Rawoof_Ahmed_Portfolio

B.TECH STUDIO WORKS

PLANNING WORKSHOPS

NEIGHBOURHOOD AREA PLANNING

NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT INTRODUCTION

The neighbourhood is the planning unit for a town Evolved due to the advent of industrial revolution and degradation of the city environment caused due to high congestion, heavy traffic movement through the city, insecurity to school going children and distant location of shopping ,recreation activities; etc

CLARANCE STAIN’SCONCEPTION

 Walking distance radius is one mile.

 In the figure A, elementary school is the centre of the unit and within a one half mile radius of all residents in the neighbourhood, local shopping centres located near the school.

 Residential streets are suggested as CUL-DE-SACS to eliminate through traffic and park space flows into the neighbourhood

PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT

Unit of Urban Planning

 Street System Facilities

 Population

 Sector Size and Density

 Neighbourhood Walkways

 Protective Strips .

CASE STUDY

• The site area is located in the Hyderabad Nizamabad Highway, the name of the site is Athwelli. Area of the site is 41 acres.

• Medchal Mandal, Rangareddy district Telangana state.

PROPOSED LAND USE MAP

GIVEN SITE

SCALE: 1:5000

INTRODUCTION

Definition of RURAL AREA

In the Census of India 2001, the definition of rural area adopted is as follows:

 All statutory places with out a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc.

 A place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously:

 A Population Not More Than Of 5,000;

 At Least 75 Per Cent Of Male Working Population Engaged in Agricultural Pursuits

( Even Other Primary Sector Activities)

 A Density Of Population Less Than 400 Per Sq. Km. (1,000 Per 1sq. Mile).

AIM

To prepare a strategic plan for the development of BODAKONDA village

OBJECTIVES

• To enhance the development of education and employment in the village.

• To plan for the basic infrastructure in an efficient manner to the village.

• To bring awareness about the agriculture activities and to provide strategies for new farming techniques to the village.

• To bring awareness about the government schemes and environmental aspects to the village people.

METHODOLOGY

INDIAN AGRICULTURE

India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture is the most important occupation for most of the Indian families. In India, agriculture contributes about sixteen percent (16%) of total GDP and ten percent (10%) of total exports.

 To maintain ecological balance there must be balanced and sustainable development of agricultural sectors.

 To maintain ecological balance there must be balanced and sustainable de velopment of agricultural sectors

 The 12th five year plan (2012 - 2017) emphasizes that agricultural development is necessary for rapid economic development of the country.

 Soil type, climatic conditions, water sources, commercial crops, animal husbandry, livestock, horticulture etc.; all are considered in agriculture.

 With more than half of the state’s population still dependent for their livelihoods either wholly or significantly on some form of farm activity, expansion of farm incomes continues to be the potent weapon for reducing poverty.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A VILLAGE :

Caste system

•people believe in caste system and social stratification

CASE STUDY LOCATION:

Self sustainable

•(Villages are mostly independent )

Togetherness

•(The feeling of unity is more )

Social values

•(social responsibility of each individual to their community) Primary sector occupation

TELANGANA STATE SHAMSHABAD DISTRICT MANCHAL MANDAL

DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF BODAKONDA:

•(agriculture and its allied activities) Small area of habitation

•(small settlements)

MAP OF CASE STUDY: BODAKONDA VILLAGE

IRRIGATION FACILITIES:

PRESENT IRRIGATION TREND:

Levelling of fields: Farmers are using levelling equipment, that allows water to flow evenly throughout the fields. Surge flooding: Traditional flooding involved just releasing water onto a field. In using surge flooding, water is released at prearranged intervals, which reduces unwanted runoff.

RURAL AREA PLANNING

PROPOSALS:

VERMI COMPOST:

Vermicompost is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms, which generally lives in soil, eat biomass and excreta in digested form.

SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF CROPS IN FIELDS:

strip cropping, grass barriers, contour planting – all contribute to soil conservation, planting trees to act as wind breaks

Mulching:

Mulching helps in reducing evapotranspiration & soil loss from wind erosion, adds nutrients to soil, minimizes the impact of splash erosion

Crop Rotation:

Crop rotation—growing different crops in succession in the same field—is one of the most powerful techniques of sustainable agriculture, and avoids the unintended consequences of putting the same plants in the same soil year after year. cycles.

It is a key element of the permanent and effective solution to pest problems because many pests have preferences for specific crops, and continuous growth of the same crop guarantees them a steady food supply, so that populations increase. In fact, rotation reduces pest pressure on all the crops in the rotation by breaking the pest reproductive

Cover Crops:

Many farmers also take advantage of the benefits of having plants growing in the soil at all times, rather than leaving the ground bare between cropping periods, which produces unintended problems. The planting of cover crops such as groundnut, Sesbania and cowpeas helps farmers achieve the basic goals of:

• preventing soil erosion,

• suppressing weeds, and

• enhancing soil quality.

Using appropriate cover crops is worth the extra effort because it reduces the need for chemical inputs like herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers.

Yearly once

INTRODUCTION: CASE STUDY:

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land, protection and use of the environment , public welfare , and the design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructurepassing into and out of urban areas such astransportation, communications, and distribution networks.

A City Development Plan is a comprehensive document outlining the vision and development strategy for future development of the city, prepared in consultation with a wide range of stakeholders to identify the thrust areas to be addressed on priority basis in order to achieve the objectives and the vision.

Strategic planning is a process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue the particular strategy, including its capital and people.

APPROACHES TO URBAN PLANNING

1. Vision-led: The approach should generate a qualitative vision of the city in the framework of city region’s future based on a sound participatory process to articulate the aspirations and needs of people from all spheres, including the common man

2. Comprehensive and integrated: The planning approach should address all sectors of development and spatial planning together in a holistic and integrated framework – ensuring integration of sectoral and spatial planning.

3. Urban – rural integration in a regional framework: A strategic approach to urban planning will start with a macro perspective at the national/state level and then at regional level to guide urbanization and rural development in an integrated and holistic manner.

EXPECTED OUTCOME

Development

Comprehensive all round human and economic development

Efficiency

Sufficient use of all resources

Equity Equitable , inclusive and participatory development process

Safety Migration of risks to human life ,property and environment

harmony Harmony in urban form, in society and between man and nature

METHODOLOGY

AIM

TO PREPARE A STRATEGY DEVELOPNMENT PLAN FOR MANCHERIAL TOWN

OBJECTIVES

 To study town trends in decadal population growth, demographic composition, socio-economic facilities and health indicators..

 Analyse the existing land use and infrastructure etc

 To identify the issues & problems in the study area

 Identify the potentials & threats for development of study area and give recommendations.

 Prepare a vision & strategic framework keeping in view constraints & development potential of the town to provide better living facilities for the people.

INTRODUCTION TO MANCHERIAL CITY:

Mancherial city was previously known as “GARMILLA”, the first biggest and commercial city in Adilabad district (2011) & a commercial hub catering to the coal belt of Singareni collieries. It is located on the north bank of the Godavari river. It's proximity to the rich cement minerals and the coal mines fuels the economy, which offsets the rampant poverty in the general adilabad area and the accompanying naxellite problem.

CASE STUDY LOCATION:

Primary datasurveys

Secondary data

DATA COLLECTION

• Household survey

• Land use survey

•Origin destination survey

• Traffic volume count

•Parking survey

•Road inventory

•Demographic profile

•Housing

•Economy

•Physical infrastructure

•Social infrastructure

•Traffic and transportation

• Accident data

SEGREGATING SECTORS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

 BASEMAP PREPERATION AND LANDUSE

 DEMOGRAPHY

 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

 INDUSTRIES

 ENVIRONMENT

DATA COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH GUIDELINES

IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TELANGANA STATE MANCHERIAL DISTRICT MANCHERIAL CITY

BASE MAP OF MANCHERIAL:

COMPARISION WITH URDPFI STANDARDS:

EXISTING & PROPOSED LANDUSE

• When we we compare the land use percentages of existing mancherial with the land use percentages in URDPFI guidelines and the master plan proposed in 2012 The main drawback of the existing landuse is with the percentages of public & semi public and recreational landuses, which are very less compared to URDPFI guidelines

• Recreation facilities available in a city are also a determinant of quality of life of the citizens. It is therefore essential to assess the options available for recreation and entertainment for different income levels, those with public access and those with paid access, maintenance issues, places of interest for visitors / tourists, implications on urban infrastructure and services etc.

