ADS5 Airports Report

Royal College of Art ADS 5

CARBON COPIES

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

HOUSES TOWERS COMPLEX SHAPES MID-RISE AIRPORTS HOSPITALS/LABS BRIDGES

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Andrew Reynolds Ching Yuet Ma Chloe Shang Daniah Basil Abdulazeez Al Mounajim Dario Biscaro Grant Donaldson Hayden Mills Janice Lo Lee Hei Yin Luca Luci Miles Elliott Mir Jetha Xinyi Shen Zhiting Jin Groupwork Royal College of Art

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CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION Purpose of research Terminal 4 Barajas Airport Site location Design concept Typical structural bay Existing components Structural solutions Construction methodology Ventilation system

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 24 26

2.0 EXISTING CONDITION Building section Detail 1 - roof Detail 2 - V column to branches Detail 3 - Y column to branches Detail 4 - Y column to floor

30 34 36 38 40

3.0 CARBON COPY A Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof Detail 2 - V column to branches Detail 3 - Y column to branches Detail 4 - Y column to floor

44 46 50 52 54 56

3.1 CARBON COPY B Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof Detail 2 - V column to branches Detail 3 - Y column to branches Detail 4 - Y column to floor

60 62 64 66 68 70

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74 76 80

4.1 WHAT IF? ... B Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof

84 86 90

5.0 DATA COMPARISONS Summary Embodied carbon (existing) Cost analysis (existing) Embodied carbon (Carbon copy A) Cost analysis (Carbon copy A) Embodied carbon (Carbon copy B) Cost analysis (Carbon copy B) Embodied carbon (What if?...A) Cost analysis (What if?...A) Embodied carbon (What if?...B) Cost analysis (What if?...B)

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

6.0 FINDINGS Final comparitive findings

106

7.0 APPENDICES Sketches and mark-ups from tutors / consultants

108

8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS Roofing details V support details Y support details

122 128 130

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4.0 WHAT IF? ... A Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof

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4 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

1 INTRODUCTION

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

AIRPORT AND BIG SHEDS TYPOLOGY

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

We are in a climate emergency. The construction industry contributes an estimated 40% of total carbon emissions in the world annually. 11% of which resulted from manufacturing materials and products such as steel, cement and glass, which has always been the superior choice for airport construction.

With these two facts in mind, this research investigates the methods and envirionmental impact of the biggest airport terminal in Spain:Terminal 4, Barajas Airport. Through a detailed analysis of the existing condition, we propose alternative solutions that are both econimcally viable and radically better for the environment.

Terminal 4, Barajas Airport, designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and Estudio Lamela, is a typical modular design building constructed mainly of steel and concrete. This project uses a typical Structural bay of the terminal as a research module.

Through this research, we have concluded that by changing materials and construction methedology it is possible to build a carbon copy development of that proposed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners that is faster, cheaper and greener.

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EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON

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Figure 1.1 Exterior view of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport

COST COMPARISON

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

TERMINAL 4 BARAJAS AIRPORT LOCATION

Terminal 4 Barajas Airport, Madrid, Spain

ARCHITECT

Estudio Lamela & Richard Rogers Partnership

AREA

470,000m

COMPLETION

2005

CLIENT

AENA

ENGINEERING FIRM STRUCTURE

Anthony Hunt Associates, TPS with OTEP; HCA SERVICES.

LIGHTING CONSULTANT

Arup/Speirs and Major Associates

FACADE ENGINEER

Arup

INSTALLATIONS

TPS; INITEC. Façade: OAP Façade Engineering.

STRATEGIC DESIGN AUTHORS

Warrington Fire Research

COST CONTROLLERS

Hanscomb y Gabinete de Ingeniería

ACOUSTIC

Sandy Brown

ILLUMINTARIOS ASSESORS

Jonathan Speirs

LANDSCAPE

dosAdos

CONTRACTOR

UTE Ferrovial, FCC, ACS, NECSO, SACYR

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Figure 1.2 Interior view of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

SITE LOCATION

TERMINAL 4

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

The site is located in the northeast of Madrid, in the district of Barajas, 12 kilometers from the center of the capital of Spain and separate 2km northwest of the rest of the T1, T2 and T3 with which it communicates with a shuttle bus (Airport Shuttle) free. The entire operation of the airport system also extends the municipalities of Alcobendas, San Sebastián and Paracuellos de Jarama.

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Figure 1.3 Site plan of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport

Figure1.4 OS map

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

DESIGN CONCEPT

Madrid’s Barajas Airport, designed by Richard Rogers Partnership in collaboration with Estudio Lamela, features a kilometre-long undulating steel roof, shaped in cross-section to resemble a bird in flight. This roof is supported on a bank of central columns painted in the colours of the spectrum and is punctuated by a series of roof lights providing natural lighting throughout the upper level of the terminal.

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Light-filled ‘canyons’ divide the parallel floors that accommodate the various stages of passenger processing - from point of arrival, through check-in and passport and security controls to departure lounges and, finally, to the aircraft. https://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/898

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Figure 1.6 Facade terminal, cross section

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Figure 1.5 Interior view of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

TYPICAL STRUCTURAL BAY

18m x 121 for Rooftop

72m

x 46.5 for Level 2 x 106 for Level 1 x 121 for Level 0 x 85 for Level -1

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x 89 for Level -2

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0m

27m

54m

108m

216m

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Figure 1.7 Terminal section

Figure 1.8 Roof of Terminal 4 Barajas Airport

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

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EXISTING COMPONENTS

SIMPLE STRUCTURAL BAY WITH STANDARD DETAILS

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The basic element of the terminal is a system of post-stressed concrete beams (fig. 1) and columns from which metal supports (fig. 2) branch off that support the winding main beams of the building roof. Thus, a double-curvature, modular, and repetitive surface is generated that spans over the entire area occupied by the buildings.

