Introducing psychology brain person group 4th edition kosslyn test bank

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Chapter 7 Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving Key: Answer, Page, Type, Level, Section Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult p=page Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not a component of emotion? a) bodily arousal b) a positive or negative subjective experience c) objective feelings d) activation of specific mental processes ANS: C, p. 245, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 2. Which of the following is the correct definition of emotion? a) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about bodily changes b) an aspect of consciousness characterized by a certain physical arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules Correct. Emotion is defined as an aspect of consciousness characterized by a certain physical state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules. c) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that is distinct from our rational abilities of cognition d) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) feelings Incorrect. There is much more to emotion than just cultural rules and regulations.

ANS: B, pp. 245–247, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 0 d= 4 r = .19 3. Charles Darwin believed that the outward behavior associated with emotion is _______. a) inborn Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File b) learned c) independent d) dependent ANS: A, p. 246, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 4. According to Ekman, ________ would not be considered a basic emotion. a) guilt b) anger c) disgust d) surprise ANS: A, p. 246, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 5. An innate emotion that all humans share is called a(n) _______. a) universal experience b) fundamental feeling c) objective experience d) basic emotion ANS: D, p. 246, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 6. Which of the following statements is true? a) Emotions are generally unaffected by culture.

Incorrect. The research into display rules has found that emotions, and the expression of emotions, can be affected by culture. b) Positive and negative emotions are opposite sides of the same coin. c) An emotion can have different types and different facial expressions.

Correct. Some research has found that there are different versions of the same emotion, and that these different versions can be communicated with different facial expressions. d) Display rules are genetically received.

ANS: C, p. 246, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 7. A psychologist who has studied emotions with Paul Ekman for decades is going to present a summary of the research. Which title might this psychologist consider? a) “Emotion as a Deviation” b) “Emotion: Evolution’s Big Mistake” c) “Why Emotions Are Not Fully Developed in Humans” Incorrect. Ekman believed emotions were universally developed. d) “How Facial Expressions Communicate Emotions” Correct. How facial expressions communicate emotions was the main topic of Ekman’s research.

ANS: D, p. 246 & 255, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 67 a= 5 b= 19 c= 10 d= 67 r = .74 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

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8. Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion. a) two b) four c) six d) eight ANS: C, p. 246–247, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 9. According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions? a) disgust b) fear c) surprise d) shame ANS: D, p. 247, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 10. Which of the following is the best example of an approach emotion? a) Sara saw a spider in her closet and she screamed.

Incorrect. Fear and disgust are two examples of withdrawal emotions. b) Keisha does not like to eat pickles because they are sour. c) Garrett is afraid to go home because he got in trouble in school today. d) Kayla can’t wait to go shopping this weekend with her mother.

Correct. Love and happiness are examples of approach emotions.

ANS: D, p. 248, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 11. Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? a) nonsympathetic division of the nervous system b) sympathetic division of the nervous system Correct. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is involved in emotions. c) parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system Incorrect. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is involved in emotions. d) central nervous system ANS: B, p. 248, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 43 a= 5 b= 43 c= 38 d= 14 r = .19 12. Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James? a) When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion.

Correct. William James felt that the arousal of our physiological mechanisms is what leads to the cognitive experience of an emotion. b) If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear and then you will run.

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Test Item File Incorrect. William James would suggest that if a gun was pointed at you, you would start running before you truly experienced fear. c) All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions. d) It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race.

ANS: A, p. 248, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 13. Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? a) James–Lange Correct. This is the basic crux of the James–Lange theory. b) Cannon–Bard Incorrect. The Cannon–Bard theory suggests that our physiological and cognitive reactions in an emotional moment occur simultaneously. c) cognitive d) Belle–Barrett ANS: A, p. 248, C, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 14. Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion? a) Cannon–Bard theory Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and the physiological changes occur simultaneously. b) James–Lange theory Correct. James and Lange developed the theory that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion. c) Schachter–Singer theory d) commonsense view of emotions ANS: B, pp. 248–249, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 67 a= 14 b= 67 c= 19 d= 0 r = .49 15. Which statement best reflects the James–Lange theory of emotion? a) Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear. b) We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.

Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological change (the heart racing) causes the emotion (fear), rather than the other way around. c) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.

Correct. James and Lange had the idea that the physiological change (the heart racing) causes the emotion (fear). d) We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster.

ANS: C, pp. 248–249, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am

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16. You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much. According to the James–Lange theory, what might happen? a) You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness.

Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion (happiness). b) You feel happiness followed by physiological changes. c) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously.

Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. James and Lange had the idea that the physiological changes cause the emotion (happiness). d) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness.

ANS: A, pp. 248–249, A, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 17. Which statement is most consistent with the James–Lange theory of emotion? a) “I run because I’m afraid.” b) “I’m happy because I laugh.”

Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) “I’m crying because I’m sad.”

Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. James and Lange proposed that physiological changes cause the emotion. d) “I’m anxious because I perspire.”

ANS: B, pp. 248–249, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 18. Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory. a) Plutchik b) Cannon–Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. c) James–Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. d) Yerkes–Dodson ANS: C, pp. 248–249, A, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 19. One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse.

This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?

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Test Item File a) Plutchik b) Cannon–Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. c) James–Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. d) Yerkes–Dodson ANS: C, pp. 248–249, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 20. Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James– Lange theory of emotion? a) stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes Incorrect. The idea that the stimulus caused the emotion and the emotion caused the physiological changes is logical, and that is the sequence that most psychologists assumed occurred; however, no one ever formally proposed this sequence as part of an official theory. b) stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion Correct. James and Lange both came up with the idea that physiological changes occurred before the emotion. c) physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion d) stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) ANS: B, pp. 248–249, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 58 a= 23 b= 58 c= 4 d= 15 r = .43 % correct 63 a= 26 b= 63 c= 3 d= 8 r = .23 21. Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes? a) Cannon–Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. b) James–Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) Schachter–Singer d) cognitive appraisal ANS: B, pp. 248–249, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 60 a= 19 b= 60 c= 8 d= 12 r = .18 22. According to your text, which if the following is important evidence against James– Lange theory? a) People with severe spinal cord injuries report having emotions. b) People with severe spinal cord damage report impaired emotional functioning. c) People with spinal cord damage report experiencing emotions cognitively.

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d) People with severe spinal cord injuries usually cease to experience strong emotions.