PROPOSALS

ACTION PLAN

Strategy-1: Increase in the percentage of recreational spaces. Process: Green buffer zones around lakes and nalas in the city. As there are 6 lakes( 30m buffer zone for one lake and 9m buffer zone for remaining 5 lakes) and 1 nala in the city ( 9m buffer zone), and a railway lane (30m buffer zone) by putting green buffer around them will increase the percentage of recreational space in the city.

Strategy-2: Proposal of land use for the year 2031.

• According to the demographic projections, the population of the mancherial city in the year 2031 is 1,29,625. This will upgrade mancherial from medium sized city to large city. This will change in the landuse percentages of the city.

Strategy-3: Capacity building under Disaster Prevention and Management plan ,Capacity building of Urban Local Bodies to take up the challenging task of implementing projects and reforms under JnNURM is recognised as a priority of the Mission.

PROPOSED BUFFER ZONES:

DECADAL ANALYSIS

HEALTH INDICATORS OF MANCHERIAL

ARITHEMATIC METHOD :

This method is suitable for class-1 & class-2 towns & old cities with considerable development, if population increases by a fixed amount per unit time ,the quantity is said to be changing linearly or arithmetically.

Formula: P= Pc+k(T-Tp) ; k= Pc-Pp/Tc-Tp

(P= projected population; Pc= current census year; Pp= previous census year)

INFERENCE: Decrease in the child sex ratio states the decrease the female birth rate . Decrease in the female birth rate may lead to many social problems.

INFERENCE: As per secondary data, 69% are literates and 31 % are illiterates and females are less educated compared to males. More significance to female literacy will lead to better society.

WORKING POPULATION COMPOSITION

INFERENCE: Only 29 % main & 4 % marginal workers, as they have burden of 67% non working population. 90% of main workers, 77 % of marginal workers are involved in the services and tertiary sector resembling the characteristic of an urban area Male workers are dominant with a difference of 15,000 main & marginal workers over female workers.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

Density of population is more concentrated in 11,19, 21,23&24 wards and growth is spreading towards south-east direction.

HOUSE-HOLD SIZE

HOUSE-HOLD SIZE

INFERENCE: average household size of mancherial is 4 & has almost equal proportion of gender and 65 % are unmarried population. Small size families need more houses.

CASTE MARTIAL STATUS

EDUCATION MONTHLY INCOME

INFERENCE: In the primary survey, mancherial has 96% of literacy rate, in that 49 % are graduated states level of education 36% people earn 2030,000 per month is the average rate of per capita income. 6% earn less than the 5000

EMPLOYMENT

DISTANCE FROM PLACE OF WORK

INFERENCE: employment rate is more in service related with 15 % & 8% govt and 7% private employees 44% travels 10 km& above shows the demand of regional transportation

PRIMARY DATA ANALYSIS

AGE SEX PYRAMID

FEMALE MALE

WATER SUPPLY

Source of water supply

INFERENCE: A pyramid can be described as stationary if the percentages of population (age and sex) remains constant over time with equal birth and death rates As per characteristics, people will have high standard of living with low birth rate by may be good family planning, access to birth control, financial planning, education etc.,low death rate due to good medical care, nutrition. Graph shows high population between the age of 19-54 states the scope of development by working class population.

HOUSING

TYPOLOGY

OWNERSHIP

INFERENCE: 25 % houses are not pucca & only 70 % people own houses. Remaining 27 % need to provide own house.27% of marble floor express the economic status of people & 38 % of houses are newly built show the growth in recent years.

Frequency Duration of supply Complaints faced

INFERENCE: 78% have individual connections which needs more operation & management of water supply by the municipality & 48% people reported less than 1 hour supply & for alternative days of supply with 45 % quantity and 22% quality related complaints

Disposal of solid waste Segregation at h-h level Frequency of collection

Solid waste management:

INFERENCE: 81% have houses door to door collection with segregation of waste at H-H level & with alternative days of collection shows the efficient SWM of the city & 75 % people are paying charges for msw for efficient service of municipality.

SEWERAGE

INFERENCE : 94 %have individual type of toilet with 69 % of good maintenance but with a low storage capacity needs 39% of septic tank cleaning annually

ELECTRICITY:

INFERENCE: 29 % people get b/n 100-300 & 33% below 600/- shows the optimal utilization of power by households and resembling the ownership of electronics and quality of life. Only 41 % faces power cuts with 47 % less than one hour shows the negligible issue's in electricity supply.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF SANGAREDDY DISTRICT

Region is a contiguous geographical area which has a fair degree of uniformity, in administration, economic linkages or natural environment. It is relatively a large area with hierarchy of settlements and varying landscape.

Considering the importance of regional planning at the district level and with the view to integrating the urban and regional development, the District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning committees are created through the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment act

INTRODUCTION REGIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA PLANNING REGION

ADMINISRATIVE REGION INVESTMENT REGION SPECIAL REGION

DISTRICT REGION

METROPOLITAN REGION

DELINEATION

LEGAL PROVISION FOR A REGION PLANNING EFFECTS

ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP

 NEW INVESTMENT MANUFACTURING ZONES

 INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR & FRIEGHT CORRIDOR

 SPECIAL INVESTMENT ZONE

AS PER CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT

SOME STATES HAVE PROVISION

ADMINISTRATION SETUP OF THESE REGIONS HAVE TO BE DECIDE BYSTATE LEGISLATURE

DISTRICT AS A PLANNING REGION:

 ECO SENSITIVE ZONE

 CULTURALLY SENSITIVE REGION

 SOCIO ECONOMIC SENSITIVE REGIONS

REGION BASED ON HOMOGENEITY, FUNCTIONAL RELATION SHIP, ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS

SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FORMULATED

EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE BY SOME STATES FOR INVESTMENT REGIONS & AT NATIONAL LEVEL

LEGAL PROVISION FOR DELINEATING SPECIAL REGIONS

VERY FEW SPECIAL REGIONS IN INDIA

BASED ON THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE REGION, ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP BE DECIDED BY STATE OR CENTRE

 India has 640 districts according to census of India 2011

 67% districts are urbanized up to 50% out of which approximately 7% have crossed the line of 40% urbanization and 9% districts are 100% urbanized.

PROPOSED DISTRICT PLANNING PROCESS AS PER 73RD& 74TH CAA:

PRE PLANNING CONSULTATION

LEVEL PERSPECTIVE PLAN

METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA

To identify the region and regional resources for development of Sangareddy District

OBJECTIVES

 To study trends in decadal population growth, demographic composition, socio-economic facilities and health indicators..

 Analyse the existing land utilisation and infrastructure

 Identify the potentials & threats for development of study area and give recommendations.

 Prepare a vision & strategic framework keeping in view constraints & development potential of the Region.

SEGREGATING SECTORS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

 LAND UTILISATION

 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

 INDUSTRIES & ECONOMY

 TOURISM & ENVIRONMENT

DATA COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH GUIDELINES

IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

BASE MAP OF SANGAREDDY

ABOUT DISTRICT

Profile:

Sangareddy District is located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. Sangareddy District is bifurcated from Medak district according to G.O.M.S 239; Dt: 11-10-2016 by Government of Telangana. Medak district is divided into three districts. They are:

• Sangareddy District

• Medak District

• Siddipet District

DISTRICT AT GLANCE:

Administrative divisions

The district will have three revenue divisions of Narayankhed, Sangareddy and Zaheerabad are sub-divided into 26 mandals.

Civic administration

Sangareddi Municipality was constituted in 1954 and is classified as a first grade municipality with 31 election wards. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of 13.69 km (5.29 sq mi)

Economy

The city has three large-scale public sector industries in its constituency. These are BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited-One of the MAHARATNA companies of Govt Of India), BDL (Bharat Dynamics Limited, where one of India’s most powerful missile PRITHVI was produced), Ordnance Factory Medak (which manufactures the Sarath tanks for the Indian Army)

ACCESSIBILITY Road

Since Sangareddy (H.Q) is near Hyderabad, it is well connected to other areas like Hitech city, DLF Gachibowli (appx 35 km away), Panjagutta and Secunderabad. The NH-65 passes through the city. About 15 km Away from Sangareddy there is an outer ring road which connects to Shamshabad airport- Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad.

Rail

The nearest railway stations are Lingampally which is about 30 km, Secunderabad about 50 km and Nampally Station around 55 km.In coming years it is expected that there will be Metro rail/ MMTS track to connect the city to Lingampally.

Air

Nearest Airport is Hyderabad International Airport which is 70 km from Sangareddy.

TOPOGRAPHY

BUILT UP AREA

• HIGHEST POINT(680 m)

• LOWEST POINT(420 m)

PHYSICAL FEATURES

 The lowest point of Sangareddy is 420 m above from the sea level and Highest point is 650m from the sea level.

