Gene Therapy and research center

HIDDEN DIMENTION Gene Therapy &Research Centre Graduation Project

RAZAN YOUSEF – UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Introduction *Genetic researches recently have been a very important issue . *Human beings are basically made with the genes which is the main content of the cell it self .

*Sometimes some errors occurs when some genes grow in a wrong way . *This why we studied this issue to introduce a new way of treatment in Jordan *To prove that these errors are not the end of the human life and he can still be productive . *Being courage ,self confident helps the patient more than the therapy itself .

Intro

Project Justification

Concept

Cases Program

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Why we choose this project ?!

- Recently the number of people who have genetic errors or a problem with the cells are increasing .

- The evolution in technology of medicine forces us to think about new solutions for this issues.

- human lives are important so this project was an opportunity to introduce this way of treatment in Jordan to those who need help.

- this unique way of treatment not only in Jordan but also in the middle east will benefit a lot of people in the whole region.

- Jordan is one of the Leading countries in Medical Tourism .

- Numbers of Jordanian Doctors achieved a global & advanced discoveries so we decide to provide them with specialized center in order to achieve more discoveries .

- Exploit the enormous capability for the treatment of many diseases .

Project Definition A Facility dedicated to the research discovery and development of methods and systems for gene therapeutic treatments and transplantation.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

History of Gene Therapy A. 1960: The concepts of Gene Therapy was introduced.

B. 1970: Friedman and Roblin author of a paper in Science titled "Gene therapy for human genetic disease?� cite the first attempt to perform gene therapy C. 1990: The first approved gene therapy case at the National Institute of Health, U.K. It was performed on a four year old girl named Ashanti DaSilva. It was a treatment for a genetic defect that left her with an immune system deficiency A. New gene therapy approach repairs errors in messenger RNA derived from defective genes.

This technique has the potential to treat the blood disorder Thalassaemia, Cystic fibrosis, and some cancers.

B. Sickle cell disease is successfully treated in mice.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

1992: Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases 1999: Death of Jesse Gelsinger in a gene-therapy experiment resulted in a significant setback to gene therapy research in the United States 2006: Scientists at the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland) have successfully treated metastatic melanoma in two patients. This study constitutes one of the first demonstrations that gene therapy can be effective in treating cancer.

2007- 2011: Research is still ongoing and the number of diseases that has been treated successfully by gene therapy increases. • Retinal disease • Color blindness 2011: Medical community accepted that it can cure HIV as in 2008, Gero Hutter has cured a man from HIV using gene therapy

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Project Description

Project description

This genetic center will be divided into three main aspects including: -

therapy

Healing ,fighting, fixing and finding a new way of genetic treatment

researches Collecting and Uniting researchers of different fields . One common goal; development of medicine in Jordan.

psychological

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods to help a person change and over come problems

Educational Recruiting future teams and reserving the title as pioneers in developing techniques through Education and handing down experience and skills.

Also, some functions will be added to this project to give it the social style.

This will help the patient to treat quickly and get up again .

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Cases Program

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Intro

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Project Importance 1. genetic therapy to over come diseases which is not held in Jordan yet.

2. employing a lot of unemployed people in the region.

3. make the area more active.

4. improving the research services in Jordan.

5. ecological benefits.

6. improve Jordan stability in the region.

People affected By the project Patient

stakeholders

Middle east

employee

government

inhabitants

inhabitants

investors

Graduated Students

It will be served all genders and generations and for people with average income and wealthy people .

Potential in Jordan regarding cells Political stability

Strong will of decision makers Pioneer in stem cell purification A method that raised the success of transplantation from 20-90%

Officially certified world wide In developing stem cell treatment

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Intro

Possibilities for the Future of gene therapy

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Fighting and Winning the War on Cancer.

Developing Drugs that Tell Your Cells What to Do. Growing Replacement Tissues in the Lab. Healing Spinal Cord Injuries.

Improving Treatments for Huntington’s, Lou Gehrig’s, and Parkinson’s disease.

6. Helping Stroke Victims.

7. Beating Multiple Sclerosis.

8. Reversing Retinal Degeneration .

9. Fixing a Broken Heart .

10. Assisting Diabetes Patients .

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Exploring Religious Questions ..!

Islamic viewpoint  Gene therapy is Permissible depending on many evidences in Islam.  That made it useable in the Islamic world  Treatment is a duty religiously if lack of treatment resulted death. Because self preservation is one of the basic necessities that must be preserved.

Catholic viewpoint  The roman catholic church has held that each human being has a unique soul from the moment of conception ,the majority of catholic people supported genetic therapy

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Exploring Ethical Questions .. !

- Who will have access to therapy ..?

- Is it interfering with God’s plan ..?

- Should people be allowed to use gene therapy to enhance basic human traits such as height, intelligence etc. ...?

- Is it alright to use the therapy in the prenatal stage of development in babies?

- Who decides which traits are normal and which constitute a disability or disorder?

- Will the therapy only benefit the wealthy due to its high cost?

- Could the widespread use of gene therapy make the society less accepting of people who are different?

Intro Site

* Beneficence :the genetic therapy benefits the diseased person to treat him from those errors.

Cases Program

*Non- maleficence : genetic therapy must not cause harm to other people.

Concept

Exploring Ethical Questions .. !

*Respect for individual autonomy : person autonomy must be protected to preserve his rights in living .

This means that from the moral point of view gene therapy must be used in a positive way to improve human beings lives and it is always rejected when it causes harm to other people .

Goals and Objectives Implement the latest revolution technologies in research and clinical applications

To be a pioneer in genetic research& therapy at both national and regional level

Be a center for advancement in education and training on gene research in the Arab World

Provide advanced labs and equipment for facilitate

To train and develop experts to be able to develop and innovate gene therapy

Introduce a training ship program in a space designed for trainees.

Using the latest technology methods for research such as simulation method Promote technologies application in public and private buildings

Providing a space to exchange the information with researchers .

Ensure continuous education and knowledge on gene therapy.

Preparation experts to be able giving information's and experiences to the public .

Create fruitful and scientific environment to encourage interaction and joint research among the members from different disciplines. create Responsive environment that provide all provide all physical and emotional needs. promoting the social contact for the user of facility .

promote ecological aspect to protect the natural green land in the area introduce sustainable system to the facility Recycling remains DNA From Research to use in different field

To enhance the activity and development of the area Provide an opportunity to employee a lot of people Provide an attractive activity to encourage people to visit the facility Gallery & lecture room for local people to know about disease and the latest treatment techniques

To serve as a primary scientific resource and an authoritative voice on diseases issues in the whole region.

Conduct scientific research related to diseases and statics of diseases which are spread in Jordan

Lecture halls and seminar rooms to distribute awareness publicize updated research and treatment in gene therapy

Intro Site

* What should we focus on designing the project ‌?!

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Mission 1- study the mechanism and methods of gene therapy researches .

2- how to provide a comfortable environment for researches and therapy .

3- how to create a suitable environment for specific function .

4- how to make the project integrate in harmony with the surrounding community .

Vision A promising future to disease treatment

Do not forget Genes can be Unpredictable ?

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Genes • • • • •

The basic unit of heredity Are carried on a chromosome Encode how to make protein DNA RNA protein Proteins carry out most of the functions of life.

• When there is a mutation in the gene, Changes in the conformation and functions of the protein Diseases

Causes of Diseases infections

Genetic diseases

Accidents

Diseases due to mutations in somatic cells

Inherited diseases 1. Due to genetic mutationsnuclear, Mitochondrial 2. Chromosomal abnormalities 3. Complex traits, multifactorial disorders

Complex traits

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4.

Deletions- ranging from 1 bp to mega base Insertions- including duplications Single base substitutionMissense mutations- replace one amino acid with another in the gene product 5. Nonsense mutations replace one amino acid codon with a stop codon 6. Splice site mutations create or destroy signals for exon/intron splicing 7. Frame shifts can be produced by deletions, insertions or splice mutations

cause inherited diseases

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Genetic variations

Genetic Diseases

Environmental Diseases

Complex Diseases

- Cystic fibrosis

- Alzheimer disease

- Influenza

- Down syndrome

- Cardiovascular Disease

- Hepatitis

- Sickle cell disease

- Diabetes (type 2)

- Measles

- Turner syndrome

- Parkinson Disease

Environment

Genes

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

What is Gene therapy ?

Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individual’s cells and tissues to treat A disease

It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.

Types of Gene Therapy • Somatic Cells:

• Germline Cells:

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3.

Majority of cells in the human body Not passed on to future generations Less controversial and more effective if started sooner

3.

Cells exist in sperm and eggs Potential of having negative effect for future generations Potentially most effective

Somatic Cells •

• • • •

Cells are removed from body before treatment.