ANS: A, p. 249, F, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 23. There are at least 20 muscles in your face that are responsible for _______. a) causing extremes of emotion b) varying your facial expressions c) regulating emotions d) facial feedback hypothesis ANS: B, p. 249, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 24. The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that _______. a) people respond to the emotions they see expressed by others b) expressing your emotions is more likely to draw feedback from others c) the “look” on your face triggers a response from others d) emotions can be influenced partly by the position of certain facial muscles ANS: D, p. 249, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 25. The facial feedback hypothesis is defined as _______________. a) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed b) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules c) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior d) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions ANS: A, p. 249, F, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 26. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called ____________. a) primary emotional processing b) internal emotion work c) facial feedback d) body language ANS: C, p. 249, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 27. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that ____________. a) he will be amused to be simulating anger Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File b) he will be pleased that he does it so well c) his positive feelings will decrease Correct. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, Jose’s facial muscles will tell his brain that he is angry and then he will feel angry. d) his reaction will depend on his age Incorrect. Age has nothing to do with facial feedback.

ANS: C, p. 249, A, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 28. Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis? a) Men do not express emotion via the face. b) Facial features have no connection with emotion.

Incorrect. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial features give us clues about emotional states. c) Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.

Correct. The facial muscles provide empirical feedback about emotion. d) When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.

ANS: C, p. 249, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 96 d= 3 r = .19 29. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that __________. a) he will begin to feel annoyed b) he will begin to feel angry c) his positive feelings will increase Correct. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, Noah’s facial muscles will tell his brain that he is happy and then he will feel happy. d) his reaction will depend on his age Incorrect. Age has nothing to do with facial feedback.

ANS: C, p. 249, A, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 93 a= 7 b= 0 c= 93 d= 0 r = .19 30. Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis? a) smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend Incorrect. This would be an example of emotional contagion, not the facial feedback hypothesis. b) avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone c) making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive Correct. The muscles from your smiling face would indicate to your brain that you are feeling happy, and as a result your emotions would start to change to be consistent with that smile. This is the basic premise of the facial feedback hypothesis. d) trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone ANS: C, p. 249, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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31. Which is the best explanation of the Cannon–Bard theory? a) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response.

Incorrect. This is a summary of the James–Lange theory, not the Cannon–Bard theory. b) Emotions arise from learned triggers. c) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts. d) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

Correct.The Cannon–Bard theory suggests that the different aspects of emotion occur at the same time.

ANS: D, pp. 249–250, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 32. The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of ________. a) LeDoux’s theory b) cognitive theory c) James–Lange theory Incorrect. The James-Lange theory of emotions suggests that physiological arousal precedes a cognitive experience of an emotion. d) Cannon–Bard theory Correct. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the different aspects of emotion occur at the same time.

ANS: D, p. 250 , C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 33. The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes. a) Cannon–Bard Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. b) James–Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) Plutchik d) Schachter– Singer ANS: A, p. 250, C, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 34. The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion? a) Plutchik’s b) James–Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) Cannon–Bard theory

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Test Item File Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. d) Schachter and Singer’s ANS: C, p. 250, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 35. What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon–Bard theory? a) stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes b) stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion d) stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously.

ANS: D, p. 250, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 71 a= 6 b= 17 c= 6 d= 71 r = .54 36. You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon–Bard theory, what happens next? a) You experience physiological changes followed by fear.

Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. b) You feel fear followed by physiological changes. c) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.

Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. d) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

ANS: C, p. 250, A, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 52 a= 24 b= 10 c= 52 d= 14 r = .46 37. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the hypothalamus? a) Plutchik’s b) The James–Lange theory c) The Cannon–Bard theory d) Schachter and Singer’s ANS: C, p. 250, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 38. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory. a) Plutchik’s b) the James–Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) the Cannon–Bard theory Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. d) Schachter and Singer’s ANS: C, p. 250, A, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 48 a= 10 b= 24 c= 48 d= 19 r = .51 39. Which area of the brain is most responsible for fear-related responses, including signaling other parts of the brain? a) thalmus b) amygdala c) cerebellum d) brain stem ANS: B, p. 250, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 40. Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him? a) She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race.

Incorrect. This is a summary of the James–Lange theory, not the cognitive theory. b) You cannot tell because she is not displaying a basic emotion. c) It depends on how she interprets the situation.

Correct. The interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus leads to a specific emotional experience. This is the basic premise of the cognitive theory of emotions. d) She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally.

ANS: C, p. 250, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 41. Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction? a) the James–Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange focused on the physiological changes themselves, not on the labeling of the emotion. b) activation theory c) cognitive theory Correct. Cognitive theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction. d) the Cannon–Bard theory ANS: C, p. 250, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 42. “I think I’m afraid; therefore, I am afraid.” Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes. a) the James–Lange theory Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File Incorrect. James and Lange emphasized physical changes, not cognition. b) activation theory c) cognitive theory Correct. Thinking is the key element in the cognitive theory. d) the Cannon–Bard theory ANS: C, p. 250, A, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 62 a= 6 b= 17 c= 62 d= 15 r = .22 43. According to cognitive theory, what is likely to influence an individual’s emotional experience? a) the feedback of others b) the intensity of the situation c) the interpretation of the environment d) the type of physiological reaction that takes place ANS: C, p. 250, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 44. According to cognitive theories, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion. a) before; after Incorrect. Cognitive theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. b) after; before c) before; before Correct. Cognitive theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. d) after; after ANS: C, p. 250, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 45. ___________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labeling. a) Plutchik b) The James–Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange believed that the sequence was stimulus, physiological changes, emotion. c) The Cannon–Bard theory d) Schachter and Singer Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that both physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs.

ANS: D, pp. 250–251, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 46. Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________.

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a) Plutchik b) the James–Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) the Cannon–Bard theory d) Schachter and Singer Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs.

ANS: D, pp. 250–251, C, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 29 a= 19 b= 33 c= 19 d= 29 r = .60 47. You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, which of the following would most likely occur? a) Your emotion would be happy in spite of the scene at the graveside. b) You would work very hard to control your emotion.

Incorrect. According to Schachter and Singer, the coffee would arouse you, and then you would label your emotion based on environmental cues. c) Your emotion would be sad because the context would affect your labeling.

Correct. According to Schachter and Singer, the coffee would arouse you and, then, after witnessing the graveside crying, you would label your emotion as sadness based on that environmental cue. d) Your emotional state would be impossible to predict.

