mombasa 6

TRAIN

Kibera

UN

NAIROBI: CITY OF UN CITY OF SLUMS

Mathare

20km

slums occup ied o p p ’ s ula m ti slu

ory rrit te

on

10km

5%

60%

5km

Central Buisness District

0m

MATHARE: 25 DISTRICTS, THE RIVER Village 1 Village 2 3B Kosovo

Area 4

4A 4B

3A

Area 3

Area 2

Area 1 2km

Madoya

Mashimoni 3C

Kiamaiko

Ngei 1

Ngei 2B

1km

500m

Mabatini Thayu No10 7

Casanova

Kibichol

New Mathare

Huruma B Huruma Flats

0m

BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERMANENT BUILDINGS

TEMPORATY BUILDINGS 2km

1km

500m

0m

ACCESSIBILITY AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION

2km

1km

500m

0m

8

DENSITY COMPARISON m2 NAIROBI 2 940 911 inhabitants 2 684 Km

MILANO 1 350 267 inhabitants 2 181 Km area per inhabitant

2

4 300 people/Km 2 232 m per person

MATHARE 500 000 inhabitants 2 2,7 Km

2

7500 people per Km 2 134 m per person

ZONA 1 107 087 inhabitants 2 9,7 Km

m2

2

11050 people per Km 2 90,5 m per person

2

185 000 people per Km 2 5,4 m per person

5km

0m 250m

100m

0m

9

10

11

INTRODUCTION “Slums constitute a foundational trope in urban studies. From Friedrich Engels to Jacob Riis in the 19th and the early 20th centuries to the 2003 UN-Habitat Report on Slums and Mike Davis’ recent book “The planet of Slums”, the slum appears over and over as a theoretically productive spatial ecology. In contemporary urban studies, the slum represents an invitation to think through both the material aspects and processes involved in contemporary urbanism and the ethical and epistemological underpinnings of urban theory today.

Both are matters of equal concern as urban growth explodes across the world but particularly in countries of the global South. If a large proportion of the world’s population will be settling in cities in the global South, what does that imply for the location and the effects of urban theory? We must remind ourselves here of the intimate relation between theorizing the city and the social and philosophical project of modernity. If London, Paris, New York and Berlin provided social theorists of the 19th and 10th centuries the rich, empirical basis for creating arguments about the project of modernity, what ground do cities like Mumbai, São Paulo, Shanghai and Logos provide for a similar project today. In this essay I will explore the theoretical place of the slum today as cities of the global South begin to exert new material and ethical pressures on our understanding of global urban processes. In light of this exploration, I turn to the question of design action and its relation to the near and distant futures of urbanism.”

Vyjayanthi Rao, 2010 (Lotus n. 143) 12

Vyjayanthi Rao, anthropologist researcher in the field of globalization and urban development, opens her essay: “Slum As Theory� with these words, highlighting the importance of considering slums in urban studies.

The importance is given by the fact that nowadays slums are considered an integrated part of a city and not just as fallout, because both the geographic and demographic expansion of these slums happens to cover the 50% of the city itself. For these reasons any urban policy, which aim is to eradicate slums, becomes an absurdity.

Nevertheless, the definition of slum itself has been largely debated due to its complexity as particular urban territory.

What can be found in all the different definitions of slums (slum, bidonville, favela, township) is a disruption in the urban patterns from those official recognized from the respective municipalities.

In the collective imaginary, the label slum is often associated with poverty, difficult living conditions and so on.

Given the severe poverty conditions of the slums, the inhabitants of these areas are continuously looking for new jobs, or ways to get money on a daily base. Slums’ inhabitants often produce big part of the economy of the cities where they are settled.

Nevertheless, the municipalities often do not officially recognize most of these economical activities as well as the same territories where slums are settled. In fact, very often there are no official maps of these territories, which make any intervention in these areas more difficult 13

to be realized.

For this reason maps play a fundamental role in informal settlements and they can represent a wide range of elements such as: topography data, photos, videos, sounds, mental paths and more.

It is from a mapping process that this research started in Mathare, mapping that aimed to map every agricultural activity, dumpsite and recycling point. The driving idea was to verify an environmental qualification through a series of urban acupuncture interventions, particularly addressing the garbage management and the implementation of agricultural activities.

So the focus was on finding opportunities for the locals with the locals, rather than providing solutions for them. This approach has been widely described as enabling approach (Hamdi, 2010).

The small scale of the urban acupuncture assures a direct confrontation with the local people, which is a very important value in this research.

Thinking at the larger scale of the entire slum, all the actors, all the practitioners, all the future urban acupuncture interventions should be linked in a network, which represent another fundamental element for this research. An information is useless if not shared, and for this reason all the material included in this book are available online for everyone. Doing so, the research aims to increase the dialogue in terms of exchanging knowledge but also providing information to any 14

everyone. Doing so, the research aims to increase the dialogue in terms of exchanging knowledge but also providing information to any person interested in the studied topics.

Linking back to the importance of having a daily source of income for the inhabitants of the slums, in Mathare agriculture and waste are two dimensions that can work towards environmental requalification and at the same time are possible source of income for the inhabitants (see following chapters). As it will be described further on, it is also essential a research on the specific techniques that are suitable and sustainable in the Mathare context.

15

MATHARE RIVER PROJECT (STEPS) CONVERSION OF A DUMPSITE IN A GARDEN

POTENTIAL TARGET ENVIRONMENTAL REQUALIFICATION

TOOL PROCESS MAPPING

BUILDING A NETWORK

PROJECT 16

As mentioned in the introduction of this book, the project of Liveinslums NGO was inspirational. Looking at the dumpsite converted in urban garden, it became clear how agriculture and garbage can work together as potentials for environmental requalification. For this reason the following pages will analyze in depth agriculture and waste. A third element will also be studied: water. This becomes very important when thinking about waste and sanitation (potable water, sewage, etc.) and also in relation to agriculture (water for irrigation).

To start this study it was necessary a mapping that would involve the three elements mentioned above. We mapped gardens (agriculture), dumpsites and recycle points (waste). Map-Mathare and Map-Kibera were involved in this phase of the project.

Mapping was also a way to establish relations with the local community. This fact is really important because one of the main targets of this work is to build a network among all the stakeholders involved in this research (from the inhabitant to the Ministry of Health).

The last research step was focused on mapping sites for possible future interventions. These places were chosen focusing on the riverbanks.

17

Mapping

TOOL MAPPING

18

“Mathare in Nairobi, Kenya, was a blank spot on the map until December 2010, when young people of Mathare created the first free and open digital map of their own community.” www.mapkibera.org/mapmathare/

These are the words that Map Mathare community based organization

(CBO) have chosen for their website. The organization was

founded in 2009 with the intention to produce maps of Mathare.

The absence of a map is one of the main problems in the context of informal settlements. Orientation is a primary need and without a map one cannot determine and view the extension and geographical localization of a certain phenomenon. It becomes almost impossible to direct and plan a requalification or redevelopment according to the present situation.

In the European past, the defeat of “urban diseases” such as cholera, typhus fever, poverty, prostitution, drugs diffusion and criminality, coincided with the first production of the city plans and the emergence of urban statistics and cartographies (Else/Where: Mapping New cartographies of networks and territories, 2006, p.154).

In Jai Sen’s “Power-over Power-to” (An Atlas of Radical Cartography, 2008), one can read that invisibility is not just an absence, but can be an intentional neglection.

The following mapping exercise is split in two main parts. The first part 19

explores the physical aspect of the slum looking at selected “environmental activities� like gardens, recycling points and dumpsites. This was possible through collaboration with two locals: Javin Ochieng and Joshua who have participated to the Map Mathare project in 2010/2011.

For every point a sheet with the related information has been filled out.

In the second part, there was a need to abstract from the physical reality of the slum to investigate the environmental dynamics around the slum like recognizing the stakeholders involved and exploring possible techniques to be used in further interventions.

This investigation has been reconstructed and synthesized in synoptic maps in order to communicate dynamically and visually the multi dimensional analysis that was conducted.

20

multidimensionality

TECHNIQUES STAKEHOLDERS SYNOPTIC MAPS WATER WASTE AGRICULTURE

GARDENS FIELD BASED MAPPING

DUMPISITES RECYCLE POINTS 21

TOOLS

QUESTIONNAIRE

GPS DEVICE

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

POINT N°:

1.25676°S,36.84455°E 1.25710°S,36.86955°E 1.25464°S,36.84334°E 1.25450°S,36.84335°E 1.25560°S,36.86333°E 1.25640°S,36.86213°E 1.25354°S,36.84344°E 1.25333°S,36.86554°E 1.25540°S,36.83545°E 1.25530°S,36.86545°E 1.28920°S,36.83522°E 1.25220°S,36.83342°E

PATHS MADE (GPS TRACKS)

22

CAMERA PICTURE N°:

garden 01

VISION YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden and Animal Farm RESPONSIBLE (S): Vision Youth Group CONTACT: 0723641124 (Michael) DIMENSIONS: 10 sqm FENCE: yes, wood-metal, h: 2m LOCATION: Ngei 1

START: August 2012 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (7) SOURCE OF WATER: tank connected to the water SEEDS SOURCE:- Mathare Upendo Group Garden SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: rabbits, chickens DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, direct FUTURE PLANS: 1.25710째S,36.86955째E

23

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256957...

garden 02

LITTLE BEES GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Little Bees Children Project CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 400 sqm FENCE: No LOCATION: Madoya

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, mais, spinach, sugar cane, papaw, avocado...

