Module six

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Module Six

8.0 Project Quality Management “Includes processes and activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the needs (specs.) for which it was undertaken.”

PMBOK® Guide 2017, Glossary

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8.0 Project Quality Management Learning Outcomes • • • • •

Identify relevant quality standards to a project Discuss the Project Quality Management ITTOs Describe Quality Assurance Describe Quality Control Identify and discuss quality control measurements

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8.0 Project Quality Management Key concepts - Quality Aspects • • • • •

Customer Satisfaction Prevention over inspection Continuous improvement Management responsibility Agile adaptive considerations • Frequent quality and review steps • Recurring retrospectives – root cause • Focuses on small batches of work

• Tailoring considerations • • • •

Policy compliance/ auditing Standards/ regulatory compliance Continuous improvement Stakeholder engagement

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8.0 Project Quality Management Agile/ Tailoring Considerations • Agile adaptive considerations • Frequent quality and review steps • Recurring retrospectives – root cause • Focuses on small batches of work

• Tailoring considerations • • • •

Policy compliance/ auditing Standards/ regulatory compliance Continuous improvement Stakeholder engagement

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8.0 Project Quality Management

(cont.)

Quality management in the project context

Scope Management Implied Needs

Stated Needs

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8.0 Project Quality Management Knowledge Area Quality

Initiating

Planning 8.1

Executing 8.2

Monitoring and Control

Closing

8.3

Name the three processes in the Project Quality knowledge area.

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8.1 Plan Quality Management Knowledge Area: Quality Process Group: Planning “Process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and product, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance.”

PMBOK® Guide 2017, Glossary

Planning for the future

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8.1 Plan Quality Management ITTOs Exercise Fill out the ITTOs below and check your answers in the PMBOK® Guide 2017, pg. 272

Inputs What do you need beforehand?

Tools & Techniques How is it done?

Outputs What are the results?

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8.1.1.1-4 Plan Quality Management Inputs • Project charter • Project management plan • Requirements management plan (5.1.3.2) • Risk management plan (11.1.3.1) • Stakeholder engagement plan (13.2.3.1) • Scope baseline (5.4.3.1) • Project documents • Assumption log (4.1.3.2) • Requirements documentation (5.2.3.1) • Requirements traceability matrix • Risk register (11.2.3.1) • Stakeholder register (13.1.3.1) • EEFs • OPAs Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 279-280.

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8.1.2.1-7 Plan Quality Management T&T • • • • •

Expert judgment Data gathering – Benchmarking, brainstorming, interviews Data analysis Decision making Data representation - Flow charts, logical data model, matrix diagrams, mind mapping

• Test and inspection planning • Meetings

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 268-270.

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Data analysis • Cost-Benefit Analysis • Cost and benefits of performing PQM • Risks of poor quality

• Cost of Quality (COQ) • Prevention Costs • Appraisal Costs – Auditors/ inspection cost • Failure Costs

COQ =

Cost of Conformance

+

Cost of nonconformance

8.1.2.5 Plan Quality Management T&T Flowcharts – Process maps Example of horizontal Value Chain - SIPOC

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-6, Page 285.

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools - 1 Cause and Effect Diagram, working with ideas • Ishikawa Diagram - Fishbone Diagram • Identifies root causes of problems • Breaks problems down for analysis

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 2 Flowcharts, working with ideas and processes

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 3 • Check sheets (tally sheets), working data • Organize facts in a manner that will facilitate the effective collection of useful data (real time) about potential quality problems

Wikipedia, 2013

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 4 • Pareto Chart, working with numbers

Percent of complaints

Number of complaints

• 80% of the defects stem from 20% of the products

http://www.skymark.com/

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 5 Histograms • Working with numbers • Displays frequency with which a certain value occurs.

Wikipedia, 2008

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 6a Control Charts • Working with numbers • A control chart’s purpose is to determine whether or not a process is stable or has predictable performance • Shows when a process is subject to special cause variation, which creates an out-of-control condition.