ANS: C, p. 251, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 48. Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion? a) arousal and physiology Incorrect. Arousal and physiology are basically the same thing. b) behavior and genetics c) arousal and context Correct. In Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion, first there is arousal, which is followed by contextual labeling. d) nature and nurture ANS: C, p. 251, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 49. It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly. When this happens, it is called ____________. a) misattribution of arousal b) interpretive error c) misapplication of arousal d) cognitive restructuring ANS: A, p. 251, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File

50. According to ________ , emotions arise from a combination of brain and body reactions and interpretations, along with memories that pertain to the situation. a) Cannon–Bard theory b) James–Lange theory c) LeDoux’s theory d) Belle–Barrett theory ANS: C, p. 252, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 51. The simplest raw feelings that a person experiences in an emotion-evoking situation are referred to as ____________. a) hedonic valence b) core affect c) hedonic tone d) misattribution of arousal ANS: B, p. 252, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 52. Devon heard a noise and went to investigate. He was afraid that someone was breaking into his house. When his cat jumped out from the shadows, Devon yelled. But Devon’s cat is always showing up suddenly and it usually doesn’t bother him. What concept from your text best explains Devon’s increased tendency to be startled? a) facial feedback hypothesis b) misattribution of arousal c) fear-potentiated startle Correct. When a person is frightened, they may tend to freeze and then have an increased tendency to be startled. This is called fear-potentiated startle. d) reactive arousal startle Incorrect. There is no such term discussed in this chapter. The correct answer is fearpotentiated startle.

ANS: C, p. 252, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 53. Which of the following statements is true? a) Fear can only occur as the result of cognitive interpretation. b) The amygdala plays a direct role in producing the emotional “feel” of fear.

Incorrect. The amygdala does not produce the feeling of fear, as is demonstrated by the fact that people with damage to their amygdala have the same quality and frequency of fear-related emotional experiences as those people with a normal amygdala. c) There are distinct biological events associated with feelings of fear.

Correct. There are specific changes that occur in the body that delineate the experience of fear. d) Fear can only occur as the result of primary pituitary stimulation.

ANS: C, p. 252, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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54 Which of the following statements is false? a) In spite of the fact that cognitive interpretation is not necessary to trigger a previously learned fear response, mental processes can alter how easily the fear response occurs. b) Once you learn to associate fear with an object or situation, you apparently will always do so. c) In spite of the role of the amygdala in fear, neither it nor any other single brain area always gives rise to a particular emotion. d) The amygdala plays a direct role in producing the emotional “feel” of fear.

ANS: D, p. 253, F, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 55. Which of the following has not been found to be related to our experience of happiness? a) Sex b) Social support c) Life circumstances d) Money ANS: A, p. 254, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 56. Researchers suggest that ________ of the variability in happiness may be the result of heredity. a) only 25% b) at least 60% c) less than 50% d) at least 50% ANS: D, p. 254, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 57. Positive psychology can be thought of as ______________. a) shifting the focus of psychology from cognitive to Gestalt b) shifting the focus from achievement to self-actualization Incorrect. This is not correct based on the research. c) shifting the focus from negatives to more positives in psychology while focusing on strengths Correct. This is the correct definition for positive psychology. d) shifting the focus from the abstract to the tangible ANS: C, p. 254, C, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 58. Dr. Lighthead works with her patients to draw from many of their strengths and successes in her therapy sessions. She often stresses the importance of achievements, strengths, and well-being while not dwelling on past issues of abuse, depression, and

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Test Item File unmet goals. Based on the description of her work, Dr. Lighthead is likely to utilize ___________ in her sessions. a) structural psychology b) positive psychology Correct. These are many of the emphases of positive psychology. c) optimist psychology Incorrect. This is a fictitious term. d) transient psychology ANS: B, p. 254, A, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 59. To explain the human universality and variability of emotions, Ekman and his associates ______________. a) developed a concept of “display rules,” which are rules for emotional expression Correct. He found display rules in all cultures. b) developed an interobserver system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably Incorrect. Ekman did not use an interobserver system. c) interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations d) monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation ANS: A, p. 255, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am % correct 57 a= 57 b= 19 c= 14 d= 10 r = .58 60. ________ indicate when, to whom, and how strongly certain emotions can be shown. a) Instincts b) Nonverbal communications c) Display rules d) Polygraphs ANS: C, p. 255, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 61. Which of the following individuals is from a culture that has strict public social display rules? a) Mark, who is American Incorrect. Americans do not have strict display rules. b) Sandrine, who is French c) Miyoki, who is Japanese Correct. Asians have stricter rules for displaying emotion than most Western cultures. d) Jessica, who is Canadian ANS: C, p. 255, A, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 62. _______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

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a) Phonemes Incorrect. This is a term to describe language. b) Facial grids c) Display rules Correct. Display rules guide emotional displays in public and are culturally based. d) Expressional norms ANS: C, p. 255, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 63. Which of the following is true? a) Display rules of a culture help to shape body language.

Correct. There are specific cultural rules that govern the way we express ourselves, both verbally and nonverbally. b) Men and women generally convey sexual interest in the same fashion. c) Nonverbal communication is categorized as an alternative language.

Incorrect. Nonverbal communication is a part of language, but is not an alternative language. d) Police and psychologists agree that the notion of a victim stance or posture is a myth.

ANS: A, p. 255, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 64. Clayton thought his best friend’s girlfriend looked beautiful in her bikini. Needless to say, he tried very hard to hide his feelings. Which structure(s) of the brain became activated when Clayton tried to inhibit his emotional reaction? a) parts of the frontal lobe Correct. Parts of the frontal lobe are involved in the hiding, or inhibiting, of emotions. b) the amygdala Incorrect. The amygdala is highly involved in the experience of fear, but not the inhibition of emotional expression. c) the hypothalamus d) the frontal lobe and the amygdala ANS: A, p. 256, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 65. Regarding emotional regulation, which statement is true? a) Difficulty in controlling positive emotions could be a source of violent aggression. b) Suppressing overt behavior in order to control emotions will impair your memory for the surrounding events. c) Cognition affects emotion, but emotion does not affect cognition. d) Passive people have difficulty controlling overt behavior.

ANS: B, p. 256, F, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 66. In order to study our ability to read non-verbal body cues about emotions, researchers attached small lights to ________, and found that undergraduates were able to correctly Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File determine the emotion being communicated simply by watching the movement of the lights in a dark room. a) acrobats b) pantomimes c) athletes d) dancers ANS: D, p. 257, F, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 67. A polygraph machine is sometimes called a “lie detector.” This would be an incorrect moniker. The best nickname for the polygraph test would be ____________. a) a potentiation detector b) a parasympathetic detector c) an amygdala detector Incorrect. A person who is lying may in fact be experiencing amygdala stimulation, but this is not one of the measures assessed by a polygraph machine. d) an emotions detector Correct. The polygraph test measures several of the physiological indices that change when we experience emotions.

