ïž ï£ï¿œï¿œï¿œï¿œï¿œïžï¿œï¿œ
ïŸïžï³ï
ï§ïµ ïž ï£ï¿œï» ï©ï ï¡ ï ïï§
ï²ïµïᅵᅵï
ᅵ
ï ï²ï¢ ï°ï±ï² ï®ï ï¡ ï ïï
ï°ïŽïŽ ï£ï¿œ ISBN 978-93-81461-03-7
ïï§ïïŸ ïïïï¢ ï»ï¿œï«ï ï» ïºïŽïïï£ï€ï§ïºïï¿œïºï¯ï ï ï°ïŽïŽ ï£ï¿œ ïïï ïï ï¿ï¿œ ï§ï¿œïï§ïºï ïï£ ïŸï¹ ï£ ïï¿œ ï¿œ ï§ïŽï» ïï°ïï¬ ï±ïï¿œï ï ï®ïŸï ïïïï ïïï±ï¿œïï© ïïï ï¿œïïŽïïïïï ïï°ïŽï ïïŸ
ïž ï£ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ï ï©ï ï¡ ïïï§ ïï¢ ï²ï°ï±ï² (Rs.110/-) ï¿œïºï§ï«ï¿œï¿œï±ï ï²ï ïï¿œ ï¿œïï«ïï¶ï¶ï§ï
ïïï¿œï
ïº ï ïï ï¿œ ïº ï¿œ ïº ï·ïºïï®ï ï¡ ï ïº ï¿œ ï ïº
ᅵ
ï±ï±ï°ï°ï²ïµï ïï¿œ ï¿œïïŽï¥ïïïªïï¯ïï¿œïïïžï€ï¿œïï¿œ Milli Times Building, Abul Fazl Enclave, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-25 Tel:. +91-11-26945499, 26946246 Fax: +91-11-26945499 Email:millitimes@gmail.com www.barizmedia.com
ï¿œ ï§ïŒï ï° ï ï¿œï ïï ïïï·ï¿œï ï¢ ï¿œï ï ï¿œïº ïï ï« ï ï ï
ïŸ ï¬ï¿œ ï ᅵᅵï ï«ï§ïºï ïï¬ ïï ï ïŽ ïï§ïŠ ï»ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïŸ ïïŸïŠ ïœï§ ï¿œ ï¿œ ï§ïšïï§ ïŠ ï¿œï ï ïïï· ï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢ï ï±ïï§ ï ïïºï¹ï³ïºï¿œï¹ïï ï§ï¿œ ï± ï
ï¿ï¿œïï ïï¿œïï¹ïï ïïžïº ï ï ï² ï¢ï¿œ ïº ï·ï¿œïœï§ ï¿œï ï¢ ï¿œï ï ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï
ï£ï§ ï» ïï¿œï ïïŸ ï¬ï¿œï ï¿œï¹ïï ïŸïïŸïµïºï¿œï§ïºï ï«ïï ï¶ï¿œ ï ï¿œïŸ ï¿œ ïŠ ïïž ï ï ï ï§ïºï ïï§ ïŠïï·ïªï¢ ï£ï¢ ï©ïï·ï¿œï°ï ï®ïï ï°ï ï¿œïïï§ ï±ï¿œï ïï ï ï€ï
ïï¿œïï ï¹ï ï£ ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ ï· ïïžï ï ïïïï¿œï ï¿œï ï¥ïïºï§ ïïïï¿œïï ïµï«ïï¿œï ï ï·ï¿œïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ïïï¢ ïï¯ïŽï§ ï·ï ïïïïï¿œïïœï§ïï¿œïï ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï ï¿œï ï ïºï«ïï
ïï¿œ ï¢ï»ï¿œï¿œ ïïŸï€ï discourageïï¿œïï·ï ïžïïºï§ ï ïï§ïºïï¿œï§
ï¿ï¥ïïïï·ï¬ïŸï§ïºï¢ïï€ïï±ïï§ïï§ïµï¿œï ï£ ïïºï¹ïïŸï¬ï¿œï
ïï¿œ ï¹
ïï¿œïžï²
ï±ï³
ï¿œïï¿œï
ï²ï¶
ï«ïºïž ï¯ïµï§ ï
ï²ï¹
ï¿œï¢ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïºï»ï¿œï
ï³ï· ïŽï¹
ï¬ï«ïŠïºï¿œ ïŸï²ï€ïºï¿œ ïºï¿œï¿œï¿œïž ï¯ï»ï¿œï ï¿œ ï®ï¿œïïïµï«ï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïï¿œ ï ï§ï€ï ï«ïº ï·ï ï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ïµï·
ï¿œïšï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ïŽï°
ï¶ïŽ ï·ïŽ ïžïµ ï¹ï±