Grown in lab, fix gene and insert back into body through blood stream.

Many cells to work with.

Higher risk for older children or young adults.

Used to treat illnesses such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy.

Types of somatic gene therapy

Ex vivo

In vivo

cells are modified outside the body and then transplanted back in again

genes are changed in cells when the cells are still in the body

called ex vivo because the cells are treated outside the body

called in vivo because the gene is transferred to cells inside the patient’s body

Germline Cells • Correct abnormalities of gene involved in reproduction.

• Abnormalities are seen before becoming tissue.

• Controversial- “playing God” with unformed tissue.

• Most effective during embryonic stage.

• Potential negative affects on future generations.

What Happens?

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Cut a piece of DNA with restriction enzymes Insert the pieces into a plasmid Analyze gene Define defect or disease Make a plan for treatment Replace defective cells with “normal� cells Insert new cells into patient through vectors

Strategies of Gene Therapy Targeted augmentation mutation Targeted Targeted inhibition therapy correction. killing of (GAT) of gene specific Gene

cells.

expression.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

1- Gene augmentation therapy • For diseases caused by loss of function of a gene, introducing extra copies of the normal gene may increase the amount of normal gene product to a level where the normal phenotype is restored.

• Targeted to clinical disorders where the pathogenesis is reversible.

• Applied to autosomal recessive disorders.

NORMAL PHENOTYPE (increase in gene X product)

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

2-Targeted killing of specific cells • Popular in cancer gene therapies.

• Genes are directed to the target cells and then expressed to cause cell killing.

• Direct cell killing – inserted gene are expressed to produce a lethal toxin or a gene encoding a prodrug is inserted, conferring susceptibility to killing by a subsequently administered drug.

Direct Killing of DISEASE CELLS

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

3-Targeted mutation correction • Normal gene inserted into the genome to replace nonfunctional gene • It can be done at different level: • At gene level, based on homologous recombination.

• At RNA transcript level, by using particular types • of therapeutic ribozymes.

Targeted Gene Mutation Correction

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

4-Targeted inhibition of gene expression • If diseases cells display an inappropriate expression of a gene (in case of many cancers), a variety of different system can be used specifically to block the expression of a single gene at the DNA,RNA or PROTEIN levels.

Methods of Gene transfer Viral methods 1.

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retrovirus vectors adenovirus vector herpes simplex vectors

Non-Viral vectors 1.

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Oligonucleotides Naked-DNA Polyplexes Lipoplexes Liposomes

Viral method by adenovirus vector

BY Liposomal Method

Intro Site

• Recessively inherited disorders are conceptually the easiest inherited disorders to treat by gene therapy.

• The first apparently successful gene therapy was initiated in 1990 for adenosine deaminase deficiency.

• Cystic fibrosis.

• Familial hypercholesterolemia (fh).

• Gaucher’s diseases • For neoplastic disorders & infectious disease

Concept

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Gene Therapy for inherited Disorders

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

GENE THERAPY TRIALS FOR INHERITED DISORDERS • DISORDER  ADA deficiency

CELLS ALTERED GENE THERAPY STRATEGY T-cells & hemopoitic stem cells

 Cystic fibrosis

 Familial 

Respiratory epithelium

Liver cells

Hypercholestemia

gene.  Gaucher’s disease

Ex vivo GAT using recombinant retroviruses containing an ADA gene.

In vivo GAT using recombinant adenoviruses or liposometo deliver the CFTR gene Ex vivo GAT using retrovirus to deliver the LDL Receptor

Hemopoitic stem cells

Ex vivo GAT using retroviruses to deliver the glucocerebrosidase gene.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Problems of Gene Therapy • • • • • • • •

Short-lived nature of gene therapy.

Problems with viral vectors.

Multigene disorders.

Chance of inducing a tumor.

Acute immune response to viral vectors Repeated treatment needed Genes “lost” when the cell goes through mitosis Viral vectors could become pathogenic Genes spliced at random into the genome could upset other genes

CONCLUSIONS • As scientist discover more genes & their functions, the potential for this treatment is limitless. As we know our fate is indeed in our gene.

• Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases.

• But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost.

• Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Applications • Curing genetic diseases • Correcting cancer genes • Inducing cancerous cells to make toxins so they kill themselves • Blocking viral genes (e.g. HIV) • Creating stem cells from somatic cells • Thalassemia • Sickle cell anaemia • cystic fibrosis • Genetic diseases, hematological disorders, acquired immunodeficiency syndromes, cancers are mainly treated

Has “incredible therapeutic potential.” Potential to find cures to genetic diseases.

Defects can be eliminated and not passed on to future children.

Stops suffering of patient and family.

Cases Program

• • •

• The virus is replication deficient ,so its safe and is suitable for the treatment of a variety of diseases.

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Positive Aspects

• Give hope of healthy life to cancer patient.

• For certain disease that do not have any cure except gene therapy, it could save many lives

• Gene therapy has the potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, ADA- SCID etc.

• It is a possible cure for heart disease, AIDS and cancer.

• It gives someone born with a genetic disease a chance to life.

• It can be used to eradicate diseases from the future generations.

Intro

Negative Aspects

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• Immune system can destroy the vector.

• Very expensive for patient. “Make the rich, richer, and the poor, poorer.”

• • • •

“Designer babies” may be made.

Harmful effects.

Against religious beliefs. “Playing with God and Mother Nature.”

Random insertion can disrupt normal genes.

• Retroviruses use rapidly dividing cells as targets. The non dividing cells can not be used.

• Cosmetic industry may monopolized this gene therapy if it is used in enhancing beauty and in vanishing the aging effect, rather than used for treatment of a disease.

• Immune response to the transferred gene stimulates a potential risk to gene therapy.

• Viruses used as vectors for gene transfer may cause toxicity, immune responses, and inflammatory reactions in the host.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Recent Developments • In a new gene therapy method developed by University of Florida in Jan 2012, researchers found treatment for a common form of blindness ( Xlinked retinitis pigmentosa ) that strikes both youngsters and adults. • A gene therapy called NLX-P101 dramatically reduces movement impairment in Parkinson's patients, according to results of a Phase 2 study published on March, 2011 in the journal Lancet Neurology.

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

The patient

: any recipient of health care services

Physical

Psychological

*Affecting memories *Changing in body and cells *Dimensioned eyesight *Reduce ability to think clearly *Slower reaction and agility *Greater susceptibility to disease

*Depressed mood *Deal with social isolation *Hence feels integrity or despair lessoned hearing

Services

*Accommodation for care *Health care *Therapy *Researches *Psychological therapy

Genetic therapy center

*Education * Caring * Exercise * Health screening * Meals * Medical Care * Physical therapy * Recreation * Respite care * Socialization * Supervision

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Site Selection Criteria 1.

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5.

The site is far away from the city crowded.

The site have an appropriate slope , with a good views.

The access to the site is suitable and easy to notice .

The orientation of the slope give a chance to design in a passive direction.

The site is located in urban development region which consist of building a new residential ,recreational , exhibition , shopping , media and entertainment facilities .

6. The site located approximately in the center of Jordan , in the north of Amman connecting it with the southern cities of Jordan .

7. The natural features and beautiful views surrounding the site .

8. The area is quit isolated and away from traffic jam and visual pollution ,so it provide the researcher a suitable and comfortable working environment .

9. The region is characterized by the diversity of land use which facilities the construction of this center in this region .

10. the site is half rocky and half dirt – track so we will use the rocky part in building construction and the other part in landscape .

Site Analysis

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Location/macro-micro Amman Jordan General Information Area : 92.300sq km (35.637 sq miles).

Population: 7 million .

Capital: Amman.

Government: Constitutional Monarchy since 1952 The airport road is primary spine of the capital region linking it with the national airport as well as the Amman development corridor . * Currently being completely reconstructed – with services road on both sides – and planted to accommodate light – rail transit . * Queen alia airport is also being expanded from 3-9 million passengers .

The road is under enormous development pressure to accommodation residential , recreational , exhibitions , shopping , meda and entertainment

The project is located in the capital of Jordan -Amman- exactly in southern side of the city

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Intro

Location

Near the airport rod exactly one kilometer away from the main street in the district of jawa .

Khuraibet elsouq ,jawa, andAl-yadoudeh

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Location Jawa is located on the southern side of Amman city .. 15 km far away from the airport .

A new modern district in Amman during the expansion of Amman city was established in 1967 in the time of establishing the queen alia airport .

It is easy finding place and visitors can easily approach that place using public transportation .