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks and ground SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25621째S,36.86905째E

24

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256099...

garden 03

b

a

MICHAEL WANJOHI GARDEN TYPE: Kitchen Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Michael Wanjohi CONTACT: 0723459613 (Michael Wanjohi) DIMENSIONS: 200 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Ngei 1

a b

START: 2009 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: Wheat, Papaw, Sukuma-wiki, Spinach, Banana CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: shallow well (Borehole) SEEDS SOURCE: Kariobangi Agrovet SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: 1.25550째S,36.87002째E

25

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.255262...

garden 04

MADOYA TUMAINI Y.G. GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Madoya Tumaini Youth Group CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 70 sqm FENCE: yes, wood-metal, h: 2m LOCATION: Ngei 1

START: February 2012 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Urban Farming and bamboo planting project (COOPI, ERF-UNOCHA, French Embassy, L’ALBERO DELLA VITA) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, tomato, amaranth (terere), onion CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (60) SOURCE OF WATER: shallow well (blowhole) SEEDS SOURCE: provided by funder organization SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: desire to sell

1.25526°S,36.87019°E

26

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.255117...

garden 05

PETER GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Peter CONTACT: 0710207723 (Peter) DIMENSIONS: 250 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare Area 3

START: 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, amaranth (terere), bananas, beans, arrow roots, maize CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: dreinage SEEDS SOURCE: self production SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: YES SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: 1.25529째S,36.86935째E

27

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.255347...

garden 06

MESSIAH GOSPEL CHURCH GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Messiah Gospel Church CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 130 sqm FENCE: yes, wood (1.8m) LOCATION: Kiamaiko

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25424째S,36.87322째E

28

...

garden 07

c

b

a

MATHARE YOUTH DEV. ORG. GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare Youth Development Organization CONTACT: 0724981801 (Charles Rabongo) DIMENSIONS: 35 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare Area 3

START: 2002, from a dump site SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, pilipili (kind of tomato), tomato, sugar cane, kinyegi, papaw CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (12+1*), ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank, dreinage (for sugarcane) SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (EX Solidarites) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: everything is sold FUTURE PLANS: make more sacks instead of ground cultivation, expand the cultivation in a near dumpsite *: following the hint of the minister of agriculture there is a test in progress of cultivating sacks of 120 steams instead of 60. This kind of sack is made up of a stronger plastic (100 gage) that can support the increased weight and stands with the help of four vertical pieces of wood in it (see pictures).

29

1.25323째S,36.87113째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.253164...

garden 08

c

b

a

NEUTRAL YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Neutral Youth Group CONTACT: 0721414318 (Laurence) DIMENSIONS: 6000 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Kiamaiko

START: 1999 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Urban Farming and bamboo planting project (COOPI, ERF-UNOCHA, French Embassy, L’ALBERO DELLA VITA) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, maize, tomato, beans, banana (platano), arrow roots, papaw, bamboo*, mapera tree, beans tree CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank, drainage (for sugarcane) SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (EX Solidarités) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS:

30

1.25272°S,36.87406°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.253121...

garden 09

b

a

DEMTA ANIANGU AND OTHERS GARDEN b

TYPE: Garden and Greenhouse RESPONSIBLE (S): Demta Aniangu and others* CONTACT: 0728922848 (Demta Aniangu) DIMENSIONS: 700 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare Area 4

a

START: 2009 with the support of Solidarites** SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, maize***, amaranth (terere), tomatoes CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sack SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (EX Solidarites) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, a selling point in front of the street has been created FUTURE PLANS: desire to receive more training and to expand the cultivation * the garden is big and is splited between different farmers/families. The Greenhouse is the only place that is shared by all of them to grow tomatoes. ** Solidarites organisation built the Greenhouse in 2009/2010 and trained these people to sack technique cultivation. Nowadays however it seems that ground cultivation is preferred. *** used even as a tool to perimeter different responsability areas

1.25567째S,36.86366째E

31

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256055...

garden 10

a

ACENDING YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Ascending Youth Group CONTACT: 0728012726 (Moses) DIMENSIONS: 500 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare 4A

a

START: 2006 without any support SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, banana, sugar cane, lemon tree CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: Town SOIL CONDITIONER: compost (sometimes) ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS: desire to expand the cultivation and to have a henhouse

32

1.26127째S,36.86117째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261263...

garden 11

c

b

a

MANYGRO GARDEN 1 TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare N°10 Youth Group CONTACT: 0728588829 (Adigo) DIMENSIONS: 100 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Mathare n° 10

START: 2009, with the support of Solidarités SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités*, Minister of Agriculture** PRODUCTS: Sukuma-wiki, spinach, avocado, sugarcane, amaranth (terere), tomato, carrot, onion, cassawa, papaw, maize CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe / tank (2) (owned by the group) SEEDS SOURCE: shop / Minister of Agriculture SOIL CONDITIONER: rabbits' drops ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS:

1.26336°S,36.86077°E

* the group has been one of the first supported by the organization and received the issue to train other groups around the area. ** donated 150.000 KSH supporting the idea of transforming a dump site into a garden.

They received help even in buying seeds, tools, pestcydes.

33

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263451...

garden 12

COMMUNITY TRANSFORMERS GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Community Transformers Org. CONTACT: 0725760761 (Evans) DIMENSIONS: 60 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare n째10

START: may 2012 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, cabbage CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: no SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: desire to sell 1.26368째S,36.86078째E

34

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263494...v

garden 13

KONYRIKENDI YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Konyrikendi Youth Group CONTACT: 0707630274 (Samuel Otieno) DIMENSIONS: 110 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Kiamaiko

START: 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, tomatoes, amaranth (terere) CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sack, ground SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: yes, there’s a selling point inside the garden FUTURE PLANS: desire to sell 1.26406°S,36.85769°E

35

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.262132...

garden 14

“AGRICULTURAL AREA” TYPE: agricultural area* RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 58000 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION:

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: cassawa, sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, sugar cane, kinyegi, papaw, avocados, mango, pepper, cabbage, beans, carrots, parsley, potatoes, sweet potato, arrow roots, green peas, maize, pumpkin, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: river SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

36

1.25998°S,36.8534°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.259611...

garden 15

a

CHOCORA PRENGE Y.G. GARDEN TYPE: farm (garden + cowshed) RESPONSIBLE (S): Chocora Prenge Youth Group CONTACT: 0727693867 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 5400 sqm FENCE: yes, wood LOCATION: Village 2 a

START: 1997 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, amaranth (terere), kangira, banana, avocado tree, lungwatt tree, beans, tomato CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank filled with piped water, shallow well (blowhole) SEEDS SOURCE: town SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: cows (6big, 6small) DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS: have chickens and piggs

1.26344째S,36.84624째E

37

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263349...

garden 16

b

a

SAMUEL NJONGORO GARDEN TYPE: kitchengarden RESPONSIBLE (S): Samuel Njongoro CONTACT: 0718129436 (Samuel Njongoro) DIMENSIONS: 50 sqm FENCE: no, but is in a courtyard LOCATION: Mathare 3A

a,b

START: 2002 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, kunde, amaranth (terere), maize, pumpkin CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: rain water / piped water SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes. in rainy season (when production is higher) he share some products with the neighbours.

SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

38

1.26455째S,36.85476째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.264272...

garden 17

SHANTIT YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Shantit Youth Group CONTACT: 0789724199 (Richard) DIMENSIONS: 600 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mabatini

START: oct 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sugar cane, sukuma, maize, banana, tomato CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sack (2) SOURCE OF WATER: river, pipe SEEDS SOURCE: no SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, sometimes people come sometimes they reach them FUTURE PLANS:

39

1.26363째S,36.85909째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263945...

garden 18

RIVER BANK YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): River Bank Youth Group CONTACT: sakwa.makanda@gmail.com 0724706222 DIMENSIONS: 450 mq FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare 3C

START: 2006 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: banana, sukuma-wiki, sugar cane CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: dreinage water ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: FUTURE PLANS: reinforce the bank with stones in order to avoid floods damages

1.26250째S,36.85957째E

the youth group does even garbage collection for 80ksh a month (20 ksh per week) with city council help or with 4 carts. plastic and metal are sold we need economic inputs to start or it is difficult

40

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.262663...

garden 19

b

ALAN GARDEN

a b

TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: 0720504553 (Nicolas) DIMENSIONS: 150 sqm FENCE: yes, wood LOCATION: Mashimoni

a

START: 1997 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach*, banana, sugarcane, amaranth (terere), onions, tomato, pumpkin, chucu tree, iums, sunflower**, abach***, spontaneous vegetables CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: shallow wells (4) SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, people come here to buy FUTURE PLANS: want to have chickens, create protection from floods

1.26122°S,36.86149°E

* different species ** used to attract birds and take them away from the cultivation *** medicinal plant with different uses (malaria, joint failure…)

41

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.26125...

garden 20

c

b

a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 120 sqm FENCE: LOCATION: Mashimoni

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, banana, avocado, papaw, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25710째S,36.86955째E

42

...

garden 21

MARY MBETE GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mary Mbete CONTACT: 0716822587 (Mary Mbete) DIMENSIONS: 150 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Kiamaiko