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Figure 1.9 typical structural bay

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Figure 1.10 Exploded axonometric drawings

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS METAL V-SUPPORTS Each main beam has four support points - two in the centre and two on the sides - all of which lean on metal supports embedded in concrete plinths of a special design for the building structure support. (Fig1.11) The trunco-conical central supports are inclined forming a V with a section of 750 mm in the base and of 400 mm at the head. These elements were fabricated from 16-mm thick S355 steel plate and are joined to the main beams by means of a spherical joint with a 42 CrM04+QT steel pin. (Fig1.12)

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

METAL Y-SUPPORTS RODS The support points of the main beam ends consist in Y-shaped columns at an angle of 19º. Like a Y letter, the top section branches off in two separate arms each supporting a main beam. (Fig1.13) The selection of this structural option gave rise to a significant architectural constraint: these elements must cause minimum visual impact through the facades while contributing, at the same time, to the spatial definition of the canyons.

They are formed by two elliptical tubes made of 14-mm thick steel plate in grade S355 with sections of 480 mm and 240 mm. Even though they receive only a vertical reaction and despite their inclination and Y-shape, a very important bending effect is generated, partially reduced by the stays located at the head of either arms and by the bottom flexible connection. (Fig1.14) In the sections where they run parallel, these tubes are plate-joined at different heights, thus yielding a performance equivalent to that of battened columns.

The arm top sections are joined by a tubular stay (Ø159.20). The bottom support is articulated by means of a 42 CrM04+QT steel pin, whereas the upper end is joined to the main steel beam using a spherical joint with a 42 CrM04+QT steel pin.

FACADE CURTAIN WALL & STAINLESS STEEL RODS

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The facade curtain wall contributes significantly to the stability of the assembly by bracing the roof structure to the concrete beams by means of a system of stainless steel rods distributed over the entire building perimeter. (Fig1.15)

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Figure1.12 V supports (indoor) Figure 1.11 V supports (outdoor)

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Figure 1.14 Y supports (outdoor)

Figure 1.13 Y supports (indoor)

Figure 1.15 Facade curtain wall & stainless steel

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

MAIN BEAMS

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With a length of 72 m, on-site measured, and arranged at 9 m from each other under the entire roof surface, the main beams allow for a geometric profile that has a great relevance to the eye-catching shape of the building. These seagullwing profiled beams are symmetric I sections with variable edge dimensions, ranging from a 1500 mm depth in the centre to a 750 mm depth in the area of the leaning shores. The wings have a section of 500 x 30 mm, with the web being made of 15 mm thick plate.

For this, steel grade S355 J2G3 was selected except in the areas with higher curvature radii where, due to the stress increase produced by the deviation of the longitudinal strains, it was necessary to use a higher steel grade in the wings (S420N).

SECONDARY BEAMS Forming arches between the main beams, perpendicular secondary beams were used leaving a 3.5 m span between them. They were fabricated from rolled sections (IPE-500, HEB-500, and HEB-700) in grade S355 J2G3 that support UPN100 purlins in grade S275, on which the roof surface leans.

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EXPANSION JOINTS They are arranged at 72-m intervals to correspond with the building expansion joints, placed cross-sectionally on one the sides of the main beam, with a sliding bearing system for all the secondary beams set on to it.

A SPECIAL BRACING SYSTEM RODS It was set up to prevent buckling in some components along the roof, to distribute horizontal forces, and to optimise load transmission to the support elements.

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Figure 1.16 Secondary beams and bracing system

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

CONCRETE STRUCTURES They are made up of 40 circular & rectangular pillars and reinforced & posttensioned beams. (Figure 1.17) 40 rectangular section forming porticoes with the structural modulation of 18 by 9 m of the building.

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The circular pillars have diameters between 1.2m and 0.8m. The rectangular pillars are found in the central and central porticoes. (Figure 1.18) Paired form forming a rigid transverse action gantry post-tensioned beams. 180m wide by 0.8 meters deep both on Level 0 or lower and on Level 1 & Level 2.

Their length is 18m spans with the expansion joint.

The active reinforcement it consists of tendons of 15 cords each measuring 0.6 inches. (Figure 1.19) The slab on its surface is made up of precast pre-stressed alvelar plates of 7 with 38m between supports and 20cm / 30cm deep and a layer of compression of 10cm thk.

The rest of the floors are reinforced concrete slabs. There are areas of smaller surface executed with prefabricated plates with a section for passage of facilities.

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Figure 1.17 Rectangular and circular concrete pillars

Figure 1.19 Post-tensioned concrete beams

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Figure 1.18 Central concrete support

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

A E

B F

C G

D

H

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J

N

K

O

L

P

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Figure 1.20 Hypothesis of the Construction Process T4 Madrid Barajas Airport

https://www.deepl.com/en/translator#es/en/ Hip%C3%B3tesis%20del%20Proceso%20 Constructivo%20Aeropuerto%20T4%20Madrid%20 Barajas

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

VENTILATION SYSTEM

Displacement ventilation systems are widely used in spaces of small and medium heights (up to 7.5 m), taking advantage of their high efficiency in removing contaminants by means of the air stratification. The higher the return is placed, the lesser airflow rate is needed to match the additional cooling load due to radiation from the ceiling.