Jawa

Intro Concept

Cases Program

Site

Airport Surrounding

Birs’s eye

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Surroundings Al-bayadr 10km

Our site

Al-yadodeh 5km

Na’or 3 km

Al-matar 15 km

Amman urban development

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Intro

Historical background

1967 Area: 31.250 km2

1972 Area: 60.000 km2

1985 Area: 300.000 km2

2010 Area: 900.00 km2

Population: 60000

Population: 120.000

Population: 400.000

Population: 2.300.000

Contents: Tabarbour, Yajouz, Abdoun, OmOthaina, Al-Zohour, Arrawda, Al-Jwaideh, Al-matar, Almadeena Arriadiia.

Contents: Aweileh, Wadi Alseer, Sweifiie, Om-Assommaq, Arrasheed, Almanara, Alqweisme.

Contents: Abu Alanda, Al-Yasmeen, ABU-NSAIR Al-Kamaliia, Arrahmaniaa, Al-Hashmy, Al-Karameh, Maysaloon.

Expansion to the east (desert).

Amman is expanding by a ratio equal 10% yearly and it could probably expand to the east according to high population in the capital.

Intro

Urban Development

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Airport road urban development The airport road is primary spine of the capital region linking it with the national airport as well as the amman development corridor .

For the period of 1953 and before till 1967 : al-matar street was vacant unoccupied agriculture land.

For the period of 1967 and before till today : Al-matar street has been a very effective street in amman and the expansion along the road has extremly been increased .

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Airport road urban development Currently being completely reconstructed with service road on both sides and planned to accommodate light-rail transit .

Queen alia airport is also being expanded from 3-9 million passengers.

The road has been developed enormously Accommodate new residential , recreation , exhibition , shopping , and media + entertainment .

Intro Site

Airport road is now a Major connection between Amman and airport that starts from the 8th circle in amman and goes through jawa al-qastal and reaches south to airport .

Concept

Cases Program

Airport road

• constructed in 1967.

•From airport road to the site less than a minute and vice-versa.

•Major street width ( 30-40m ).

It was developed in 2010 and an extension was added to benifet more people

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Airport road These corridors will provide Amman is with safe, easy access to all parts of the City, and: • Serve as primary traffic and transit corridors.

• Offer mixed-use development options.

• Incorporate ‘green’ features .

• Serve as economic conduits for the transport of goods .

• Protect and complement the city’s heritage and antiques.

• Complements Amman’s unique urban fabric and topography.

• Maintains public views of key landmarks.

•Protect existing stable neighborhoods.

•Ensures land-use compatibility.

•Promotes mixed-use in order to encourage pedestrians friendly neighborhoods

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Site

Intro

Approaches to the site

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Intro

Accessibility

Intro

Al Quds College

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Al-karama hospital

Petra university

National park Nabaa alanad restaurant Golf club

Al-Gamadan park

Facilities

Al-zaytoneh university

Intro Site

Land marks Amman wave

Concept

Cases Program

Airport road

6

Ghamadan park 5 1 4

3 Amman national park

Bsharat golf club

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Dunes club 4

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Site

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Land Use

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Site

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Existing Built up Area

Intro Concept

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Site

Solid and void

Solid Void The site

Green areas

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Site

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Infrastructure

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Accessibility

The site

Main street Secondary street

Intro Concept

Cases Program

Site

Transportation On the airport road the transportation way to approach the site is using the bus line is connecting Amman with al-jiza which come through the cross connecting the site with the main road .

Another easy way of accessing the site is using a taxi from any point to our site .

Bus line

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Traffic density and peak points Vehicles transportation

Peak points 7-9 a.m.

2-4 p.m.

legend Vehicles 100%

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Noise

The site is considered quiet

Intro Site

 Site layout : 360 *150 350*140

Concept

Cases Program

Site Dimension

 Site area : 53000m sq.

Intro Concept

Cases Program

Site

Natural Physical features

Rocky land Soil land

Intro Site

Site 3d

Concept

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Topography

Contour period is 2m

Intro Concept

Cases Program

Site

SECTIONS

Section A-A

Section B-B

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Drainage System Water drainage in the site could be danger in winter because of slope

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Views To The Site From west

From East

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Views To The Site From North

From South

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Intro

Views from The Site

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Views from The Site View (A)

View (B)

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Views from The Site View (C)

View (D)

-Quercus iIex: Ever green tree Found in woods

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Intro

Vegetation

-Olea europaea: Evergreen tree Spread in farms

-Cupressus sempervirens: Ever green tree Used in streets sides

Intro Concept

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Site

Vehicular Circulation

Minor Movement

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Intro

Utilities

Electricity

Intro

Wind and Sun path diagram Wind diagram in Jordan

Sun path diagram in Jordan

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Climatic Data

Wind Rose chart explain the direction of wind in Jordan from(2001-2015).

The prevailing wind in Jordan from north west and south west

Intro Site

Normal monthly mean for temperature 1991-2015

Concept

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Climatic Data

Concept

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Intro

Climatic Data

Site Sun path

Wind direction in winter and summer

Intro Concept

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Site

Climatic Data

Summer Winter

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Climatic Data Mean Wind Speed 'knot' 1991-2015

Total Rainfall Amount (mm) 1991-2015

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Climatic data Normal monthly mean for temperature 1991-2015

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Condition in the site Conditions

excellent

Very good

good

bad

notice

The site is far away from crowded

Quite area

Recreation places

National park Ghamdan park

Accessibility

Surrounding by 2 street

Topography Transportation

Bus , taxi , private car

Medical service Commercial shop Religious service Emergency service

Dahyet alfarooq sooq

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

S.w.o.t Analysis Strength:

Opportunity

 Has good view .  Far away from crowded which make healthy environment .  Has two street which provide more than one entrance .  has natural feature  Easy to access .  Located in urban development area.  Far 10 km from the airport which helps foreign visitors to easily approach the site .

 region is characterized by the diversity of land use that increases the variety of uses and users .  Improve the economic in the area.  Use vacant land in new project.  Lighten up the area .  Suitable area for recreational use.  Creating new character to the area.  Even if the region is crowded in the future the surrounding of the site will always be vacant .

Weakness Poor infrastructure.

Land prices.

Lighting is poor.

Transportation is weak.

Very cold area in winter. most of the land is a soil land .

Threat Not enough security.

Soil erosion due to rain.

The site is half rocky & half soil.

Water gathering in the front of the site .

     

   

Medical waste type

Definition Solid waste, liquid or gaseous resulting from various medical institutions and health care centers, hospitals and other

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Ferryboat Anatomical Sharp Chemical Pharmaceutical Compressed Toxic genes Radioactive

This is strength point for site criteria ( location near to the site )

Location

Located in alsowaqa , al-ghabawi

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Findings  Surrounding streets are wide.

 The site have easy access from adjacent areas.  The surrounding area is quiet because it is empty .  A lot of lots are vacant makes the neighborhood un-crowded .

 Main services are not provided in the area in addition to its lack in the entertainment facilities and culture .  There is no constraints on the orientation of facades because of the good

quality of views from all directions.  The highest height in the area according to land use highest would be 15 m maximum so it will not cover over the project design.

 Urban sprawl leading towards the south will enhance the adjacent area to the site and provide more needed services and increase users numbers.

Intro Site

 Streets permit creating 2 or more entrances to serve the project.

Concept

Cases Program

conclusion  Facilities that are oriented to serve the patients and interact with the community must be added.  The design will be 2 or 3 floors to be appropriate and ease mobility for patients.  also the projected shadow of the building will not affect the surroundings

neither their shadows will theirs will affect our design.  The use of trees to block undesired seasonal wind and excessive sun radiation.

 The plants used in the design landscape will simulate the ones existing in the area and other types that are appropriate with the climate.

Intro

1

Concept

Cases Program

Site

conclusion

ď ś The project must benefit the great views from all directions

ď ś Also , our project must benefit from the vacant area in the neighbor hood to prevent the shadows from other building on our design

Intro

2

Concept

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Site

Conclusion

Area within setback may be used for : (the one with the blue color ) -Parking .

-Extension of the center park .

-Landscaped buffer .

Intro

3

Concept

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Site

Conclusion

The trees around the site helps in protecting from the sun as shown by the light green and on the eastern side trees must be planted as presented by the dark green .

Intro Concept

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Site

Conclusion

Parking can be built here to benefit from the secondary street and make less traffic

4

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

conclusion Free standing walls can be added to prevent cold winter winds to reach the building

Out side area must be protected from the wind in winter .