START: 2010 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, sugar cane, papaw, avocados, mango, irish potatoes, sweet potato, maize, terere, pumpkin, mrenda, milet, nduma, managu CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks, ground, , ground ditch covered with a plastic sheet (use the plastic for keep the water in the ditch in order to allow the cultivation of the arrow roots), green house SOURCE OF WATER: drainage SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (Ex Solidarités) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS:

43

1.26109°S,36.86178°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261258...

garden 22

a

WHY NOT ACADEMY GARDEN a

TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Why Not Academy CONTACT: (Margaret) DIMENSIONS: 450 sqm FENCE: yes, wood and wire LOCATION: Mashimoni

Planimetria (eidotipo) START: 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Live in Slums ONG PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, banana, amaranth (terere), onions, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, arrow roots, coriander, green peas, black night shadow (managu), cassawa, murere, spider plant CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sack (n) SOURCE OF WATER: pipe, shallow wells (1) SEEDS SOURCE: self production, town SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, people come here to buy FUTURE PLANS: want to have rabbits and chickens

1.26091째S,36.86208째E

44

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261122...

garden 23

a

H TOWN YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): H (Huruma) town youth group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 50 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Huruma Flats

a

START: 2008 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités (2009), Ministry of agriculture (2009) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, sugar cane, papaw, avocados, mango, potatoes, pumpkin, chuchu, terere, strawberry, bananas, rosmarin, kinyegi, managu, sagheti, kunde CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks, ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe water, tank filled with rain water SEEDS SOURCE: some seeds they bought, some Ministry of agriculture give SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: chickens (25) and doves (20/25) DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: yes, selling point inside FUTURE PLANS:

45

1.26117°S,36.86721°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261342...

garden 24

H TOWN YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): H (Huruma) town youth group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 70 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Huruma Flats

START: 2008 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités (2009), Ministry of agriculture (2009), IRC (international rescue committee) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, pumpkin, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (12), ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank SEEDS SOURCE: some seeds they bought, some Ministry of agriculture give SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, selling point on the street FUTURE PLANS:

1.26167°S,36.86781°E

46

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261342...

garden 25

b

a

MATHARE UPENDO GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare Upendo Group* CONTACT: 0711562226 (Akoi) DIMENSION: 700 sqm FENCE: yes, wood-metal, h: 1m LOCATION: Mabatini

b

a

START: 2008 out of a dump site SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités, Ministry of agriculture PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, sugar cane, kinyegi, papaw, avocados, mango, pepper, cabbage, beans, carrots, parsley, potatoes, sweet potato, arrow roots, green peas, maize, pumpkin, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks, ground, ground ditch covered with a plastic sheet (use the plastic for keep the water in the ditch in order to allow the cultivation of the arrow roots), green house SOURCE OF WATER: pipe water SEEDS SOURCE: ministry of agriculture, self production SOIL CONDITIONER: fish pond in the ground (use the water enriched in the fertility by the fish ecosystem), compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: everything is sold also the seeds. They sell inside the garden FUTURE PLANS: laboratory for the lessons *They have worked with Solidarités since 2011, now they are in partnership with the Ministry of agriculture.

They train how to cultivate (urban agriculture techniques).

47

1.26247°S,36.86454°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.26243...

garden 26

a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 20 sqm FENCE: LOCATION: Thayu

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: tomatoes, sweet potato, maize, green peas, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.26218째S,36.86370째E

48

...

garden 27

FLORENCE MONGELI GARDEN TYPE: Kitchen Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Florence Mongeli CONTACT: 0719405508 (Florence Mongeli) DIMENSIONS: 30 sqm FENCE: yes, wood gate and houses LOCATION: Thayu

START: 2010 SUPPORT/FUNDS: seeds gave from solidarites when the activities started PRODUCTS: spinach, tomato, bananas, papaw, avocados, maize, terere, carrots CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe water (bought) SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

49

1.26227째S,36.86362째E

...

garden 28

c

b

a

MANYGRO GARDEN 2

c

TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare N°10 Youth Group CONTACT: 0728588829 (Adigo) DIMENSIONS: 30 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Mathare n° 10

a b

START: 2009, with the support of Solidarités SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités*, Minister of Agriculture** PRODUCTS: Sukuma-wiki CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sack (10) SOURCE OF WATER: pipe / tank (2) (owned by the group) SEEDS SOURCE: shop / Minister of Agriculture SOIL CONDITIONER: rabbits’ drops ANIMALS: rabbits (15), chickens (10) DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS: reach the number of 30 rabbits and buy more chickens

1.26336°S,36.86077°E

* the group has been one of the first supported by the organization and received the issue to train other groups around the area. ** donated 150.000 KSH supporting the idea of transforming a dump site into a garden.

They received help even in buying seeds, tools, pestcydes.

50

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263451...

garden 29

TERRACED GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 100 sqm FENCE: yes, wall LOCATION: 4B

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, papaw...

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sacks SOURCE OF WATER: tank SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.26373째S,36.85552째E

51

www.openstreetmap.org

garden 30

c

b

a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 10 smq FENCE: LOCATION: 3C

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.26326째S,36.85910째E

52

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256957...

garden 31

c

b

a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 30 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mabatini

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach...

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25869째, 36.86323째E

53

www.openstreetmap.org

dumpsites 1-2-3-4 DUMPSITE 1 LOCATION: Ngei 1 1.25606°S,36.86906°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 2 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25548°S,36.86873°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 3 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25699°S,36.8649°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 4 LOCATION: Ngei 2B 1.25730°S,36.86517°E

www.openstreetmap.org

54

dumpsites 5-6-7-8 DUMPSITE 5 LOCATION: 4A 1.25529°S,36.86363°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 6 LOCATION: Area 4 1.25662°S,36.86217°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 7 LOCATION: 4A 1.25998°S,36.86177°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 8 LOCATION: 4A 1.26096°S,36.86168°E

www.openstreetmap.org

55

dumpsites 9-10-11-12 DUMPSITE 9 LOCATION: 3C 1.26415°S,36.85815°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 10 LOCATION: Mabatini 1.25851°S,36.86371°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 11 Village 2

1.26411°S,36.84874°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 12 Village 1

1.26372°S,36.84597°E

www.openstreetmap.org

56

dumpsites 13-14-15-16 DUMPSITE 13 LOCATION: Village 1 1.26612°S,36.84473°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 14 LOCATION: Village 2 1.26587°S,36.85054°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 15 LOCATION: 3A 1.26400°S,36.85487°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 16 LOCATION: Thayu 1.26196°S,36.86333°E

www.openstreetmap.org

57

dumpsites 17-18-19-20 DUMPSITE 17 LOCATION: Ngei 1 1.26175°S,36.86307°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 18 LOCATION: 3B 1.26462°S,36.85471°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 19 LOCATION: Kossovo 1.26257°S,36.85234°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 20 LOCATION: 4B 1.26368°S,36.85538°E

www.openstreetmap.org

58

recycling workshop 1 RECYCLE POINT 1 TYPE: Zakale Creations RESPONSIBLE (S): John M. Kangar CONTACT: 0724729520 (John) DIMENSIONS: 30 mq LOCATION: Huruma Flats

START: 2002 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: jewelry, decorative objects SOURCE OF MATERIAL: production scrap materials

www.zakalecreations.com

1.26052째S,36.87764째E

www.openstreetmap.org

59

recycling workshop 2 RECYCLE POINT 2 TYPE: Handicraft workshop RESPONSIBLE (S): H (Huruma) Town Youth Group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 30 mq LOCATION: Huruma Flats

START: 2008 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: plates, jewels, fire balls SOURCE OF MATERIAL: garbage collected in the neighbourhood (33 houses)

1.26117째S,36.86721째E

www.openstreetmap.org

60

recycling workshop 3 RECYCLE POINT 3 TYPE: Handicraft workshop RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare Environmental Conservation Group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 30 mq LOCATION: Village 1

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: choped plastic SOURCE OF MATERIAL: garbage collection, shops SALE: yes, the plastic is sold to industries FUTURE PLANS:

1.26117째S,36.86721째E

www.openstreetmap.org

61

garbage collection points 1-2-3 COLLECTION POINT 1 LOCATION: Area 2 1.25385°S,36.87146°E RESPONSIBLE: Samuel Mungai CONTACT: 0720619720 (Samuel) 0726297157 (Chariti) MATERIAL COLLECTED: Metal, Plastic

www.openstreetmap.org

COLLECTION POINT 2 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25341°S,36.87017°E RESPONSIBLE: CONTACT: MATERIAL COLLECTED: Metal, Plastic www.openstreetmap.org

COLLECTION POINT 3 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25309°S,36.86897°E RESPONSIBLE: Miss Donga CONTACT: 0723452373 (Miss Donga) MATERIAL COLLECTED: Metal, Plastic, Paper

www.openstreetmap.org

62

WATER It has been estimated that 40% of the water provided by the city council is used through informal connections [1]. Monthly an inhabitant spends an average of 437 KSH for domestic water [2] and only 10% of the inhabitants of Mathare have running water at home [3].