ANS: D, p. 257, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 68. During a polygraph, Janice is asked: “Did you break into Mr. Alvin’s house last night?” This type of question would form part of the ________. a) relevant/irrelevant technique Correct. This technique occurs when the suspect is asked a crime-related question and a neutral question. b) control question technique Incorrect. This technique occurs when the questions that have the same emotional weight as a crime related question are asked. c) guilty knowledge test d) guilty actions test ANS: A, p. 258, A, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 69. Which of the following is not a common sign of deception? a) frequent eye blinks b) downcast eyes c) sideways glances d) smaller pupil size ANS: D, p. 259, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 70. Eye blinks, sideways glances, and downcast eyes are examples of ________. a) emotional effects b) microexpressions Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

c) facial feedback d) eye casts ANS: B, p. 259, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 71. The requirements and desires that lead humans and other animals to behave in particular ways at particular times and places are called ________. a) motivations b) drives c) instincts d) incentives ANS: A, p. 261, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 72. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called _____________. a) motivation Correct. Motivation is defined as the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. b) emotion Incorrect. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called motivation. c) achievement d) synergy ANS: A, p. 261, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 75 a= 75 b= 0 c= 25 d= 0 r = .30 73. You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class.

The teacher mentions “purposeful behavior that may be based on some internal or biological drive, or may be based on learning.” You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior? a) motivated Correct. Motivated behavior will either serve an internal drive or will be the result of some sort of external learning. b) emotional Incorrect. Emotions can motivate behaviors, but they are not always behind our motivation. c) frustrated d) preconscious ANS: A, p. 261, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 74. Early in the 20th century William McDougal and others proposed that motivation was a result of ________. a) instincts Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File Correct. McDougal and others in the early 20th century tried to tie human motivation to inborn instincts. b) incentives c) drives Incorrect. Drive theory did not show up until later in the 1900s. d) emotions ANS: A, p. 261, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 75. What do we call an unalterable, innate pattern of behavior? a) a drive b) an instinct c) a releasing behavior d) a universal behavior ANS: B, p. 261, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 76. Which statement about motivation is true? a) Motivation energizes and directs behavior.

Correct. Motivation does energize and direct behavior. b) We are always aware of motivational processes.

Incorrect. Sometimes we are unaware of our motivations. c) There is only one type of motivation. d) Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.

ANS: A, p. 261, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 90 a= 90 b= 5 c= 0 d= 5 r = .38 77. An instinct is a tendency that is ________. a) learned Incorrect. Instincts are thought to be unlearned, not learned. b) conditioned c) inherited Correct. The general concept of an instinct is that it is passed from generation to generation, and is inborn within a species. d) easily controlled ANS: C, p. 261, C, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 78. In the early twentieth century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ______. a) emotions b) incentives Incorrect. Incentives was a later concept in psychology. c) learned responses Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

d) instincts Correct. Early psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to instincts.

ANS: D, p. 261, F, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 56 a= 17 b= 17 c= 10 d= 56 r = .46 79. Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of ______. a) incentives b) motives Incorrect. Motives are specific causes of behavior and can be internal or external. c) instinct Correct. Salmon are biologically determined to swim upstream; thus, the behavior is an instinct. d) needs ANS: C, p. 261, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 94 a= 2 b= 6 c= 94 d= 0 r = .51 80. An internal imbalance that motivates humans and other animals to achieve a goal that will reduce the imbalance is called a(n) ____________. a) instinct b) drive c) motive cue d) genetic trigger ANS: B, p. 262, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 81. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ______. a) emotion b) impulse c) drive Correct. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a drive. d) instinct Incorrect. There is no tension involved in an instinct.

ANS: C, p. 262, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 62 a= 10 b= 19 c= 62 d= 10 r = .24 82.__________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. a) Motivation b) A drive Correct. A drive is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. c) A value Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File d) Instinct Incorrect. An instinct is not a state of tension.

ANS: B, p. 262, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 93 a= 0 b= 93 c= 0 d= 7 r = .48 83. The ____________ theory of motivation suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior. a) arousal b) drive Correct. This approach suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior. c) incentive Incorrect. Incentives are external and usually not physiological. d) achievement ANS: B, p. 262, C, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 84. Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory? a) eating food that tastes bad b) going swimming on a hot day c) eating when you are not hungry Correct. This behavior contradicts drive-reduction theory because there is no drive to be reduced if you are not hungry. d) smoking pot to relax Incorrect. This behavior, though illegal, still is consistent with drive reduction because it reduces tension.

ANS: C, p. 262, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 44 a= 4 b= 7 c= 44 d= 44 r = .29 85. The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by an organism’s attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance is called ______ theory. a) drive b) homeostatic c) needs d) disequilibrium ANS: A, p. 262, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 86. A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. This psychologist’s philosophy most closely matches ______ theory. a) reciprocity b) homeostatic Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

Incorrect. Homeostasis is the goal, not the theory. c) needs d) drive Correct. Drive theory says that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.

ANS: D, p. 262, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 87. Which of the following behaviors is not an example of drive theory? a) getting some food when you are hungry Incorrect. By getting food you are relieving the drive of hunger. b) going to sleep when you are tired c) getting something to drink when you are thirsty d) going jogging when you are bored Correct. In jogging out of boredom you are not reducing a drive because boredom is not a drive like hunger or thirst.

ANS: D, p. 262, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 88. According to drive theory of motivation, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? a) Tension is increased. b) Stability is reduced. c) Tension is reduced.

Correct. Drive reduction predicts that behaviors reduce tension created by needs. d) Drives are increased.

Incorrect. Drive reduction predicts that behaviors reduce tension created by needs.

ANS: C, p. 262, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 89. The chief function of homeostasis is to ________. a) prevent balance b) maintain a steady state Correct. Homeostasis is designed to maintain the physiological balance in the human body. c) regulate emotions Incorrect. Homeostasis cannot directly regulate emotions; in fact, many emotions disrupt our homeostasis. d) control sexual urges ANS: B, p. 262, C, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 90. Homeostasis is most like which of the following? a) a car b) a thermometer Incorrect. Thermometers just measure the temperature of something.