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

The system consists of displacement diffussers on both sides of the central V-support, supply jet nozzles in totem where the exhaust air returns, and jet nozzles air curtain right at the bottom of facade curtain wall.

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Figure 1.21 Ventilation system

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Return air

4 air nozzles

Return air duct

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Supply air duct nozzles

Exhaust air (return)

Supply jet nozzles in totem

Jet nozzles air curtain

Displacement diffusser

Displacement diffusser

Figure 1.22 Ventilation diagram

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2 EXISTING CONDITIONS

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2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Steel roof with zinc cover + concrete & steel support + steel facade + concrete slabs & beams

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1:200

5.775m

±0.000m

-8.400m

-15.135m

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72 m

Front Section

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2

3

5

6 1 1mm thk. zinc 2 Steel grade

7

8

3 4

9

5 6 10 7

S355 J2G3 Roll Section Secondary beam Steel grade S275 UPN-100 purlins 5mm laminated bamboo strips Steel grade S355 double-elliptical tubes Facade curtain wall ＆ Stainless steel rods Concrete plinth Reinforced concrete slab

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8 Poststressed concrete beams 9 Concrete columns

11

10 Reinforced concrete slab 11 Reinforced concrete

1:200

0

2

10

20M

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Foundation beams

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2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Steel roof with zinc cover + concrete & steel support + steel facade + concrete slabs & beams

1:200 1

2

3

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

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5.775m 5

6

±0.000m

-8.400m 1 1mm thk. zinc 2 Steel grade

3 4

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S355 J2G3 I beam Section Main beam 50mm Steel rod Steel grade S355 double-elliptical tubes Facade curtain wall ＆ Stainless steel rods Concrete plinth

-15.135m

4.5 m

Side Elevation

9m

4.5 m

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1

2

3

1 Steel grade

5 6

7 8

S355 J2G3 Roll Section secondary beam 2 Steel grade S355 J2G3 I beam Section Main beam 3 Ø400-750x16 mm Steel grade S355 double-trunco-conical central support 4 Concrete plinth 5 Reinforced concrete slab

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6 Poststressed

concrete beams 7 Concrete columns 9

8 Reinforced

concrete slab 9 Reinforced concrete

Side Section

1:200

0

2

10

20M

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Foundation beams

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2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS

DRAWINGS

DETAIL 1

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DRAWINGS

DETAIL 2 1:20

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DRAWINGS

DETAIL 3 1:20

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DRAWINGS

DETAIL 4 1:20

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CARBON COPY A: ENTIRELY TIMBER

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

SUMMARY ENTIRELY TIMBER In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener.

Carbon copy A using mostly timber makes it a negative embodied carbon and the greenest option among all. However, using a large amount of laminated wood, which also makes it the most expensive option, is even more costly than the existing building made with steel and concrete, making it the least preferable choice in reality.

152.3% IN EMBODIED CARBON

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EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON

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36.3% IN PROJECT COST

COST COMPARISON

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Figure 3.0 EMBT’s Timber Central Station in Naples

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + timber support + timber facade + timber slabs & beams

1:200

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

Refer Detail 3

R

5.775m

Refer Detail 4

±0.000m

-8.400m

-15.135m

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72 m

Front Section

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1

2

3

Refer Detail 2

5

6 7

8

1 20mm thk. limestone tile 2 500x750mm section Glulam hardwood secondary beam 3 hardwood purlins

9

4 5mm laminated bamboo strips

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4

5 Timber “V”-supports 6 Timber “Y”-supports 10

7 CLT softwood slab 8 Glulam hardwood beams 9 Glulam hardwood column

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10 Stone slab

1:200

0

2

10

Stone foundation beams

20M

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + timber support + timber facade + timber slabs & beams

1:200 1

2

3

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

4

5

5.775m

6 7

±0.000m 1 20mm thk.

8

limestone tile 2 500x750mm

3 4 5 6

Glulam hardwood Main beam 50mm Steel rod 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm Hardwood central support

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7 150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window 8 Steel Connector

-8.400m

-15.135m

4.5 m

to floor

Side Elevation

9m

4.5 m

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Refer Detail 1

1

2

3

5

1 500x750mm section

2 6 7

3 4

8

5 6

9 10

1:200

0

2

10

7 600x1800mm

Glulam hardwood beams 8 Glulam hardwood column 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation beams 20M

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Side Section

Glulam hardwood secondary beam 500x1500mm Glulam hardwood Main beam 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm Hardwood central support CLT softwood slab

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

DRAWINGS

DETAIL 1

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

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DRAWINGS DETAIL 2 1：20

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1

1

2

1

2

2

3

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3

4 5 6

34 5 4 56 6

7

7

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Timber “V”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway

6

7 8

8 7 8 1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column

5 40mm Bea

6 40mm Cro steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 1 700x700mm 5 40mm7 Bearing Hardwood steel plate ø60mm ste Pin Timber “V”-supports glulam column 6 40mm Cross conn 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 1400x700m connection detail steel plate 2 20mm 4 Cross 40mmconnection Connection steel plate isometric cutaway glulam colu 1 700x700mm 57 40mm Hardwood Bearing stee steel plate 1 700x700mm Hardwood 5 40mm Bearing steel plate ø60mm Pin Timber “V”-supports 6 40mm Cross conne 3 glulam 40mm column Bearing steel plate connection detail glulam column 6 40mm Cross connection 8 1400x700mm Hard steel plate 24 20mm Cross connection 40mm Connection steel plate isometric cutaway glulam column steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate 7 ø60mm Pin Timber “V”-supports steel plate 7 ø60mm Pin Timb 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 1400x700mm Hardw connection detail 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 Connection conn 1400x700mm Hardwood 4 40mm steel plate isometric cutaway glulam column 4 40mm Connection steel plate glulam column

