Green Energy, Visible Changes: Paldiski's Landscape and Wind Turbines

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LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED WIND TURBINE IN PALDISKI, ESTONIA Abdallah Omara, Kaarel Tigane, and Ratib Bakri, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Chair of Landscape Architecture PK.0407. Landscape and visual impact assessment

Spring semester, May 2023

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INTRODUCTION

The report provides an evaluation of the potential impact of wind turbine installations on the landscape and visual quality of the project area in Harjumaa, specifically in Paldiski, which is situated on Estonia's northwestern coast. The proposed project aims to install 26 wind turbines across various sites in the area, each reaching 80 meters in height (excluding blade length), with accompanying infrastructure such as a power house and access routes.

The objective of this assessment is to determine the potential impact of the wind turbine installation on the surrounding landscape's quality and character, as well as the view's visual quality for the people residing in or passing through the area. The evaluation of effects aims to identify the probable impacts of the development, quantify their extent, evaluate their nature and significance, and recommend measures to avoid, reduce, and offset these impacts. The assessment aims to facilitate informed decision-making by providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential effects of the proposed project, including both positive and negative impacts, and suggesting possible measures to mitigate them.

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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METHODOLOGY

The initial stage of the methodology involved the use of digital resources, specifically Google Maps and Google Street View, to identify and select potential viewpoints. Following this, field surveys were conducted via bus and car, and data was collected through site descriptions and photography. The information gathered from the field surveys was subsequently evaluated during the second group meeting, during which more potential viewpoints were identified with the assistance of Google Maps and MaaAmet. The team completed the layers for landscape character assessment. This methodology workflow demonstrates a systematic approach to the Landscape Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) process: 1. Scoping and Baseline Data Collection: A. Define the study area and scope of the assessment B. Conduct a site visit and take photographs C. Gather existing data on the landscape, including topography, vegetation, cultural heritage, and socio-economic information 2. Landscape Character and Sensitivity Assessment: A. Conduct a landscape character assessment to identify the visual qualities and values of the landscape B. Evaluate the sensitivity, magnitude and significance of the landscape to change and identify key viewpoints and receptors C. Identify the visual receptors and their significance 3. Impact Identification and Assessment: A. Identify the potential visual impacts of the proposed development or change B. Assess the significance of the visual impacts on the landscape and its receptors 4. Report Preparation and Review.

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER ASSESSMENT

Baseline maps Descriptions:

Landscape Charecters area:

• Geology and Landform: the geology an landform of the area is mostly flat arable land with river valley. The soil type is Stagnic Luvisols which is suitable for forestry and agricultural activity.

1. The Coastal sea of Pakri Islands 2. The protected unihabitated Pakri Islands 3. Semi-arable protected coastal grassland with low density scattered houses 4. Flate Industrialized Paldiski City integrated with medium-density residential districts 5. The Coastal sea of Pakri Islands 6. Open grasslands with a mosaic forest 7. Sparsely inhabited landscape with Klooga and the river 8. Coastal leisure area of Laulasmaa and Kloogaranna 9. The core of Laulasmaa village with detached houses and services

• Hydrology: River Emajogi forms the major hydrological system in the region along with its various feeder streams and channels. Emajogi flood regime around Aardla area forms a sensitive ecosystem and unique character.

• Settlement and Land use: The settlement pattern sound the study area falls within the eastern urban fringe of Tartu.

Settlement structures are denser closer to Tartu and become less dense as they go far from Tartu. The settlement types include, single farm houses with vegetation buffer around, cluster of houses, summer houses cluster, small villages, panel houses, town centres, schools and other community buildings, shopping malls, industrial structures and manor house.

• Ortho-photo: The land cover around the Luunja Wind turbine development site is very fragmented. The texture of the landscape is course and forest patches are cut in an angular manner. The forest patches are disintegrated on to the north rather than south.

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

1.The Coastal sea of Pakri Islands The big water body of the baltic sea dominate these landscapes. The edge of the shore varied to more hilly on the Paldiski shore and smooth on the islands and the remaining shore, but the environment that surrounds Pakri are Limited-conservation areas . where they are areas designated for the conservation of habitats, for the preservation of which the impact of planned activities is estimated and activities liable to damage the favorable conservation status of the habitats are prohibited. Forests dominated the off-shore edge, however, on the seas edge, the existence of wet lands arose. Inside the sea, there are two moderate-sized islands covered with deciduous forests.