 Narayankhed – Andole Plain: (Area – 2,150.00 Sq. Km): The region is cut from Southern and Eastern sides by Manjira River, which covers the whole of Narayankhed and Andole areas. The Nizam sagar is located on the Northern border. The region is almost a plain with an average height of 500 meters above Mean Sea level (MSL).

 Zahirabad plain: (Area 1,300.00 Sq. Km): Lying in the South-western part of the district, this region covers the whole of Zahirabad area and part of Sadasivpet. The region is a plain with its major portion covered under sand and rocky wastes. With an average height of 600 meters, the plain slopes from South-west to North-east. River Manjira flows along the Northern border of the region. Its small tributaries and channels join the river from South dissecting the plain. Major part of the region is developed on Pleistocene Laterites.

 Sangareddy–Patancheru Region: (Area – 900.00 Sq, Km): The region extends over an area comprising of Sangareddy and parts of Sadasivpet. River Manjira flows along the North-western boundary of the region. Having an average height of 550 meters above MSL, the region generally slopes towards the North. The region is prominently characterised by the frequent occurrence of ponds, dry channels, stony waste, boulders, open scrubs and rocky knobs.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF SANGAREDDY DISTRICT

SETTLEMENTS & ROAD NETWORK MAP

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS LENGTH (KMS) NATIONAL HIGHWAY – 65 101

(Pune to Machilipatnam)

NATIONAL HIGHWAY – 161 58 (Sangareddy to Akola) TOTAL 207 STATE HIGHWAY –6 16 (Hyderabad to Bodhan)

STATE HIGHWAY – 14 19.20 (Zaheerabad to Bidar)

STATE HIGHWAY – 16 43.40 (Alladurg to Metlakunta)

HIGHWAY – 17 18 (Sangareddy to Jagdevpur)

96.6

LEGEND

Total Built-up area of Sangareddy district is 213.97 sq.kms ( 4.86%) of the total geographical area with 92.06 sq.kms of Village settlements,6.74 sq.kms of Hamlets, 25.88 sq.kms of core-urban area, 7.09sq.kms of peri-urban area and 55.66 sq.kms Industries. Kohir & Zaheerabad lies between Vikarabad to Bidar Railway route sharing 44 kms length and 15 kms MMTS Route till Patancheru of Sangareddy District.

SOILS

The soils of the district are mainly comprising loamy and clay red sands and black clay soil Red laterite soil is predominant in Zahirabad taluk Regar or black cotton soils comprising of clay loams, clay and silty clay are found in erstwhile Sangareddy, and Narayankhed taluks

DRAINAGE FLOW & SURFACE WATER BODIES

an inter river basin transfer link by feeding Godavari River water to Krishna River basin & Nearly 1 tmc/day water is supplied to Hyderabad city from this reservoir

LITHOLOGY

Granite is predominant in sangareddy. Laterite is spread all over the Zahirabad taluk Lithology help to the study of the general physical characteristics of rocks Feldspar minerals are the sources of Gneissgranitoid complex which are found in the areas of Jinnaram and Kandi mandals of sangareddy

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Applied geomorphology can be of use in regional planning in different geomorphic environments and in preparation of natural hazard assessment, morpho-agricultural regionalization, land use planning, construction and management of roads It helps in understanding of landforms may be of great use, directly or indirectly, to human beings who are influenced by and, in turn, influence the surface features of the earth which they inhabit

 Structural origins of Narayankhed areas have major rocks causing soil erosion and decreasing the productivity of land resources

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF SANGAREDDY DISTRICT

REGIONAL PLANNING STUDIO

The district generally experiences a dry climate The year may be divided into four seasons. The period from March to May is the summer season. The hottest month in this season is May This is followed by the south-west monsoon season from June to September October and November constitute the post monsoon period. The winter season starts from December and lasts till February. The average annual rainfall in the district is 868 3 mm The rainfall during the monsoon season i.e. from June to September amounts to about 45 percent of the annual rainfall. The rainiest month is July MAXIMUM temperature in the district is in October and the temperature recorded was 37.7. MINIMUM temperature in the district is in December and the temperature recorded was 12.6

Land utilization deals with the nature & character of different types of land uses to which land is put & the problems arising in the process of deciding between different types of uses & putting to the best alternative uses

For the purpose of collection of data relating to land utilisation in India, "Technical Committee on Co-ordination of Agricultural Statistics'' in 1948, classified land into the following categories for forecasting census. They are:

1.Forests

2.Cultivated area with break-up irrigated and unirrigated

2.1 Net area sown

2.2 Other fallow lands

2.3 Current fallows:

3.Culturable Waste

3.1Permanent pastures, other grazing lands

3.2 Lands under miscellaneous tree crops&groves (not included in the area sown)

3.3 Cultivable waste

4.Area not available for cultivation

4.1 Land put to nonagricultural uses

4.2 Barren & uncultivable

1.Quadrennial change of Forest Area

1 Quadrennial Trend Analysis of Forest Area : These include all actually forested areas & the lands classified or administered as forests under legal enactment dealing with forests whether State owned or private The total forest area in Sangareddy district is 200 sq km i e 4 56% of the total geographic area KALHER has highest forest spread & Jinnaram has highest % of forest cover .

LAND UTILISATION PATTERN OF SANGAREDDY DISTRICT

 CURRENT FALLOWS represents cropped area which is kept fallow during the current year NET AREA SOWN represents the total area sown with crops and orchards Area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once FALLOW LANDS OTHER THAN CURRENT FALLOWS includes all land which was taken up for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years

 The total are of current agricultural land is 2828 28 sq m which is 64 23% of total area (Fallow lands of the current season, total net sown area, total irrigated/ agriculture crop area of the current year and miscellaneous crops and tress all combined together for the net agricultural area)

 PULKAL Mandal with 40 66% is the highest irrigated land in sangareddy district followed by kalher with 23 89% and nagalgidda is the least with only 7 hectors which is 0.05% of irrigation land MUNAPALLE Mandal with 74.29% is the highest under net sown area of current season followed by RAIKODE with 66 48, RAMACHANDRAPUR is the least with 14 90 %

 Current fallow lands are highest in ANDOLE Mandal with 35 61% of its total area followed by KANDI with 31 29% RAIKODE and KALHER Mandals do not have fallow lands

REGIONAL PLANNING STUDIO

RECOMMENDATIONS

WASTELAND RECLAMATION by INTEGRATED WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IWDP)

WHAT ARE WASTELANDS? Degraded land which can be brought under vegetative cover, with reasonable effort, and which is currently under utilised and land which is deteriorating for lack of appropriate water and soil management or on account of natural causes The programme does not focus solely on uncultivable wastelands because such lands are Too degraded to recoup in isolation , Cost of treatment is very expensive and economical, Such lands are too remote from the village through protection of vegetative measures and participation of local people is not possible.

OBJECTIVES & ACTIVITIES:

 The basic objective of this programme is an integrated wastelands development based on village/micro watershed plans. These plans are prepared after taking into consideration the land capability, site condition and local needs of the people.

 The scheme also aims at rural employment besides enhancing the contents of people's participation in the wastelands development programmes at all stages, which is ensured by providing modalities for equitable and sustainable sharing of benefits and usufructs arising from such projects.

ACTIVITIES:

STRATERGY & APPROACH:

Development of wastelands mainly in nonforest areas aimed at checking land degradation , putting such wastelands of the country to SUSTAINABLE use increasing bio-mass availability especially that of fuelwood , fodder , fruits, fibre & small timber INTEGRATED WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SCHEME (IWDP) by revitalizing & reviving village level institutions & enlisting people's participation It is people's own programme which aims at giving them actual decision making powers in terms of project implementation & fund disbursal.

 In situ soil and moisture conservation measures like terracing, bunding, trenching, vegetative barriers and drainage line treatment

 Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees, shrubs, grasses, legumes and pasture land development Encouraging natural regeneration. Promotion of agro-forestry & horticulture. Wood substitution and fuel wood conservation measures



 Awareness raising, training & extension. Involvement of local people at Grass-roots

 Promotion of locally available low cost Technology Involvement of Panchayat Raj Institutions. Upliftment of landless persons and others belonging to weaker sections.