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Concept

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Site

Intro

Conclusion 6 Proposed zoning 1

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Conclusion EDUCATIONAL ZONE RESEARCH LABS SOCIAL ZONE THERAPY CENTER ADMINISTRATION ZONE ANIMAL RESEARCH LABS

7

Proposed zoning 2

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

Sustainability SOLAR PANEL • Encouraging the use of solar energy to reduce air pollution 1- Covering cars parking with solar panels 2- Using solar lights

Intro

Site response Amman national park

wind

Surrounding

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Bsharat golf club

Winter wind

Trees buffers Green vacant areas surrounding the site support the views from the site which makes the main orientation is toward these views

Sun path

Drainage

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Intro

Site response

Therapy zoning which doesn’t need sunlight

• •

Educational zone with horizontal louvers False elevation

Psychological Zone to allow researches in the morning

The drainage of water gives the ability to establish a water feature in the zone of gathering

Intro

Vehicular

noise

Concept

Cases Program

Site

Site response

Patients’ zone

Possible entrance

The site is quiet but to prevent all the noise

Views from the site

Views to the site

Open view to the Open view to park a green area

Filtered view to the surrounding area

Filtered view to the airport road

Views through the site

Intro Concept

Cases Program

Site

utilities

The availability of the two minor street helps in supplying the site with the utilities needed all over the site

Multi function create a path between function as a connection point

Without the need to distribute the utilities all over the site

Intro Site Concept

Cases Program

Main entrance

Secondary entrance

labs

Animal lab

Therapy

Social

research

SECTION A-A

research research Surgical Clincal recover

SECTION B-B

Educational awareness

Intro Site

THERAPY RESEARCH

Concept

Cases Program

SOCIALL

RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL

Intro Site

NATURAL LAND

Concept

Cases Program

NATURAL LAND

THE SITE

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

LOCAL CASE STUDY JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Jordan - Amman

Queen Rania hospital

Jordan - Amman

REGIONAL CASE STUDY Farouk medical center

Iraq

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Building

Stanford , California , USA

Institute of Functional Genomics

Salamanca uni ,Spain,

National laboratory of genome

Guanajuato. Mexico

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Waterloo, Canada

JU . Stem Cell Research Center Project definition

• • • • •

Location :University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan.

Project area: 3200sqm.

Architect: engineering department at Jordan university.

Client : university of Jordan Opened in 2014

Why to choose this case study ?

1- Local case study which help us to understand the functions and circulations and area of functions .

2- has a clinical and surgical part ( therapy zone ) 3- stem cell therapy has apart for genetic researches .

4 to know about laboratory and their function and about instrument in lab

Project area &massing

Basement area

816.0 sq. meter

Ground floor area

816.0 sq. meter

First floor area

792.0 sq. meter

Second floor area

768.0 sq. meter

Stair case area

25.545 sq. meter

Elevator area

16.185 sq. meter

Total area = 3233.373 sq. meter

Main functions Services

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Percentage of function

LABS Reception waiting Lecture room

Administration offices Changing room services

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Percentage of function

Control room

Liquid nitrogen (cold room)

electricity mechanical

boiler electricity

BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Percentage of function

FIRST FLOOR PLAN Doctor & nursing room Clinical unit Sterilization room Operation unit JU .

Training Room LABS offices Services

Stem Cell Research Center

Percentage of function

waiting Preparation room

Culture room

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Deep freeze

Login zone

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Main zoning

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Circulation

Horizontal circulation VERTICAL CIRCULATION

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Circulation

After clinic zone the sample send to the second floor.

Special corridor for public circulation let them to see the process of stem cells treatment.

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Structure plan

The building structural system is a reinforced concrete frame.

The distance between columns varied according to functions

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

2

1

2 1

1

Preparing room Culture room

1

SECOND FLOOR PLAN The only entrance to the cell culture chamber is through the preparation room to be protected and make them sterile

1- cultural room Where cell cultivation 2- preparation lab

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

SAFETY CABINET class 4

vortex

Dark room

SAFETY CABINET class 1

 Room paint is black  Very sensitive for light  No windows!  for Radioactive materials

 Class 1 closed from the all sides to prevent pressure and air from enter  Used for harm sample and has to ware gloves

 Class 4 closed from the back side to prevent pressure  Used for harmless sample

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

 Used to save the sample while working

Uv box Inverted microscope

Freezer -30

Vacuum pump  This tools exist in every lab however its function  This microscope is to See cell division and recorded on video format

 Used to save the sample in Article gels , on degree 30 to prevent bacteria from grow

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

 Used to heat the sample

Plates for safety Jacket Bonnet Eyeglasses Shoe glove

Four Type of medical Waste

For fire emergency

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Conclusion 1. Understanding the relations between the main functions and specify its minimum required areas.

Therapy zone

2. Let the public interact with the project by providing a special circulation in research zone separated by glazed Partitions .

3- clinical unit is open area has beds for recovering .

In the same floor

4- electromechanical play role in the environment of lab

Supported lab

Main laboratory References : 1- dr .abdullah alabadi - manger of stem cell center 2- dr hanan dawod – dr in stem cells and genetic study

JU . Stem Cell Research Center

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Building

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Definition of project • • • •

Location : Stanford , California , USA Gross Square Footage : 16888 SQM Architect : ZGF Owner : Project Owner’s Presentative Is MR. Dangoria

Why to Choose this Case study ?

• Functional Aspect .

• Has A Good Distribution For Function & Unique Circulation Between Circulation .

• The Building Is Designed To Be A “ Hub Of Interact ‘’ For Stem Cell Related Research Across Specialties.

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Building The school of medicine is on the Stanford campus in Palo alto , California . Located strategically at the heart of the medical school Campus .The building is located within a five-minute walk of 95% of The SOM facilities.

This will give the stem cell program the opportunity to leverage the Best that the institution provides in the way of support , establishment Of scientific collaborations, and interactions with existing faculty , And access to core facilities. The stem cells research building Will consolidate the central Components of the stem cell Program at Stanford in one Facility

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

•

The Institute Is Focused On Making Discoveries In stem cell research and translating them into preclinical applications ,innovative therapies ,and treatments . • Constructing anew building to provide lab facilities and unique research capabilities to support the ambitious mission of the siscb/Rm. • The lorry . Lokey stem cell research building (sim1) will house the Stanford stem cell biology and regenerative medicine institute , integrating researchers from multiple specialties and disciplines including cancer, neuroscience ,cardiovascular medicine , transplantation, immunology, bioengineering ,and developmental biology.

Formal Entrance

Secondary Entrance

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

In the three minute walk to the Stanford hospital , researches will be able to share their finding with the doctors who can implementing them as therapies and treatment

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Ground Floor plan

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Analysis – function

First Floor plan

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Analysis – function

Second Floor plan

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Analysis – function

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Analysis – circulation

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Analysis – Main Zoning

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Analysis – function

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Ground floor graph

SIRM tissue culture

Two pl offices labs

SIRM lab SIRM tissue culture Large conference

Administrative offices offices CER Instrument room Inset room microscope TC Dark room Gas closet corridor

Another entrance

entrance

Linear equipment room Instrument room Janitor Administrator office

WC’S atrium

Storage cafe

atrium

Auto clave

corridor

TC labs

TC corridor corridor Two pl offices Instrument tool corridor Fours labs Linear equipment Administrator office t room Two administrator offices Medium conference Kitchen break Grande conference Four pl offices electrical labs CER Media preparation telecom microscope Gas closet radioisotope Instrument rooms

Two pl offices

Analysis – Exterior The Lokey stem cell (sim1) building exterior blends the classical architectural heritage of Stanford with use of glass atriums and steel elements to promote both privacy from stem cell research laboratories within the building while maximizing transparency and integration of indoor and outdoor community The exterior carries through on this approach , externally expressing the building layout with design element such as limestone bracketing in the curtain wall that visually seriates each area .

Limestone Curtain wall with sun shaded

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Exterior

Case Building Material Glass

Lime Stone Steel (Alcabond )

EAST ELEVATION Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Analysis – Interior Each of the three above-grade floors is composed of two wings that respectively accommodate five and six laboratories each .

Within each of these wings or neighborhoods , labs and faculty offices are clustered to maximize the investigators’ interactions with their own labs, and with their peers and peer s’ labs

Support lab

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

View to the atrium from the northern side

View to outside Triple volume

Interior view

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Interior

1- flexibility 2- usability 3- cost effectiveness 4- collaboration Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Prototype interior lab furniture

Interior

Benches ( working table ) Using Calm color ( white and blue ) Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Conclusion 1. Understanding the program of stem cells research center obviously and studying the percentage of function.

2. High proportion of glass in the facades to allow researchers to communicate with the outside world, and providing them with suitable environment.