According to Spere Humanitarian Standard the minimum number of people per water point is 250 [4]. In Mathare this value is not respected because there is one water point per 315 inhabitants [5]. According to the Mathare Zonal Plan It has been estimated that the reconstruction of the water system costs 540,000 USD [6]. The Mathare River goes longitudinally across the whole slum. The river’s water is not being used due to the high pollution level known to everybody (the inhabitants call the river “coca cola river� because its colour is very similar to the dark brown colour of coca cola). There are mostly two causes for this pollution. First, there isn't a proper sewage system for the settlements therefore all the liquid waste flows directly into the river. Second, most inhabitants throw garbage into the river although there is a risk of getting arrested by the municipality if caught in the action.

Nowadays there are many studies about the Nairobi River and therefore Mathare River being part. The most important study is the Nairobi River Basin project, done by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Government of Kenya, UN-Habitat, UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), the private sector and civil society.

The vision of Nairobi River Basin Programme (NRBP) is a restored riverine eco-system with clean water for the capital city and a healthier 63

environment for the people of Nairobi. One main point of this project is the “riparian zone” restoration, which is the interface between land and a river or stream [7]. This zone is 30 meters wide as defined by the NRBP [8]. It is now is partially occupied by houses. If this area had to be liberated there will be approximately 22,146 people evicted with 1,116 structures demolished of which houses, schools and churches.

Instead Mathare Zonal Plan proposes an intervention that uses more the empty areas along the river. Doing this it is possible to maintain almost all the houses along the river with a demolition of only 147 structures.

The global population growth represents an alarming issue for the depletion of water resources more than climate change [10] and the problem is that this amount of water is unequally distributed over the planet. Norway has 82,000 cubic meters of water against 830 cubic meters in Kenya [12]; nevertheless “virtual water trade” represents a solution to this disparity [11].

Even though there are several projects done by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on this matter, Peter Gleick criticises the fact that often these institutions invest all the funds in one place because they are not able to use them in many other places [13].

Solutions aside, the issue of global water sources is really important and represents today’s real war [17]. If for any reason the water disappears the human race would become extinct in few days [18].

64

hydrography 1950m 1850m 1750m 1650m

NAIROBI DISTRICT

Nairobi Nairobi

Mathare

Nai

rob

Ath

i

i

Athi

KENYA

hi

At

65

Water sources RAINWATER Rainwater is collected by roofings that channel the water into tanks or other containers.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost

PIPE/TANK There are several private taps, which are connected to the main water system (often illegally). Water is sold by the owners. use

SOAP

diffusion cost

RIVER Even though the River’s water is really polluted some farmers still use it for irrigation.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost

BOREHOLE Along the river, farmers often dig boreholes to access the groundwater that is then use for agriculture purposes.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost

66

NAIROBI CLIMATE[20] J

D

9

25

18

250

F M

N

A

O S

temperatures daily average (C°) hours of sunshine (h/d)

rainy days

rainfall (mm)

M

Nairobi is located at 1624 MAMSL, 88 Miles from the equator.

In a year there are two rainy seasons: one from March to May and one from October to December.

BARRIERS TO WATER[19]

WATER POINTS[21]

MATHARE RIVER WATER

Water costs 3Ksh per 20 liters. On left side of the map a part of water system is represented (blue lines). Based on “Sphere Humanitarian Standard” there should be at least one water point each 250 people but this criteria is not met in Mathare.

A

J

J

Mathare river goes longitudinally across the slum and overflows during rain season.

The following datas of the Mathare River’s water are compared with the minimum standars for water to be used in agriculture.

supp ly 3 1

Unreliability 57% None 11% Long wait 1% High cost 14% Distance 14% Pollution 3%

90% without running water

5

e opl pe

53m

pH 7,8

TSS 47

BOD 1400

Na 67

K 28

Ca 25

Mg 8

NO3 0,8

PO4 0,8

Cd 0,02

Cr 0,07

Mn 0,03

Cu 0,02

Zn 0,03

Pb 0,03

T.coli 1800

FLOODING e BOREHOLES

[22][23]

67

Riparian / buffer zone rain

flood

TOPOGRAPHY

1618m 1617m 1616m [24]

30m

FLOODS AND BUFFER ZONE (DEF. NRBP) During floods some of the houses along the river are being flooded.

68

PROPOSALS FOR THE BUFFER ZONE BERKELEY: MATHARE ZONAL PLAN

[25] [9]

In opposition with the Nairobi Basin Project, the Mathare Zonal Plan proposes a more organic drawing of the buffer zone, which expands more in the empty spaces along the river and less in the built ones. This drawing aims to limit as much as possible the number of houses to be demolished. In addition the plan also defines what kind of functions will take place in this buffer zone. Among them, it is important to point out: agriculture, community spaces, reparian vegetation and a path along the river.

agriculture community spaces vegetation path

ETH: GREEN CORRIDOR [26] In 2008 studio Basel (ETH university of Zurich) proposed a project on Mathare River and its banks.

They propose to create an ecological corridor (green) along the Mathare River. The idea is to connect this corridor with other planned corridors designed along the other rivers of the Nairobi district. These corridors will connect very different areas so the idea of the project would be also to create more social cohesion among different communities.

69

agriculture Urban agriculture plays a fundamental role in the economic development of cities of the “Global South”. Within this context, there are several projects based on agriculture as a tool to overcome certain obstacles. For example both in Kibera and Mathare the French NGO “Solidarités” has implemented an agricultural project to resolve the problem of food security, which at that time was a stressing issue due to the economic loss after election clashes of 2007. In fact urban agriculture is able to provide solutions to economical problems since it is a productive activity able to generate livelihoods.

The implementation of projects in informal settlements of the Global South needs to face the challenges related to poverty and in particular to the need of sources of income for the inhabitants of these settlements. Urban agriculture has the potential to produce income and it is perfectly adapted for operations of urban acupuncture. This is due to its applicability either on a large or small scale, as well as the various ways in which urban agriculture activities may be carried out (individual or group work). In addition many of the inhabitants are familiar with agricultural practices because of their cultural origins (most of them come from rural areas where agriculture is a common practice).

This research provides a fairly wide scope around all the topics related to agriculture like: seasonality, irrigation, agricultural health, soil engineering, etc. For instance in the following pages a study about the common diet of the inhabitants is presented in order to understand what kind of products to integrate to fill up their nutritional deficiencies. The investigation of the adopted agricultural techniques is essen70

tial to draw connections with other problems like: soil pollution, space availability, flood risks, etc. In fact, this could be resolved through adequate technological solutions, research and education.

Shortly, towards an environmental requalification of the slum, agriculture is a great tool to control and protect riverbanks (riparian zone) that now are often in critical conditions. The idea is to recreate this riparian zone using interventions of urban agriculture situated along the Mathare River so as a way to stop the waste deposit. In addition, working on the riparian zone has to deal significantly with ecology, environmental management, and civil engineering because of their role in soil conservation [4]. Furthermore it is important to point out that the climatic and geographic conditions of Nairobi are in favour of agriculture: high solar radiation, optimal temperature and humidity for plant growth that are quiet constant during the whole year [5][6].

In the contemporary debate on cities it is repeatedly reported how urban agriculture has even an important social value, being able to establish new relationships among people [7]. This value has been proved during our research because we have found many youth group working together on agricultural projects.

Last but not least, the spatial quality of agricultural projects is really important: to a master plan level, agriculture in Mathare can actually become a mean to direct the slum expansion towards a landscape one, beside the integration between nature and city that occurs, it can offer a lot of possibilities to public space design and positive use of space.

71

summary maps garden number

0

selling points

13

green houses

17

15

10 19

2 1

1

25

10

400 200 70 250 130 35

6000 700 500 100 60 110 58000 5400 50 600 450 150 120 150 450 30 70 700 20 30 50 100 10 30

0

8

VILLAGE 1 VILLAGE 2 KOSOVO 3B 3A 3C 4A 4B No 10 MASHIMONI THAYU MABATINI NGEI 2B MADOYA KIBICHOL CASANOVA HURUMA FLATS HURUMA B NEW MATHARE NGEI 1 KIAMAIKO AREA 1 AREA 2 AREA 3 AREA 4

3

22

7

23 24

21 11

GARDENS PER DISTRICT

9

DIMENSIONS (Mq)

adjacent to the river

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

tank

29

15 15

16

11 13

pipe

22

23

10 22 25 17 26 18 12 9

24

7 5 4 2 3 1

15

river

29 16 14

8 6

31

14

borehole

7

5

23

9

15

1

10 2122 1920 26 18 27 25 30 28 13 17 11 12 20 19 21 17

21 72

23

24 4 33

8

WATER SOURCES FOR GARDENS

Abacus agricultural products (prices and diffusion) 5 KSH

15 KSH

15 KSH

5 KSH

10 KSH

PRICES* X UNIT

10 KSH

* Prices can change depending on seasons (survey August 2012)