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ï¿œ
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï»ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¶ ï±ïïŸï¿œ
ï£ï€ï ï ïïïªïºï ï©ïšï ïï³ïïï€
ï¿œ ïŽïï±ïŒïï¿œï ï»ï ïïªïï¿œ ïŽ ï®ïïïšï€ï ï¹ ïï ï ï·ïï§ ï¯ïïï ï
ï ï ï¢ ïï ï»ïïïž ïïžï ï²ï§ïºï ïïï§ï ïŒ ï¶ ï³ ï ïŒï ï ï ï» ïï¿œïï ï¹ ï ï
ïï¬ ï³ï²ï£ tradition ï ïï¥ï ïŒïïï ï¿œï¬ ïïï£ ï° ï§ïºï¢ïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ïï»ïï
ï ïïï§ ïï» ï»ïï§ ï ïïï»ïŸï¿œïµ ïï§ï ïµï§ ïï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ïºï¿œï»ï·ïï§ ïŒïï»ïï
ï ï ï§ ï ï ïº ïµï§ ïï¶ïïŸ ï¬ïï ï·ïï§ïŒ ïï¥ ïï ï¹ï ï»ïïï²ïž ïïžïï€ ïïŸ ï¹ ï ï
ï ïï€ïïïºï¿œï»ï§ïµïïŒïï§ïï§ïïï ïïŸïï ï ïïº
ïïªïžï² ï ï ï¢ï¥ïïïœïï ï«ïïï§ïºïïïïïº ïïï· ï ï»ï ï¢ï¥ïïï
ïïïµïïŽ ï ïï±ï ïŸï§ ïï¶ï§ï®ïž ï¬ï ïïïï¶ïž ï»ïïŽïïºï¿œï¿œïïïï ï¹ ï ïïï ïŸï§ïï ï¿œ ïï ïï¿œï ï±ï ï¯ïïï ï» ïï ïïï§ïºï ïï¥ï ï ï«ï ïïïï¬
ï¹ïï§ïºïïºï ïïžï ï ï¹ï³ ï¿œ ï ïï§ïï§ ïšïï·ï ï¢ï«ï¬ïïïï¿œïï¢ïºï§
ï¶ïïïŽïœïºï¿œïŸï ï£ï ï¿œïï ï»ïºï€ï¿œïïï¢ ïï ïïïï°ï¿œï»ïž ïïï
ï ïï±ï ï¹ï ï¿œïï ï ï ïïœ ïŸïï§ïºï ï€ï ï¹ï ï ï ï£ ïŸ ïï¯ï© ï§ïºï ïïžï ï ï ïï¿œ
ï¿œï§ï» ïïï¹ïïŸï§ ïïºï ïï¿œïïµï§ ï ï£ ïïšï€ï¹ ï¿œ ïï¹ï ïï£ ïï¬ ïï§ ïïïœï§ ïŠ
ïï ïïšï£ ï ïï§ï»ïº ï»ïï°ï«ï° ïïï ïï ï ïïï¢ ïïï¬ ï ïï¿œï ïïšï¿œïïï¶ï¹ï ï€ ïïï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œï§ïœï ïï§ ïïï¿œïïšï»ïï«ï ï€ ïï¬ ïïï±ïï±ï ï»ïï±ï ï»ïšï¿œ
ï° ï¢ ï ïï ïï¬ ï¬ïïïŸ ï§ïºï ïŸïï» ï«ïïŸïšï£ï ï ïžï ï ïœïµïºï ï¿œ ïŸ ïï±ï ï¹ïïï ïž ï¬ ï·ï¬ïŽ ï§ïºïï ï€ï ï¹ï¡ ï»ïï ï¶ ï«ïï ïï¢ ïï§ïºï
ï
ï¡ ï»ïï ïïïœï§ ïž ïµïï ïï ïï¶ïï¡ ïï¶ï² ï¢ïïºï·ï ï£ ï ïï¬ïïï±ïïï ï®ï§ïºï ï°ï ïï¬ ïïï¶ï» ïï§ï ïï§ïïïªïï ï ï§ïïï ï ï»ïºïï§ïºïï¬ ïïï°ï§ï¬ï»ïï±ïžï«ï
ï«ïïŸï¬ïï ïïï ï®ï§ïºï ï°ï ï¡ ïï«ïï¿œïž ï£ïŽï»ï ïïï»ïºïŽïï ïï ïïœ
ï±ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïŽïï³ ï¥ ïï· ï ï ï·ï ïï¹ïºï§ïïï¿œïï ïï¢ ï ï ï»ï ï¬ï ï±ïï§ï ïŽ ï ïµïï¯ï
ïï«ï§ïï§ï¿œïºï ïŠïœïµïºï ïï¿œï§ï ï¿œï ïŸ ï¬ïï ïïïïï¹ïïï¡ïï ï
ïï»ïº ï«ï ïï¬ ïï¯ï¿œ ïžï»ï¿œïŸïï«ïï¹ïïïŽ ï§ïºï ï ï£ ï¶ ï² ïïïïïºï§ïš ïŸï§ ïžï» ïï¿œï» ïï°ïŸïïï€ïï ïï¿œïŸï§ïºï¢ï©ï¹ïï§ïºïïïï© ïžïï»ïïŸïïïï
ïïï¶ï°ïï»ïï£ ï©ïï°ïª ï ï
ï±ïïï€ïï« ïï ï ïïï ï»ï·ïïïï¶ï§ï®ïŸï ï£ ï¬ ïŸïï°ï»ïï ïï ï ïïŽ