3. There is strong connection between Main labs and support labs and they Cant be replaced in different space.

support lab

Main lab

4. Use of local architecture for Stanford city that appear by using Limestone and shape of opening.

5-Make interference zoon for researcher to share idea with doctor to implement it as a treatment

offices

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Administration

Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research

Institute of Functional Genomics

Institute of Functional Genomics Project definition

• Location : Salamanca, Spain, The University of Salamanca is the oldest university in Spain • Architect: Matay Associates • Project year : 2010.

• Biology and genetic research

Why to choose this case study ?

1- this genetic t center is well-functioned project .

2- the materials used for the exterior 3- concept of auditorium & façade 4- outdoors between labs and section

Site plan

street parking greenery building

entrances Circulation

Institute of Functional Genomics

Its topography is rugged, with a difference of up to 6 m between the outermost points

Institute of Functional Genomics

Basement plan

Laboratories Supported labs services

Institute of Functional Genomics

Ground floor plan

storage

circulation

SUPPORTED LAB

Laboratories

Atrium

Institute of Functional Genomics

First floor plan

services

cafeteria

SUPPORTED LAB

circulation offices

Laboratories

Institute of Functional Genomics

second floor plan

services

Lecture room

SUPPORTED LAB

circulation offices

Laboratories

Institute of Functional Genomics

3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor Basement

3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor Basement

Outdoor area Vertical circulation

Type of structure : waffle slab To give me high span

Institute of Functional Genomics

a large concrete brackets allow shelter the space for expeditions (the other major access area)

hold cryogenic gas tanks.

Institute of Functional Genomics

The auditorium of amoeboid form

Ground floor plan

located on the northern head of the building is configured as a (formal and constructively) differential element that marks the main entrance to the building

Curved roof the best hand acoustics to absorbed sound

Institute of Functional Genomics

The solution adopted led to: the construction of a unitary and compact building continuous and semi-transparent mask inspired in genetic coding processes.

Abstract color Coding process

real color Institute of Functional Genomics

After which the plan is organized around eight functional large vertical holes (four indoor and four attached to the facade), thereby obtaining a foamed interior provided with natural lighting.

Institute of Functional Genomics

The compaction of the program also allowed us to liberate most of the plot's surface, and to project terraced/landscaped plates to allow the coexistence of the outdoor leisure area with controlled parking strips.

Institute of Functional Genomics

Institute of Functional Genomics

Institute of Functional Genomics

National Laboratory of Genomics

National Laboratory of Genomics Project definition

• • • •

Location : Irapuato, Guanajuato. Mexico.

Project area: 13500 sq.m.

Architect: TEN Arquitectos .

Project year : 2007.

Why to choose this case study ?

1- this genetic therapy center is well-functioned project .

2- the materials used for the exterior .

3- facades used in the project .

4- The site topography and conditions similar to our site .

The location and geology of the site ..?

Description

An empty field with a fault line deep below

gave rise to the metaphor that defines the form of the building an inscribed line divides the program in half, with the laboratories on one side and the administrative and auditorium spaces on the other,

admin

auditorium

laboratories

National Laboratory of Genomics

Site plan

Outdoor Vehicular Circulation

Genomic center

National Laboratory of Genomics

Level 1 plan

Atrium Laboratories Gathering area Fridge (liquid nitrogen ) SUPPORTED LAB And STORAGES Entrance Cafeteria

National Laboratory of Genomics

Level 1 Zone Cafeteria

liquid nitrogen

LAB

LAB

LAB

Gathering area

liquid nitrogen

SUPPORTED LAB And STORAGES

National Laboratory of Genomics

LAB

Detailed Plan

Sorting Cells tissues and selection cells

Courts

Analytic al labs

Preparin g tissues Sorting tissues and Tissues Supporting Supporti Office clinic cells engineering ng lab 2 lab 1 support

Courts

Courts Storages and services

National Laboratory of Genomics

circulation

Outside Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation

National Laboratory of Genomics

Level 3 plan

Laboratories Lecture rooms

National Laboratory of Genomics

Level 5 plan

Administration

National Laboratory of Genomics

Sections plan

plan

Vertical circulation

Outdoor area

National Laboratory of Genomics

Vertical circulation Outdoor area

National Laboratory of Genomics

Sections

Vertical circulation

Outdoor area

National Laboratory of Genomics

The transparency and precision of the facades

bring the landscape into the building

the contrast between structure and surroundings is an uncompromising reminder of the role of engineering and high technology in the study of genomics

The almost camouflaged effect of the entire project gently integrates building and site; at the same time, it lends an air of intrigue to the activities within.

National Laboratory of Genomics

Exterior The facades in the genetic center on the side of the clinics always have small narrow windows to prevent the direct sun light Narrow and small openings

On the other side of this center the openings are wide and huge due to the need to benefit the direct sun light and control the use of unsustainable energy resources .

National Laboratory of Genomics

Exterior The facades in the genetic center on the side of the supported labs and storage always have small narrow windows to prevent the direct sun light Narrow and small openings

On the other side of this center the openings are wide and huge due to the need to benefit the direct sun light and control the use of unsustainable energy resources .

High transparency

National Laboratory of Genomics

National Laboratory of Genomics

Queen Rania Hospital Project definition

• Location : amman , jordan • AREA : 28480 SQ •

Why to choose this case study ?

1- to study the relation between surgical room and care unit 2- to study the patient bed relation 3- functional aspect

Components and basic elements of hospital:

Entrances: Hospital often have separate entrances to the vertical lines of motion and basic hospital entrances are:

1. Nursing Units 2. Detection and treatment sections 3. Foreign clinic 4. Services and medical assistance 5. Public services 6. management.

1. Entrants patients and visitors entrance 2. Outpatient entrance.

3. Ambulance entrance.

4. The entrance to the service.

5. The entrance to the morgue.

- Relay spatial movement line method: 1. region-oriented abroad: includes outpatient clinics, pharmacy, emergency reception, management.

2. The second outer zone: laboratories and blood bank, radiology, physical therapy.

3. The middle part: operations, intensive care, childbirth, and premature babies.

4. Interior Region: Department include inpatient stay.

5. The public services area: includes nutrition services, laundry and room service, storage, maintenance, morgue, mechanical and electrical services, communication, security, ambulances, parking, crew accommodation.

Queen Rania hospital

Chart showing the relationship between hospital departments with each other horizontally:

ADMINISTRATION

GENERAL SERVICES INTERNAL HOSPITAL (INPATIENT DIVISION)

Main Entrance

INTERNAL MEDICAL TREATMENT DIVISION

EMERGENCY ADJUNCT THERAPUTIC SERVICES

Emergency Entrance

ADJUNCT DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

OUTPATIENT

DIVISION

Queen Rania hospital

Outpatient Entrance

Chart showing the relationship between hospital departments with each other vertically:

Queen Rania hospital

Outpatient Department:

Queen Rania hospital

Emergency department

Queen Rania hospital

Department of Management and Pharmacy

Queen Rania hospital

Department laboratories (and blood banks):

Queen Rania hospital

Radiology Department and its agencies:

Queen Rania hospital

Queen Rania hospital

Department of Physical Therapy :

Queen Rania hospital

Operations

Queen Rania hospital

Functional relationship between the elements Wing Operations:

Queen Rania hospital

The intensive care unit

Queen Rania hospital

Department of Central Sterilization:

Queen Rania hospital

Department of Nutrition

Queen Rania hospital

* Hospital components (building) Queen Rania Al Abdullah held a children's hospital on the 43,000 m2 include the hospital building associated external works for him.

Hospital capacity of 200 beds, distributed as follows: 168 beds spread over three floors and by 6 sections.

18 beds for intensive care 14 Incubator Taking into account the privacy of the child and his companions as each section is 28 beds and family organization within each section as follows: 2 isolation 4 private 6 distributed on three family rooms 16 beds divided into four rooms

Queen Rania hospital

Site plan

Main entrance

Hospital Parking

Queen Rania hospital

Ground floor plan

Daily operations

Ct

Surgery

Administration

Queen Rania hospital

First floor plan

Patient rooms Clinics

Queen Rania hospital

Second floor plan

Patient rooms Clinics

Queen Rania hospital

Third floor plan

Patient rooms Intensive care unit

Queen Rania hospital

Section A-A

Queen Rania hospital

SECTION B-B

Queen Rania hospital

Queen Rania hospital

As for the materials used for construction in Queen Rania Children's Hospital has been using the following materials:

Stone. the glass .

Aluminum.

And it has been added breakers of the sun on the windows And so as to control the amount of light entering the According to the building and directed the Interior his job.

GLASS

ALMINUM

STONE

Queen Rania hospital

Horizontal sun breakers

Queen Rania hospital

Main lobby

Note here is the use of false ceilings and the use of dark colors that help to minimize the vacuum and reduce the rise, and the use of the buffer walls in place and in a manner designed Mentasagh them, and also note the use of many of the ornamental plants.