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Test Item File c) a cooler d) a thermostat Correct. Thermostats change to keep a room at a constant or steady temperature.

ANS: D, p. 262, C, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 75 a= 6 b= 6 c= 12 d= 75 r = .39 91. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called _______________. a) stability b) equilibrium Incorrect. Equilibrium is a similar concept, but the correct term in this case is homeostasis. c) homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning. d) physiological balance ANS: C, p. 262, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 92. Some psychologists believe that an organism’s behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively—a state called ______. a) unbalance Incorrect. This is a state of imbalance, not balance. b) acquiescence c) propinquity d) homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body.

ANS: D, p. 262, C, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 93. Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called ______________. a) stability b) equilibrium Incorrect. Equilibrium is a similar concept, but the correct term in this case is homeostasis. c) homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning. d) physiological balance ANS: C, p. 262, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 100 a=0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 94. The idea that we function best with moderate levels of arousal is called ________.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

a) Homeostasis theory b) Control theory c) Yerkes–Dodson law d) Cattell–Allport theory ANS: C, p. 262, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 95. Which of the following examples best represents the Yerkes–Dodson Law? a) Bill has a bad test score because he did not study.

Incorrect. While Bill’s performance is poor, there is no mention of how arousal affected it; thus, the Yerkes–Dodson Law does not apply. b) Dan plays his best games when they mean the most to the team and his arousal is moderately high.

Correct. This example illustrates that Dan’s performance was enhanced by arousal created by the importance of the game, which is predicted by the Yerkes–Dodson Law. c) Mary buys a new car. d) Toni watches TV all night.

ANS: B, p. 262, A, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 96. Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on predictions made by the Yerkes–Dodson Law? a) task instructions Incorrect. Task instructions have no effect on arousal and optimal performance, according to the Yerkes–Dodson Law. b) gender of person doing the task c) age of person doing the task d) difficulty of task Correct. Task difficulty will have an impact on optimal performance and arousal, according to the Yerkes–Dodson Law. ANS: D, p. 262, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 97. The Yerkes–Dodson Law says _________________. a) performance is affected by levels of physical arousal Correct. The Yerkes–Dodson Law says there is a relationship between arousal and performance. b) the more money you make the better your job will be c) nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again d) performance on tests is better in the morning Incorrect. There is no mention of arousal here, and the Yerkes–Dodson Law says arousal affects performance.

ANS: A, p. 262, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 90 a= 90 b= 0 c= 5 d= 5 r = .47

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File 98. Lester has high test anxiety, which tends to affect his test performance even though he studies a lot. According to the Yerkes–Dodson Law, which of the following activities will help Lester improve his performance? a) Study harder.

Incorrect. According to the Yerkes–Dodson Law, harder studying won’t help Lester because it is the anxiety, not the studying, that affects his performance. b) Use relaxation exercises before each test.

Correct. By reducing test anxiety through relaxation, Lester will perform better, according to the Yerkes–Dodson Law. c) Study less since his performance won’t be that good anyway. d) Get a tutor.

ANS: B, p. 262, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 94 a=4 b= 94 c= 2 d= 0 r = .18 % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .19 99. A stimulus that draws us toward a particular goal in hope of receiving some sort of reward is called a(n) ____________. a) incentive. b) intrinsic trigger. c) neutral stimulus. d) drive.

ANS: A, p. 263, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 100. Things that attract or lure people to action are ______________. a) instincts b) incentives Correct. Things that attract or lure people to action are incentives. c) stimuli Incorrect. Not all stimuli attract or lure; in fact, some are quite unpleasant. d) bait ANS: B, p. 263, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 96 a=0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .19 101. Although Kim just ate a huge meal and feels “stuffed,” the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up, so she orders one. Which motivational term explains the appeal of the sundae? a) incentive Correct. An incentive is something that lures people into an action, such as ordering a sundae. b) instinctive c) drive reduction Incorrect. There is no drive being reduced because Kim is not hungry. d) cognitive dissonance Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

ANS: A, p. 263, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 102. One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________. a) are inherited Incorrect. Incentives are external and not inherited. b) exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli c) exist independently of any need or level of arousal Correct. Incentives lure people into action independent of any need or level of arousal. d) only work for adults ANS: C, p. 263, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 103. Michael has trained very long hours in order to qualify for the Olympics in diving.

He has sacrificed a great deal as he put his education on hold and spent a lot of time away from his two small children and his wife. To Michael, qualifying for the Olympics is a(n) __________. a) instinctual drive b) incentive Correct. Making it to the Olympics is an incentive for Michael. c) innate goal Incorrect. Diving at the Olympics is not something Michael was likely born with. d) optimum goal ANS: B, p. 263, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 104. Jell-O uses the slogan, “There’s always room for Jell-O.” To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant? a) instinctive b) incentive Correct. The makers of Jell-O hope their product will be an incentive—something that lures people into action independent of any need—that will attract people even when they are not hungry. c) drive reduction Incorrect. If the slogan were about drive reduction, it would focus on the ability of Jell-O to satisfy people’s hunger. d) optimum level ANS: B, p. 263, A, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 105. Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher. No matter how hard he tried to get along, the teacher seemed to single him out. Eventually Manuel just quit trying to get along. He knew it would never help and he just didn’t see the point anymore.

Manuel’s feelings are best described as an example of ________. a) classical conditioning

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Test Item File Incorrect. The correct answer is learned helplessness, and it is related to operant conditioning, not classical conditioning. b) the carrot and the stick c) aversion conditioning d) learned helplessness Correct. Learned helplessness occurs after one has learned that nothing they do can affect the outcomes they will receive.

ANS: D, p. 263, A, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 106. ________ give rise to drives. a) Needs b) Wants c) Incentives d) Arousal ANS: A, p. 264, F, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 107. When you have an unmet goal that will not fulfill a requirement, the condition is called a(n) ________. a) wish b) desire c) need d) want ANS: D, p. 264, F, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 108. Drinking water when you are thirsty is an example of a(n) ________. a) incentive b) nondeprived reward Incorrect. A nondeprived reward occurs when the rewarding stimulus or activity is not something that is necessary and lacked. c) deprived reward Correct. A deprived reward occurs when an animal, or human, lacks a substance or conditions necessary for survival, and an action then produces this substance or condition. d) want ANS: C, p. 264, C, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 109. Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for ________. a) attention b) affiliation Incorrect. The need for affiliation is not discussed in this chapter. c) physical activity Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

d) achievement Correct. The need for achievement is the need to reach goals that require skilled performance or competence to be accomplished.