Fruits Banana

20 KSH

PRICES* X GLASS

Mango

Pumpink

Tomato 15 KSH

Papaw

20 KSH

Avocado

Seeds Maize 20 KSH

Beans 15 KSH

20 KSH

30 KSH

30 KSH

PRICES* X BAG

90 KSH

Green peas

Leafs Coriandre

Managu

Kunde

Terere

Spinach 20 KSH

PRICES* X UNIT

Sukuma Wiki

Stem

20 KSH

15 KSH

PRICES* X UNIT

2.5 KSH

Sugar cane

Roots Carrot

Onion

Sweet Potatoe 73

Arrow Root

Casawa

most common nutritional values

[9] [10] [11] [12]

kcal

g

g

g

g

g

mg

mg

ug

ug

mg

mg

mg

mg

mg

ug

ug

mg

mg

mg

mg

mg

2000

70

270

90

50

25

1

800

10

60

1,4

1,6

18

200

2400

800

800

14

300

15

4800

2,5

1,4%

0,6%

2,1%

1,4%

3,8%

8%

8,5%

68%

3,8%

4,4%

2,8%

6,5%

1%

9%

3,5%

6,4%

6%

1,6%

4,8%

28

0,4

5,63

1,25

1,9

2

0,85

41

0,053 0,07

0,5

13

23

72

28

0,9

18

0,24

228 0,416

15%

2,9%

18%

3,9%

70%

0,4%

29%

6,3%

13%

0,2%

17%

57%

57%

23%

30%

291

2

47,5

3,5

17,5

3

0,4

0,1

2,3

4

135

8

170

3,4

1445

4,3%

1,7%

7%

3,6%

6,4%

11%

1,1%

11%

14%

23%

3,7%

12%

5,6%

1,18 19,02 3,22 3,22

2,7

9

6,8

0,2

46

0,52

37

270

13%

11%

12%

30%

7,7%

7,3%

1,6%

6,5

2,8

76

21%

9,7%

0,7%

4%

27%

0,9%

17%

160 14,66 8,53

0,66

2

6,7

7

10

8,7%

0,9%

7%

5,9%

43

0,26 10,82 7,82 0,47

1,7

47

3%

0,5%

6,4%

6,8%

9%

61%

60

0,38 14,98 13,66 0,89

1,6

54

0,9

36,4 0,028 0,038 0,669

2,2%

10%

0,4%

1%

15%

2,2%

0,33 22,84 12,23 1,09

2,6

3

0,1

8,7

0,031 0,073 0,665

70%

52%

34%

83%

46%

567 49,24 16,13 3,97 25,8

8,5

8,33

0,64 0,135 12,06

2,2%

4,5%

89

28%

0,4%

0,5%

4%

5,5%

8,5%

6%

0,3%

15%

14%

4,4%

0,4%

1,8%

25%

4,8%

8,1%

3,2%

0,067 0,13 1,738

1,6%

1,7%

2%

0,023 0,027 0,357

2,4%

2%

4,6%

8,4%

89%

20%

11%

2,9%

0,89

160

1,05

0,04 0,457 0,075

29%

95

4,23

23

1,1

0,3%

6%

6,5%

3,9%

10%

4,3%

7

12

52

0,55

29

0,64

485 0,142

0,3%

10%

1,3%

1,8%

7%

0,5%

3,8%

1,6%

8

20

10

0,25

21

0,08

182

0,04

1,8%

1,1%

3,3%

0,6%

3,5%

14

0,16

10

0,09

168 0,063

2,8%

1,9%

9%

1%

7,5%

11%

358

0,27

47%

33%

56%

22%

18

92

376

4,58

168

3,27

705 1,934

25%

13%

4%

8,6%

2,9%

198

1,75

12

1,29

138 0,028

8%

12%

0,2%

240

6

20

4

3

3,8

1

56

Sodium

Folic Acid

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamine

Vit. C

Vit. E

Vit. A

Vit. B12

Fibers

PEANUTS 15%

77%

EGG 1,1%

CHAPATI

VITAMINS

Protein

BANANA

46%

7,4%

Sugar

2,5%

0,8%

8,6%

Glucids

MANGO

0,15

12%

Fat

PAPAW

27

9,51 0,72

Calories

5,7%

0,26

143

74

10%

22

14%

PRINCIPAL

AVOCADO

5

0,04% 28%

0,4%

1,037

1

7,2%

0,37 12,56

11

0,04% 2,5%

67%

42%

3

1

3,7%

RICE

1

0,04% 5,5%

3,7%

MAIZE

MINERALS

Manganese

8%

225

0,565 0,048

17%

BEANS

Potassium

0,52 79,15

SUKUMA WIKI

Zinc

358

112% 0,04% 1,5%

3%

40%

Magnesium

0,7%

Iron

29%

18%

Calcium

86

RDA

Phosphorus

GDA

diet BEANS (50g)

Sukuma Wiki and Spinach are the most eaten vegetables in Mathare. They are cut in wedges and then boiled.

SUKUMA WIKI (70g)

RICE(50g) kcal

g

g

g

g

g

mg

433,1 1,87 90,11 14,86 5,67 14,15

mg

4,5

ug

ug

mg

mg

mg

mg

mg

ug

CHAPATI (50g) g

g

g

g

mg

592,2 21,29 85,74 3,614 11,15 17,09

mg

ug

13,3

ug

mg

mg

g

g

82%

68%

mg

mg

ug

ug

8,9

12

52

g

g

g

23%

85%

142

mg

mg

LUNCH

mg

mg

mg

ug

0,89

160 5,215

89%

22%

59%

ug

mg

mg

mg

mg

0,36 0,525 6,105

87%

80%

53%

235

61%

mg

mg

0,914 54,9

DINNER

mg

mg

0,64

mg

674 0,142

These foods are more expensive than others.

PEANUTS (50g)

426,5 34,13 8,79 2,355 25,46 4,25

73%

mg

14,76 0,207 0,13 33,94

1 EGG kcal

mg

Ugali and chapati are tipical food.

Chapati is made of flour, water and salt and cooked with butter on specific cookers. Ugali is made of maize flour and water.

UGALI (70g)

g

mg

0,695 37,4 0,551 0,196 2,165 121,6 19,6 124,4 89,1 7,005 136,1 2,568 1278 1,08

MAIZE (50g)

kcal

ug

mg

ug

ug

mg

mg

10

102

386

4,04

96

1,6%

30%

66%

85%

96%

1452 57,29 184,6 20,83 42,28 35,49 0,89 177,8 5,91 52,16 1,12 0,851 42,21 121,6 38,5 238,4 527,1 11,96 287

mg

ADDITIONS mg

mg

2,925 490,5 0,995

TOTAL (DAILY) 41%

51%

89%

6,13 2443 2,217

SUPPLEMENTS

Potassium

Zinc

Magnesium

Manganese

Tea

MINERALS

Iron

Calcium

Sodium

Folic Acid

75

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamine

Vit. C

Vit. E

Vit. A

Vit. B12

Fibers

Protein

Sugar

Glucids

Fat

Calories

VITAMINS

Phosphorus

Basil

Carrot

Sugar cane

PRINCIPAL

riparian vegetation for reinforcement of embankments

10

parkinnsonia aculeata

11 acacia senegal

12

13

acacia nilotica

[8]

14

mangifera indica

acacia elatior

14 13 12 11 10

dodonaea viscosa

5

6

7

ricinus communis

8

syzygium cumini

9

pithecellobium dulce

ficus sycomorus

9 8 7 6 5

1

2

acacia xanthophloea

acacia tortilis

3 casuarina cunninghamiana

4 casuarina equisetifolia

Firewood Charcoal Construction Poles Posts Tools Utensils Edible fruits Vegetable Seasoning Drink/Soup Edible oil Jam Medicine Fodder Bee forage Shade Ornamental Mulch Nitrogen fixation Soil conservation River bank Windbreak Fibre Glue/gum Tannin Live fence Cerimonial Toothbrushes Boundary marking Veterinary medicine Toxic Cosmetics

4 3 2 1

WOOD

FOOD

FODDER

76

ENVIRONMENTAL

OTHER USES

EXISTING REPARIAN VEGETATION

77

waste Waste has a striking presence in Mathare: it is scattered in various areas of the settlement and represents a high risk for the health of the inhabitants and the environment. There is no form of garbage collection for both the liquid and solid waste. In a controlled environment, liquid waste is collected using a sewage system where there is a distinction of the source (organic and chemical liquids are separate) which allows different treatments before their reintegration in the environment; while solid waste is collected according to their material nature then recycled or burnt to produce a different form of energy.

Nevertheless in Mathare there is not a base infrastructure system to allow these operations to take place.

Concerning the sewage system in Mathare, one can find traces of an old underground system that is not in use nowadays, as mentioned: “the sewage pipe system is in total disrepair�[1]. What happens instead is an open-air drainage system that collects liquid wastes from all the temporary dwellings and the public toilets to discharge them in the Mathare River without any treatment, which is strongly polluting the water. As a result many bacteria have spread like Cholera (Vibrium cholerae) for example that is responsible of a large number of deaths.

A recent appraisal present the total cost of KSH 80,2 M = US$ 945,000[2] for all the pipes and new hygienic blocks in big part of the slum. Dumpsites of solid waste are found in several locations in Mathare: beside the roads, in between the houses, on riverbanks and potentially every empty spot. The extended deposit of materials seriously affects the environment: organic waste fermentation releas78

es poisonous gases that can seriously damage the human breathing system. Fermenting waste in Mathare is usually referred to as “boiler” because of the heat and accompanying noise it produces. During the dry season the piles of solid waste can catch fire autonomously. Also the sedimentation of heavy metals and other irritating or toxic substances pollute the aquifer. The situation of the dumpsites for an external observer could be identified as random and one throws wherever he wants. Whether several conversations with the locals pointed out that there is a certain system or set of rules that the inhabitants follow in order to be allowed to throw garbage in a specific site. Generally speaking, the absence of a public collection service in the slum is the reason for the permanence of this situation. The waste management issue represents an obstacle not just for Mathare but as well for the city of Nairobi in general. The public services and investments cannot deal with the situation. The city dumpsite is too small and lacks any environmental measure and the private companies are expensive and penalized by the law. In addition recycling is not supported.