ï±ïï ï¥ïïïïï¢ ïºï¿œï¢ ïž ïïïï· ïïï€ ïïï¡ï«ï ïšïïï¬ ïïï¬ïï·ïïï³ï ïº ïï»ïºï ïï§ ï¿œïï»ï ï£ ï©ï¡ï ï«ïïž ï»ïŽ ïïïïïº ïï ïµï§ ïï ï· ïïï«ï ïŸï§ ïï§ïºï
ïï±ï¡ïžï ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïºïïïŸïï«ïï€ ïï§ïºïïœ ï· ï²ïŸïï¿œï¹ïï°ï©ïï¶ïïï ï
ï ïïï¿œïï¡ ïï·ïïï°ïï» ïŸï ïï¥ïª ïï
ï ïïïïºï©ï¿ïï§ï ï ï»ï© ïï°ïï»ïï¿œï«ïï¿œï ï ïºï«ï ï¶ï°ïï¹ï ï¡ ïŸïï¢ ï²ï°ï°ï³ï§ ï¿œï«ï ï£
ï¿œ ï ï¿œ ïï¿œïï ïï® ï¯ï°ïï«ïµ ï§ïï«ïïŸ ïïï°ïº ïž ïïºïï¿œï€ïï»ï±ïï ï¥ïº ï³ï ï³ïï¿œïïŸ ïïïïï¹ïï ïï ï»ï©ïï°ï ï»ïï¿œï«ï ïïï ï» ï©ïïºïïï«ïï ï ïŠ ï®ï¿œïªïï ï»ï¥ï»ï¥ï ïïï±ï ï¿œï ïï ï«ïï ï³ï§ï ïï¬ ïï ï«ïï ï®ïï¥ï¬ï ï¿œï ï©ï¿œï ï»ï¿œï¿œ ï»ï§ ïï ïïïï» ï»ï®ï ïŸï§ ïž ïïï§ï ï¿œ ïŠ ïž ïïŽï ï¥ïŽ ï®ï¿œïï ï¡ ï
ï»ï¥ï ï ïï¢ ï ï¿œïï ïï¬ ï»ï§ï¡ ï«ïï ï¿œï ï¬ïï ïï²ïï ï ïºï€ï ïï ïš
ï¡ ï ï§ïºïïïï®ï ï¡ ï ï ïžïºï ïµïï§ï ïïïï¿œïïïœï ïïºïïŸï§ ïžï ï· ïïïŸïï¥ïïï®ï ïï ï§ï ïï ï ï£ïŽ ïï ï ï®ï ï ï ïºï²ï ïï ï»ïï§ïºï ï±ï ï ïïï
ï¡ ïï¬ ï¢ïïž ï¿œï ïº ï¿œï»ï€ï ï¢ïºïªïï· ïïïŸïï¥ï«ïï®ï ï¡ ï ï»ï¥ï ïïï±ïï¹ ïïïïï
ï» ï§ ïï¿œï ï£ ï ï¿œï ï©ï©ï ïïï¿œïºï ï ïµïï§ï ïïï¬ ïïŽ ï¿œ ïïµïºï ï±ïï ï¶ ïš ï¶ ï€ï¥ï¿œïº ï¬ï«ïïŽïï¬ï¹ïï ï®ï ï¡ ï ï ï ïï¢ ïï¹ïïï¬ ï»ï§ïïºï¶ïï ïï¿œ ï¿œï°ïïï
ïï ï¡ï ï®ï°ïºï§ïšï¶ ï¢ï©ï¹ï ï¿œ ï»ïº ïï ï¿œï ïªïïº ï ï¢ï©ï¹ï ïïïïïï ï
ïïï¬ï ïï§ ïïïï©ï ï±ïï§ïïᅵᅵ
ï±ï±
ïïª ï®ï²
ï ï«ï ï¥ ïï ï¹ï ï¡ ï ï¹ïï ï ï®ïªïï ïï§ ïï ï¬ ï·ï ïµ ï° ï°ïïïï¿œ ï²ï» ï·ïºïï¢ï ïµïï§ï ï
ï¿œï ïª ïï ï®ï£ ï§ï§ïºï ïïºï ïï¹ïïï ïïï¿œ ï²ï ïï±ï ïŸïµïºï ï ï¿œï»ïºïŽï ï ïï ïŠïïï²ïªï ï¬ïŸ ï¬ïï ïï ïïï¹ïï ï°ïïïªï§ ïïï°ïï¹ïïŽ ïïžï¿œ ï¹ï ï¡ï€ ïï¿œ ïºï ïï ïï§ïºïï¿œï«ïï¡ï£ï»ï°ïï¿œï¶ïŸï ï·ï ï ï¿œï€ïï§ïïŸïï¿œïï ï¿œïï¿œï ïï¿œ ïºï ïï ï ïïï© ï ï£ïºïï ï ïº ï«ïï ïï²ïªï ï¬ï ïï ï°ïï«ïµ ï²ïï ï· ï€ï«ïïŸ ï¢ïï§ïº ïïï§ ï¶ ï ï ï«ï ï¿œï§ïºï ïœï¹ï¢ï ï» ï¿œï ï«ïïï¬ ïï¿œ ïï»ï ïï¿œ ï«ïï¬ ïŸï ï© ï
ï«ïïï ï« ï¿œï°ïïïï¿œïº ïïï¢ïïï¿œïï¬ ïï«ï§ïºï ï»ïŠï·ïŸï¹ïºï§ï°ï
ïº ïïª ï»ï¿œïŸï«ï£ïïžï³ï ï»ïï©ï· ïïºï©ïï¶ ïŸïïï ï ï§ïºï ïŽï¶ïïï¬ ïšï€ï ïï¿œ ïï¬ ï ïïïï ï ïºï»ïºï¢ï§ïï¡ï©ïï ïžï³ï
ïï¿œ ï±ï ï»ï»ïï¿œï³ï®ï±ïïŽïï¬ï§ ï· ï¬ ï»ï ï¿œ ï«ïïŸï·ïï ïïï«ï
ï«ïï¬ ïžï© ïï¡ï ïœï ï¿œï ï¢ï§ïŸï§ï· ï ï£ ï«ïï¿œï¬ ï¿œï¿œïïïï°ïŽïïï¬
ï ï¬ïï»ï ï¢ ïï¶ï§ï®ï¿œïŠïïï°ï¡ïï·ïï»ï°ïï¿œïï ïºï²ïïïï§ïºïï¬ï¢ïï¢ïºï ï ïµïï§ï ï
ï¬ï«ïïŽ ï ï¿œ ï ï ï¿œï°ï»ïï¹ï ïµ ïïºïï ï ïï»ïºïŽïïï¡ï ï ï§ ïïï£ ï ï ï¿œ ï¿œï§ï ï£ ïï® ï ïŸï ïïºï ï ïïºï§ïšïŠï¿œïïïï¿ï ïï³ïï§ïºïïïºï±ïï§ïïï£ ï ïïïïïšï ï· ï¬ï«ï