Sensitivity Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high

medium

low

negligible

-

✔ -

✔

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

✔ -

High

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Large

Severe

3 1 0 3 3 3 2,17

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

2.The protected unihabitated Pakri Islands The Pakri Islands are bordered by the seascape of the baltic. Here, the costal edge shifts from being hilly to just being flat.

Individual protected natural object slightly appeared in an inanimate natural object such as a rock, tree, cave or karstic form or system which is protected on the basis of this Act. Most of view the open to the sea side while the inner views varied depend on the patches that surround you. The scattered boulders and wide-open landscape are set against the background of the forest patches. However, the forests and its surrounded scapes are intact and vary in age from young to old, their form and character fall under "natural" forest. The forests are quite varied, with some dominated by conifers and others by deciduous trees. Forest slightly covers the sea shore edge.

Sensitivity Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔

medium ✔

low ✔

✔ ✔ ✔

Medium

negligible

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Large

Major

3 2 1 3 1 2 2,00

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

3.Semi-arable protected coastal grassland with low density scattered houses In this landscape the open landscapes of agricultural land and grasslands are dominating, yet there are forest patches scattered around and settlements dispersed. The agricultural patches are rather big, complemented with open grasslands which are covered in drainage ditches. The fields are enclosed by mixed forests. There is an intersection of two main highways. The roads do not meet the sea but has an open access there. The sea has a moderate risk to flood on the western part of the shore. Harju-Madise kirikumõis is quite big but enriches the landscape wiith other historical buildings. Objects with historical value such as a manor house are found in Kurkse.

Sensitivity Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔

medium ✔ ✔

low

negligible -

✔

-

✔

✔

Medium

-

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Medium

Major/Moderate

2 2 1 2 1 2 1,67

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

4. Flate Industrialized Paldiski City integrated with medium-density residential districts The sea-overlooking area is dominated by an existing harbor with large footprints of industrial land use specifically on the coastline. In the background, patches of residential areas are placed in the surroundings integrated with small patterns of highly managed forests. The landform is a low differentiated with a kind of flat land.

The landscape provided open views due to the large patches of grassland around the industrial area, moreover, the enclosed scenery because of large trees attached to the inhabited zones. The area is characterized by a high density of road networks besides, there are many interesting cultural objects.

Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high

Sensitivity medium

low ✔

✔

✔

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Small

Moderate/Mino r

1 0 3

✔ ✔ ✔

negligible

Rate

Medium

3 1 3 1,83

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

5.Tourist areas with the Pakri house and intact protected forest The big water body of the baltic sea dominate these landscapes. The edge of the shore varied to more hilly on the Paldiski shore and smooth on the islands and the remaining shore, but the environment that surrounds Pakri are Limited-conservation areas . where they are areas designated for the conservation of habitats, for the preservation of which the impact of planned activities is estimated and activities liable to damage the favorable conservation status of the habitats are prohibited. Forests dominated the off-shore edge, however, on the seas edge, the existence of wet lands arose. Inside the sea, there are two moderate-sized islands covered with deciduous forests.

Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔ ✔ ✔

Sensitivity medium -

low -

negligible -

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

High

TRUE

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Large

Severe

3 3 3 3 3 1 2,67

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

6.Open grasslands with a mosaic forest The landscape is mainly characterized by flat grasslands with the presence of tree patches. Along the seashore, the Natura 2000 protected area is laid with many local cultural heritage objects which are protected by the locals. The area is uninhabited but experiences many commuters because of the existence of attractive land uses around.

In addition to this, the land cover is highly managed with large grassland patches and high-density road networks.

Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔ -

Sensitivity medium -

low ✔ -

negligible ✔

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

Medium

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Large

Major

1 1 1 2 3 3 1,83

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

7.Sparsely inhabited landscape with Klooga military training field and the Vasalemma river This is an extensive area, that has no border with the sea. It is affected by human activity.

The area is largely covered by managed forest with ditch systems. There is also a 990 hectar military training field that has a couple of massive shooting ranges but the training field itself is mostly a peatland. The area has a few tiny settlement areas. Most of the people live by the railroad. The largest lake in the area is Klooga lake with the area of 132 hectares. Through the area flows Vasalemma river, which is a habitat for various species.

Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔ -

Sensitivity medium -

low ✔ -

negligible ✔

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

Low

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Negligible

Minor/Negligibl e

1 1 0 0 3 2 1,17

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

8.Coastal leisure area of Laulasmaa and Kloogaranna This is a forested area, where the dominant tree species is pine. It is located by the sea and the coastline is sandy. It has numerous recreattional sights such as Kloogaranna, Laulasmaa and Lohusalu beach, Kõltsu manor, Arvo Pärt centre, Laulasmaa Spa. There are also sparsely located holiday houses and detached houses in the area.

Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔ -

Sensitivity medium -

low ✔ -

negligible ✔

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

High

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Medium

Major

3 2 2 3 2 2 2,33

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LANDSCAPE CHARECTER AREAS

9.The core of Laulasmaa village with detached houses and services The location under consideration is a settlement area, inhabited by the majority of Laulasmaa village's 750 residents. This area is primarily characterized by two-storey detached houses, each accompanied by a garden. In addition to the residential properties, there are also a few small patches of mixed forest, a supermarket, school, a few bars and cafes, and a number of holiday homes. The terrain in this area is predominantly flat

Criteria Landscape designations Landscape quality Cultural heritage interests Landscape characteristics Proportion of resource in ZTV Distance from the site AVERAGE

Landscape and visual impact assessment

high ✔ -

Sensitivity medium -

low ✔ -

negligible ✔

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

✔

-

-

-

Negligible

Rate

Magnitude

Significance of Impact

Negligible

None

0 1 0 1 1 2 0,83

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CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES Historical Port of Paldiski The context of Pakri tuletorn Kõltsu manor park

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

1.The historical Port of Paldiski The historical Port area is located 2.5 kilometer west of the proposed windmills.

The area contains the ruins of an old fortification that consists of five bastions with 12 ha. The fortification has varieties of the landscape such as open meadows, trees, and shrubs. In addition, the other part of the port area encompasses two historical churches; Georgi õigeusu was built in 1784 and Nikolai was built in 1841, moreover two historical harbor barns were built around 1718.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

2.The context of Pakri tuletorn Pakri tuletorn, also known as the Pakri Lighthouse, is a historic lighthouse located on the Pakri peninsula in Estonia. The lighthouse was built in 1889 during the Russian Empire's rule over Estonia, and served as a crucial navigational aid for ships in the Gulf of Finland. Today, the lighthouse is no longer in use, but has been preserved as a cultural monument and tourist attraction. The surrounding Pakri peninsula is also home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, as well as several abandoned Soviet-era military installations. The context of Pakri tuletorn therefore encompasses both the lighthouse's rich history as a navigational aid and cultural landmark, as well as the unique natural and historical features of the surrounding area.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

3.Kõltsu manor park Kõltsu manor is located 2 kilometres South from Laulasmaa. It was built in 1806 and is an example of Swiss wooden architecture.

The manor is surrounded by a grand garden.

In 2007 the manor was renovated and nowadays meetings, concerts conferences, and seminars are held there.

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VALUABLE OR PROTECTED LANDSCAPES Pakri hoiuala Laulasmaa landscape protection area Pakri maastikukaitseala

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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VALUABLE OR PROTECTED LANDSCAPES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

1.Pakri maastikukaitseala The Pakri Islands have a unique natural environment that is home to a variety of plant and animal species. The islands' rugged and rocky coastlines provide a habitat for numerous seabird species, including guillemots, razorbills, and cormorants. The surrounding waters are also home to a variety of marine life, including seals and porpoises. Inland, the islands' meadows and forests support a diverse range of plant species, including wildflowers, mosses, and lichens. The islands' diverse ecosystems make them an important location for biodiversity conservation and have led to the establishment of the Pakri Landscape Reserve to protect the area's natural beauty.

Overall, the Pakri Islands' natural environment is a crucial component of its significance as a destination for nature enthusiasts and conservationists.

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VALUABLE OR PROTECTED LANDSCAPES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

2.Laulasmaa area

landscape

protection

Laulasmaa landscape protection area is a 130.5 hectare area located by the sea in the Eastern part of the ZTV. The area is protected because of its sandy beach, forested dunes and the limestone outcrops.

It is also a habitat for narrow-mouthef whorl snail, which is under protection.

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VALUABLE OR PROTECTED LANDSCAPES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

3.Pakri hoiuala Pakri Hoiuala, a protected area on the Pakri Islands in Estonia, extends its conservation efforts to the surrounding sea. It safeguards diverse marine habitats and species, preserving critical breeding grounds, migration routes, and feeding areas. The protected sea area promotes sustainable management and responsible recreational activities while supporting research and environmental awareness. Pakri Hoiuala ensures the long-term sustainability of coastal and marine biodiversity in the region.