“The Council doesn’t seem to accept the responsibility it has and to acknowledge the seriousness of the current situation.[4]”

79

summary maps dumpsite 13 12

17 16

0

11

14 20

18 15

9

19

3 2 1

dwellings

0

blocks

5

7

10 6

3

1

2

4

VILLAGE 1 VILLAGE 2 KOSOVO 3B 3A 3C 4A 4B No 10 MASHIMONI THAYU MABATINI NGEI 2B MADOYA KIBICHOL CASANOVA HURUMA FLATS HURUMA B NEW MATHARE NGEI 1 KIAMAIKO AREA 1 AREA 2 AREA 3 AREA 4

DUMPSITES PER DISTRICT

8

DIMENSIONS (Mq)

XL L M S

adjacent to the river

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920 collection centers

0

recycling points

0

3

2 5

3

80

2

1

1

81

LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE

SEWAGE LINES

On the right, a map showing the mapped existing sewage lines[5]. Part of it does not work. Due to this the inhabitants have been building open sewages.

TOILETS

In many district of Mathare the average number of people per toilet exceeds 100[6]. “Sphere� standards[7]

20 29% Households living within 30 meters from a functional latrine block[8]

82

250

0 17% Residents with access to a private individual toilet[9]

waste disposal SOLID WASTE

KSH = $

£

€

NOx

Cu

Cr

Zn

Pb

CO2 CH4 Cu

Cr

Zn

Pb

LIQUID WASTE

5 KSH =

> 30m[10] violence risk

flying toilets

Vibrio Cholerae

83

COLLECTION COLLECTION Households 28% served by a waste collection group[20] 200 KSH per month private companies 20 KSH per week youth groups / CBOs The Nairobi City Council owns 10-15 tracks for garbage collection. This service does not cover Mathare. Youth groups and other organisations cover this lack of service in Mathare. Tracks and private companies have prices that very few people of the slum can afford.

Dandora

Industrial Area

LOOKING FOR GARBAGE

It is common practice amoung the youths to look for plastic and metals in the dumpsites of Mathare. These material will be sold to industries for recycling.

84

recycling COLLECTION POINTS

There are different garbage collection points in Mathare, often specialized by material.

They function as intermediaries from the slum to the recycling industries. They give money in exchange of recyclable garbage.

Mathare

Industrial Area

RECYLCING WORKSHOPS

jewelry

objects Common is the practice of producing objects with recycled material. The final products are mostly shipped overseas or sold to foreigners.

85

dumpsite x-ray

ORGANIC WASTE

100%

Product fractions of urban waste in Nairobi[11]: glass metal other plastic paper organic

2,0 2,0 11,4 16,1 17,5 50,9

The big amount of organic waste poses a serious threat when these waste enters in processes of fermentation.

1kg=5KSH

1kg=30KSH

1kg=15KSH

1pz=10KSH

Since these products (above) are being sold for money, their presence in dumpsites is limited and often reduced to small parts or fragments.

RECYCLABLE WASTE

W

NOT RECYCLABLE WASTE

TIME OF DISPOSAL plastic and synthetic fibers: up to 1000 years

Despite the common practice of reuse, present in Mathare, some waste are hard to reuse.

For this reason their presence in the soild and dumpsites of Mathare is very high.

u p p u i

HIGHLY DANGEROUS WASTE

Harmful 10

5

1

Toxic Carcinogen OIL

-

Polluted

+

Infected

Special waste collection does not exist and often the risks and dangers related to these products are not known.

86

MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WASTE MILANO GARBAGE PRODUCED: 1950 Ton / day collected: 1950 Ton / day (100%) recycled - 660 Ton / day (34%) dumpsite - 200 Ton / day (10%) WTE, selection, compost - 1290 Ton / day (66%)

COMPARISON garbage produced per person 1,45 Kg / day

NAIROBI[13] GARBAGE PRODUCED: 3120 Ton / day collected: 1560 Ton / day (50%) recycled - 150 Ton / day (5%) unknown - 580 Ton / day(18%) dumpsite - 830 Ton / day (27%)

garbage produced per person 1,04 Kg / day

[12]

ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE COLLECTION[14] Mathare

residential

Industrial Area

ACCUMULATION Dandora

IP

IP

CBOs

CBOs

PC NCC

RECYCLING Industrial Area

PC NCC

Nairobi City Council

PC

Private Companies

IP industrial

D.E.S.T.W.

institutions

Dandora

Personal initiatives

IP

NCC

PC

commercial

community organisations

CBOs

IP PC NCC

WATER TREATEMENT D.E.S.T.W. 26 Km Ruai

Zinc Lead Chromium Copper

“One of the Dirty Thirty” Dandora is in the Blascksmith Institute’s list as one of the thirty most polluted places on earth[15].

2030 2007

FUTURE[16]...?

26,5 ha

Few industries manage the full recycling cycle in the Industrial Area. The foreign companies are the ones that sell the final products to make the major profit[17].

FLUXES AND ACTORS[18] shoes

private companies BIG collection points COMPANIES

37,1x103 m3 CBOs

WHOLESALERS DEALERS Dandora

250,1 ha

x 9,4

1,3x103 m3

agriculture companies

WASTE PICKERS

plastic, paper, metals

87

organic waste

DANDORA ESTATE SEWERAGE TREATMENT WORKS (Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company)

Designed to treat 120000 m3 of water a day, it only works for 80000 m3 a day due to the high pollution of the water coming from Nairobi[19].This stabilisation tanks are the second biggest in Africa. Here the water is treated with physical and biological treatments.

This service covers today an area of 200 Ha and it is planned to expand to 500 Ha. 200 Ha today

500 Ha future

88

89

Techniques For all the issues explored throughout this research, many techniques were also mapped as fundamental tools for the different activities of agriculture, recycling and garbage management. Nevertheless it is also important to study further technical solutions that can solve certain issues still problematic in Mathare. For example, a research on techniques to purify the water would be very helpful in the context of agriculture in Mathare. To power or teaching new techniques is enormous if thinking that a single technique can solve more than one problem and often it might bring new opportunities. Obviously whenever a new technique is introduced in a new environment, such as Mathare, this needs to face with the feasibility of it in that specific context. This means, looking at the availability of resources, the expertise of the inhabitants and so on. Therefore it is important to position a simple technique learned from a farmer in Kenya at the same level of a very innovative and technologically advanced solution. Only if the exchange of knowledge and expertise happens in this equal way, sustainable solutions can be found. On the website is possible to find some of the techniques researched (www.mathareriver.wordpress.com).

90

tion ura

irrig atio n

dep

tion

orta

stor

sp tran

age

n

tio

ni

tio di

on

il c

so

seeds reproduction

WATER

a tiv

ng

l

co

MAPPING vo rilie ano urb

AGRICULTURE

vo ico rilie ograf top

n

ctio

ote t pr

en

m iron env

WASTE

disp

t

osal

os mp

n

ctio

du pro gas

bio

ling

co

recy c

map iden ping titie s

TECHNIQUES

91

stakeholders With the term stakeholders, this research includes every single person or group who interacts with the project in all its phases. Following a simple classification, which depends on the role every stakeholder covers, it is possible here to distinguish between beneficiaries, donors, cooperators and so on. This classification is a simplification of all the different roles that actors can play, but it useful here to keep in mind all the possible expertise that can be involved.

Because of its nature, this section will continuously evolve and enrich every time new connections with actors are established. It is important to underline that a stakeholders is not just someone present on the field but also any person involved or just interested in the project (i.e. supporters).

The idea of this section is to be again open for everyone who is interested in looking for actors involved in the three topics threated: water, waste, agriculture.

92

rect indi

ct

dire

BENEFICIARIES DONORS

priv

ates

rs

prom oter

s

rke

wo

93

lics

PARTNERS

pub

ACTORS

waste contacts Fascolyne (Ministry of Health) Email: cfascolyne@yahoo.com Cell: 0723071626 John Kangara (Zakale Creations Colours&Design) They make jewels out of recycling materials Email: jonkoo2002@yahoo.com Cell: 0724729520 Website: http://heavenlytreasures.org/contentpages.aspx?parentnavigationid=2619&viewcontentpageguid=53959e0e-fe70-431b-97b0-2c5e6bd92982 Muchangi Wanyaga (GetToGreen Association) Email: ye.muchanginyaga@gmail.com, gettogren@ymail.com Cell: 0700054593 Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/getto.green Mambo (Community Cleaning Service) Cell: 0724229462 Roger Wandera (Environmental district) Cell: 0721347917, 0733536384 Yoseph Chesi (Minister of environment worker) Cleaner of the river Cell: 0715373697 Yuma (Garbage Collector Huruma) Cell: 0788603016 KakĂ (Mathare Environmental Conservation Youth Group) They have a machine to cut the plastic in pieces. Then, they sell these pieces to recycling companies.

Cell: 0715353811 Francis (River Bank Youth Group) Email: sakwa.makanda@gmail.com Cell: 0724706222 Kevin (H-town youth group) They produce little items with recycling materials Cell: 0726313783 Oyeyo (Nairobi Water Company) He works in Mathare for the maintenance of the water network (water pipes, sewages, etc.)