ïŸï ïï« ïï ï ïï¢ ï¥ïŸï§ïºï¢ï»ïº ï ïµï§ ïï€ï§ïºï ïï ïï¢ ïïŸ ïïºï¢ï¿œï¹ï ï€ ï«
ïï±ï¶ïïï«ïïïïŽï¿œï€ ïï ïï¿œ ï ïï¹ïºï§ïŸï§ ïžïŸïïºï§ïšï¶ïï«ïï ï
ïï¬ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ïµï§ ïï»ï ï£ ï©ïœïï«ïºï»ïºïïᅵᅵᅵïµïïºï ï¿œïï¿œï§ïºïïïï§ ï»
ï»ï¿œïï ï«ïïïŽ ïï§ ïžïï¿œïï§ïºïïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï¯ïïŠ ïŸ ï¶ï ïž ïï¶ ïŸï¿œ ïïïï ï¿œ ï©ï¿œï ï ï±ïï°ïï©ïžïï®ï¿œïï ï»ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïžï³ïïº ïïª ï¯ï¯ï¯
ï¿œ ï»ïïï©ïºï§ïº ïïº ïï¹ï¿œï ï²ï³ï»ïºï ï¿œ ï ïï¿œïïºïŽ ïŸ ï«ï¢ ïµï§ ïï
ïª ïï¿œïª ï¢ ï§ïºïï ï ï¢ïïï¬ïïž ïïïïï ïï¶ ï ï ïïïï¢ ï¢ ï©ïï±ïï±ï ïïï¹ ï«ï ï ï£ ï« ï ïï»ï ï£ ï© ï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï ïªïï ïº ï¿ï ïµï§ ïïºï§ïï®ï ï¶ï§ïïï ïï¹ïï§ïºï ï¥ï« ïïïï¹ïïŸ ïï ï¢ ï ï»ïï ï· ï ï²ï³ï¿œï ï ïï¯ ï»ï§ ïïï ï»ïïµïïº
ï»ï ï£ ï© ï¿ï» ï€ï
re-create ï
ïµï§ ïïœï§ ïŠï ïµï§ ïï¿ïïœïï¹ïïª ï» ï«ï ïï« ïï©
ï -ï§ï§ïºï ï¥ï§ ï§ï³ïªïï£ïïï±ï ï»ï·ïï§ïž ï£ ï ï»ïºï¬ ï¿œïï« ïï ï ïŒï ï¿œï»ï ï£ ï©ï ïïµï§ ïïï·ïï§ ïï ïï§ïºïï§ ï ïï§ïºïïž ï£ ïï«ïï¬ ï ïï»ï§ï¿œ ïï§ ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽïï«ï ï«ï° ïœï§ ïž
ï ï±ï ïº ïï ï¬ ïï ï«ï ï±ï ï ï ï ï¬ïïïï ï€ïï§ïŽïœï§ ïŠï ï¹ïï ï±ï¿œïï ïï€ï»ïïïïï ï ï ïïž ïïïï©ïºï§ïºïï
ï¶ïï·ïï§ï·ïïŽ ï³ï
ï ïïï ï¥ïïïïµïŸïšïï ïï ïïï«ïºï§ïºïï¹ïï»ïï·ï§ï«ïïï
ïž ï£ï¹ï»ï§ïµ ïïïï
ï ïï ï³ïœï¿œ ï€ ï ïï§ïºï¢ï ï¥ïïï°ïïï§ïºïïïïï·ïºïŽïïïï¬ ï¶ï ï¶ï§ ïï°ï§ïºïï³ï±ï
ï¹ïï»ï¥ïïï·ïºïŽïïœïïïŸïï¹ïï ï ï ïï±ïïï§ïŠ
ï»ï«ïºïï ïïï»ï§ ï¹ï¿œï€ ï
ï§ïºïï¿œïïž ïïïï¬ ï°ïïï ï¥ïïïŽïï¬ ïïŸïïï¿œï ïï¿œ ï«ïï ï»ïº ïï¬ ïï ï¿œï±ïµïŽïºïž ïïï©
ïï¬ ïïï§ ï»ï«ïïïïïï
ïïï ï ïïï§ ïï·ïºïŽïï¬ ï»ï§ ï ï¡ ï ï³ï§ï ï¥ï ïï ïïï§ï ïŸ ïï£ ïïï¿œï±ïŽïµïºï³ïï²ïïï© ïµï ï¿œïï ï»ï¹ïï ï© ïï°ïïŽ ï ïšï ïïŽï ï ï ï¶ïï»ï§ ï¿œï¹ï¿œ ïï§ïºï¢ï ï¥ïï ïŸ ï²ï¿œï°ïï ïïïï·
ï¿œï±ï±ïµïºïž ïïï©
ï ï«ïº ï ïïº ï€ïï¶ ïï ï±ïï ïï¬ ï»ï§ ï ï¡ ï ï³ï§ï ïïº ï®ï§ïºï ïïï¿œïï ï ï«ïº ïŸ ï²ï¿œï¿œï§ïºïï®ïï¥ïïï¿œïï€ ïïïï¹ïï ï ïïïºï€ïï·ï© ïªï¶ï ïºïï¶ïï¿œï·ï¿œï§ ïŸï¹ ïï£
ï±ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¹ïï ï ï¡ï§ïºïïï¬ ïï ïµï¹ ïïï¿œï¶ï§ïŠïŸï ï£ïï«ïº
ïï±ï¿œï
ï¢ ïï° ïïïºïï±ï¿œï
ïïï®ïï ïïï§ïï¬ ïŸïïŸï¹ïï ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïº
ï ïïº ï€ï ï ï·ï© ïª ï¶ ï¹ïï§ïºï ïï ïïº ï€ï ï ïïï ï±ïï ïž ïïï ï® ï«ï ïï¬ ïï±ï ïï£ ï³ ï³ïï ï ï ïïïï§ïºïïï¬ ïï© ïï§ ï ï»ïïïïŸï¹ïïïïï ï¥ï¢ï§ï«ï ï³ ï³ï®ïïï
ïºï¬ ïïï« ïï ï ï¿ï¿œï ï® ï ï·ï ï¹ ï ïïïïµïï ïï¹ï ï©ï§ ï¿œï ï±ïïï ï¿œï³ï·ïºï·ïï©
ïŸï©ïº ï§ ïïï¹ïï
ïï¡ïïªïïïïµïïŸïï¹ïï ï
ïŸï¿œï©ï§ïºï ïï°ïïïï€ïïïï ïïŸïµï§ ïïïšïïïïï·ï ïïï ï¥ ïª ï ï¬ï ï ï ïº ïïœï¡ïïº ï€ï ï»ïºï ï«ïï§ïºïï ï°ï®ïïŠïï ïïï§ïºï ï ï³ïºï£ï ï¡ïïªï ï ï¹ï ï»ïº ïï¬ ï¿œï§ ï· ïï¥ ï± ïºï ï¿œï ï¥ïï ïŸ ï²ï¿œ ïïŸï¿œï±ïï®ï€ ï¿œïŸï¿œ
ï€ïï²ïïïïºï¿œïï«ïï°ï ïï
ïïïŸïïï
ïïïïïïïœ ï¹ï«ï ï³ïºïïº ïŽïœïïïï€ï ï«ïï§ïºïïï°ï» ïª ïïï ï ïïœ
ïï«ïºïï ïºï¿œïï³ ï³
ï ïïïïï¶ï· ïï°ïï ïï§ ïï§ïºïïï¥ïïïŸ ï²ï¿œï»ïºïŸï
ï ï¹ïïï ïºï¿œ ïïŸï ïŒ ï ïšïïž ïï ïï· ïï ï€ ï ï¥ï¿ï¿œïï±ï ï¬ïï ï«ïº ïŸ ï²ï¿œï ïï¿œ ï ï ïµï»ï©ï¿œïïïï¡ïïªïïïïµïïŸïï¹ ïï ï ïïï§ïºï ï¹ï ï»ï®ïï ï ï ïŸïïïï»ïï§ ï§ ï¿œ ïï¿œï£
ï¬ ïªïï» ï ïï ï»ï§ïï ïïï§ï ïï¬ ïï ï·ï© ïª ïïïï¶ ï¹ïï ïªïïºï¡ï¶ ï¥ï ï«ïï§ï¿œ
ï¿œïº ï°ï» ïªïï«ïº ï£ïïºï§ïºï ïï«ï ï¢ï§ï ïï· ïï ïŸï³ï¥ïï ïµï§ ïïï ïï»ïº ïï ïï ïŸ ïµï¥ïï ïµï§ ï ï¢ï§ï ïï¹ï ï ï§ïºï ïᅵᅵï§ïïïïµïïïïº ï¿œï ïœï§ïºï ï¿œ
ï ï±ïïïŸïïïºï§ ï¹ï»ïï ï ï§ ïï§ïºï ïºïïï€ïï£ï¿œï§ï«ïºïïï°ï»ïïžï³ïï±ï¿œ
ï¬ ïï ïï¢ï§ïïŸïï¹ïï ï ï¶ïï¥ïŸïï ï¹ïï§ïºïï³ ï ïïïšïïïïž ïïžï
ï§ïžïïï¬ ïïïïï¡ïïªïïïïšïïï§ï ï³ ï ïïïšïï¬ ïïïŽ ïï ï¿œïŽ ï ï«ï
ïï ïï ï ï©ï©ïï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ï ï¢ïï§ ï¿œï ï¿œï ï±ï§ ï ï¡ ï»ï¹ï ï£ ïª ïï°ïïœ ï»ï¹ïï§ïº
ïïïï
ï±ïµ
ïŸ ïïï§ïïï¿œïºï ï¹ï ï ï±ï ï¡ ï¿œï¶ ï«ïº ï£ ï±ï ï° ï«ïº ï€ ï ïµï§ ïï ïï ᅵᅵᅵ ïïï·ï ïï ïï ïïï¶ïŸïï°ï»ïï¹ïï§ïºï§ïžïïŽ ï£ïïï¿œïº ïŽïœï ïŒ ï ïš
ï±ï ïï ï© ïï°ï ïžïïï¢ ï©ï ï ïŸï¿œï±ïïŸ ïïºï§ ï ïïï§ ï© ï· ïïžï ï ï°ï¿œï§
ï«ïŒ ï¿œï«ïºï ïµï§ ïïï¡ïïªïï¿œï»ïºïïï§ï ïïïïïïï ï€ïïŠïï§ïï¢ ï©ï
ï ï³ ï ï ï³ïºï£ï±ïï ï¡ïïªïïïïµïï§ ï¹ïŽ ï» ïµï§ ïïï€ï ï«ïº ï ï ï¯ïï ïï±
ï¿œï ïïïš ïïŒ ï ïš ïŸ ïµï§ï ïï±ï ï¬ï ïï¬ ï£ ïï£ï«ï©ïŸïï¹ïï ï ïï¿œ ïïï ï€ ï ï»ïï¶ ïïïï€ïï«ïº ïµï§ ïï ï ï¿œïï ïª ïº ï¯ï ï ïº ïï¿œï£ ïïšï©ï ï ïï¬ ï ï¹ ï¶ ï ï·ïï¥ ï»ïºï²ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ïï§ïºïïºï ï¹ïºï§ï°ïïï«ï ïï¡ïï§ ï¿œïïšï ï»ï«ïŒï€ ïï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œ
ï ï»ï§ï ï ï¿œ ï ïœ ïïï ï ïµï§ ïï¿œ ï ï¹ï ïï ï ï¯ ï§ ï ïï ïï¿ï¿œï ï«ïº ï ï¶ï
ï ïï marginalize ï ï£ ï¶ periphery ï ïµï§ ïï»ïº ïï¬ ïïï ï ïï ïïº ï€ï operate ï¬ ï®ï ï·ï ï¥ ïŸ morgue ï¬ ïï±ï ï®ïï¿œ ï ï¿œï ïïï¿œï ïµï§ ï ï£ ï