 Skill Up-gradation & Confidence Building Planning implementation & Monitoring of Wastelands Development Projects. Special programme for social and economic upliftment of women & Self Help Groups Development of small water Harvesting Structures. Afforestation of degraded forest and non forest wasteland

 Development and conservation of common Property Resources

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION::

The best possible strategy would be treating the land by empowering the people who live in it. It is watershed plus approach which takes care of holistic development

 Therefore, the entire watershed community is to be involved for the integrated development of watershed and the assets created in such an effort are to also be maintained through the people of the watershed community in order to ensure sustainability. People’s participation also ensure conservation and development of Common Property Resources.

 Besides when people decide what they have to do their stake in development become more pronounced leading to their intense involvement

 Their involvement in decision making is the key to success which brings sustainable development Hence people’s participation is the approach for the purpose

Back Ground: METHODOLOGY

 In a developing country, the problems associated with solid waste management are more acute than in a developed country. Lack of financial resources and infrastructure to deal with solid waste creates a vicious cycle; lack of resources leads to low quality of service provision which leads to fewer people willing to pay for said services, which in turn further erodes the resource base and so on.

 The problem is further complicated by rapid growth in population and urbanization, which adds greatly to the volume of waste being generated and to the demand for waste retrieval service in municipal areas. However, more often than not, an increase in population is not matched with an equal increase in revenue for the local municipalities for waste management Besides this, rapid urbanization means rapid growth of shanty dwelling units that are largely unplanned for, and add to the waste, health, and hygiene problems.

 Another significant factor that contributes to the problem of solid wastes in a developing country scenario is the lack of proper collection and transportation facilities. Improper planning coupled with rapid growth of population and urbanization serves to add congestion in streets, and as a result the waste collection vehicles cannot reach such places, thus allowing filth to build up over time Lack of monetary resources, at times, results in improper or no transportation vehicles for waste disposal adding another dimension to the ever -rising cycle of problems.

 In any developing country, the threats posed by improper handling and disposal of solid wastes (though often ignored) contribute to the high level of mortality and morbidity. Human and ecosystem health is also threatened due to improper handling of solid wastes

Study Justification:

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one of the most essential functions of the local authorities in India to achieve a sustainable development in the country. Nevertheless, it has also been one of the least prioritized services during the last decades. When waste is not treated properly, the environmental and health impacts can be disastrous. Today, India is one of the world’s largest methane emitters from solid waste disposal. Since methane is an aggressive greenhouse gas, it will affect global warming on a large scale.

It’s possible to turn trash to treasure with the revenue opportunities available in solid waste. Several studies suggest that reutilizing of solid waste is not only a viable option to MSWM but also desirable—socially, economically, and environmentally. waste recycling plants will enhance income generation as well as employment opportunities promoting a sustainable development of the urban areas.

SCOPE & LIMITATIONS:

This Municipal solid waste management plan attempts to prepare a detailed framework for the efficient delivery of MSW services for Adoni Municipality by adopting different successful methods practised in India. This study is limited to the Municipal solid wastes generated with in the administrative boundary of Adoni Municipality

AIM : To propose a comprehensive plan for MSWM of Adoni Municipality in compliance with the MSW Rules 2016.

OBJECTIVES :

• To study current Municipal solid waste management practices in India.

• To review Municipal Solid waste management rules of India, 2016 and Swachh Bharath Mission 2014.

• To assess the quantity, characterization and classification of MSW in Adoni Municipality.

• To analyze the existing Municipal Solid waste Management System and identify the issues in implementing efficient MSW services.

• To prepare Strategies for Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Adoni Municipality.

LITERATURE STUDY: MSW GUIDELINES, 2016 & Swachh Bharath Mission Guidelines

DESKTOP STUDY : Successful Municipal solid waste

management practices in

India

CASE STUDY : ADONI MUNICIPALITY

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

 Surveys / questionnaires

 Visual analysis

 photographs

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

 Municipality

 Apuifdc

 Service users

 Private formal / informal sector

ANALYSIS

System elements

 Waste minimization

 Waste reuse

 Waste recycling

 Waste collection

 Waste transportation

 Waste treatment

Aspects

 Technical

 Environmental

 Financial

 Social

 Institutional

Observations

Identification of issues

Proposals and recommendations

Solid Waste Management:

The solid waste management sector is defined by the following kinds of waste based on their types and sources of generation. The waste types are governed by various rules laid down by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.

1.Municipal solid Waste

•Commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas, excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes.

•Governed by the Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2016

2.Industrial Waste

•Attributes to waste material produced during the industrial activity.

• Can be Hazardous as well Non-Hazardous in nature.

•Governed by various rules based on the type of waste.

3.Hazardous waste

• Waste either generated from residential, commercial or industrial activity.

•Attributed to its qualities –ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, toxicity.

• Governed by the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016

4.Plastic Waste

• Waste generated from indiscriminate use and disposal of plastic in to the physical environment leading to water, soil and air pollution

•Governed by the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016

5.Bio-medical Waste

•Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals.

•Governed by the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,2016

6.Construction and demolition waste

•the construction and demolition waste generated from various means such as waste comprising building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modelling, repair and demolition of any civil structure.

•Governed by the the regulatory framework under the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016

7.E- Waste

•e-waste' means electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes

•Governed by the E-waste (Management), Rules 2016

Municipal Solid Waste Management :

Definition: Municipal Solid Waste Management (SWM) refers to a systematic process that comprises of waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary storage, transportation, secondary segregation, resource recovery, processing, treatment, and final disposal of solid waste

THE MSWM VALUE CHAIN IN INDIA: :

Every link in the waste management value chain indicated above is interrelated and the success of each stage depends upon the successful implementation of the previous one—hence, the analysis of value chain becomes very important.

Solid waste generation in India:

 The per capita generation of waste between the decades is a worrisome figure. India is no exception in its concern about the per capita waste generation rate, though the present per capita generation of waste is only 300–400 gm/capita for medium cities and between 400–600 gm/capita for large cities

 However, this is going to increase with the present trend of urbanisation and consumption patterns. As per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report (2012–13), municipal areas in the country generate around 170,000 metric tonnes per day (TPD) of municipal solid waste (annual generation of 62 mn tonnes of waste). As per 2011 census, 31.16 % population (i.e. 377 mn people) of India live in 4,041 municipal authorities. It is estimated that by 2050, 50% of the population will be living in urban areas, the volume of waste generation will grow by 5% per year.

Criteria

Ranking were given by the following Survey

Methodology among 3 classification of settlement based on population: The data to be collected for ranking of the cities shall be segregated into 3 main areas:

1.Collection of data from and interactions with Municipal Body

2.Collection of data from Direct Observation

3.Collection of data from Citizen Feedback

 Adoni ranked 224 rank among 434 ULBs all india wide and ranked second last

the Andhra Pradesh urban local bodies followed by Madanapalle.

Figure 1. (a) Per capita generation of MSW selected Indian cities in 2000 and 2011, (b) Per capita generation of MSW in selected Indian states in 2000 and 2011 ( cpcb report 2013-14).

Figure 2. Collection efficiency of selected Indian states (CPCB, 2013).

Case Study City Selection is based on Swachh Sarvekshan Ranking 2017 :

among

INTRODUCTION to the study area:

• Adoni is a city in Kurnool district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

• It is a Special grade municipality and the headquarters of Adoni Mandal, administered under the Adoni Revenue Division.

BASE MAP OF ADONI MUNICIPALITY

Geography & Climate :

Adoni is located at 15.63°N 77.28°E It has an average elevation of 435 meters (1427 feet) above sea level The climate is mainly tropical, with temperatures from 31 °C to 45 °C in summer and 21 °C to 29 °C in winter. The soil is black and red There are large limestone deposits suitable for cement. There are many number of minerals available such as copper, lead, zinc and in some places, diamonds are also found near the town

Connectivity:

Adoni is an important town in Kurnool district, located in the north-western corner of the district, at a distance of 103 Kms. from Kurnool district headquarters, It is located 405.4 Km from Capital city (Amaravathi) and 300 Kms from Hyderabad. There is a Railway station on the Chennai-Mumbai broad gauge line. The State Highway known as GuntakalTungabhadra Road passes through the town The Tungabhadra Low Level Canal (TBP LLC) passes at a distance of 8 Kms. from the town.

Demographical Features:

The population figures for the Municipality as per census records are available since 1961 from the Municipality. The population figures are given in Table below

 Adoni ranks, 16th most populous city in the state. It has density of 5176 persons/sq.km and has an urban agglomeration population of 184,771. The total population constituted 82,743 males and 83,794 females.