Cell: 0723460604

94

water contacts Francis (River Bank Youth Group) Email: sakwa.makanda@gmail.com Cell: 0724706222 Yoseph Chesi (Minister of environment worker) Cleaner of the river Cell: 0715373697 Fascolyne (Ministry of Health) Email: cfascolyne@yahoo.com Cell: 0723071626 Oyeyo (worker of the Nairobi Water Company) Cell: 0723460604

95

agriculture contacts Akoi (Mathare Upendo Group) Cell: 0711562226 Fascolyne (Ministry of Health) Email: cfascolyne@yahoo.com Cell: 0723071626 Muchangi Wanyaga (GetToGreen) Email: ye.muchanginyaga@gmail.com, gettogren@ymail.com cell: 0700054593 NEMA (National Environment National Authority) Kenya Roger Wandera (Environmental district) Cell: 0721347917, 0733536384 SolidaritĂŠs Youth Building Green Program ONG Wilkis Cell: 0725573717 Jack (Vision Youth Group) Email: rascom11@gmail.com Jackson Odong (Konirikendi Youth Group) Madoya Tumaini Youth Group Lawrence (Neutral Youth Group) Cell: 0717250770 Moses (Ascending Youth Group) Cell: 0728012726 Adigo (Manygro Urban Agricolture) Email:adigodigo@gmail.com Cell: 0728588829 Evans (Community Transformers Organization) Cell:0725760761 Samuel Otieno (Konyrikendi Youth Group) Cell: 0707630274 Kevin (Chocora Prenge Youth Group) Cell:0727693867 John (Shantit Youth Group) Cell:0714555755

96

Francis (River Bank Youth Group) Email: sakwa.makanda@gmail.com Cell: 0724706222 Kevin (H-town youth group) Cell: 0726313783 Chris Webo (Farm Africa)

97

Networking

98

Necessary prior the establishment of a large-scale environmental strategy is the creation of a strong and active network of stakeholders to support it.

In order to create a network, communication plays the major role and for this reason the communication strategy needs to cover different areas or aims: create awareness, share knowledge and information, put people in contact.

To start this networking process a blog has been created where to publish all the activities related to fieldwork and elaboration of the collected data. At the end of the first mapping phase we organized a meeting with all the stakeholders involved in this phase in order to have a first feedback from the data and experience collected (look at ‘Flyer Meeting’ to see the topics of discussion). During the meeting was highlighted more than once the importance of creating events of awareness in the slum around environmental topics. To enhance the impact of the meeting we donated t-shirts and seeds to all the participants.

99

ta ( ma p s, e tc.) ope n so urce da

o etw ial n soc

m

rks

.co

w.m

ww

er.w

v reri

a ath

ss pre ord

WEB

NETWORK

ns aig mp

s ca

nes

are

mee

WORD OF MOUTH

aw

ting s

EVENTS

100

www.Javaopenstreetmap.org

101

www.mathareriver.wordpress.com

102

www.facebook.com/mathare.river.page

103

meeting MATHARE RIVER

BUILDING NETWORK, TAKE YOUR CONTACTS...

Vision Youth Group Neutral Youth Group Mathare Youth Development Organization Madoya Yoth Group Ascending Youth Group Manygro Youth Group Konyrikendi Youth Group Chocora Prenge Youth Group Mathare Environmental Conservation Youth Group River Bank Youth Group Shantit Youth Group H (Huruma) town Youth Group Why Not Academy Mathare Upendo Group Map Mathare Community Cleaning Service (CCS) Ministry of Health Ministry of Agriculture District officer Mathare Environmental district Huruma Others...

www.mathareriver.wordpress.com ABOUT US

KEY WORDS FOR THE DISCUSSION

Land Care

Garden

Organic scraps Mathare river, a huge

resource.

We want to increase the inhabitants awareness on this

Agriculture

environmental and

economic potential against its constant abuse.

Animals Seeds

Food

Environment

To reach this is mandatory to stop the deposit of garbage in and around the river bed, to clean and controll it.

River

We reasoned that attentive agricultural practice implementation and support in these areas can be an effective instrument to realise this view and we want to demonstrate it with our research, putting the basis for change.

Profit

The research speaks about this three topics:

Mathare river Stop the deposit of garbage Agricultural practice

Collaboration

Network Supports

City Council

Youth Group Dreinage

Riccardo Conti, Giacomo Coppo

104

Paper

Garbage

Metal

Commitment We are doing this thesis for Politecnico di Milano and Live in slums ONG.

Sell

Reuse

Dump site

Tank

Security

Clothes

Recycle Pollution Pipe

Water

Borehole

Area 1 Area 2

Area 4

Area 3 Kiamaiko Ngei 1 Madoya

MATHARE

RIVER

Huruma B Casanova

Ngei 2B Mabatini

4A

Kibichoi

New Mathare Huruma Flats

Mashimoni Thayu

Kosovo

Village 1

Village 2

3B

No10

4B 3A 3C

www.mathareriver.wordpress.com

105

proposed vision

106

As mentioned at the beginning of this book, the last phase of this work was focused on the research of possible sites where a future intervention would be possible. The site were chosen and mapped according to the following criteria: proximity to the river, stakeholder known on site, current use of the space (prioritizing unused spaces or dumpsites). The decision of focusing on area along the river comes from the fact that these areas are the ones more suitable for the environmental requalification purposes. In fact, it is along the river that most of the agricultural activities are located as well as dumpsites. In support of this, there is also a limitation from the City Council of Nairobi that does not allow the construction of any building on the riverbanks but the only permitted activity is agriculture. For this reason combined with the risk of having a house along the river (flooding), the areas along the river are mostly empty and therefore suitable for projects of environmental requalification such as the one that inspired this research (conversion of a dumpsite in a garden).

The following pages describe in details each site of intervention combined with the possible activities that can happen in these areas in respect of what discussed throughout this book (i.e. agriculture, recycling, info point for knowledge sharing and networking, etc.).

These activities need to be taken as hypothesis that then need to be verified on the field when planning a real intervention.

107

site 01

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

8000 sqm

ACTORS Chocora Prenge Youth Group /2012/08/09/chocora/

PLAN

DUMPSITE

2 1

3

0 10

25

50m

108

FLOODED AREA

site 02

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

2500 sqm

ACTORS

PLAN

FLOODED AREA

DUMPSITE

3 2 1

0 10

25

50m

109

site 03

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

16800 +2600 sqm “Agricultural area”

ACTORS

/2012/08/09/ agricultural-area/

PLAN

DUMPSITE

FLOODED AREA

1

1

2

0 10

25

50m

110

site 04

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

3500+340 +770 sqm

ACTORS Kens School

PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITE

25

50m

111

FLOODED AREA

site 05

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

3200+700 +480 sqm

ACTORS

PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITE

25

50m

112

FLOODED AREA

site 06

1

MORPHOLOGY

2

3

SECTION

note:

8000 sqm

ACTORS Rumsfield Academy Primary School

PLAN

Mcedo School FLOODED AREA

DUMPSITE

3 2

0 10

25

50m

113

site 07

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

420 sqm

ACTORS

PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITE

25

50m

114

FLOODED AREA

site 08

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

200 sqm Naoith Education Center

ACTORS

http://naiothschools.kbo.kbo.co.ke

PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITE

25

50m

115

FLOODED AREA

site 09

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

750+160 sqm

ACTORS

Shantit Youth Group

River bank Youth Group

/2012/08/09/

/2012/08/09/

shantit-youth-group-garden/

river-bank/

Bridge International Acadamies http://www.bridgeinternationalacademies.com/ Bridge_International_Academies/Home.html

PLAN

FLOODED AREA

DUMPSITE

3

1

2

0 10

25

50m

116

site 10

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

4750 sqm

ACTORS Why Not Academy /2012/08/09/ why-not-academy-garden/

PLAN

DUMPSITE

4

3

2

0 10

25

50m

1

117

FLOODED AREA

site 011

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

1500+ 9000 sqm

ACTORS ATTORI Soul Winning Academy Curch

PLAN

DUMPSITE

FLOODED AREA

3

2

1

0 10

25

50m

118

site 12

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

2400 sqm

ACTORS Joyrax Humanist School

PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITE

25

50m

119

FLOODED AREA

site 13

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

17000 sqm

ACTORS

Little Bees

Peter

/2012/08/06/

/2012/08/07/

little-bees-garden/

peters-garden/

Madoya Tumaini

Michael Wanjohi

/2012/08/06/224/

michael-wanjohi-garden/

Goshen Education Genesis Immaculate Center Primary Secondary School School St. Christopher Mathare Mathare Primary Community North Primary School Center School

/2012/08/06/

PLAN

DUMPSITE

2

1

0 10

25

50m

3

120

FLOODED AREA

site 14

1

2

3

SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

6500 sqm Neutral Youth Group

ACTORS

/2012/08/09/270

Future Kids Academy Primary School

PLAN

DUMPSITE

2 1

3

0 10

25

50m

121

FLOODED AREA

site 15

1

MORPHOLOGY

2

3

SECTION

note:

48500 sqm Sunflower Academy Secondary School

ACTORS

Faith Homes Sunflower Academy

PLAN

DUMPSITE

Valley Bridge Primary School FLOODED AREA 3

2

1

0 10

25

50m

122

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123

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seeds

TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION

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TH MA

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AS REAS A E EEN AR

GERN

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AS E AS R E AR

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AI T S

EMSP

SDITU

AB

DBA

A AN NED

DA EED OONN D D N AN

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FRE UFFE F B U

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E EMST STSY Y SN EN E RGERE G D

N D ETEAAN C J O

R UR EUPLT R UC ULTRI RICAG G A

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O W R ETWO N T NE EEN

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N ON SIIO VIIS L V L NA FIA

FIN

125

PHYSICAL MAP PRODUCED

The picture above represents the panels produced to present the research. The panels include a detailed map of the collected points plus a representation of the built environment along the river banks.