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CONCLUSION

Landscape resource

Sensitivity

Magnitude of Impact

Significance of Impact

LCA types The Coastal sea of Pakri Islands

High

Large

Severe

The protected unihabitated Pakri Islands

Medium

Large

Major

Medium

Medium

Major/Moderate

Medium

Small

Moderate/Minor

The Coastal sea of Pakri Islands

High

Large

Severe

Open grasslands with a mosaic forest

Medium

Large

Major

Low

Negligible

Minor/Negligible

High

Medium

Major

Negligible

Negligible

None

Semi-arable protected coastal grassland with low density scattered houses Flate Industrialized Paldiski City integrated with medium-density residential districts

Sparsely inhabited landscape with Klooga and the river Coastal leisure area of Laulasmaa and Kloogaranna The core of Laulasmaa village with detached houses and services

Cultural Heritage landscapes THe historical Port of Paldiski

High

Negligible

moderate/minor

The context of Pakri tuletorn

High

Large

Severe

Kõltsu mõisa park

High

Small

Moderate

Valuable or protected landscapes

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Pakri maastikukaitseala

High

Large

Severe

Laulasmaa landscape protection area

High

Medium

Major

Pakri hoiuala

High

Large

Severe

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ZONE OF THEORETICAL VISIBILITY (ZTV)

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1. VP-Türisalu pank

Location Türisalu pank Distance/Direction from the proposed 13.4 Km North east Development Landscape The Coastal sea of Türisalu pank Charecter Type Visual Receptors Tourists, Commuters, Locals As you gaze out towards the west from Lohusalu, the rugged terrain of Paldiski dominates the horizon, stretching out along the Baltic Sea. To the left of your view, the flat coastline of Türisalu obstructs your view of the distant western horizon. However, the beauty of the coastline's trees and the open fields of farmland are still visible, forming a patchwork of colors against the backdrop of the sea.

Existing View

Predicted View

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Beyond the coastline lies the upland of the peninsula's interior, creating a stunning mosaic of rolling hills and lush greenery. The landscape is a blend of both natural and cultivated beauty, with patches of forest, fields of crops, and grazing pastures dotting the landscape.

From the vantage point, one would spot the proposed turbines situated above the upland plateau of the peninsula interior towards the right side of the view. Although approximately fifteen of the planned turbines would be visible along the skyline, the view would be partly obstructed by intervening landforms. The turbines would undoubtedly be a significant addition to the view, yet they would appear quite far away and occupy only a small area in the broad coastal panorama. Additionally, none of the other elements of the proposed development would be easily distinguishable from this viewpoint.

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

High

High

Severe

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VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2. VP-Laulasmaa beach

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Location Laulasmaa beach Distance/Direction from the proposed 8.5 from the West Development Landscape Coastal leisure area of Laulasmaa and Kloogaranna Charecter Type Visual Receptors Tourists, locals Looking out from Open View, one can see the beach of Laulasmaa and the coast-and-skyline of Paldiski's peninsula, which acts as a partial screen to the views beyond. The coastal path of Paldiski beach is visible along the Baltic Sea's edge, while the peninsula's flat surface dominates most of the upper right view.

Existing View Observing from the beach, the coastal line of Paldiski would be the primary focus, as the greeny-yellowish color mixture effectively highlights it. The view is dotted with short trees and an open field visible in the distance, stretching along the edge of the region.

The planned turbines are situated just north (to the left) of Laulasmaa beach, within an open field, creating a visual extension of Paldiski's industrial theme. Although closer in proximity of impact, they are still Bigger in scale compared to the nearby solar panels plant. The turbines would span the view up to the northern (rightPredicted View hand) side. The landform of Laulasmaa would partially obstruct the view of most of the turbines located on the eastern side. Despite the density of trees attempting to mitigate their impact, almost all of the proposed turbines within the site would still be visible from this spot.

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

High

High

Severe

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VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3. VP-Paldiski City Square

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Location Paldiski City Square Distance/Direction from the proposed 2.2 km W Development Landscape Flat Industrialized Paldiski City integrated with medium-density residential districts Charecter Type Visual Receptors Locals, tourists, commuters The viewpoint provides a view at the central buildings of Paldiski. The view is dominated by a large multi-use building and a grocery store on the right and a cafe and two apartment buildings on the left. The viewpoint does not let the viewer see beyond far distances. Only the street between the buildings adds some depth to Existing View the view. It opens up a view towards more distant buildings that are accompanied by trees. One has to keep in mind that the the view would be more enclosed during warmer months when the deciduous trees have leaves.