 These numbers produced a gender ratio of 1013 females per 1000 males, which was higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. In the same year, 18,406 children were between 0 and 6 years of age. In this group, 9,355 were boys and 9,051 were girls, giving a gender ratio of 968 per 1000. The average literacy rate was 68.38 percent with 101,292 literate people. This number was significantly lower than the national average of 73 percent. Adoni Statistics:

MAP SHOWING WARDWISE DENSITY

AREA : 32.17 Sq. Kms

Sources of Solid waste

Adoni Municipality Contributes 58 TPD i.e 0.34 kgs capita per day . The potential Sources of Solid waste are:

Physical Characteristics of Waste:

The physical characteristics of waste include density, moisture content, calorific value, ash content and varied size of waste constituents

1.COLLECTION :

EXISTING MSW MANAGEMENT PRACTISE IN ADONI MUNICIPALITY:

1.1 Waste collection system of Municipality :

 There is no Door -to-door collection services for upto 80% area of the Municipality. Public Health & Sanitation Department workers are involved only in the Street sweeping and collects waste generated from Governement Buildings,Hospitals, Municipal Schools and 300 HDPI bins installed under Swach Bharath Mission.

 An N.G.O named “Spoorti Foundation” organizes door-to-door solid waste collection services in Adoni municipality for the wards 13,14,15,25,26,28 namely S.K.D Colony ,Teachers colony ,Sanjeevayya Nagar and Raichoti Ramayya (H.I.G.) Colonies with a 14 members Staff involved in the collection Service

 This collection was made on alternative days and collects a levy of 100/- per month from each household.

 Manpower : 148 ph workers for street sweeping , 64 out sourcing for sweeping in municipal schools, hospitals and offices, 16 Compost and Dumping yard

Mainitenance

• Timings : 6.00 am to 10 am & 3.30 pm to 6.00 pm

Collection and Transportation of Waste in Adoni Municipality:

Density of waste: 0.47 grams / cubic centimeter

Density of waste is essential for selection of suitable MSW handling containers/equipment/ vehicles, planning for no. of trips considering compaction of waste, compaction ratios in landfill designs, etc.

Moisture content: 35% - 40%

Moisture content is expressed as weight of moisture per unit weight of wet material. Moisture content increases the weight of solid waste, thereby increasing the cost of collection and transportation of waste. It is a critical parameter while carrying out economic feasibility of waste processing and treatment options such as waste to energy plants, incineration, etc.

Calorific value: 1210 Kcal/kg

Calorific value is the amount of heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of waste expressed in Kcal/Kg and determined using a bomb calorimeter.

Calorific value indicates its suitability for incineration.

Ash content: Found Negligible

Ash content is the inorganic and incombustible mineral fraction of waste left after combustion. Ash content of waste reduces the proportion of dry organic material per kilogram of waste. High ash content requires an efficient dust removal system to reduce the amount of particulate emissions. Waste with high ash content will have a lower calorific value.

SEGREGATION :

 There is no segregation of wet & dry solid waste in Household level.

 Even Municipality did not provided two bins for households to the segregation of wet and dry waste till date. Spoorti N.G.O also doesn’t collect waste segregated.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN OF ADONI MUNICIPALITY

3.TRANSPORTATION:

 All the wet and dry waste is collected together in street sweeping and Government Buildings are transported in the un-segregated manner without any weighing mechanism.

 All the wet and dry waste is collected together and transported in the un-segregated manner by Spoorthi N.G.O.

AUTOS

1.Primary Collection:

Key concerns/Issues:

• Door to door collection is not practiced upto 80 %.

• Segregation of waste is not practiced either at source or at dump site.

• Recyclable material is getting mixed up with the waste at dump site without any recovery.

• Inadequate man power

2.Transportation:

• The capacity of vehicles is not fully utilized as there is no compaction facility which may lead to excess number of trips. Logistic management is to be evaluated for proper utilization of vehicles and ensure 100% collection of waste.

3.Waste processing / Disposal:

4.Disposal:

 The solid waste from the ULB is collected and transported to the two designated disposal sites

 There is no MSW processing facilities running for recycle and reuse.

Existing Dump Site – I :

Location and Area: The waste dump yard is located on Siruguppa road, which is 4 kms away from Municipality and having an area of 10 acres as reported. The site is situated in an open area which is surrounded by agricultural fields, residential houses, bypass road and SH 75 in four directions.

Landuse surrounding dump site:

East: SH 75, Residential houses at 100 m & rly line

West: Residential plots (Indiramma houses) at 95 m

North: Scattered Residential houses at < 25 m

South: Agricultural fields.

Infrastructure: The front side of the site has cemented compound wall with a gate and other three sides fencing is done. There is a shed for vermi composting facility which is not in operation. There was no emergency handling systems such as first aid & firefighting arrangements at site.

Approximate height of waste: 0.6 to 0.75 m

Observations:

• Waste is spread haphazardly all over the site.

• Bio-medical waste is also dumped without processing in this dumpyard

• Smoke is seen in huge at various places indicating burning of waste.

• It was told by the residents that, during dust storm and strong wind, the waste material was observed to be flying in the sky and smoke will interrupt abutting road causing accidents.

Though vermi-composting facility is available at sites but not under operation. The waste is dumped openly on ground (at both dump yards) which does not have any linings. The solid waste is dumped haphazardly (dump yard-II), blocks the entry and exit paths As terrain of dump yard is undulating which may lead to stagnation of leachate at various locations in the dump site Waste dumped in open areas and waste without covering at dumpsite may attract stray animals at dump yard I & II.

Dumping sites & Municipal bins location

4. Lack of Education and behavior change among the people regarding solid waste .

Existing Dump Site – II:

Location and Area: The waste dump yard is located on Yemmiganur road, which is 3 kms away from Municipality and having an area of 10 acres . The site is situated in an open area which is surrounded by Rocky Mountains and hills in two sides, open area and district road on other side.

Landuse surrounding dump site:

East: Rocky Mountains

West: Hills and Mountains

North: Rocky mountains

South: Rice Mill and District & Village connecting road at 170 m

Dump yard in use: The existing dump site has been receiving waste for the past 20 years (Since 1995).

Infrastructure: The site has no cemented compound wall and gate but one side of boundary is fenced. The site has no bore well. There is a shelter for watchman but no man power deputed. There is a shed for vermi composting facility which is not in operation. There was no emergency handling systems such as first aid and firefighting arrangements at site. Approximate height of waste: 1.5 to 2 m

Observations:

 Waste is spread without any lining in such a manner that dumper placers and tractors also cant enter inside the dumpyard

 All the waste is Burnt in open fire and cattle was allowed to maze in that waste. Monkeys are also get feeding with that waste.

Population projections & Quantity estimation :

As the growth is not in the incremental series, geometric method of population projection can be adopted for better results:

DEMAND ASSESMENT FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MSW:

Cost Comparative Analysis for existing and proposal Method:

PROPOSALS

• Population = 166537 Households = 33071

Per capita waste generation = 0.34 kg

• Waste generated per day = 58 tons Average household size = 4

• Average waste generated from each household =4 *0.34 = 4.34 kg

• Average density of MSW = 0.47 gms/ cu.m.

• Average volume of waste generation from each household = 4.34 /0.47 cu.m.= 9.23 lts

• Average volume of a mini auto-tipper=1000 lts

• Quantity of waste collected by a auto tipper = 1000*0.47 = 470 kg

• Number of households that can be covered by each tricycle = 470 / 4.34 = 108 Nos.

Assuming each auto-tipper covers 540 households per day (scheduled five hours of work time 6am to 10 am by making five trips @ 108 houses in each trip to the nearest transfer station; we need about 25 auto tippers of capacity 1000 litres .

1.Segregation and collection

Households:

Segregation at source:

Op tion 1: As per MSW Rules 2016, 3 colour coded bins are to be provided. Each Bin costs 18 /- a 10 litres bin.

Option 2 : Instead of providing Bins , A cost effective method is just to provide three types of stickers and Household are given option to choose their own containers based their quantity

Commercial/ institutional:

• Provision of 3 Colour coded bins promoting Segregation at source Hotel and Vegetable markets: Waste can be directly transferred to Transfer station in their own vehicles.

Estimated Waste Generation (2031) = 69.5 tonnes

Current Waste Generation (2017) = 58 tones

Total Waste Generation in 10 years = ½*(69.5 + 58 )*365*10 = 232687 tonnes

Estimate of Landfill Volume = Vwi = Vt+Vc+Vl-Vo

Volume likely to become available due to settlement/biodegradation of waste and other factors Vo

Estimate of Landfill Volume = Vwi = Vt+Vc+Vl-Vo

Area

Street Sweeping / Horticulture Waste/ Road side trees: Waste can be segregated into degradable and non degradable waste and can be collected to transfer stations

Installing HDPV Bins instead of Dustbins for every 200 mtrs on streets.