ï§ï¶ï¶ ï€ïï ïïŸtrash can ï ïµï§ ïïï ïºï¿œ ï ï¿œ ï§ï ï ïž ï ïï ï»ïº ïï
ï ïïïï±ï ï«ïº ïï¬ ïïï§ïºïïºï ï¹ïºï§ï°ïï¶ ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï«ïŒï¿œï ïï ï ïï
ïº ïï€ ïï«ïºï ïï¬ ï®ï ï¿œï»ïï¿œïïïïºï ïï¿œï§ïŠïï³ïºïïºïŽïœï§ï°ï ïïïï ïºï¿œ ï ïïïï«ïºïŸ ïï¿œ ïï€ ï ï ïï¢ï§ï ïïïµïïï¬ ïïïïï§ïºï¢ï«ïº ï®ï¿œïªï ïï³ï ïº ïï© ï ï ïï
ïµï§ ïï«ïŒïºïºï ï«ïïïï§ï ïï¬ ïïï¡ï ïïºï§ ï»ï£ï§ï¢ï§ï ïï§ïïï±ïïï¥ï ï ïï¬ïºï£ïºï§ï°ïïžï»
ï ï«ïº ïµïï§ï ïï¹ï© ïï¡ï»ïï¬ paradoxï¿œïï±ïï¬ï ï·ï¿œï§ï®ïïï¿œ ïïž ï¬
ïïï¿œïŠï§ï¶ ï±ï ï¿œï¢ ï·ï¿œï§ïï¹ ï ï±ïï ï ïïï ᅵᅵᅵï ï£ïïŽï¿œïï
ïï¬ ï³ï ïï¡ïïœï¶ ïŸ ï ï¿œï»ï ï£ ï©ïœïï§ ïïï§ïºïï±ï§ ï¿œï»ï ï£ ï© ïïï· ï¿œïŽ ïï¬ ïï§ ï ïïïïïºïï ïï¬ thinlineï«ïï±ïï§ï¯ ïï§ïºïï§ ï ï ïïïïï» ï¥ïï ï ï ï»ï·ï¿œï§ ï ï ïïïïŸïï ïºï¿œï ï» ï¥ïï ï«ï ï»ïºïïï° ïïï¶ ï§ï®ïŸïï³ïïïïï³ï ïïïïïºï§ïºïï¬ ïŸïï¶ï§ï®ïŽ ïïº ï·ï¿œï§ ïµ ïï§ïï°ï§ ïï ïï»ïº ï ïï° ï¿œï»ï ïïïïïï ï§ïºï ï ï®ïïï§ ï¯ï ï»ïªïï§ ï
ï±ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ïïïŽï¿œïºï ï¹ï ï ïµïï§ïºïï¬ï ï ï®ïïœï defeat ïïïï ï·ï¿œï§ ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï ïï® ï©ïŒï
ï¿œïïï²ï»ï ï£ ï©ï®ïïïºï ï§ï£ ïïžï¿œï¿œïžï§ ï¬ïï¶ïï¬ï¥ïïµï© ïª ï¿œïï±ïïï£ ï§ï
ïïïºï»ïïïïïïï·ï© ïªïž ïï»ï«ïï¶ï ï£ ï ïïïžï¯ ïïœï ïï¿ï¿œïï±ïï ïïï¿œ ïŸ ïï¿œï ï¡ïïº ï€ïï€ ï ïµï§ïï ïï€ïï§ ïï ï«ï ïï ïï§ ïï ïïï§ï ïœï©ï§ïºï ïï¿œ ï ï
ï ï¿œïœïŒïŽïï±ïïï¯ï±ï ï¶ïŒ
ïïï§ïïœï©ïïï¿œ ï ïï ïµï§ ïï«ïï±ïïï¿œï¿œï¬ ïï temptationïï ï» ïµï§ ï ï³ï»ïïŠï ï£ ï ïï¶ ï£ ï¢ïï§ ïï ï ïµï§ ïï¡ï®ïïï¿œïïïï ïïï©ï± ï ï»ï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïïï«ïº ï»ï
ï ï¿œïïᅵᅵïï¶ï§ï®ïŸï§ï ï§ïºï ïï¿œïï ᅵᅵïïŽ ï³ïïº ïï·ï»ï«ïï¶ïï ïµï§ ï ïŸï¿œ ï© ï§ïžï¯ïï° ï¢ï§ïï»ïï ï»ï ïï€ïï ï¿œï²ï¹ïºï¿œïï©
ï ïï¬ ï¹ïï»ïïïï¹ïï ï¿œïµï§ ïïž ï¬ïŽïï¬ ï¿œï¥ïŸïï ï²ï ïŠ ï«ïïï«ïïï¬ ïïïï§ ïïº
ï¡ ï ï²ï¿œïïïºï ïï¬ ïï« ïï ï ï· ï¥ ï¢ ï ïžï»ï±ï ï® ï ï·ï€ ïïï«ïŒï§ïºï ïïï¹ ï ï³ï»ïïŠïï¹ ï ï¿œï«ïïïµï§ ïï¿œï ï¶ïï ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ ïï«ïïï°ï§ïºï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï»ï¿œ ïïï«ïº ï»ï human
ï ïµï§ ïï ï¬ ïŽï ï ï ïš ïï ïµ ï¹ïï¥ ï»
ï ï¹ïrevelatory ï§ïºï perception ï£ï ïï
human perceptionïµ ïïµï ïŸ
Human Recording ï ï«ï ï£ perception