ANS: D, p. 265, A, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 110. The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. a) achievement Correct. The need for achievement involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. b) power c) motivation Incorrect. The need for achievement involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. d) emotion ANS: A, p. 265, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 111. Which of the following is correct for all people high in the need for achievement? a) They look for careers that pay a lot of money. b) They tend to “blame” successes on their own skills, but “blame” failures on outside circumstances. c) They look for careers that require little education. d) They look for careers that will make them famous.

ANS: B, p. 265, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 112. Luc said, “I don’t care what I do as long as I am the best at it!” What need is this? a) need for achievement Correct. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. b) need for affiliation c) need for power Incorrect. The need for power focuses on having control over others. d) need for sex ANS: A, p. 265, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 113. Jack said, “I want to rule the world.” What type of need is this? a) need for achievement Incorrect. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. b) need for affiliation c) need for power Correct. The need for power requires the need to control others. d) need for sex ANS: C, p. 265, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 96 a= 4 b= 0 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File

114. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs? a) belongingness needs b) esteem needs c) aesthetic needs Correct. Aesthetic needs referred to a preference for harmony and order, and are the second highest level in Maslow’s pyramid. d) physiological needs Incorrect. Physiological needs to speak to our immediate survival, and they are the lowest of the needs on Maslow’s pyramid.

ANS: C, p. 265, C, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 115. The highest level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is ________. a) self-actualization b) esteem c) aesthetics d) belonging ANS: A, p. 265, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 116. Which level of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S. Army’s slogan “Be all that you can be”? a) safety b) self-esteem Incorrect. Maslow never used the term self-esteem. c) belongingness d) self-actualization Correct. Being all that you can be is part of the definition of self-actualization.

ANS: D, p. 265, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 67 a= 0 b= 29 c= 2 d= 67 r = .37 117. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in ___________. a) safety Incorrect. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in self-actualization. b) self-esteem c) belongingness d) self-actualization Correct. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in self-actualization.

ANS: D, p. 265, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving % correct 48

a= 5 b= 33 c= 14 d= 48

Chapter 7

r = .71

118. According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want _________. a) to fulfill one’s potential Correct. According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want to fulfill one’s potential. b) to have frequent contact with others c) to possess as many material goods as possible Incorrect. Self-actualization is not about acquiring material goods but is about improving oneself. d) to convince others of one’s true worth ANS: A, p. 265, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good % correct 67 a= 67 b= 14 c= 0 d= 19 r = .18 119. Bill has felt isolated and an “outsider” since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of _______________. a) freedom Incorrect. This is not a need according to Maslow. b) belongingness Correct. By wanting to be accepted by others and “fit in” this need would be met for Bill. c) transcendence d) physiology ANS: B, p. 265, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 120. Jenna skipped dinner last night to stay up late studying for her final exam. She went to bed at 6 a.m. and had to be at class by 8 a.m. Her alarm clock did not go off as scheduled, and she raced out the door without eating. As a result, she was very distracted by hunger pangs and lack of energy while taking the test. She later learned that she failed her exam. Jenna could have likely performed better on her final if she had better met a_______________ need before the final. a) freedom Incorrect. This is not a need according to Maslow. b) belonging c) transcendence d) physiological Correct. By taking care of her basic need of hunger, she may have improved her test score.

ANS: D, p. 265, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 121. Jerry gets a great deal of fulfillment out of visiting the new art exhibits at the museum in town. He usually visits each exhibit several times during a show and finds Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File beauty in a variety of different types of art works. Jerry is likely to visit the new exhibits in an effort to meet a(n) _______________ need. a) freedom Incorrect. This is not a need according to Maslow. b) belonging c) power d) aesthetic Correct. He is likely meeting a need for order, beauty, and symmetry.

ANS: D, p. 265, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 123. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs must be met first? a) esteem b) safety c) physiological d) belongingness and love ANS: C, p. 265, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 124. Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest? a) physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization b) esteem, aesthetic, safety, self-actualization, belongingness, cognitive, physiological c) safety, self-actualization, belongingness, aesthetic, esteem, physiological, cognitive d) safety, cognitive, physiological, aesthetic, esteem, belongingness, self-actualization ANS: A, p. 265, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 125. Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a) Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family. b) Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.

Incorrect. Frank focuses on self-esteem and growth, which are higher up in the hierarchy than are physical and safety needs. c) Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society. d) Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive.

Correct. Mark focuses on basic needs for himself and his family.

ANS: D, p. 265, A, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 126. Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow’s theory? a) Research does not support the idea that people want to self-actualize.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

b) Evidence suggests that met needs become less important.

Incorrect. Some evidence suggests that needs that have been met become more, not less, important. c) There is no evidence that unmet needs become more important.

Correct. In fact, there is some evidence that suggests that needs that have been satisfied become more important. d) The theory does not suggest a regulatory fit.

ANS: C, p. 266, C, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 127. Maslow’s work has had an impact on the field of ______________. a) music b) business c) sports d) pizza delivery ANS: B, p. 266, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 128. What is one of the criticisms of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a) The highest level has never been attained. b) Self-actualization is actually a biological drive.

Incorrect. There are no critics who view self-actualization as a biological drive. c) The hierarchy does not have any focus on social needs. d) There is no good evidence that unmet needs become more important than needs that have been met.

Correct. Some critics of Maslow have found that the more a need gets met, the more important it can be come.

ANS: D, p. 266, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 129. Which of the following is the best example of an individualistic culture? a) China b) United States Correct. As your textbook states, the United States is an example of a very individualistic culture. c) Japan Incorrect. Many Asian cultures tend to be more collectivist than individualistic. d) Sri Lanka ANS: B, p. 266, C, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 130. A culture that emphasizes the group over the individual is ________. a) collectivist b) individualist c) moderated d) vigilant Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File ANS: A, p. 266, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 131. The body registers two major kinds of food molecules: ________ and ________. a) glucose; fructose b) fatty acids; fructose c) glucose; fatty acids d) insulin; ghrelin ANS: C, p. 267, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 132. All of the variety of events that convert food molecules to the energy needed for cell function together are called ________. a) ketosis b) metabolism c) glucolysis d) caloric conversion ANS: B, p. 267, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 133. Which statement is true? a) When people eat in groups, they vary their meal size based on their level of hunger. b) When people eat in groups, how much they eat is a social decision, rarely based on hunger.