The viewer is faced with a similar view to the one that was before the intervention. The only difference is that the upper half of one windmill is visible above the treeline in the center of the panorama. That does not Predicted View significantly have an effect on the overall viewing expierence, because the windmill is far away and viewer's attention is grabbed by the presence of nearby buildings, trees and cars.

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

Small

Medium

Moderate/Min or

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VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4. VP-Paldiski City Square

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Location Intersection of Sadama, Lepiku and Põllu street, Paldiski Distance/Direction from the proposed 1.6 km SW Development Landscape Flat Industrialized Paldiski City integrated with medium-density residential districts Charecter Type Visual Receptors Locals, commuters The view is dominated by numerous detached houses and various means of vegetation. The most apparent feature is the house with a red roof that is located in the centre of the panorama. Since the houses with the Existing View vegetation do not provide a lot of enclosure then the upper half of the panorama is dominated by the sky. Only the forest behind the settlement blocks distant views.

Seven windmills are visible behind the forest, but never are they visible in their full extent. They are also seen throughout the horizon.The viewer can notice the windmills, but the view is not dominated by them. Since the Predicted View wind turbines are coloured white then they do not stand out and the main focus goes still to the detached house with a red roof.

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

Medium

High

Major

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VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5. VP-Kurkse harbour

Location Distance/Directio n from the proposed Development Landscape Charecter Type Visual Receptors

Existing View

Predicted View

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Kurkse harbour

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

High

Medium

Major

9 Km north east

The sea-overlooking artificial landform supported by a yacht harbor and vehicle accessibility.

Locals, Harbor Users The panorama view is extremely open on the sea view. The view is divided into three layers, The shoreline, where The vegetation is eroded without the presence of large trees to cover or reduce the visual effect of the windmills, in addition to the sea layer which offers a good separation between two zones and endorses positive visual experience. Besides, the Paldisiki city in the background, due to the long distance, is not manifested and from the users' experience, the details of the landscape character are not clear.

The proposed windmills are mainly existing in Paldiski City which is far away from the viewpoint. The lookout point will uncover the hub of the 26 wind turbines, however, they will appear on a small scale moreover, the landscape in the proposed field is supported by large trees. Thus, the existence of the turbines interventions is not adversely affecting the visual experience and perception.

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VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3. VP-Paldiski City Square

Location Distance/Directio n from the proposed Development Landscape Charecter Type Visual Receptors

Existing View

Predicted View

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Top of the lighthouse

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

High

High

Severe

3.5 km south east

The mosaic pattern highly managed forest with open grassland fields.

Tourists, locals The panorama view demonstrates two layers of the landscape character, the forest, and the sea. The forest dominates the scene showing the high density of the large trees evenly distributed along the view, simultaneously, endorsing the beauty of the scene, in addition to this, the existing grasslands are blended with the tree patches and offer diversity in the landscape vegetation and empower the visual perception. In the background, the sea line is manifested in the horizon from the north direction, while from the west side, the sea is dominated and blended with the forest which forms a strong view experience.

The lookout point is quite close to the proposed windmills. Those 26 interventions will fully appear from that point and will affect nature's visual image and at the same time it will cause deterioration of the tree density and pattern consequently the sense of nature's existence, in addition, it will have a high adverse impact on the viewers' experience from the top of the Lighthouse.

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VIEW POINT CALCULATION OF SIGNIFICANCE Viewpoint Number

visibility

Number of viewers

Users

Nature of the viewing experience

Overall sensitivity

1 2 4 5 6 7

3

2

7

Tourists, Commuters, Locals

12

High

High

Severe

3

3

6

Tourists, locals

12

High

High

Severe

1

3

7

Locals, tourists, Commuters

11

Small

Medium

Moderate/minor

2

3

5

Locals, commuters

10

Medium

High

Major

3

2

5

Locals, Harbor Users

10

High

Medium

Major

3

3

6

Tourists, locals

12

High

High

Severe

Type Harbor Users Tourists Locals Commuters

Score 2 2 4 1

1

Low Medium High

1

2

2 3

3

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Magnitude Sensitivity

Significance

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MITIGATION MEASURES

To mitigate severe adverse impact, consider measures like changing the design or location of the development, using screening or landscaping, modifying materials or colours, using alternative technology, restoration or enhancement, compensation, and monitoring.