ïïï§ ï ï»ïŽïïïŸï¿œïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïïï ïï ïïï€ïïïµïï ï¿œï ï£ ï ï¿œï§ï ï ï ïºï¿œ ï³ï»ïïŠï»ïºï ï¥ï ïŸïœï§ ï¿œï«ïï ï±ïïï€ï ï²ïï§ïºïï§ ï®ïï¶ï¹ ïï£ï ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï«ïº ï»ï
ï ïµï§ ïï ï ïï¹ ï ï¢ï§ï«ïïïïœïïºï§ï ï»ï¶ïŒï§ïºï ï·ïïºï©ï ï¹ïïï°ï ïµï§ ï ï£ ï
ï ïïï§ ïï»ï» ïï§ï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï©ï»ï«ïº
ï£ ï ïœï ïºï§ï ï» ïµï§ ïï«ïŒïï§ ï ïïº ïž ï£ ïï ï¿œï±ïïŒïïŽ ï³ïïº ï€ ïï· ïï
ïïïï ï«ïï ï ï ïºï§ï ï»ï«ïº ï£ï¿œï§ïŸï«ï£ï ï«ïº ïŸï«ïï ïŸï¿œï±ïïïï§ïºï
ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ï ïï¡ïïªïï«ïºï£ ï¿œï©ï³ïïïïž ïï ï«ïº ïŸï«ïï ï¿œïï€ïºï»ï¯ïŽïïŒ ïš ïï¡ïïªïï¿œïºïŽïœï ïï ïïïºï¿œïï«ïºïïŽï³ïïº ïµï§ïïïïï¹ï ï¢ï§ï«ï
ï°ïï°ï ï ïï·ïïï¶ï§ï®ïŸï ï£ïïžï¿œïïïœïïŒï ïïïï±ïï¿œïºïï±ï¶ï«ïº
ïïïï
ï±ï·
ïᅵᅵï§ï§ïºï ïï¹ï ï ïïï· ïïï ï§ïºïïž ï±ïï®ï ï€ïï¹ï§ ï ïï¶ ï ïï§ ï»ïï§ïïïºï
ï ï¢ï¢ïºï§ï¢ï§ïºïï¹ïï¢ïïœïï°ï»ï ïï¿œïº ïµï§ ïïï€ïï ïï§ ïïïžï ïïªïïï ïïïï¶ï¿œïºï§ïïšïïï¹ï ï ï ï€ï¿œïïŒïïžïïï·ïºï¶ï¿œï ï«ïºïï§ ï¹ ï²ï
ï ïï§ïïïï§ï ï»ï§ ï ï¡ ï ï» ï¹ï ï ï³ ï³ï ï ï ïžï®ïºïï§ïºï
ïïï»ïº ï ï ï ïœïï¿œ ïŽ ï±ï
ï ï¶ïïïï®ïï ïï§ ïï ï¡ ïïªï ï§ ï ïïº ïž ï£ ïï ï¥ï³ï§ï ïï· ïœ ïï ï ï·ïï°ï
ï±ï ï€ ïïºï ï ï¿œïïŒïŸï§ï«ï¿œï§ïºïïïïïïšï ïï· ïïï ï¶ï°ïï ï±
ï¿œïï°ï» ïïï®ïºï£ïï¹ïïï°ïïºï ï ï¹ïï ïŸ ïï¿œïï¡ïïº ï€ïï¿œïï ï£ ïï ï° ï§ï¿œï²ï©
ï«ï²ïºï¡ïïï·ï ïï¿œï ï ï§ïºïïïïï¯ï± ï ï¿œïºïšï¶ ï¿œïïï§ïºï¢ïï¿œï§ïºï
ïï§ ï ïïïïºï«ï§ïºïïïïï ï§ïºïï ï ï€ïï¬ï ïï ï¿œï ᅵᅵï¬ï±ïï ïž ï£ ïïïïïïï¿œïž ï ï§ï°ïïï¹ï ïï±ïï§ï¶ï¶ ï°ï§ ïŸï§ ïïïž ï»ï¿œïï ï¿œïï§ïºï
ïŸ ï¹ïïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïïï¹ ïïï¿œï ï¿œïï¶ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïºï ïïïï± ïï ïïï§ ï ïïº ïï¶ï ï ï®ïªïï®ïï§ïï«ïïï ïïªïïµ ïïïœïµïºïï±ï ï»ïï¿œïºï ï¹ïï ïï ï»ïï¿œï©ï§ïï«ï ï ï ïœï©ïµï«ï ï»ïºïïïïŽï§ïºï ï¥ïï¶ï«ïºï®ï°ï©ï¿œ ï°ïï ïºï» ï¿œï ï ï¿œï»ï»ï¯ïŽïï¡ïïª ï ï ï¢ ïï¯ïïïï±ï±ïï§ïºï ï¿œïï±ïïï«ïºï±ïïïž ïï±ïï¿ï±ïï±ï ï»ï¹ïïï ï ï¬ï§ï¶ ïï ï ïïï§ ï ïï ïŸ ïž ïžï«ï ï±ïï ï¡ïïªïï§ï ï§ ïïïïï· ï ïï ï»ï§ ïï ïï³ïï¿œï± ï ïïï§ ïïï¬ ï¿œïŽ ï»ï¹ïï ï¬ ï«ï ïïï ï»ïï ï ïµï§ ï ï°ïïœïï¡ïïªï ï¯ï ï ïº ï«ï ï€ ïï²ïïï¬ ï· ï¬ï»ï¹ïïï¬ ï¿œï ï¿œï ï¹ ïïŸï¿œï ïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ï ï¥ï§ ïï