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1

el plate

ection

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1M

0.2

0

1:20

Timber “V”-supports connection detail section

wood

1

3

4

5

6

7 8

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

DRAWINGS DETAIL 3 1：20

1 1 2

1

2 3

2

3

3

4 5

4

4

5

5

6 6

6

7 7

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Timber“Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway

Timber“Y”-supports 1 ø250mm connectionglulam detail column isometric cutaway 2 20mm Cross connection Timber“Y”-supports steel plate connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate

1 2 3 4

1 ø250mm glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection ø250mm 5 20mm Bearing st steel plate glulam column 6 Cross connection 3 20mm Bearing steel plate 4 40mm Joint steel plate 20mm Cross connection 7 Hardwood glulam 5 20mm Bearing stee steel plate 5 20mm Bearing steel plate Timber“Y 6 Cross connection s 20mm Bearing steel plate 6 Cross connection steel plate 40mm connectio 40mm Joint steel plate 7 Hardwood glulam c 7 Hardwood glulam column 700mm ø

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3

ADS 5

4

5 6 7

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

1 2 3 4

5

6 7

Timber“Y”-supports connection detail section

1:20

0

0.2

1M

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el plate steel plate 40mm column 700mm ø

1

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3.0 CARBON COPY A

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DETAIL 4 1：20

DRAWINGS

1 1

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1

2 2 2

3 34 3

4

4

5 5

5 6 6

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1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam column

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2 40mm Cross connection steel plate Timber “Y”-supports connection 3 30mm Bearing detail isometric cutaway Timber “Y”-supports connection steel plate detail isometric cutaway 4 40mm Bearing Timber “Y”-supports connection steel plate detail isometric cutaway

1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam mmcolumn Hardwood 1 ø700 40mmcolumn Cross connection 2glulam steel plate Cross connection 2 40mm plate 30mm Bearing 3steel steel Bearing 3 30mm plate 40mm Bearing 4 steel plate steel plate Bearing 4 40mm 40mm Joint 5steel plate steel plate 6 30mm Anchor bar

5 40mm Join steel plate Joint 5 40mm 6 30mm Anch steel plate 6 30mm Ancho Timber tion de

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2

1

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1M

0.2

0

1:20

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or bar

Timber “Y”-supports connection detail section

t

1

3 4

5

6

2

3 4

5

6

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CARBON COPY B: TIMBER + STONE

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3.1 CARBON COPY B

SUMMARY HYBRID TIMBER + STONE In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener.

Carbon copy B uses mainly stone, making it almost a zero embodied carbon solution. Theoretically, stone can be used half of the volume compared to the existing building which can help reduce almost half the price and make it the best choice in carbon copy.

98.4% IN EMBODIED CARBON

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EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON

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47.1% IN PROJECT COST

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Figure 3.1 New Fundamentals Research Group, in partnership with S.N.B.R., designed and fabricated a stone vaulted pavilion for Rocalia

COST COMPARISON

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3.1 CARBON COPY B

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs & beams

1:200

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

Refer Detail 3

R

5.775m

Refer Detail 4

±0.000m

-8.400m

-15.135m

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72 m

Front Section

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1

2

3

Refer Detail 2

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4 5 6

7

8

1 20mm thk. limestone tile 2 500x750mm section

9

Glulam hardwood secondary beam 3 hardwood purlins 4 5mm laminated bamboo strips

10

11

5 Hardwood branches 6 Stone column support 150 x 400 mm Hardwood 7 Stone slab 8 Post-tensioned stone

beams

beams

1:200

0

2

10

20M

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9 Stone columns 10 Stone slab 11 Stone foundation

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3.1 CARBON COPY B

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs & beams

1:200 1

2

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

3 4

5

5.775m

6 7

±0.000m 1 20mm thk.

limestone tile

8

2 500x750mm

Glulam hardwood Main beam 3 50mm Steel rod

-8.400m

4 250mm Hardwood

branches 5 Steel Connector

to branches 6 700mm

-15.135m

64

Royal College of Art

Column support

7 150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window 8 40mm Steel bracket

4.5 m

Side Elevation

9m

4.5 m

ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5

Refer Detail 1

1

2

3

5

1 500x750mm section

6 7

2

3 4

8

5

9

column support 6 Stone slab 7 600x900mm

10

1:200

0

2

10

Post-tensioned stone beams 8 Stone columns 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation beams

20M

Royal College of Art

Side Section

Glulam hardwood secondary beam 500x1500mm Glulam hardwood Main beam 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

4

65

ADS 5 ADS55 ADS

3.1 CARBON COPY B

Royal College of Art

DRAWINGS DETAIL 2 1：20

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

1 1

2

1 2

3

3

4

2 3

4

5

5 4

6

5 6 7 6

7

8

8 7

Royal College of Art

Royal College of Art

8

66

Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway

1 Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail isometric 2 cutaway Timber+stone 1 “V”-supports 700x700mm Hardwood 3 connection detail isometric glulam column 4 cutaway 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate

1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection 700x700mm Hardwood 5 steel plate glulam column 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 6 20mm Cross connection 7 4 40mm Connection steel plate steel plate 8 5 40mm Bearing steel plate 40mm Bearing steel plate 6 20mm cementsteel plate 40mm Connection 7 60mm Tension rod 8 700x680 Laminated Limestone

5 40mm Be 6 20mm cem 7 60mm Te 40mm Bearing s 8 700x680 La 20mm cement 60mm Tension r 700x680 Laminate

Timber+ connecti

Royal ADS 5 College of Art

1

ADS 5

2

3 4 5 7 8

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

1 2

3 4 5

7 8

rod ed Limestone

Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail section

1:20

0

0.2

1M

Royal College of Art

steel plate

67

ADS 5 ADS55 ADS

3.1 CARBON COPY B

DETAIL 3 1：20

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

Royal College of Art

DRAWINGS

1

1 1

2

2 3 4

2 3 4

3 4

5

5 6

5 6

7

6

68

1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm glulam column 6 60mm 2 20mm Cross connection 7 800x7 Timber+stone “Y”-supports steel plate Lamin 1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm Bearing st connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linest glulam column cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate 6 60mm Tension st connection 2 20mm Cross 1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm Bearing steel plate7 800x700x690mm Timber+stone “Y”-supports steel plate glulam column 6 60mm Tension steel rod Laminated tensio connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linestone column 2 20mm Cross connection 7 800x700x690mm cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate Timber+stone “Y”-supports Tim steel plate Laminated tension connection detail isometric con 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linestone column cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate

Royal College of Art

Royal College of Art

7 7

Royal ADS 5 College of Art

2

3

ADS 5

4

5

6 7

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

1

2 3

4

5 6 7

Timber+stone “Y”-supports connection detail section

1:20

0

0.2

1M

Royal College of Art

teel plate teel rod m on n

1

69

ADS55 ADS Royal College of Art

ADS 5

3.1 CARBON COPY B

DRAWINGS DETAIL 4 1：20

1

1

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

1

2 2

2 3

3

3

4 4

4 5 5

Royal College of Art

Royal College of Art

6

70

1 20mm cement Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection 2 Laminated tension detail isometric cutaway linestone column 800x700x690mm Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection 3 Tension steel rod 60mm r+Stone “Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway 4 Steel bracket 40mm isometric cutaway

6

5 6

1 20mm cement 2 Laminated tension 1 20mmcolumn linestone cement800x700x690mm 2 Laminated tension 3 Tension steel rod 60mm 5 30mm Anch column 800x700x690mm 4 Steellinestone bracket 40mm 6 Bearing stee 3 Tension steel 5 30mm “Y”-suA 5 30mm Anchor bar rod 60mm Timber+Stone 4 Steel bracket 40mm 6detail Bearing connection sec 6 Bearing steel plate 40mm

Royal ADS 5 College of Art

2

ADS 5

3

4 5 6

AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS

1 2

3

4 5 6

Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection detail section

1:20

0

0.2

1M

Royal College of Art

Anchor bar g steel plate 40mm

1

71

Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

4

72

WHAT IF ? ... A: TENSILE TIMBER

ADS 5

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

73

ADS 5 Royal College of Art

4.0 WHAT IF?... A

SUMMARY TENSILE TIMBER In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener.

What if A option uses alternative roof timber tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. The main difference is changing the shape of the beam in a more structurally natural form, which can reduce the number of timbers used to less than a half compared to Carbon Copy A. The structurally natural shape of the beam can help reduce the cost significantly. Also, it can still have a similar structure to the original design and requires no extra vertical support.structure to the original design and requires no extra vertical support.

93.6% IN EMBODIED CARBON

74

EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON

Royal College of Art ADS 5

50.7% IN PROJECT COST

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Figure 4.0 AA Design + Make students test the limits of timber in tensile woodland canopy

COST COMPARISON

75

ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art

3.2 WHAT IF? ... A

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Tensile timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

1:200

5.775m

±0.000m

-8.400m

-15.135m

76

Royal College of Art

72 m

Front Section

ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5

1 2

3

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

4 5

6

7 1 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet 2 400x400mm Glulam

8

hardwood secondary beams 3 Φ100mm Bamboo bracing system 4 5 6 7

9

10

Hardwood branches Stone column support

Stone slab Post-tensioned stone beams 8 Stone columns 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation

1:200

0

2

10

20M

Royal College of Art

beams

77

ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art

3.2 WHAT IF? ... A

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Tensile timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams

1:200 1

2

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

3 4

5

7

±0.000m 1 2

3 4 5 6

Royal College of Art

7

78

5.775m

6

8

20mm thk. limestone tile 500x750mm Glulam hardwood Main beam Φ100mm Bamboo bracing system 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm Stone

8

-8.400m

-15.135m

column support

150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window

Stone slab

4.5 m

Side Elevation

9m

4.5 m

ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5

Refer Detail 1

1

2 3

5 6 1 800x400mm

7 8

9

10 11

Glulam hardwood Main beam 2 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet 3 400x400mm Glulam hardwood secondary beams 4 Φ100mm Bamboo bracing system

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

4

5 250MM Hardwood branches 6 700mm Stone column support 7 Stone slab 8 600x900mm

Post-tensioned stone beams 9 Stone columns 10 Stone slab 11 Stone foundation

Side Section

1:200

0

2

10

20M

Royal College of Art

beams

79

80 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

3.2 WHAT IF? ... A

DRAWINGS

DETAIL 1

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

81

Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

4

82

WHAT IF ? ... B: TENSILE TIMBER

ADS 5

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

83

ADS 5 Royal College of Art

4.1 WHAT IF?...B

SUMMARY STONE VAULT In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener.