Correct. This statement, which is true, demonstrates the eating is not always about hunger, and can be a social event. c) Men are more likely to eat chocolate when they are in a bad mood. d) When you think of good food that you have previously eaten, you are less likely to feel hungry.

Incorrect. In fact, the recollection of a tasty food is likely to inspire hunger feelings rather than inhibit them.

ANS: B, p. 268, C, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 134. One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in _______, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat. a) cholesterol b) lipoproteins c) insulin Correct. Insulin causes blood sugar levels to drop, which causes us to feel hungry. d) glucose Incorrect. Glucose is another name for blood sugar; it decreases in response to the increase in insulin.

ANS: C, p. 268, C, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations % correct 62 a= 5 b= 0 c= 62 d= 34 r = .18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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135. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in __________________. a) stoppage of eating b) the onset of eating c) processing low fats d) food allergies ANS: B, p. 268, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 136. The concept of “comfort food” suggests that eating _________________. a) may be influenced by emotional factors Correct. Comfort foods are foods that make us feel warm and happy because of past associations we have with them. b) has some inherited quality that relaxes us Incorrect. There does not seem to be evidence that food has inherited relaxation qualities. c) may release hormones and neurotransmitters that are comforting d) is reflexive ANS: A, p. 268, C, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 137. The notion that our bodies prefer to be at a certain weight is particularly consistent with the notion of ________. a) set point theory b) the opioid-insulin hypothesis c) cognitive taste aversion d) the appetizer effect ANS: A, p. 269, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 138. Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole? a) Use better diet products. b) Start a reality TV show. c) Her weight, 125, is her set point. Leave it alone.

Correct. The set point is the level of weight the body maintains. d) Her BMR is not tied to her set point.

Incorrect. The BMR, or the rate at which the body burns energy, is always tied to the set point.

ANS: C, p. 269, A, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 139. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight.

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Test Item File a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 ANS: B, p. 270, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 140. Jose’s medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds. a) 275 Incorrect. This weight would put José at 10% higher than his ideal weight. Obesity involves being at least 20% higher than ideal weight. b) 300 Correct. The definition of obesity is to be 20% higher than ideal weight. 300 is 20% higher than 250. c) 320 d) 330 ANS: B, p. 270, A, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 141. Research suggests that variations in weight may be as much as ________ inherited. a) 50% b) 60% c) 70% d) 80% ANS: C, p. 270, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 142. Feeling full seems to be governed in large part by the neurotransmitter ________. a) melatonin b) glucomin c) serotonin d) adrenaline ANS: C, p. 270, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 143. Hill and Peters (1998) have suggested a three-step model for reducing the fatpromoting culture of the United States of America. Which of the following is one of those steps? a) Provide easier access to diet programs by making them government-funded. b) Educate people to eat smaller portions. c) Make tasty foods that are low in fat and calories less available so people stop associating “healthy eating” with “tasty eating.” d) Encourage the purchase of more home gym equipment and gym memberships.

ANS: B, p. 271, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

144. Some obese people have been able to lose large amounts of weight and keep it off.

Which is the best explanation of how they did it? a) low carbohydrate dieting b) low fat dieting Incorrect. Low-fat dieting can be effective, but only when matched with a balanced meal plan and healthy exercise. “No-fat” dieting, however, is very unhealthy. c) gastric bypass surgery d) healthy eating and exercise Correct. This is the “end all be all” of all healthy weight loss plans. Anything else is a shortcut that is not likely to be effective in the long run.

ANS: D, p. 271, A, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 145. According to your text, the science of dieting is indisputable: to lose weight all you have to do is ________. a) reduce your fat intake and walk 1/2 mile per day b) restrict your carbohydrates and drink 8 glasses of water per day Incorrect. While a reduction of carbs may be a good idea, unless a person increases their use of energy (exercise), no diet will be maximally effective. c) reduce your caloric intake and exercise more Correct. This is the “end all be all” of all healthy weight loss plans. Anything else is a shortcut that is not likely to be effective in the long run. d) exercise just 15 minutes each day ANS: C, p. 271, C, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 146. The first systematic surveys of sexual behavior were conducted in the 1940s by ________. a) Masters and Johnson b) Virginia Johnson c) Alfred Kinsey d) Sigmund Freud ANS: C, p. 271, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 147. Which statement represents a major problem associated with survey research into sexual behavior? a) The data likely come from a biased sample.

Correct. This is one of the problems with the survey research noted by your textbook. b) People who volunteered tended to brag about their exploits.

Incorrect. This may be true in some cases, but it would then indicate a biased sample.

Therefore this is not the best answer to this question. c) It was difficult to obtain a snowball sample. d) Men who participated tended to be less sexually active.

ANS: A, pp. 271–272, C, (3) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Test Item File Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 148. Who was the first to systematically study actual sexual behavior? a) Masters and Johnson b) Alfred Kinsey c) Karey Horney d) Kinney and Leaton ANS: A, p. 272, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 149. The four stages of sexual activity include excitement, plateau, orgasm, and ________. a) refraction b) rest c) reinforcement d) resolution ANS: D, p. 272, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 150. Which statement is consistent with Master’s and Johnson’s findings? a) Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men. b) Many women can have multiple orgasms. c) Women experience a refractory period prior to orgasm. d) Women admit that size matters.

ANS: B, p. 272, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 151. According to Masters and Johnson, the first stage of sexual activity is called ________. a) excitement b) plateau c) resolution d) orgasm ANS: A, p. 272, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 152. Male characteristics such as beard growth and a deep voice are caused by ________. a) leptin b) estrogen c) androgens d) noradrenaline ANS: C, p. 273, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 153. Women are more likely to prefer “ruggedly handsome” faces ____________. a) most of the time Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

b) when they are ovulating than when they are not ovulating Correct. The research has found that this particular time of the month draws women to men with these physical attributes. c) when they are perimenopausal Incorrect. Ovulation is the time when “rugged” and “handsome” faces on a man are the most attractive to women. d) when they have not been sexually active for a long time ANS: B, p. 273, A, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 154. Your text discusses a condition in which a genetically male child is born with a shallow vagina and no uterus, but testes buried in the belly. This condition is called ____________. a) androgen insensitivity syndrome b) insulin sensitivity c) transexualism d) gender identity disorder ANS: A, p. 273, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 155. Your text suggests that bonding between sexual partners may occur following orgasm. Which hormone might explain this tendency in women? a) estrogen b) oxytocin Correct. This hormone seems to be related to bonding, both between lovers after sex, and also between a mother and her children. c) pitosin Incorrect. Pitosin is a drug used to induce labor in a pregnant woman. d) progesterone ANS: B, p. 274, C, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 156. If Anna is using sex to enhance her positive emotions or experience, according to your text, she is doing it for ________. a) self and approach Correct. This is a correct application of Cooper and colleagues’ sexual motives chart. b) self and avoidance Incorrect. Self is correct, but Anna would be using sex for an approach purpose rather than an avoidance purpose. c) social issues and avoidance d) social issues and approach ANS: A, p. 274, A, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 157. In terms of their desire to have a long-term stable sexual relationship, men and women ____________.