2.Transportation

Second stage of Municipal Waste Management is Transportation. We can involve intermediate transfer stations prior transfer to Waste processing site.

• For waste generators of Households /Commercial/ Institutional utilisation of Hand carts with Cattle instead of Man power is viable and Collection can be made during the timings of 5 am to 10 am.

• For Waste generators like hotel, vegetable markets and Slaughter houses , Hotel owners are responsible for transferring waste to Intermediate Transfer stations in their vehicles.

• For waste generated by Drains silting can be directly transferred to Landfill sites.Usage of Compactor trucks for huge volume transport from Intermediate transfer stations to Waste processing sites ensuring the transportation in segregated manner.

• All the vehicles are attatched with GPS device to ensure regular and 100 % coverage of Household door -to-door collection.

• Weighing bridges can be installed at the transfer stations to estimate the quantity of waste generated and transported.

3.Information and Education & Behavior Change:

Even after Installation of facilities, for the efficient management of swm, people should get awarded of SWM services and need for the segregation of waste

This can be achieved by promoting advertisement in schools ,colleges and public-semi public buildings, Advertisement in Televisions etc

Installation of Onsite shredders for plastic bottles, promoting recycling of plastic .

4.Waste processing:

• The recovery of sorted materials, processing of solid waste and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this functional element.

• Sorting of commingled (mixed) wastes usually occurs at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites.

• Sorting often includes the separation of bulky items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, and separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

4.Disposal: Feasible Technology Alternatives for Adoni Municipality:

short-term and long-term approach was considered while deriving the appropriate technology for handling MSW in Adoni Municipality. Considering Short-term approach up to 5 years (2023) and long-term up to 10 years (2030)..

In short-term approach, the following are proposed:

• Mixed waste is collected from the ULB and sent to either transfer station or waste management facility for further segregation or processing.

• Segregation of waste at transfer station or waste management facility is to be done to the extent possible for cost-effectiveness

• After segregation, remaining mixed waste would be placed on concrete pad before sending to further processing such as compost, RDF, etc.

• Recyclables in major proportions are sold to recyclers / sent for recycling.

• Remaining inert waste is proposed to be sent for secured landfilling.

• Preparatory works for setting up waste management facility in long term shall be initiated.

Long-term approach includes the following:

Segregated waste is to be collected from source and sent to the waste management facility. To set up waste management facility for handling, processing, treatment and disposal of waste.

Recycling: Segregation of recyclable materials and recycling of constituents to the extent possible for various applications based on cost-effectiveness. Marketable recyclable waste to be sent for sale and other recyclable waste shall be stored in site for using in RDF plant.

Composting: Biodegradable waste to be sent to compost facility for converting into compost which forms as a valuable resource to support agriculture.

Refused Derived fuel (RDF): Segregated combustible waste can be directly sent to nearby cement/steel plants (or) ULB can set up RDF plant for making pellets and then sent to cement / steel plants.Market & slaughter house waste from the ULB to be directly sent to biomethanation. plant for processing.

Utilizing debris & inerts for possible use as building material and filling low lying areas.

Landfill: All the inert waste and rejects from various technological options are sent to secured landfill for disposal, which are designed to accommodate waste for future 25 years till 2031.

RDF PLANT

JUNCTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN

INTRODUCTION

“Traffic management is a process of adjusting or adapting the existing road network to improve traffic operation without major changes”.

AIM:

To study the existing situation of the Panjagutta Junction and address the issues after the analysis of data by providing junction improvement plan

OBJECTIVES:

* To get exposed to typical problems/ projects existing in the junction and its vicinity.

* Traffic surveys related transportation aspects are studied: traffic volume survey, existing circulation pattern, pedestrian and parking surveys, road geometrics, land use, level of service, road components, rotaries and signalized intersections.

* To prepare junction improvement plan for Panjagutta junction after thorough analysis of data.

* To provide alternate circulation plan for the junction.

Types of surveys done are:

• Traffic volume count,

• Origin Destination survey,

• Parking analysis,

• Pedestrian survey, and

• Speed and delay survey.

LITERATURE STUDY

METHODOLOGY

RADIUS AT ENTRY:

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

•The radius at entry is determined by the design speed, super elevation and coefficient of friction.

•The radius should result in the drivers lowering their speeds to the design speed of the rotary.

•A range of 15 – 25 m is suitable for the urban areas.

WIDTH OF CARRIAGE WAY AT ENTRY AND EXIT

RADIUS AT EXIT:

•The exit radius should be higher then the entry radius to enable the vehicles to gain speed while leaving the intersection.

•A range of 20- 35 m may be adopted in the design.

•A lower radius may be adopted if the design speed at the exit demands to be low because of higher pedestrian flows and site conditions

•

Proposals and recommendations

Final Report

• An intersection is defined as the general area where two or more highways join or cross, within which are included the roadway and roadside facilities for traffic movements in that area. Intersection design influences the capacity of the corridor and the safe movement of conflicting directions. The general design principles of intersection design are the approach speeds, restriction on available land, sight distance available and the presence of the larger volume of all the road users in urban areas.

CAPACITY OF INTERSECTIONS:

• A road network is generally classified into various categories according to the function the road performs

• The type and forms of intersection should aim at providing the required capacity at level of service commensurate with the type of highway it connects.

DESIGN SPEED:

The design speed at an intersection governs the various elements such as entry – exit radii and inscribed diameter. The design speed at the intersections may vary from 30-25 kmph

CAPACITY DETERMINATION:

FACTORS AFFECTING CAPACITY:

• The capacity of a road or a intersection is the value of traffic flow expressed in PCUs per hour, achieved under certain defined flow conditions

• The whole intersection can than be defined as the flows traversing the intersection when one approach becomes critical

SAFETY:

The main objective of the intersection design is to reduce the number and severity of potential conflicts between cars, buses, trucks, bicycles and the pedestrians.

• Intersection capacity should be equal to the capacity of the approach roads

• The design capacity of two lane one way road may be taken to vary from 1400 to 2400 PCU’S per hour In estimating the approach road capacity thought should also be given to road classification example an arterial road is expected to have higher capacity than sub-arterial or collector road

• The carriageway width of the intersection legs is governed by the design year traffic entering and leaving he intersection.

• The width at entry and exit depends upon the carriageway width of the approach road

• The carriageway width of the approach road depends on the number of lanes to be accommodated in each direction which depends on the traffic entering and leaving the intersection.

• The width of the exit should be always greater than or equal to the width at entry to facilitate free movement of entering traffic towards the intersection.

7 m( 2 lanes) 7m

10.5 m( 3 lanes) 7.5m

4 m (4 lanes) 10m

• The entry radius range in the suggested width is from 15 – 25 m. Carriageway width (m) carriageway at entry and exit (m)

21 m (6 lanes) 15m

Types of Intersection:

Intersections occur in multiplicity of shapes , These are divided into seven types they are:

1. T Shaped

2.Y Shaped 3.Scissors

4. Cross

5. Staggered

6. Staggered and skewed 7.Multiway.

STUDY AREA PANJAGUTTA JUNCTION :

ABOUT of PANJAGUTTA:

 Panjagutta (CIRCLE – 10, WARD No. 94) is a commercial and residential area in western Hyderabad, India. The area contains IT hubs, shopping malls and jewellery shops. It has become a major transit point for traffic to and from the Hyderabad districts of Ameerpet, Banjara hills,Somajigudaand Khairtabad

 Located in the centre of Hyderabad. Establishments in this area are residential houses, apartments, commercial spaces such as shopping malls, institutional, public buildings & slums

 Major transit point for traffic to & from various places- Ameerpet, Banjara Hills, Somajiguda & Khairtabad

TRANSPORT SYSTEM :

 It is a four armed signalized intersection. The traffic is high throughout the day . Twin flyovers across the road junction are helping ease the previously heavy traffic flow.

 Only Straight traffic and free left is allowed in this junction with no right turns.

 The closest MMTS Train station is at Khairtabad. New metro project is being carried out in this area.

TRAFFIC FORECAST ANALYSIS

PLANNING WORKSHOP : TRAFFIC STUDIES

FREQUENCY OF TRIPS

PANJAGUTTA LANDUSE MAP

37 % are travelling a distance of 16-25 km indicates traffic demand of heavy zonal interchange. Most of the trips are based on work and education purpose in Ameerpet & Kukatpally areas

There are 16 % of the trips are generated with in the zone of bowenpally.17% of trips are distributed between Internal-external zones 44 % of trips from one external to another external zone.