What if...B option uses alternative roof stone tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. Compared to timber tensile structure in What if?...A, it eliminates the use of the bamboo bracing system, which can significantly reduce the amount of timber used, making it the cheapest option among all.

91.4% IN EMBODIED CARBON

84

EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON

Royal College of Art ADS 5

70.6% IN PROJECT COST

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Figure 4.1W Amin Taha + Groupwork Amin Taha designed a sculptural pavilion for the 2018 Venice Biennale

COST COMPARISON

85

ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art

4.1 WHAT IF?... B

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Stone vault with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

1:200

5.775m

±0.000m

-8.400m

-15.135m

86

Royal College of Art

72 m

Front Section

ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5

1 2

3 4

6

7

1 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet

8

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

5

2 5 layers of 10mm

Limestone 3 800x400mm Glulam hardwood Main beam

9

4 Hardwood branches

10

5 Hardwood branches 6 Stone column support 7 Stone slab 8 Post-tensioned stone

beams

11

9 Stone columns

beams

1:200

0

2

10

20M

Royal College of Art

10 Stone slab 11 Stone foundation

87

ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art

4.1 WHAT IF? ... B

DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Stone vault with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams

1:200 1

2

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

3 4

5

5.775m

6 7

±0.000m

1 1mm thk. ZINC

Sheet 2 500x750mm

Glulam hardwood Main beam 3 5 layers of 10mm

-8.400m

Limestone 4 250mm Hardwood

branches 5 Steel Connector

to branches

-15.135m

88

Royal College of Art

6 700mm Stone column support 7 150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window

4.5 m

Side Elevation

9m

4.5 m

ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5

Refer Detail 1

1

2 3

5

1 800x400mm

6 7

8

9 10

1:200

0

2

10

4 250MM Hardwood branches 5 700mm Stone column support 6 Stone slab 7 600x900mm

Post-tensioned stone beams 8 Stone columns 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation beams

20M

Royal College of Art

Side Section

Glulam hardwood Main beam 2 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet 3 5 layers of 10mm Limestone

AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS

4

89

90 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

4.1 WHAT IF? ... B

DRAWINGS

DETAIL 1

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

91

92 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

5 DATA COMPARISONS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

93

ADS 5

5.0 DATA COMPARISONS

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

EMBODIED CARBON (EXISTING)

MATERIAL

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

Zinc Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof finish Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

147 38,906 220 147 125

6,019,412 1,789,674 64,525 17,177 1,955,876

Galvanised steel profile Stainless steel

103 6,263

2,377,908 67,524,822

Bamboo

Metal deck Rod, roll section I beam and purlin Laminated strip

734

-687,075

Steel Concrete

Tube and support Plinth

2,012 2,584

21,698,068 1,725,951

Stainless steel

Window frame

605

6,520,678

Reinforced concrete

Beam, column, slab and foundation

275,493

120,941,501

94

TOTAL

293,036,452

Royal College of Art

COST ANALYSIS (EXISTING)

ADS 5

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

COST £

Zinc Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof finish Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

147 38,906 220 147 125

14,681,492 22,756,312 7,340,746 7,340,746 14,681,492

Galvanised steel profile Stainless steel

103 6263

11,745,193 23,308

Bamboo

Metal deck Rod, roll section, I beam and purlin Laminated strip

734

489,383

Steel Concrete

Tube and support Plinth

2,012 2,584

3,976 258,376

Stainless steel

Window frame

605

5,036

Reinforced concrete

Beam, column, slab and foundation

275,493

171,254,067

TOTAL

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

MATERIAL

250,580,126

95

ADS 5

5.0 DATA COMPARISONS

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

EMBODIED CARBON (CARBON COPY A)

MATERIAL

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125

554,960 713,303 708,861 1,789,674 64,525 17,177 1,955,876

Galvanised steel profile Hardwood

103 28,592

2,377,908 -29,249,629

bamboo

Metal deck Bracing,secondary beam, main beam and purlin Laminated strip

734

-687,075

Hardwood Steel

V support and column Rods and connector

5,690 296

-5,821,126 3,194,837

Hardwood

Window frame

751

-768,059

Hardwood Softwood Limestone

Beam and column Slab Foundation

67,541 108,023 90,193

-69,094,185 -75,940,324 17,046,401

96

TOTAL

-153,136,876

Royal College of Art

COST ANALYSIS (CARBON COPY A)

ADS 5

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

COST £

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125

880,889 1,763,300 1,468,149 22,756,312 7,340,746 7,340,746 14,681,492

Galvanised steel profile Hardwood

103 28,592

11,745,193 19,061,342

bamboo

Metal deck Bracing system,secondary beam, main beam and purlin Laminated strip

734

489,383

Hardwood Steel

V support and column Rod and connector

5,690 296

3,793,500 585

Hardwood

Window frame

751

500,527

Hardwood Softwood Limestone

Beam and column Slab Foundation

67,541 108,023 90,193

42,702,685 180,038,700 27,057,780

TOTAL

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

MATERIAL

341,621,331

97

ADS 5

5.0 DATA COMPARISONS

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

EMBODIED CARBON (CARBON COPY B)