• Validate whether a process change resulted in the desired improvements When a process should be and should not be adjusted • Upper control limit and lower control limit are usually set at +/- 3 sigma (i.e. standard deviation)

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 6b UCL * Mean

*

* *

*

*

* LCL

*

*

Process in control

2σ 1σ -1σ

*

*

3σ

-2σ -3σ

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 6c UCL * Mean

*

* *

* *

LCL

*

*

* Process out of control

2σ 1σ -1σ

* *

*

3σ

-2σ -3σ

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 6d UCL *

* Mean

*

* * * *

LCL

*

*

3σ 2σ 1σ -1σ

*

* *

Process out of control

-2σ -3σ

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8.1.2.3 Plan Quality Management T&T Seven basic quality tools- 7

Scatter Diagrams, working with numbers

http://www.qaproject.org /

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8.1.2.4-6 Plan Quality Management T&T Benchmarking/ Design of Experiments/ Statistical Sampling Benchmarking • Actual project practices VS. Comparable internal or external project DOE • Statistical method (modeling) to determine which factors influence specific variables of a product or process under development Statistical Sampling • Select part of a population of interest for inspection

http://www.qaproject.org /

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8.1.2.7-8 Plan Quality Management T&T Additional tools/ Meetings Additional tools • Brainstorming • Force field analysis: for/against change • Nominal group technique: Small group brainstorming • Quality management and control tools (8.2.2.1)

http://www.qaproject.org/

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8.1.3.1-4 Plan Quality Management Outputs 1. Quality management plan - How the management team will implement the performing organization’s quality policy.

2. Quality metrics 3. Project Management plan updates 1. Risk management plan 2. Scope baseline

4. Project documents updates 1.

2.

3.

4.

Lessons learned register Requirements traceability matrix Risk register Stakeholder register

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOKÂŽ Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 286-287.

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8.1.3.2 Plan Quality Management Outputs • A quality metric(s) is an operational definition that describes, in very specific terms, what something is (project or product attribute) and how the quality control process measures it.

• A quality checklist(s) is a structured tool, usually componentspecific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed.

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Example -- Quality Checklist

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8.2 Manage Quality Knowledge Area: Quality Process Group: Executing “Process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporates the organization’s quality policies into the project.”

PMBOK® Guide 2017, Glossary

Process focused

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8.2 Perform Quality Assurance ITTOs Exercise Fill out the ITTOs below and check your answers in the PMBOK® Guide 2017, pg. 288

Inputs What do you need beforehand?

Tools & Techniques How is it done?

Outputs What are the results?

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8.2.1.1-3 Manage Quality Inputs • Project management plan • Quality management plan (8.1.3.1)

• Project documents • • • •

Lessons learned register Quality control measurements Quality metrics Risk report

• OPAs

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 288.

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8.2.2.1-4 Manage Quality T&T •Data gathering •Data Analysis • • • •

Alternatives analysis (9.2.2.5) Document analysis (5.2.2.3) Process analysis Root cause analysis

•Decision making •Data presentation • • • • • •

Affinity diagrams Cause-and-effect diagrams Flowcharts Histograms Matrix diagram Scatter diagrams Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 292-293.

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8.2.2.5-8 Manage Quality T&T •Quality Audits • • • • • • • •

Identify all good/best practices Identify gaps/shortcomings Share good practices Proactively offer assistance to improve performance Document each audit results in the lessons learned repository Design for X – different aspects of product development Problem solving Quality improvement methods – PDCA, Six Sigma tools

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 294-296.

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8.2.3.1-5 Manage Quality Outputs •Quality reports •Test and evaluation documents •Change requests • Take corrective or preventive actions • Perform defect repairs

•Project management plan updates- QMP, scope baseline, schedule baseline, cost baseline

•Project documents updates: • Issue log • Lessons learned register • Risk register

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 296-297.

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8.3 Control Quality Knowledge Area: Quality Process Group: Monitoring and Controlling

“Process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes.”

PMBOK® Guide 2017, Glossary

Product focused

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8.3 Control Quality Statistical Quality Control • Prevention VS. Inspection • Attribute Sampling VS. Variables Sampling • Tolerances VS. Control limits

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8.3 Control Quality ITTOs Exercise Fill out the ITTOs below and check your answers in the PMBOK® Guide 2017, pg. 298

Inputs What do you need beforehand?

Outputs Tools & Techniques How is it done?

What are the results?