Document the effectiveness and feasibility in the LVIA report and seek input from stakeholders and authorities. There are three main viewpoints with an action point related; • One way to reduce the negative impact of the first two viewpoints is to decrease the size of the turbines and to use white-coloured turbines that blend in with the surrounding landscape. This can help to minimise the impact and make it less noticeable.

• The seventh viewpoint presents a unique challenge in terms of mitigating the visual impact of the turbines. One possible approach to address this challenge is to reduce the number of turbines in the area, as this can significantly reduce the overall visual impact of the development. By reducing the number of turbines, the landscape can be preserved to a greater extent, and the impact on the visual receptors in the area can be minimised. This strategy may involve careful consideration of the size and spacing of the remaining turbines to ensure that they are still capable of generating the desired level of energy while reducing the visual impact on the surrounding environment. Ultimately, the goal is to strike a balance between energy generation and environmental impact, and careful planning and implementation of mitigation measures can help achieve this goal.

Landscape and visual impact assessment

Landscape resource

Sensitivity

Magnitude of Significance of Impact Impact

LCA types The Coastal sea of Pakri Islands High Large The protected unihabitated Pakri Medium Large Islands Semi-arable protected coastal grassland with low density scattered Medium Medium houses Flate Industrialized Paldiski City integrated with medium-density Medium Small residential districts Tourist area with Pakri lighthouse and High Large intact protected forest Open grasslands with a mosaic forest Medium Large Sparsely inhabited landscape with Klooga military training field and Low Negligible Vasalemma river Coastal leisure area of Laulasmaa and High Medium Kloogaranna The core of Laulasmaa village with Negligible Negligible detached houses and services Cultural Heritage landscapes THe historical Port of Paldiski High Negligible The context of Pakri tuletorn High Large Kõltsu mõisa park High Small Valuable or protected landscapes Pakri Landscape Reserve High Large Laulasmaa landscape protection area High Medium Pakri bird sanctuary High Large

Viewpoint Number

1 2 4 5 6 7

Severe Major Major/Moderate

Moderate/Minor Severe Major Minor/Negligible Major None moderate/minor Severe Moderate Severe Major Severe

Magnitude

Sensitivity

Significance

High

High

Severe

High

High

Severe

Small

Medium

Moderate/minor

Medium

High

Major

High

Medium

Major

High

High

Severe

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CONCLUSION

Landscape and visual impact assessment

The proposed windfarm development would have a substantial visual impact on most of the areas included in the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV). However, the areas located adjacent to the development and those with a view of the windfarm would be most significantly affected. The areas of greatest concern in terms of the impact severity are the coastal sea of Pakri islands, tourist areas such as Pakri lighthouse, as well as the Pakri landscape reserve and bird sanctuary. With the exception of viewpoint number 4, all other viewpoints would be subject to a major or severe visual impact if the windfarm is constructed. As such, the overall visual character of the study area would be significantly altered, although this does not necessarily indicate a negative change. To mitigate these impacts, the proposed solution is to reduce the number of turbines and size them smaller while painting them white.

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APPENDIX «LANDSCAPE CHARECTER BASEMAPS»

Hydrology The hydrology of Paldiski is influenced by its location near the Baltic Sea and several small rivers and streams that flow through the area. The town is situated on a peninsula that is surrounded by water on three sides, which affects the local hydrological regime.

One important aspect of hydrology in Paldiski is the management of surface water. The town has a network of drainage ditches and culverts that help to prevent flooding and manage stormwater runoff.

However, during periods of heavy rainfall, these systems can become overwhelmed, leading to localized flooding and erosion.

Groundwater is also an important component of the hydrological system in Paldiski. The town is located on a thick layer of sedimentary rock, which acts as a natural filter for groundwater. As a result, the local aquifer is a valuable source of drinking water for the town and surrounding areas.

However, groundwater can also be contaminated by human activities, such as industrial and agricultural practices, which can have negative impacts on both human health and the environment.

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APPENDIX «LANDSCAPE CHARECTER BASEMAPS»

Altitude Maps Altitude and elevation are important aspects to consider when analyzing the topography of an area. In the case of Paldiski, which is located on the Baltic Sea coast in Estonia, the altitude and elevation play a significant role in shaping the landscape.