Interior court

Queen Rania hospital

note here is the use of pseudonyms Pitch roof in slanting passages provide good ventilation, and the use of columns and note the glass walls that provide natural lighting place. We also note the use of pvc flooring different colors. And the use of wood in the ceiling panels to absorb and reduce the echo from the audio unit.

Note here is the main distributor in the presence of the reception counter staff, visitors and reviewers note that in the center lobby. We note the use of aliases Alastagaf colorful, and see the lighting units descending from the ceiling in order to give the most powerful flare up when they are less. The use of columns that help to carry this vacuum

Queen Rania hospital

We note here that in the main

We note that there are counter in the

lobby . The billboards for the

lobby each subdomain .Bishop

floors and put the contents of

colorful pseudonyms, but Billboards

these floors

and columns as well as to carry this vacuum And the use of different materials from ceilings which give the harmonic design And it helps to absorb the echo.

Queen Rania hospital

We note here that in the sub lobby has been used for the auditors Cafeteria It has been providing them with seats and tables for seating. And also there is a place for a small pool inside Cafeteria has been using Almzaiek floors in the walls and floor of the pool .

We note here the use of various aliases bishop and lighting units from those in the main distributor of them in sub-spreaders in different floors.

As well as the use of different colors for each sub-distributor in the different floors.

We note here that in the upper court used many materials such as stone and glass, it has also been put colored chairs and tables and planting many shrubs

Queen Rania hospital

We note here that the upper court used many materials such as stone and glass, has been set up chairs and tables and planting many shrubs...

But in some places it has been relying on artificial lighting even in the day time and that the lack of direct openings to the outside such as the internal passages and internal inclusions that reach to all floors.

The building largely depends on the natural day-lighting dramatically, especially in patient rooms Wait sections.

Queen Rania hospital

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Definition of project • • • • • •

Location: Waterloo, ON, Canada Area : 64,000 FTS .

Architects: Saucier + Perrotte architects.

Budget : $ 25.5 million Completion : 2004 Materials : concrete and glass wrapped prism

Why to Choose this Case study ?

1- has an artificial lake .

2 Functional reason .

3- elevation material and design .

4- bridges and connection between masses .

The SITE • Located on the south shore of silver lake in waterloo park .

• Creating a setting for perimeter by manipulating the natural topology.

How ?

• Bounded by a busy highway, a tranquil artificial lake and a parking lot .

• However, since well – used of pedestrian pathways separated the building from father David Bauer drive and silver lake , the actual terrain near the building symbolically research this broader landscape

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

The Site

Artificial lake Main street

The institute Landscape

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

parking

Concept

Researcher’s offices north oriented , facing the soft side of the context ( the reflecting pool ) Administrative offices south oriented , facing the hard side of the site ( the city center )

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Ground floor plan Public access

auditorium circulation atrium library offices parking services

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Ground plan

offices

atrium

services

services

services

library parking

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

The design is takes inspiration from the wide-ranging, hard to define concepts that make up the subject matter of theoretical physics, at once micro- and macro-cosmic, rich in information and of indeterminate form and substance. Between city and park, the Perimeter Institute expands and inhabits the improbable space of the line separating the two. The building defines the secure zones of the Institute's facilities within a series of parallel glass walls, embedded in an erupting ground plane that reveals a large reflecting pool. The north faรงade, facing the park across this pool, reveals the Institute as an organism, a microcosm of discrete elements. The south faรงade, facing the city across train tracks and the city's main arterial road, presents the Institute as a unified but transforming entity, of enigmatic scale and content. Entry to the Institute is possible from both the north, along the reflecting pool, and the south, under the new ground plane.

Reflecting Pool

Concrete Berm

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Administration Offices Lecture Rooms Lecture Room . Theatre Seminar Rooms Researchers’ Offices Library Working Cubicles Lounges Bistro

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Exterior analysis

Administration ,seminar room , and communal spaces

Research offices , lecture halls and communal spaces

Public access to theatre , library , and external court yard .

The bridge are a mean of continuation of ideas , for researcher to linger and exchange ideas , they extend beyond the faรงade opening views out into the surrounding

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

The interior of the Institute

The interior of the Institute is organized around two central spaces, the main hall on the ground floor and the garden on the first.

Spaces for administration, meeting and seminar rooms, leisure and fitness spaces, and a multipurpose theatre for symposia and public presentations, have direct access to the main hall.

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

The circulation corridors running east-west are positioned between the opalescent glass planes, which are occasionally punctured and shifted to reveal views across the interior space of the hall.

Vertical circulation climbs these walls, tendrils of ground that run from the garden through the building. The garden - nature emerging from the vacuum - is crossed by three bridges that puncture all the planes, as well as the north and south faรงades. The bridges provide quick access to information, facilities and research colleagues.

These conduits, which formally bind together the Institute, are routes crossing the improbable space between theoretical physics and everyday life.

Farouk medical center Project definition Location :Al-sulaymaniayah , Iraq • Architect: engineering department at Jordan university. • Client : university of Jordan

Why to choose this case study ?

1- Local case study which help us to understand the functions and circulations and area of functions .

2- has a clinical and surgical part ( therapy zone ) 3- stem cell therapy has apart for genetic researches .

4 to know about laboratory and their function and about instrument in lab

Ground floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING

Farouk medical center

Mezzanine floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING

Farouk medical center

First floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING

Farouk medical center

Second floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING

Farouk medical center

Third floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING

Farouk medical center

Fourth /fifth floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING

Farouk medical center

Section A-A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Farouk medical center

ENTRANCES

Farouk medical center

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

Farouk medical center

GROUND FLOOR

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

Farouk medical center

MEZZANINE FLOOR

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

Farouk medical center

FIRST FLOOR

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

Farouk medical center

SECOND FLOOR

OPHTHALMIC DEP. ZONING

Farouk medical center

OPHTHALMIC DEP. ZONING

Farouk medical center

OPHTHALMIC DEP. ZONING

Farouk medical center

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Farouk medical center

FORM THREE MAIN MASSES WERE USED, TWO OF WHICH WERE RE-ORIENTED AND THE WHOLE FORM WAS SPLIT AND THEN CONNECTED WITH AN INTERMEDIATE MASS.

Farouk medical center

Farouk medical center

Chu Hall - Solar Energy Research Center Project definition • Location : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. • Project area: 39000.0 ft2.

• Architect: SmithGroupJJR. • Contractor: McCarthy Building Companies .

Why to choose this case study ?

1- the entrance of this project is appropriate to benefit from the slope and to access the basement which is supposed to be a main storey in our building .

2- the facades helps in preventing direct sun light from reaching the building .

The entrance

 The entrance for this project goes under ground to approach the laboratory area which has to be prevented from direct sun light .

 This also helps in the easy approach from the ordinary people .

 Suggested for the entrance of research lab to basement floor

The Entrance From the level of the ground floor the stairs goes down toward the basement level to approach the laboratory entrance . the entrance

Ground floor

basement

Solid and void

void solid

The percentage of solid is nearly 70% of the whole faรงade.

Facade  The use of long glass strips to benefit the sun light in a definite function and prevent its approach to other functions

 The percentage of the solid in the façade which is about 70% means that most of functions don’t need the direct sun light .

 Most of biology researches needs the sun light to be prevented in the laboratories where the research are being done .

TecniA Biotechnology Institute Project definition    

Location : Chablekal, Yuc., Mexico.

Project area: 5412.0 m2.

Architect: Augusto Quijano Arquitectos .

Project year : 2014.

Why to choose this case study ?  1-The use of false facades to prevent the direct sun light .  2-The use of vertical louvers .

False facades

False facades  False facades are used to make a shadow on the facades itself. In this project it is used as louvers in front of the building to give it a modern view and make the design more beautiful .

Louvers

Louvers

 Vertical louvers are used here to benefit the design of the elevations and to break the direct sunlight on the northern elevations .

Central Taiwan Innovation Campus Project definition  Location : No.2, Wenxian Rd., Zhongxing New Village.  Project area: 24721.58 sqm.  Architect: Bio-architecture formosana + NOIZ architects .  Project year : 2014.

Why to choose this case study ?

1- the interior of this project is appropriate for psychological therapy.

2- The landscape of this project is useful for the patients and floats with the nature .

The landscape The use of water features in the project makes the air more comfortable .

It makes a beautiful seen in the landscape and gives more life style for the project .

On a sloped land using the trerraces benefits from the views around .

Using ramps to move from level to another makes the circulation easier than using stairs .

Landscape

ď ś The using of steel shell to make a shelter from the direct sun light and winter rain is perfectly reflected in this case using glass openings in the shell .