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8.3.1.1-7 Control Quality Inputs •Project management plan (4.2.3.1) • Quality management plan (8.1.3.1)

• Project documents • Lessons learned register • Quality metrics (8.1.3.2) • Test and evaluation documents (8.2.3.2)

•Approved change requests •Deliverables •Work performance data (4.3.3.2) •EEFs •OPAs Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 300-302.

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8.3.2.1-6 Control Quality T&T •Data gathering - Checklists, check sheets, statistical sampling, surveys

•Data analysis – Performance reviews, Root cause analysis •Inspection •Testing/ product evaluations •Data representation – Cause-and-effect diagrams, control charts, histograms, scatter diagrams

•Meetings – Retrospectives/ lessons learned, approved change requests review Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 302-305.

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8.3.2.1 Control Quality T&T Seven Basic Quality Tools (8.1.2.3) • • • • • • •

Cause & Effect diagrams Control charts Flowcharting Histogram Pareto chart Check sheet Scatter diagram

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8.3.2 Control Quality T&T Seven Basic Quality Tools - Relationship Identification

•

Data Tables –

Check Sheets •

Pareto Chart

Analysis

•

Cause & Effect

•

Histograms

•

Flow charts

•

Scatter Diagrams

•

Control Charts

•

Root cause

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8.3.2.1 Control Quality T&T Data gathering - Statistical Sampling • working with numbers • Involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection • Sampling can often reduce the cost of quality control

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8.3.3.1-6 Control Quality Outputs • Quality control measurements - Rejected items may require rework

• Verified Deliverables - Determine the correctness of the deliverables Validated changes

• Work performance information (4.5.1.3) •Change Requests - A change request is initiated based on the Perform Integrated Change Control process (4.5)

•Project management plan updates - QMP (8.1.3.1) •Project documents updates – Issue log, lessons learned register, risk register, test and evaluation documents

Project Management Institute , A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition, 2017 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Page 305-306.

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8.0 Project Quality Management Quality Pioneers Expert

Concepts/ Processes

Deming

• 14 Steps to Total Quality Management • Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle • Poor Quality – 85% process (management responsibility) - 15% worker

P. Crosby

• Quality • 0-Defects • Conformance to Requirements

K. Ishikawa

• Cause-Effect (Fishbone) Diagram • Design Statistics

G. Taguchi J. M. Juran Kaizen

Quality as part of the Design—not Inspection • TQM • 80/20 Rule •Continuous Incremental Improvements

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8.0 Project Quality Management PDCA Cycle -- Deming Plan

Act

Do

Check

Monitoring and Controlling

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8.0 Project Quality Management Kaizen (Improvement Philosophy) Continuous Incremental Improvements • Teamwork • Personal discipline • Improved morale • Quality circles • Suggestions for improvements

Ongoing small improvements will have fewer larger efforts

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8.0 Project Quality Management Quality Terms - a • • • • • • •

The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Process Capability Acceptance Sampling ISO 9000/9001 Quality Circles Just in Time Gold-Plating

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8.0 Project Quality Management Quality Terms - b • • • • • • • •

Six Sigma - DMAIC Precision vs. Accuracy Customer Satisfaction Preventive vs. Inspection Total Quality Management (TQM) Lean PM Principles Kanban Grade vs. Quality

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8.0 Project Quality Management Exercise - Scenarios • Looking forward  A planning function • Looking back  A quality control issue Scenario A

Analyzing the practices of comparable projects

B

Creating a list of items to be checked during inspection.

C

Showing data in the form of bars showing distribution of variables and frequency of occurrence.

D

Taking measurements and comparing them to upper and lower thresholds of variance.

T&T ?

Quality process?

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8.0 Project Quality Management Summary • • • • •

Quality Responsibility Quality Planning Manage Quality Control Quality Quality Pioneers

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Project Quality Management Notes • Write down your personal goals to enhance your project time management knowledge and skills.

• Write down any newly acquired knowledge that you might be able to apply in your workplace.

• Identify additional resources.

• Read • PMBOK® Guide 2017, Ch.. 8 (Project Quality Management) • Mulcahy, Ch.. 8 (Quality Management) • Kerzner, Ch.. 20 (Quality Management) - Optional

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Tests • Rita’s practice exam – Ch.. 8