Number of PCUs towards Ameerpet between 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm is the highest while the least is left turn towards Begumpet between 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm.

Number of PCUs towards GVK between 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm is the highest while the least is left turn towards Begumpet between 8:00 am to 9:00 am.

Straight & left turning traffic towards Ameerpet is the highest while straight towards Begumpet is the least

Number of PCUs towards Ameerpet between 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm is the highest while the least is left turn towards Begumpet between 8:00 am to 9:00 am

Number of PCUs towards Ameerpet between 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm is the highest while the least is left turn towards Begumpet between 8:00 am to 9:00 am

Straight traffic towards Khairtabad is the highest while towards Begumpet is the least Left turning traffic towards Ameerpet is the highest while towards Begumpet is least.

• On Sunday, highest number of PCUs is in the direction towards Ameerpet while least is towards GVK

• The highest number of PCUs is observed on Saturday towards Khairtabad at 4879 PCUs per hour whereas lowest number of PCUs is towards Begumpet.

• On Monday, highest number of PCUs is in the direction towards Ameerpet and the least is towards Begumpet.

• The lowest number of PCUs per hour is seen on Thursday towards Begumpet at 1481 PCUs per hour while the highest number of PCUs is observed towards Ameerpet

Straight traffic towards Khairatabad is the highest, towards Begumpet is the least. Left turning traffic is highest towards Ameerpet & least towards Begumpet.

Straight & left turning traffic towards Ameerpet is the highest while straight towards Begumpet is the least.

Maximum number of vehicles are 2-wheelers followed by cars while the least is the number of hand carts.

Maximum number of vehicles are 2-wheelers followed by cars while the least is the number of cycles.

Maximum number of vehicles are 2-wheelers followed by cars while the least is the number of hand carts

• The percentage of 2-wheelers is the highest 54% followed by cars/vans at 29%, then Autos at 12%. 3% of the vehicles are composed of City buses and 2% of LCV

• The percentage of other vehicles such as hand cart, animal cart and cycles are almost zero

Maximum number of vehicles are 2-wheelers followed by cars while the least is the number of hand carts

Pedestrian flow data provides key evidence about the potentials and problems of a site. Major planning decisions, such as the location of commercial land uses or transport facilities, are strongly dependent on understanding and utilising the resource of foot traffic.

PEDESTRIAN DATA AT PANJAGUTTA JUNCTION

FROM GVK TOWARDS GVK FROM KHAIRATABAD TOWARDS KHAIRATABAD FROM BEGUMPET TOWARDS BEGUMPET FROM AMEERPET TOWARDS AMEERPET

Pedestrian flow is more during the peak hours because it is a major connecting junction city’s main national highways and also because of presence of commercial and institutional centre. The pedestrian flow towards and from Ameerpet is high compared to other roads

REAL TIME SCENARIO

As we can see from analysis that PCUs flow towards Khairtabad and Ameerpet is high in number Alternative routes can be proposed for diverting the direction of flow during peak hours.

The alternative routes given bound the junction in four directions which can be used to escape the left turning at the junction.

The alternative routes are just 150-250 m apart from the main arterial roads, thus can be quickly accessed by the vehicles in order to save time from traffic.

Capacity for urban two lanes road is 5000 PCUs per hour in average daily traffic. But the volume flowing in the junction is more than the capacity, therefore alternative routes are proposed so as to minimize congestion and ensure free flow.

ALTERNATIVE ROUTES

Therefore the roads identified are of 9 meters which can hold good amount of traffic during peak hours. It shall have the following characteristics and road elements.

• The right of way should be of 9 meters ( two lane road).

• Width of each lane should be 3 meters each (i.e drive is of 6 meters)

• As these routes pass by residential areas, pedestrian paths of 1.5 meters each on both sides.

ROAD INVENTORY SURVEY

Towards AMEERPET

Towards KHAIRATABAD

«« Existing Road Cross Sections »»

Towards somajiguda

Towards GVK

*dimension units are in meters

PROPOSALS

Obstruction Free Walking Zone shall be 1.8m X 2.4m – both horizontally & vertically. No utility ducts or any kind of obstruction should be placed within the “Walking Zone” in future

Maximum height of a pavement (kerb, walking surface, paving) shall not exceed 150 MM (6”)

Foot path and bus stop surfaces should be mattfinish/ anti-skid.

Since the pedestrian flow is determined by land use, the following sidewalk widths can be applied:

Residential Areas: 2.00 M

Commercial/Mixed Use Areas:2.50 M

Commercial Nodes: 4.00 M

Near the junction we have places where there are spots where buses are stopped but no proper bus shelter is provided. There construction of bus shelters is necessary so as to ensure the safety of the people waiting for bus.

The Zebra crossing should be no less than 3m (~10 ft.) wide. Zebra crossings wider than 3m (~10 ft.) should be considered in locations with high pedestrian demand

A stop line shall be marked in advance of the Zebra crossing (1 to 1.5 m in advance) to prevent stopped vehicles from encroaching the Zebra crossing.

Usage of signage and imposing fines.Signage can be used to prohibit on street parking near the junction. All the commercial buildings present on the junction row just should be provided with parking facilities.

Strict fines should be imposed and actions should be taken against the owners of the vehicles who park illegally.

Facilities to be provided for street vending : pavement to be made with two textures (colour) differentiating hawkers zone so that they don’t enter pedestrian path with IRC width standards . Removing hawking activity completely for free walking where footpath discontinued. Providing Railings along the kerb. Example Existing bus stop

EXISTING JUNCTION

Kerb radii should be as follows: 1.5m or less for roads less than 30m width. 3.0m for most intersections & provision of Traffic islands to this signalized junction with each lane of 3.0 metres

PROPOSED JUNCTION

GVK

Khairatabad

Somajiguda

Ameerpet

Atelier International d'Architecture Construite (AIAC) Competetion 2017

M A L E C O N

Physically, El Malecon has no obvious elements of interest, but culturally, El Malecon is a microcosm of Havana’s life, earning the nick name of The City’s Window.’ Today, Habeneros, the name for locals, and tourist embrace El Malecon twenty-four hours a day

It is filled with tourists taking photos of dilapidated buildings, Habeneros on romantic strolls, elderly gentleman playing dominos, on the sea wall and people discussing latest baseball scores.

This neighbourhood’s failing infrastructure lacks usable and maintained public spaces to enhance the quality of life for its residence.

UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT

The proposal aims to define the role of Malecon stretch in the wider context of THE CITY OF HAVANA.

Based on an understanding of the existing land uses and activities, that zones around the stretch can be described as historical, commercial, administrative, and social In this context the proposal exhibits Malecon stretch as a cultural space

Rather than introducing alien activities for built structures to an already vibrant stretch, the proposal aims to organically

THE PROPOSALS

INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE:

 Golconda Fort is located in the western part of Hyderabad city and is about 9 km from the Hussain Sagar Lake.

 It was originally known as Mankal, and built on a hilltop in the year 1143.

 The outer fort occupies an area of 03 square kilometres, which is 4 8 kilometres in length.

 It was originally a mud fort under the reign of Rajah of Warangal Later it was fortified between 14th and 17th centuries by the Bahmani Sultans and then the ruling Qutub Shahi dynasty

 Golconda was the principal capital of the Qutub Shahi kings.

HISTORICAL MAP OF GOLCONDA FORT CIRCA 924 1099 AH / 1518 1687 AD

SELECTED STRETCH / STUDY AREA:

FATEH DARWAJA TO HABASHI KAMAN

During the reign of Qutub Shahi dynasty, Golconda was the capital. This was the period during which Sultan Zam Sheed, Ibrahim Qutub Shahi and IVth Sultan, Mohammed Quli, who was also the founder of Hyderabad, ascended the throne. At that time, during the reign of the Sultans, the capital came to be known as Mohammed Nagar . Being the capital city, all the major religious, military, administrative offices and important buildings were built In this stretch

FATEH DARWAJA {ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE}:

• Fateh Darwaza is of historical prominence, as Aurangzeb’s triumphant army marched through this gate after capturing the fort – hence the name

• Fateh Darwaja, the main entrance of the fort and the city is entered through a sinuous/zigzag barbican. Its has two large wings projecting from the walls with crenellated parapets and box machicolations on top which defend entire entrance passage

FATEH DARWAJA PLAN

SIGNIFICANCE OF SELECTED STRETCH:

Out of 8 Darwajas( gates) only 3 are in use now In these , Fateh Darwaja (victory gate ) is very significant since the period of Qutub shahis, this route called raj path of Golconda, having chota and Bada bazar (daimond market) in this stretch with Ashur khana (Amour & weapon storage building), khazana Ghar and African Gaurdlines.