MATERIAL

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125

554,960 713,303 708,861 1,789,674 64,525 17,177 1,955,876

Galvanised steel profile Hardwood

103 28,592

2,377,908 -29,249,629

Bamboo

Metal deck Bracing, secondary beam main beam and purlin Laminated strip

734

-687,075

Hardwood Limestone Steel

V Support Column Tension rods and connector

2,747 4,888 200

-2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110

Hardwood

Window frame

751

-768,059

Limestone Steel

Slab, beam and column Tension rod

137,747 80

26,034,104 858,764

98

TOTAL

4,638,112

Royal College of Art

COST ANALYSIS (CARBON COPY B)

ADS 5

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

COST £

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125

880,889 1,763,300 1,468,149 22,756,312 7,340,746 7,340,746 14,681,492

Galvanised steel profile Hardwood

103 28,592

11,745,193 19,061,342

Bamboo

Metal deck Bracing, secondary beam main beam and purlin Laminated strip

734

489,383

Hardwood Limestone Steel

V Support Column Tension rods and connector

2,747 4,888 200

1,831,358 1,466,400 395

Hardwood

Window frame

751

500,527

Limestone Steel

Slab, beam and column Tension rod

137,747 80

41,323,975 157

TOTAL

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

MATERIAL

132,650,365

99

ADS 5

5.0 DATA COMPARISONS

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

EMBODIED CARBON (WHAT IF? ... A) MATERIAL

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

2,933 44 220 38,867 220 147 125

554,398 712,580 708,143 1,787,860 64,460 17,160 1,953,893

Galvanised steel profile Hardwood Hardwood

Metal deck Secondary & main beam Tensile structure

103 12,923 2,679

2,375,498 -13,220,024 -2,507,448

Hardwood Limestone Steel

V Support Column Tension rod and connector

2,747 4,888 200

-2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110

Hardwood

Window frame

751

-768,059

Limestone Steel

Slab, beam and column Tension rod

137,747 80

26,034,104 858,764

100

TOTAL

18,839,050

Royal College of Art

COST ANALYSIS (WHAT IF? ... A)

ADS 5

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

COST £

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet

Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation

2,933 44 220 38,867 220 147 125

879,997 1,761,512 1,466,661 22,733,245 7,333,305 7,333,305 14,666,610

Galvanised steel profile Hardwood Hardwood

Metal deck Secondary & main beam Tensile structure

103 12,923 2679

11,733,288 8,615,200 1,785,980

Hardwood Limestone Steel

V Support Column Tension rod and connector

2,747 4,888 200

-2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110

Hardwood

Window frame

751

500,527

Limestone Steel

Slab, beam and column Tension rod

137,747 80

41,323,975 157

TOTAL

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

MATERIAL

123,431,915

101

ADS 5

5.0 DATA COMPARISONS

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

EMBODIED CARBON (WHAT IF? ... B)

MATERIAL

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool

Roof tile Channel & fixing Waterproofing Insulation

2,933 44 220 22,000

554,398 712,580 708,143 1,011,996

Limstone Resin Hardwood Bamboo

Vault Adhesive Main beam & purlin Laminated strip

7,333 587 10,776 733

1,385,995 6,073,704 - 11,024,045 - 686,379

Hardwood Limestone Steel

V Support Column Tension rod and connector

2,747 4,888 200

- 2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110

Hardwood

Window frame

751

- 768,059

Limestone Steel

Slab, beam and column Tension rod

137,747 80

26,034,104 858,764

102

TOTAL

25,128,923

Royal College of Art

COST ANALYSIS (WHAT IF? ... B)

ADS 5

ELEMENT

VOLUME M³

COST £

Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool

Roof tile Channel & fixing Waterproofing Insulation

2,933 44 220 22,000

879,997 1,761,513 1,466,661 14,666,610

Limstone Resin Hardwood Bamboo

Vault Adhesive Main beam & purlin Laminated strip

7,333 587 10,776 733

2,199,991 Unknown 7,184,128 488,887

Hardwood Limestone Steel

V Support Column Tension rod and connector

2,747 4,888 200

1,831,358 1,466,400 395

Hardwood

Window frame

751

500,527

Limestone Steel

Slab, beam and column Tension rod

137,747 80

41,323,975 157

TOTAL

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

MATERIAL

73,770,599

103

104 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

6 FINDINGS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

105

ADS 5 Royal College of Art

6.0 FINDINGS

FINAL COMPARITIVE FINDINGS CARBON COPY A: ENTIRELY TIMBER

AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Carbon copy A using mostly timber makes it a negative embodied carbon and the greenest option among all. However, using a large amount of laminated wood, which also makes it the most expensive option, is even more costly than the existing building made with steel and concrete, making it the least preferable choice in reality.

CARBON COPY B: HYBRID TIMBER + STONE Carbon copy B uses mainly stone, making it almost a zero embodied carbon solution. Theoretically, stone can be used half of the volume compared to the existing building， which can help reduce almost half the price and make it the best choice in carbon copy.

WHAT IF?... A: TENSILE TIMBER What if A option uses alternative roof timber tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. The main difference is changing the shape of the beam in a more structurally natural form, which can reduce the number of timbers used to less than a half compared to Carbon Copy A. The structurally natural shape of the beam can help reduce the cost significantly. Also, it can still have a similar structure to the original design and requires no extra vertical support.

WHAT IF?...B: STONE VAULT

106

What if...B option uses alternative roof stone tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. Compared to timber tensile structure in What if?...A, it eliminates the use of the bamboo bracing system, which can significantly reduce the amount of timber used, making it the cheapest option among all.