The panels also include most of the pages of this book which are connected to the map where needed. For example all the sheets describing the gardens mapped are linked with a red wire to the point on the map where the garden is located. On the map also the vegetation along the river is represented using different graphic codes according to the type of vegetation present (grass, bushes, trees).

126

To see this image in high resolution visit: www.mathareriver.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/pannello-minima.jpg The book produced out of the research is also available on the website: www.mathareriver.wordpress.com

127

pilot project With the material of the research, together with Liveinslums NGO, we were able to get funds to realize the pilot project proposed in the research (as described in the previous pages). During the summer of 2013 the pilot project called Mathare North Community Garden started. After few weeks of investigation on the field, the site number 13 (see previous pages) was chosen as the most appropriate to set a pilot project for the Mathare River research. The discussion of the pilot project, started with the actors involved in agriculture or in recycling activities, who were involved in the research in 2012.

The pilot project we agreed was a community garden in Mathare North that was gonna give food and income support to the Mathare North Primary School and to the youth of Mathare North. The drawings on the right show how from the research we went to the specific area and after some work on the field a preliminary plan was developed.

The site work started with the help of some youth groups from Mathare North. The engagement of these groups was very important due to certain challenges that we encountered during the project. This aspect touches upon an important element that was highlighted in the research: the use of local knowledge. In a month of work 1000 square meters of garden were built and planted. The garden was meant to function not just as element of environmental protection, but also as an income generation source. This connection worked on the issue of food security that was one of the requirements from the donors. The garden was provided with pipe water, fence, gardening 128

site 13

infor m

ed

informed

129

tools and devices, seeds and a shed for meetings.

Once the construction work was completed, we organised several meetings to discuss about the future management of the garden. The idea was that the vegetable products of the school garden were going to be used by the kitchen of the school to improve the diet of the students. For what concernes the community garden the idea was that the members of the project were free to decide either to eat the products or to sell them. This allows them to save money in case there is any replacement of material needed in the future.

Obviously some challenges came up and for this reason, we kept a continuous dialogue with the local members. To do so we also added the members of the project to the Facebook page so that they can post comments or pictures about the status of the garden at any time.

Please visit www.facebook.com/mathare.river.page to see how the project is doing!

130

131

132

133

conclusion This book showed a story of a research started in 2012 and still going on today. As represented in the last pages, in 2013 a pilot project was realized thanks to the material produced during the research. Looking at this project one year after, we learned a lot and the idea is obviously to continue to implement the vision proposed by this book: environmental requalification of Mathare through acupunctural interventions.

The pilot project showed an example of using agriculture for this aim, but a lot can be done. For example an urgent need in Mathare is to face the issue of garbage collection and management. These are the issues on which this work will continue to work in the future.

134

Thanks to all who took part in this work, with the hope of continuing the collaboration, the sharing of ideas, dreams, hopes around Mathare.

135

notes WATER [1]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Energy and water supply and waste management, p.2 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/energy-and-water-supply-and-waste-management.html).

(http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[2]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, pp.22-23

(http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[3]

Ibidem p. 28

[4]

Sphere Humanitarian Standard handbook (Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response), p.99 (http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95530/The-Sphere-Project-Handbook-20111.pdf).

(http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[5]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.30

[6]

Ibidem, p.46

Cost Estimates (materials only): - Trunk Water pipes: 3’200 m x Ksh 4’500/m = Ksh 14,4 M=US$ 170’000 - FEEDER WATER PIPES: 6’400 m x Ksh 4’500/m = Ksh 28,8M=US$340’000 - Public Water kiosks: 30 x Ksh 600’000M each = Ksh 19,5M=US$230’000 TOTAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS: KSH 45,1M = US$ 540’000.

[7]

Wikipedia, Zona ripariale (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_ripariale).

[8]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.54 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/docu-

ments/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[9]

Ibidem, p.55 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_P-

lan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

136

[10]

LAURENCE C.SMITH, The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilisation’s Northern Future, p.121.

[11]

Ibidem, pp.131-132.

[12]

Ibidem, p.119.

[13]

Ibidem, p.124.

[14]

Ibidem, p.129.

[15]

Ibidem, p.157.

[16]

Ibidem, p.130.

[17]

Ivi.

[18]

Ibidem, p.116.

[19]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.37 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[20]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Kenya and its Geography, p.2 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/kenya-and-its-geography.html).

[21]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.30 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[22]

BERBENNI P. ANTONELLI M., Vincoli di qualità delle acque per uso agricolo, Politecnico di Milano, 2007 (seminario “Il riutilizzo delle acque reflue urbane e industriali” Cremona, Palazzo Cittanova, 29 e 30 ottobre 2007).

[23]

UNEP, Water Quantity and Quality Assessment Deskstudy (Pshyco-Chemical Analysis Report)

(http://www.unep.org/roa/Nairobi_River_Basin/Downloads/Phaseii_publications/pollutionReport/Pollution_Monitoring_Report-Final%20Report.pdf).

137

[24]

UNEP, The Nairobi River Basin Programme

(http://www.unep.org/roa/Nairobi_River_Basin/About_Nairobi_River_basin/projectAims.asp).

[25]

KARISA CHARLES, Negotiated Rehabilitation of Riparian Zones; 46th ISOCARP Congress, 2010, p.11 (http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1780.pdf).

[26]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, student work, Greencity, pp.165-171 (http://ww-

w.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/).

WASTE [1]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.32. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

[2]

Ibidem, p.48.

Cost Estimates (materials only): - 600mm Trunk Sewer pipes 3’200 m x Ksh 5’000/m = Ksh 16 M=US$ 185’000 - 225mm diameter simplified sewe collection pipes 6’400 m x Ksh 3’000/m = Ksh 19,2M=US$225’000 - Ablution blocks 30 x Ksh 1,5M each = Ksh 45M=US$530’000 TOTAL SANITARY SEWER COSTS: KSH 80.2M = US$ 945’000 [3]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Student Work: the waste network, p. 80-8.

(http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/the-waste-network.html) [4]

Ibidem, p.108.

[5]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.33. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

[6]

Ibidem, p.32.

[7]

Sphere Humanitarian Standard handbook.

(Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response)

(http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95530/The-Sphere-Project-Handbook-20111.pdf)

138

[8]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.34. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

[9]

[10]

Ivi Ivi

[11]

KASOZI A. VON BLOTTNITX H., Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: A Situation Analysis, University of Cape Town For the City Council of Nairobi, Cape Town, February 2010, p.10. (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/GPWM/data/T3/IS_6_1_Nairobi_SWM_SituationAnalysis.pdf)

[12]

Milano Sostenibile 4- il ciclo integrato dei rifiuti, UniversitĂ degli Studi Milano Bicocca, p.167,176. (http://progettoetre.it/portal/upload/ent3/1/RIC5-Pitea.pdf)

[13]

KASOZI A. VON BLOTTNITX H., Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: A Situation Analysis, University of Cape Town For the City Council of Nairobi, Cape Town, February 2010, p.17. (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/GPWM/data/T3/IS_6_1_Nairobi_SWM_SituationAnalysis.pdf)

[14]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Atlas: Energy and Water Supply and Waste Management, tav.3. (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/energy-and-water-supply-and-waste-management.html)

[15]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Student Work: the waste network, p. 28.

(http://w-

ww.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/the-waste-network.html) [16]

Ibidem, p. 109.

[17]

Ibidem, p. 71.

[18]

Ibidem, p. 72-73.

[19]

Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company.

(http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/wa-

ter_quality/?ContentID=7) [20]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.34. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

139

AGRICULTURE [1]

Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. and Ingombe, L., The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia, Global Development Network (GDN), 2009, overview. (http://cloud2.gdnet.org/cms.php?id=research_paper_abstract&research_paper_id=15739).

[2]

Solidarites Kenya Sack Garden Project (http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=1742), (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQiiCdozLU).

[3]

Wikipedia, Zona ripariale (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_ripariale).

[4]

Ivi.

[5]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Kenya and its geography (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/kenya-and-its-geography.html).

[6]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, student work, Greencity, p.148 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/).

[7]

Nicolin P., Il bello dell’agricoltura urbana, in [Nicolin P.] LOTUS, In the fields, N 149 (2012), pp.42-43.

[5]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Kenya and its geography (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/kenya-and-its-geography.html).

[6]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, student work, Greencity, p.148 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/).

[7]

Nicolin P., Il bello dell’agricoltura urbana, in [Nicolin P.] LOTUS, In the fields, N 149 (2012), pp.42-43.

140

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LA SOIF DU MONDE - Regia di Yann Aarthus-Bertrand - Francia 2012

149

CONFERENCES ‘Cities to be tamed?’

15 - 17 Nov. 2012

‘Learning/Transforming Slums’ 14 Feb. 2013 150