During the period of 1951-52 the fort was passed under the control of ASI

• While at the ground level the passage is defended by the guards posted in the recesses provided for them. There area large holes in the merlons of the parapet The gateway is 26’feet in height and 12’feet in width with massive doors of teak wood.

• Their area plated with iron and covered with iron studs and pointed spikes all over the surface.it gives grim effect to their facing and injure the heads of battering elephants

FATEH DARWAJA PICTURES:

LANGAR TALAB

• Adequate supply of water, life’s vital necessity, was most essential for Golconda. Provisions for this was not neglected since medieval time

EXISTING STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS:

• A great ramification of network of water pipes and aqueducts in and around Golkonda shows keenly alive the Qutub Shahi's were due Provision of this needs.

• Marco polo wo had visited Golconda was impressed by this efficient water supply system that lavishly Channelized water through terracotta pipe line to all parts of the palaces complex and other buildings, keeping reservoirs full and fountains played at all levels, even on the top of the hill

TOURIST FLOW:

 Based on Arithmetic projection following figures have been evolved

ISSUES & PROPOSALS:

 Encroachments and very poor maintenance by archeological survey of india (ASI).

 New buildings were built attached to the entrance gate of old structure.

 No vigilance and safeguarding measures leading to misuse by public.

 Threat to heritage environment with colors and constructions.

 As per Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR 2010), provision of:

PROTECTED AREA – WALLED FORT

PROHIBITED AREA – 100 METRES

REGULATED AREA – 200 METRES

 Restoration works can be carried out for conservation of the building.

 Granite cobblestones can be used for constructing pedestrian paths.

• For the purpose of Agriculture(wheat was their major crop during that time hence got Makki talab ) and Drinking water to the residents of Golconda Fort , the first ruler Sultan Quli Qutb ul Mulk built Makki talab (langer Houz tank) 1 km away & Durgam Tank (83 acres) 3km away in 1518, and from lake to the fort this water is transported with an extensive network of acqaducts, channels and pipes were built, these channels were partially subterranean(under ground). To lift water form wells to the BalaHisar / Citadel at height of 400 ft. above, the Iranian Hydrological

 Kisoks can be provided for the convenience of hawkers.

 Art on dustbins can strongly convey the environmental philosophy of the area proposed for every 50mtrs

PROPOSED ONE WAY ROAD CROSS SECTION:

GOLKONDA VIEW FROM LANGAR TALAB IN 1950’S

REVITILISATION & CONSERVATION OF RIVERS : RALLY FOR RIVERS

GODAVARI RIVER

 The Godavari is the largest river system of the Peninsular India and is revered as Dakshina Ganga

 The basin is bounded by Satmala hills, the Ajanta range and the Mahadeo hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and the east and by the Western Ghats on the west

 The Godavari River rises from Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra about 80 km from the Arabian Sea

 The Manjra and Indravati rivers are its major tributaries.

 Trimbakeshwar and Nasik are major pilgrimage sites where one of the four Sinhastha Kumbh Mela takes place.

TRIBUTARIES OF GODAVARI:

 The Manjira (724 km) is the only important right bank tributary joins Godavari after passing through Nizam Sagar.

 Indravati River: Indravati River rises in the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi Orissa, and flows west to join the Godavari The river flows for a length of 535 km with a drainage area of 41,665 sq km The Indravati is sometimes known as the “lifeline” of the Bastar District , one of the most green districts in India.

 Pranahita River flows on the border of Gadchiroli district in Maharashtra and Adilabad district in Telangana. It forms with the confluence of two rivers called Wardha and Wainganga The River course is mainly through the dense forests which are rich in Sagwan (timber)

 Below Rajahmundry, the river divides itself into two main streams, the Gautami Godavari on the east and the Vashishta Godavari on the west and forms a large delta before it pours into the Bay of Bengal

LAND USE LAND COVER:

MAJOR PROJECTS ON GODAVARI IN TELANGANA STATE:

LENGTH

LENGTH

MINERAL RESOURCES IN GODAVARI BASIN

 The upper reaches of the Godavari drainage basin are occupied by the Deccan Traps containing minerals like magnetite, epidote, biotite, zircon, chlorite etc (metallic minerals).

 The middle part of the basin is principally composed of phyllites, quartzites, amphiboles and granites (rocks).

 The downstream part of the middle basin is occupied mainly by sediments and rocks of the Gondwana group

GODAVARI RIVER IN TELANGANA STATE

 Godavari river flows east emptying into Bay of Bengal draining Telangana for almost 18.8% through its extensive network of tributaries

 Godavari enters into Telangana in Nizamabad district at Kandakurthy where Manjira, Haridra rivers joins Godavari and forms Triveni Sangamam.

 The river flows along the border between Nirmal and Mancherial districts in the north and Nizamabad, Jagityal, Peddapalli Ramagundam districts to its south. About 12 km (7 5 mi) after entering Telangana it merges with the back waters of the Sriram Sagar Dam

 The river after emerging through the dam gates, enjoys a wide river bed, often splitting to encase sandy islands. The river receives a minor but significant tributary Kadam river.

 It then emerges at its eastern side to act as state border with Chattisgarh only to later enter into Bhadradri Kothagudem district In this district the river flows through an important Hindu pilgrimage town – Bhadrachalam.

 The river further swells after receiving a minor tributary Kinnerasani River and exits into Andhra Pradesh

INDUSTRY IN GODAVARI BASIN

 The upper reaches of the Godavari drainage basin are occupied by the Deccan Traps containing minerals like magnetite, epidote, biotite, zircon, chlorite etc (metallic minerals).

 The middle part of the basin is principally composed of phyllites, quartzites, amphiboles and granites (rocks).

 The downstream part of the middle basin is occupied mainly by sediments and rocks of the Gondwana group

ISSUES:

 River Godavari is under the serious threat as a result of the growing Urbanization and industrialization. The river has been dying at an alarming rate due to the pollution created by the factories

 The main reason behind the pollution of Godavari river is the tiny Nakavaggu rivulet, which joins the Manjira, tributary of the Godavari. Nakavaggu rivulet supports no life at all. Rivulet is surrounded by the highly productive agricultural land, which is polluted by the large number of industries lying near the twin cities of Secunderabad and Hyderabad

 However the 72 industries in the Patancheru Industrial area dumping the chemicals and waste into the water are most responsible for the pollution of the river. It has also given rise to some of the major diseases such as lung cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer

PROPOSALS :

 De -siltation of Dams:

VEGETATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS

Deep Root Plants and Trees:Plants and trees with deep roots have the ability to store water and not only survive periods of drought, but also provide water to plants that are grown around them .The following species are suitable for planting along creeks and rivers, as they help consolidate the creek/river banks against erosion.

TREES SUITABLE FOR CREEK BEDS & STEEP RIVER BANKS

• Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii 'narrow-leaved form’).

• Weeping Bottlebrush (Callistemon viminalis)

• River Oak (Casuarinacunninghamiana)

TREES SUITABLE TO PLANT AT THE TOP OF RIVER BANKS

• Ash species (Alphitonia species)

• Black Bean (Castanospermumaustral)

• Rose Gum (Eucalyptus grandis)

• Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina)

ACTION PLANS

 De-siltation of other dams need to be carried out as silted dams reduce water flow.

 Control of ritual :

 inputs by devotees is also essential to check the pollution at the banks of temples. The following measures should be considered:

 Appointment of special vigilance squad for control of misuse of river at the banks for washing of clothes, vehicles, and open defecation is recommended.

 Awareness should be created through an audio visual show for violators with the help of NGOs and citizen groups.

 Artificial ponds should be constructed at the banks of Piligrim centres for “Dashkriyavidhi” so that entry of putriciable organic matter into the main stream can be restricted. The water in the artificial pond should be replaced and separate treatment should be provided to this polluted water.

 Collection of Domestic Wastewater :

 100% collection of wastewater from the Municipal area should be achieved in order to avoid any wastewater directly entering into the river. Wherever collection process is not feasible in short time, in situ nalla treatment should be adopted.

 Reuse and recycle of treated wastewater for construction, gardening etc.

 Maintenance and Up-Gradation of STPs:

 Regular maintenance and up gradation of STPs should be carried out for effective treatment of wastewater. The working status of each STP performance unit should be strictly checked in order to comply the standards.

 Industrial Wastewater MANAGEMENT:

 Presently, PATANCHERU INDUSTRIAL area does not have any common effluent treatment facility to treat their effluent. Common effluent treatment facility should be provided on top priority.