The altitude of Paldiski varies depending on the location. The highest point in Paldiski is the Pakri cliff, which reaches an altitude of 21 meters above sea level. In contrast, the lowest point in Paldiski is at sea level, where the town meets the Baltic Sea. Elevation refers to the height above a specific reference point, such as sea level.

Paldiski's elevation varies depending on the location, with most of the town sitting at an elevation of 10-5 meters above sea level.

The Pakri cliff, which is the highest point in Paldiski, has an elevation of 21 meters above sea level.

The altitude and elevation of Paldiski have significant implications for the town's hydrology, as they influence the flow of water and the formation of water bodies in the area. Understanding the topography of an area, including its altitude and elevation, is crucial for various applications, including urban planning, flood risk assessment, and natural resource management.

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APPENDIX «LANDSCAPE CHARECTER BASEMAPS»

Settlement Patterns Paldiski, a small town located on the northern coast of Estonia, has a mix of residential, commercial, and industrial uses. The town is divided into several neighborhoods, each with its own distinct character. The central area of the town is the most densely built-up, with a mix of residential and commercial buildings, including shops, restaurants, and offices. The outskirts of the town are more sparsely populated, with a mix of residential and industrial uses. The building density varies depending on the neighborhood, with the central area having the highest density and the outskirts having a lower density.

Laulasmaa, on the other hand, is a small settlement area located east of Paldiski with a population of around 750 people. The area is characterized by two-storey detached houses with gardens, interspersed with very small patches of mixed forest, a supermarket, school, a couple of bars and cafes, and numerous holiday houses. The area has a relatively low building density and is dominated by residential use. Compared to Paldiski, Laulasmaa has a much simpler settlement pattern and a lower building density due to its small size and mostly residential use.

The building density in Paldiski varies depending on the neighborhood. The central area of the town has the highest building density, with a mix of mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The outskirts of the town have a lower building density, with mostly low-rise buildings. The density of buildings is highest in the areas closest to the port, where there are warehouses and other industrial buildings.

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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APPENDIX «LANDSCAPE CHARECTER BASEMAPS»

Landcover The landcover patterns of Paldiski reflect the town's history and current land use. The town is located on a peninsula, and its landcover patterns are influenced by the sea, forest, and industrial activities. The central area of the town is dominated by built-up landcover, including residential, commercial, and industrial areas, with a high density of buildings. The outskirts of the town have a mix of landcover types, including forests, fields, and industrial areas.

The forested areas of Paldiski are mainly located on the outskirts of the town. The forests are dominated by coniferous trees, including pine, spruce, and fir, with some deciduous trees such as birch and aspen. The forests are an important resource for the town, providing wood for the local industry and a recreational area for residents.

The industrial areas of Paldiski are located mainly near the port and are characterized by warehouses, factories, and other industrial buildings. The industrial areas have a significant impact on the landcover patterns of Paldiski, with large areas of land devoted to industrial uses.

In contrast, the nearby settlement of Laulasmaa has a more natural landcover pattern, characterized by small patches of forest interspersed with residential areas and fields. The area is known for its natural beauty, with a mix of coastal forests and sandy beaches.

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REFERENCES

Landscape and visual impact assessment

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Visit Estonia. (n.d.). Pakri Lighthouse. Retrieved May 2023 ,9, from https://www.puhkaeestis.ee/et/pakri-tuletorn

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Kultuurimälestiste register. (2022). Pakri sadam.

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Kultuurimälestiste register. (2021). Pakri saarte patarei nr 1. Retrieved May 2023 ,8, from https://register.muinas.ee/public.php?menuID=mon ument&action=view&id=21526

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Kultuurimälestiste register. (2021). Pakri saarte patarei nr 2. Retrieved May 2023 ,11, from https://register.muinas.ee/public.php?menuID=mon ument&action=view&id=21524

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Visit Estonia. (n.d.). Koltsu Manor. Retrieved May ,12 2023, from https://www.visitestonia.com/en/koltsu-manor-1

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Visit Estonia. (n.d.). Kayaking around Estonia's Pakri Islands by Richard Nelsson. Retrieved May 2023 ,12, from https://www.visitestonia.com/en/why-estonia/kayak ing-around-estonias-pakri-islands-by-richard-nelsson

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Pakri saared. (n.d.). Pakri saared. Retrieved May ,11 2023, from https://pakrisaared.ee/