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

COST COMPARISON

Royal College of Art

EMBOODIED CARBON COMPARISON

107

108 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

7 APPENDICES

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

109

110 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

7.0 APPENDICES

PROPOSED ELEMENTS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

111

112 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

7.0 APPENDICES

NOTES AND SKETCHES

28 Oct 2021

Royal College of Art

2 Nov 2021

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

113

114 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

9 Nov 2021

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

16 Nov 2021

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

115

116 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

23 Nov 2021

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

28 Nov 2021

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

117

118 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

Royal College of Art

2 Dec 2021

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

17 Jan 2022

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

119

120 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

8 MENU OF COMPONENTS

Royal College of Art

ADS 5

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

121

ADS 5 Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS 122

8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS

ROOFING DETAILS CARBON COPY A AND B

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

123

ADS 5 Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS 124

8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS

ROOFING DETAILS WHAT IF ?... A

Royal College of Art

ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS

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Timber “V”-supports connection detail Timber “V”-supports isometric cutaway connection detail isometric cutaway

1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate Timber “V”-supports 3 connection 40mm Bearing detailsteel plate 4 isometric 40mm Connection cutaway steel plate

7 1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column

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1 700x700mm Hardwood 2 20mm Cross connection glulam column

steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 3 40mm Bearing steel plate steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate

5 40mm Bearing stee

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5 40mm steel Bearing plate steel pla

6740mm Cross connection ø60mm Pin steel plate 1400x700mm Hardw Pin 78ø60mm

glulam column 8 1400x700mm Hardwood glulam column

5 40mm 1Bearing steel plate 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 6 40mm Cross connection steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 7 ø60mm Pin steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 1400x700mm Hardwood 40mm Connection steel plate glulam4column

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8 Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail isometric Timber+stone “V”-supports cutaway

1 8 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 1 700x700mm Hardwood 5 2 Cross connection glulam20mm column 6 steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 7 steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate8

5 40mm Bearing steel p 6 20mm cement 40mm Bearing steel plat 7 60mm Tension rod 20mm cement 8 700x680 Laminated Lim

60mm Tension rod 700x680 Laminated Limest

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3 40mm Bearing steel plate connection detail isometric 1 700x700mm Hardwood 4 40mm Connection steel plate Bearing steel plate cutaway 5 40mm glulam column 1 700x700mm Hardwood 6 20mm cement 5 40mm Bearing steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection glulam column 7 60mm Tension rod 6 20mm cement steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection Timber+stone “V”-supports 7 60mm Tension rod 8 700x680 Laminated Limestone 3 40mm Bearing steel plate steel plate connection detail isometric 8 700x680 Laminated Limestone stone “V”-supports Timber+stone “V”-supp 4 40mm Connection steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate cutaway on detail isometric connection detail sectio 4 40mm Connection steel plate

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7 Timber“Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway

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5 20mm Bearing steel plate 6 Cross connection steel plate 4 7 Hardwood glulam column 70

2 20mm Cross connection 5 20mm Bearing steel plate steel plate 1 ø250mm 6 Cross connection steel plate 3 20mm Bearing plate glulam steel column 4 40mm2Joint steel plateconnection 7 Hardwood glulam column 7 20mm Cross 5 20mm Bearing stee steel plate 5 20mm Bearing steel plate Timber“Y”-supports 6connection Cross connection s 20mm Bearing steel40mm plate 6 Cross 3connection steel plate detail sec 4 40mm Joint steel plate 7 Hardwood glulam c 7 Hardwood glulam column 700mm ø

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1 ø250mm Hardwood glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection 7Hardwood 1 ø250mm steel plate glulam column Bearing steel plate 3 20mm 4 40mm Jointconnection steel plate Cross 2 20mm

5 20mm Bearing steel plate 6 60mm Tension steel rod 7 800x700x690mm 20mm Bearing steel plate 5Laminated tension 60mm column Tension steel rod 6linestone

7 800x700x690mm Timber+stone “Y”-supports steel plate Laminated tension connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linestone column cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate 5 20mm Bearing steel plate 1 ø250mm Hardwood 1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm Bearing steel plate glulam column 6 60mm Tension steel rod glulam column Tension steel rod7 800x700x690mm 6 60mm connection 2 20mm Cross Timber+stone “Y”-supports 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate 7 800x700x690mm Laminated tension +stone “Y”-supports Timber+stone “Y”-supp connection detail isometric steel plate steel plate 3 20mm Bearing Laminated tension linestone column ion detail isometric connection detail sectio cutaway 4 40mm Joint linestone 3 20mm Bearing steel plate steel platecolumn y 4 40mm Joint steel plate

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1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam column

1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam column Timber “Y”-supports connection

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1 20mm cement 2 Laminated tension linestone column 800x700x690mm 3 Tension steel rod 60mm 4 Steel bracket 40mm

1 20mm cement 2 Laminated tension linestone column 800x700x690mm 1 20mm cement 1 20mm cement Tension steel rod 60mm Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection2 Laminated3tension 5 30mm Anchor 2 Laminated tension 4 Steel 800x700x690mm bracket 40mm detail isometric cutaway linestone column 800x700x690mm 6 Bearing steel p linestone column 3 Tension steel rod 60mm 3 Tension steel Stone “Y”-supportsTimber+Stone connection “Y”-supports Timber+Stone 5 30mm Anchor bar rod 60mm connection 5 30mm Anchor bar“Y”-supp 4 Steel bracket 40mm ometric cutaway detail isometric cutaway connection detail40mm sectio 6 4 Steel bracketBearing 40mm steel plate 40mm6 Bearing steel plate

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