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Test Item File a) both overwhelmingly desire to do so b) differ dramatically in their desire to do so with women showing a much stronger preference to do so c) differ dramatically in their desire to do so with men showing a much stronger preference to do so d) are in agreement that long-term relationships are highly overrated ANS: A, p. 274, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 158. James, a single man, is sexually attracted to men, but not women. According to your text, James is ____________. a) homosexual Correct. When a person is sexually attracted only to members of their own sex, they are homosexual. b) heterosexual c) transexual d) bisexual Incorrect. Bisexuality refers to a sexual attraction to members of either sex.

ANS: A, p. 275, A, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 159. Over the past several years, several celebrities have openly discussed their desire for sexual experiences that are satisfying—regardless of the sex of their partner. Most researchers would consider such individuals to be ________. a) homosexual Incorrect. When a person is sexually attracted only to members of their own sex, they are homosexual. b) bisexual Correct. Bisexuality refers to a sexual attraction to members of either sex. c) transexual d) heterosexual ANS: B, p. 275, A, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 160. Certain researchers have found slight differences in the brain structure known as the ________ in homosexual versus heterosexual men. a) hypothalamus b) thalamus c) amygdala d) hippocampus ANS: A, pp. 275–276, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 161. According to recent research, a male may be at a greater likelihood to be homosexual if he has ____________. a) older brothers Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

b) younger brothers c) older sisters d) younger sisters ANS: A, p.276, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations True/False Questions 1. Gandhi believed that if people could learn to control their internal violence, external violence would no longer be a problem.

ANS: T, p. 245, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 2. Guilt and embarrassment are examples of basic emotions.

ANS: F, p. 246, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 3. Positive and negative emotions are not different sides of the same coin.

ANS: T, pp. 247–248, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 4. Cannon–Bard theory focuses on bodily signals as the trigger for emotions.

ANS: F, pp. 249–250, 2, (C) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 5. The amygdala produces the emotional feeling of fear.

ANS: F, p. 250, F, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 6. Positive psychology suggests that individuals should focus more on the positives in one’s life such as strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness versus negatives such as abuse, depression, and things that can go wrong in life.

ANS: T, p. 254, C, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 7. Human beings have been found to be particularly bad at reading non-verbal cues about the emotional state of another individual.

ANS: T, p. 257, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 8. Evolutionary theory suggests that it is not behavior that is hard-wired in the form of instincts, but instead it is the goals that motivate us that are inborn.

ANS: T, p. 261, C, (3) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good

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Test Item File 9. Drives are unlearned, species-specific behaviors that are more complex than an eye blink.

ANS: F, p. 261, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 10. An incentive is a stimulus that draws you toward a goal in anticipation of a reward.

ANS: T, p. 263, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 11. Eating dessert after a satisfying meal is an example of a deprived reward.

ANS: F, p. 264, A, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 12. According to Maslow, the most basic needs are physiological.

ANS: T, p. 265, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 13. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, self-actualization is the need that must be met first.

ANS: F, p. 265, F, (1) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 14. Insulin reduces the level of food molecules in the blood.

ANS: T, p. 268, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 15. Arlis is 10% over her ideal body weight; she is considered obese.

ANS: F, p. 270, A, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 16. Masters and Johnson were the first to study actual sexual behavior.

ANS: T, p. 272, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 17. The release of sexual tension occurs during the resolution stage of the human sexual response cycle.

ANS: T, p. 272, F, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 18. Research has found that the size of a man’s penis is not related to sexual performance unless it is something that he worries about.

ANS: T, p. 272, F, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 19. The hormones we refer to as the “female hormones” are estrogens.

ANS: T, p. 273, F, (1) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Chapter 7

Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 20. Men and women spend comparable amounts of time in “short-term mating.”

ANS: T, p. 275, C, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations Short Answer Questions 1. What are the four components of emotion?

Answer: positive/negative subjective experience, activation of mental processes and stored information, bodily arousal, characteristic behavior p. 245, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 2. If you put a pencil in your mouth to force your facial muscles into a smiling position, you might become amused. This is consistent with ________.

Answer: the facial feedback hypothesis p. 249, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 3. The idea that emotions arise when you interpret a situation is associated with which theory of emotion?

Answer: This is the main tenet of the cognitive theory of emotion. p. 250, F, (1) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 4. What is an emotional reflex?

Answer: When fear arises without thought or cognitive interpretation, as a result of prior learning to fear an object p. 252, C, (2) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 5. ________ focuses on the mechanisms behind specific innate behaviors or goals and strategies.

Answer: Drive theory p. 262, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 6. We feel better when exposed to intermediate levels of stimulation. This idea is associated with (the) ________ law.

Answer: Yerkes–Dodson p. 262, C, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 7. When we are very cold, we seek shelter not because bodily warmth is a want, but because it is a ________.

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Test Item File Answer: need p. 264, A, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 8. Our curiosity and our need to understand our world are a part of which of Maslow’s needs?

Answer: Cognitive needs p. 265, F, (2) Section: Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good 9. Glucose and fatty acids are the primary two types of ________.

Answer: food molecules p. 267, F, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 10. Britt thinks that eating snails is disgusting. He thinks they look slimy. His disgust is known as a(n) ________.

Answer: cognitive taste aversion p. 269, A, (3) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 11. Rosa keeps gaining and losing the same fifteen pounds—winding up at about the same weight she started from. Researchers would say that she is returning to her ________.

Answer: set point p. 269, A, (2) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations 12. What is the best way to lose weight?

Answer: Healthy eating habits and regular exercise p. 271, C, (1) Section: Hunger and Sex: Two Important Motivations Essay Questions 1. Briefly explain the “emerging synthesis” of emotion theory.

Answer: Different brain systems affect different emotions. Some of these systems are independent of cognitive interpretation while others are dependent on such interpretations. p. 252, C, (3) Section: Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am 2. What does your text suggest about differences between Japanese and Westerners and their expression of emotions?

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