ď ś The grid used for the glass reflects a beautiful shadow on the ground makes it comfortable for people to set in these areas .

Interior

The use of cold colors give the comfort for the users .

These colors are used to make the place more calm and give the user the ability to be flexile with the place

The use of huge glass openings helps reduce the boredom of the corridors .

Also, the false facades helps reducing the direct sun light into the building .

Connecting masses Outdoor stairs The use of stairs in connecting masses on different levels by moving people from the roof tops towards the buildings .

Bridges are also used to move from the inside of one mass into another mass . bridge

6 Convenient Locations in the Pittsburgh Area:

DNA Pleasant hills

DNA Mt Pleasant

DNA Greensburg

DNA Washington

DNA Johnstown

DNA Indiana

Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)

The Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) is an innovative centre for basic research created in December 2000 by initiative of the former Department of Universities, Research and Information Society (DURSI) of the Catalan Government.

It is a unique center in Spain, based in a non-bureaucratic organization research model, whose objective is to promote basic research in biomedicine and, particularly, in the genomics and proteomics areas.

Genome Medical Center in Shiraz, Iran

Design: Emtiaz group Location: Shiraz, Iran

The building’s southwest side is hidden behind a façade of rotated aluminum panels which let in the right amount of sunlight without dazzling the people inside and ensure privacy inside the building, as well as bringing to mind the image of DNA. The very image of the volume alludes to genetics, reflecting the building’s purpose.

Concept

Cases Program Site

Program

Bubble diagram

Standard

Intro

Patient therapy process Entrance

Clinic

LABS

Sample room

Testing

Operating room

preparation Sterilization

patient ROOMS

PHYSOTHERAPY

GO HOME

Support LAB Multi disciplinary

Cell Bank

3 main dimension

research

vivarium

SUPPORTED LABS

CORE RESEARCH RESEARCH LABORATORY Gallery Clinical zone

LOBBY

Non logic response area Power of space Gathering area Hub of interact

therapy

SOCIAL Each axis will create some nodes (every node represent an activity or function)

Function relationship

USERS Relationship

section LABS

Lab Support Space assigned Core Facilities

bank

TOTAL

NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

Research labs**

32

25

800

Recycled lab

3

25

75

support Research Labs

7

50

350

Procedure Room

5

15

75

Equipment room

5

20

100

Dark room+ microscope

10

10

100

Fume hood

5

15

75

Imaging

2

75

120

Gas & Chemical storage

1

50

50

DNA sequencing

2

30

30

Tissue culture room

8

15

120

Cold room

4

15

60

Blood

1

20

20

Cells and tissue

1

20

20

Genes

1

20

20

Research facilities

2060

section

Animal experiment

Research facilities

NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

General labs

2

20

40

Special research lab

2

30

60

Safety cabinet

1

35

35

Cages room(3*3)

5

15

75

vivarium

1

50

50

TOTAL

255

Detail about research lab ( Pressure OF DNA ) ** section

Research labs

TOTAL

Research facilities

NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

Isolation DNA Laboratory

4

25

40

Isolate proteins Laboratory

4

25

60

Laboratory electrophoresis

4

25

30

Imaging and documentation gel room

4

25

27

Laboratory chain reaction of polymers

4

25

Incubators cells

4

25

Washroom

4

25

Laboratory dry and wet sterilization

4

25

20 800

DEPARTMENTS

1. OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT RECEPTION +WAITING AREA INFORMATION EXAM ROOMS (6) NURSES ROOM DOCTORS ROOM STORE

AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 70 20 60 20 20 20 210 M. SQUARED

2. PHARMACY PHARMACY PREPARATION STORAGE STAFF & CONTROL

20 15 10 15 60 M. SQUARED

3. EMERGENCY RECEPTION+WAITING EXAM ROOMS (6) CONSULTATION ROOM

70 50 20

DEPARTMENTS POLICE PRESS ROOM OPERATION ROOM OBSERVATION ROOM DOCTOR ROOM NURSES STATION STORAGE

AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 20 20 20 20 30 20 270M. SQUARED

4. RADIOLOGY WAITING X-RAY ROOM STORE OFFICE FILM PREPARATION DARKROOM VIEWING ROOM

10 30 20 20 15 15 110M. SQUARED

5. LABORATORY & BLOOD BANK BLOOD BANK STERILIZATION & GLASS WASHING OFFICE

20 30 15 65M. SQUARED

DEPARTMENTS

6. SURGERY SUITE OPERATION ROOM (2) PREPARATION ROOM STORAGE STERILE ROOM DOCTOR OFFICE NURSE OFFICE CHANGING ROOMS (MALES & FEMALES) ANESTHETIC ROOM RECOVERY C.C.U. I.C.U.

AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 60 20 20 20 15 15 30 30 60 60 60 390M. SQUARED

DEPARTMENTS 7. IN-PATIENT DEPARTMENT SINGLE BED ROOMS (7) DOUBLE BED ROOMS (10) 4 BEDS IN A ROOM (4) NURSING STATION (2) VISITORS ROOM (2)

AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 140 200 120 60 40 560M. SQUARED

DEPARTMENTS

AREA (IN METERS SQUARED)

DIRECTOR OF NURSING TOILETS NURSES RESIDENCE DOCTORS RESIDENCE

20 30 30 30 110M. SQUARED

services department

NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

MECHANICAL ROOM

1

100

60

MAINTENANCE & WORKSHOP

1

50

30

LAUNDRY

1

50

30

GENERAL STORE

1

50

30

MAIN KITCHEN

1

100

70

DINNING ROOM

1

60

50

CENTRAL STERILIZATION

1

70

30

STAFF LOCKERS & OFFICES

1

50

30

Electrical room

1

60

60

Total

390

Administration

NO

Area

ca

GENERAL DIRECTOR

1

20

20

ADMINISTRATOR OFFICE

1

20

20

Security

1

15

15

PLANNING OFFICE

1

20

20

MEDICAL RECORD

1

20

20

CONFERENCE ROOM

1

40

40

STAFF OFFICES

3

20

60

DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPED OFFICE

1

20

20

Total

215

EDUCATINAL ZONE

NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

library

1

70

50

E-library

1

40

40

Lecture room

3

40

70

auditorium

1

150

150

Conference room

1

30

30

Total

340

Parking ZONE

NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

Cars

150

12

1800

Handicap cars

15

25

375

buses

3

15

45

Total

2220 NO

Area

Total area (sq.m)

Dinning area

2

40

80

toilet

3

21.6

64.8

Kitchenette

2

20

40

Storage

3

15

45

Counter

2

10

20

20

10

200 249.8

Services Cafeteria

Toilets Total

Total area = 3484.8*20% circulation =6969.95 m2

Percent of main section

RESEARCH

THERAPY SOCIAL

EDUCATIONAL

bank

activates

Administration

Physiological

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS

Surgical Zone Gallery

HUMAN RESEARCH

RESEARCH SECTION

Clinical zone

THERAPY SECTION

Café + restaurant

SOCIAL SECTION

Lecture room

Library

EDUCATIONAL SECTION

Reception area W.C OFFICES ENTRANCE HALL

W.C CAFTERIA KITCHEN

SECURITY

ADMINISTRATION SECURITY

W.C

W.C

DIRECTIOR

PUBLIC RELATION

LOBBY CONFERANCE

FINANCIAL SECTION

HUMAN RESOURCES

OFFICE

OFFICE

Clinical and surgical zone X-ray room

Preparation room

Operation room Dirty room

CLINIC

M.R.I room

lobby Nursing section

lobby Sterilization

room Doctor offices

Recovery section W.C

W.C

W.C

RESEARCH ZONE ADMIN

W.C

CENETER OFFICES

OFFICES

Dark room

LOBBY

CENTER OFFICES

LOUNGE

Tissue culture

Autoclave Animal surgery

RESEARCH LABS

STAFF OFFICES W.C

IMAGING CORE

CORRIDOR

Radioisotope

Gaschemical storage

Electrical room

Faces room

Micro scope

EDUCATIONAL ZONE w.c

library AUDITORIUM

lobby

Lecture hall

Lounge (lobby)

w.c Lecture hall

Lecture hall

SURGICAL ZONE GRAPH

Clinical ZONE GRAPH pharmacy pharmacy

lobby

Nurse room

Soakage & biotheque

M.R.I room

X-ray room

w.C & shower

M. office

corridor

w.C & shower

corridor

Doctor room

Diagnose room

Doctor room

Diagnose room

Diagnose room

Diagnose room

Diagnose room

Diagnose room

Research laboratory ZONE GRAPH

lobby

corridor toilet

kitchenette

Faces room

Dark room

Stuff lounge

conference

corridor

Gas & chemical storage

Imaging Elect RadioisotopeAuto microscope Office rical clave room 30*lab research

instrument

T.C

T.C

Vivarium ZONE GRAPH lobby Service entrance M. office

toilet corridor

M. office

Imaging Micro room scope

Auto Radio facs clave isotope

Vivarium labs

instrument

T.C

Animals surgery

electrical

RAMPS

TECHNOLOGY REQUIERED EQUIPMENT BASIC OPERATION THEATRE EQUIPMENT:

OPERATING MICROSCOPE

VITRECTOMY MACHINE FOR VITREOUS WORK

YAG LASER

AUTOCLAVE - FOR STERILIZATION

OUTPATIENT AND REFRACTION EQUIPMENT:

KERATOMETER

SLIT LAMP

DIRECT OPHTHAL MOSCOPE

INDIRECT OPHTHAL MOSCOPE

SCHIOTZ TONOMETER

REFRACTOMETER

FUNDUS CAMERA

A-SCAN

STREAK RETINOSCOPE

WHEEL CHAIR MEASUREMENTS ANTHROPOMETRY STUDY

OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS

CORRIDORS OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS

WAITING ROOMS IN THE HOSPITAL ANTHROPOMETRY STUDY

OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS

ROOMS LAYOUT OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS

Orientation The most suitable orientation for treatments and operating rooms is between north west & north-east

Bed: Population = A x S x 100 365 x PO

A= number of inpatient admissions/1000 population/year S= average length of stay PO= percentage occupancy Hospital classification Small hospital beds less than 250 Large hospital between 250-500 Huge hospital more than 500

MAIN DEPARTMENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

STAFF VISITORS EMERGENCY OUT PATIENT

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

STRONG R. MEDIUM R. WEAK R.

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF PATIENT ROOMS

NURSING SECTION IN IN-PATIENTS DEP. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

NURSES STATION

NURSING SECTION IN IN-PATIENTS DEP.

TRAFFIC

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

TRAFFIC TO NURSES STATION

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

MEDICAL PATIENTS CIRCULATION

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

SURGICAL PATIENTS CIRCULATION

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS ADJUNCTS

SERVICE ENTRANCE BEDS

VISITORS ENTRANCE

ADMIN.

AMB PATIENTS PATIENT ENTRANCE

EMERGENCY ENTRANCE

IN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP TO HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS ADJUNCTS

VISITORS & PATIENTS ENTRANCE

SERVICE ENTRANCE

BEDS

ADMIN.

AMB PATIENTS

EMERGENCY ENTRANCE

IN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP TO HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS

OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

OUT PATIENT

LABORATORY & RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

LABORATORY DEP.

RADIOLOGY DEP.

SURGICAL & DELIVERY SUITE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

TO PATIENT’S ROOM

SURGICAL & DELIVERY SUITE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

NURSES

DOCTORS

PATIENTS

EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

RADIOLOGY

TO BEDS AMBULANCE

PATIENTS

ADMINISTRATION FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

STAFF

PATIENTS

VISITORS

SERVICES DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS SERVICES

SERVICES DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

Main kit Floor kit

DIETARY SECTION

SERVICES DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

LAUNDRY SECTION

PHARMACY FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

SPACE REQUIREMENT & PROGRAM For therapy zone

IN-PATIENTS STAFF

8.2 % 7%

28.4 %

5.1 % 1.7 %

ADMINISTRATION X-RAY THERAPY PHARMACY

5.9 %

9.5 % 8.8 %

EMERGENCY OUT-PATIENTS

17 %

LABS SERVICES SURGERY

THEORY (Abnormal)

Every human being is a complex case, we all have different backgrounds and a million fragments of incidents and emotions and interpretations that make us. We don’t believe in simple procedures and simplified steps in reaching a destination.

DEIGN DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY

And the DNA chain from a group of phosphate link in all nucleotides with sugar Al-rayboz oxygen deficient in nucleotide consists. The series nitrogenous bases in DNA molecule genetic information inventory, and arrange them so-called genetic Cipher that distinguishes living organisms from each other.

The scientists James Watson and Francis Crick in the middle of the 20th century were able to discovery of the basic form of DNA ,

Nucleic acids that are causing the difference between human beings, in terms of: shape, and color.

It consists of two series of nucleotides wrapped around each other in a spiral,

Genetic is about how the information is stored and transmitted between generation

METHODOLOGY The moving body never jumps from one position to another, but always passes by a gradual transition

However when some genetic error happen On a very small orbit and can not be seen but it effect the hall body of human

Then The moving body jumps from one position to another, rabidly ,changing all position and all behavior . that called abnormality

Encoding of genetic in our body ( small changes make mutation )

Mutation: Variations in DNA sequence (substitutions, deletions, etc) . Can produce a gain of function and a loss of function. Recent and RARE. Gene mutation directly leads to disorder That’s what we called abnormal behavior in abnormality theory

Abnormality Theory

ABNORMALITY THEORY

“An abnormal reaction to an abnormal situation is normal behavior.” Viktor Frankl

Abnormal is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal, this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context.

*Deficits or defects in the structural or functional integrity of the nervous system lead to abnormal behavior. Types of biological abnormalities include: *Defective genes: Each chromosome contains thousands of genes (carriers of DNA) that influence psychological and physical development. Defective genes may adversely affect development . *Behavior genetics: the study of individual differences in behavior that are caused by differences in genotype (a person’s genetic makeup). Typically, it takes a combination of several altered genes to cause a disorder.

ABNORMALITY THEORY STATEMENT

The potential power of small changes The potential power of small changes

phenotype Physical changes occurred by small changes in DNA code

Genotype Genetic code in human being which effect the phenotype

Genotype

"Genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information.

"Phenotype" is an organism's actual observed phenotype

properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior.

The mapping of a set of genotypes to a set of phenotypes is sometimes referred to the genotype–phenotype map.

This is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism. These are the physical parts, the sum of the atoms, ;molecules, macromolecules, cells, structures, metabolism, energy utilization, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors

This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms. This stored information is used as a "blueprint" or set of instructions for building and maintaining a living creature. These instructions are found within almost all cells (the "internal" part), they are written in a coded language (the genetic code), they are copied at the time of cell division or reproduction and are passed from one generation to the next ("inheritable").

Defining which is normal and which is not Genetic behavior is unpredicted ..! ď Œ

NORMAL No mutation in genetic code ď Š

AB-NORMAL

N

AB

AB

ABN

ABAB

N

NN

NAB

mutation in genetic code (small changes led to mutation )

You need an error to open the door to the adjacent possible ..

Steven Johnson Probability between normality and abnormality

AB -- ABNORMAL N -- NORMAL

BETWEEN NORMALITY AND ABNORMALITY .... LIES A LIFE

Between normal and abnormal behavior target was divided into 4 behaviors :

Separated

Visible

invisible

Direct

Simple

Complex

Indirect

Transfer

Collision

Intersection

Applications of the concept

Theoretical Approach

There are four types of relationships between normality and abnormality in our project including

Separation : in some areas of our project the abnormal parts is separated from the normal parts due to the difference between them .

It depends on the function supported by the section .for example the abnormality of therapy zone is separated from the normality of the social zone .

Therapy

Social

Intersection in some cases of the project the abnormality intersects with the normality in the same section (part) , like what happens in the research part which includes both normal and abnormal actions for genes .

Abnormal

Research

Normal

Theoretical Approach

Collision in the case of collision there is a collision when the abnormality meets with the abnormality of another section , like the relation between the abnormality of therapy with the normality of research part .

Therapy

Research

Transform this case happens when abnormality of one part meets with the normality of another . like the normality of the research meets with the abnormality of the therapy with the normality of the research part .

Therapy

Research

Intro Site Cases Program Concept

• Ascadi G, Dickson G, Love DR et al. Nature, 352,815-818 • Anderson WF.(1985) J. Med. Philosoph., 10,275-191.

• Arbones ML, Austin HL, Capon DJ, Greenburg G. (1994) Nature Genetics,6,90-97.

• Barinaga M. (1993) SCIENCE, 262, 1512-1514.

• Bock LC, Griffin LC, Latham JA, Vermaas EH, Toole JJ. (1992) Nature, 355, 564-566.

• Boris,lawrie k,Temin HM (1994) Ann. NY Acad.Sci, 716, 59-71.

• Brody SL,Crystal R.(1994)Ann. NY Acad .Sci,716,90-103.

• Cech T (1995) Biotechnology,13,323-326.

• Chubb JM,Hogan ME,(1992)Trends Biotechnol.,10,132-136.

• stemcell.uci.edu