ï ïï ï¶ï ïïï§ïïïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ï«ïï¯ï¿œïï¿œï¢ïïïï€ïï±ïžïŸïµïºïï ï ï·ï¿œ ï°ïŽï¹ï«ïï ïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï ïµï§ ïï² ïžï ïï¿œ ï€ ïï· ï ïïï ï¿œï ï¿œï«ï
ï«ï ïïªï¿œïï ï±ïï¡ ï¶ ï¥ï¥ïï¶ïŒ ï»ï ï£ ï©ïœï ïµï§ ïïïï ï ïïï ï°ï§
ïµï§ ïï€ ïï¿œï§ïºïïž ïïª ï¿œïïï ïž ï£ ïŸ ï«ïïïµï§ ïï ï¿œïïŒïï¬ ï¶ ïï¿œ ï¿œïïᅵᅵï§ï§ïºïï·ïï°ïïœï»ïï§ïºï¶ï ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï€ïïï¹ ïïï°ï¶ï ïï¿œïïï¶ ï®ïªïï©ï ï ï ï ïºï¿œ ï» ïïï ï¥ ïœï ï§ ïï ï ï«ïº ïï ïµï§ ïïï°ïïŒ ïš ïïïœïï ï«ïï ï£ ï ï¿œï§ ï ï
ï±ïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï«ï ï ï ï ï ïŽ ïµ ï ï ï¿œ ïž ïï ï®ï¿œïïïïïšïºï ï®ï¿œïï© ï«ïŒï«ïïïµï§ ïï¬ ïï ïšï ï ïï ï€ïï ï§ïïª
ïï·ï¶ï§ï®ïï§ ïïï¿œïï«ïºïï© ï ïï£ ï«ïºï±ïïï¹ï ï§ ïïï«ïºïïïŽ ïïïï¬
ï£ ï ï» ï¯ï± ï¶ïŒ ïïï€ ïïïž ï£ ïï ï ïºïï¶ï ï¿œï¶ï ï·ïï§ïŸ ï¶ ï§ ïï«ï ï ï ïï
ï¿œï«ïºïŸï§ ï ïïºï·ïïžïïï ïºïï¶ïï¿œï ïïïï
ï ï ï¢ï§ï ïïïµïï£ ï±ï
ï ïïïœïï ï¢ïºï§ ï§ ïï³ï¿œïïïïï§ïïŽïïï ï° ï»ïï»ïµ ï³ï»ïïŠï§ïºïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïï ï·ïï§ï· ïï ï«ïºï¹ï¢ ï© ï»ïï€ïï§ ïïï ïïï·ï ï«ïº ï»ï
ïïïºï¿œï² ïžï§ïºï ï£ ï«ï ï£ï¢ï© ï ï£ ïïïŒ ï£ ï¿œï±ïïŒï¿œïïï¬ ï¯ï± ï»ïï ï°ïï
ï ïªïï§ ï»ïïŠ ï ï¡ ïïªï ï·ïï§ ïŸï¹ïï§ïºï ï³ ï³ïœï°ï ï ïï§ ï» ïïïï ï»ïªïï§ ï ïïïï§ ï£ ï ïïž ïŸï¹ïïïµï§ ïïïï«ï²ïºï¡ ï£ ï»ïï§ïºïï ï³ ï³ï«ï¿œ ï ï®ï£ï» ï ïïï¿œ ïšïï±ïïï¬ ï§ï®ïï§ ïïï ï§ïï±ïï¡ïŸïïïïµï ïï«ïº ï¹ï¢ ï©ï€ ïï·ïï§ ïšïï±ïïï ïïï§ ï ï§ïï¡ï§
ïï«ï ïï±ï ï°ïïïï¶ ïŒï£ ï»ïïïï«ï ï ï ï ï¢ ïïïï€ïï§ ïïï«ï ï£ ïœïœïï¶ ïï¿œï§ ï¯ï ïï ïŒï«ïï ïï¬ ïŸï¡ï ïª ï ïµ ï¹ ïïïï¶ ïµ ï§ ïï±ïï§ïºï¢
ï£ ïï± ï®ï ï«ïï»ïï°ï® ïïï«ïïïïœ ïïºï§ï ï» ïµï§ïï«ïŒ ï£ ïµï§ ïïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïï ïï
ïï ïµï§ ïïŸï ïï§ïïï¿œïºï ï¹ ïïï¬ïïïï ï¿œï· ï ï·ï precedent ï±ïïï
ï§ï ï ï ïµï§ ïï¡ïï ï£ ï±ïï¿œïºï¿œï»ï«ïºïï·ïï§ïž ï£ ïï ï¿œï¥ï¿œïïº ïŸï§ïž ïŸï·ïï§ïž ï£ ïï¶ ï ïµï§ ïïïŽ ï³ïï»ïº ï ïïïŒ ï ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï»ï ï£ ï© ï«ï¶ ïïºïï ï ïï§ïºïï¢ ïï ï±ï ï£ ï
ï¶ïï·ïï§ï·ï¶ïïï¿œïï ï¬ïïïï¿œï ï¹ïï ïïï¶ ï ï¢ï¥ï ïïºï€ïïïŠïïï» ï¿œ ï ï ï·ï ï¿œï ï¿œï§ïºï ï· ï± ï»ï ï£ ï© ïœïï¿œ ï£ï«ï§ïºï ï£ï¢ï© ï±ï ï
ïïœ ï²ï€ï§ïºïperception ï£ ïïïµï§ ïïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïï¹ï ï»ïºï ïïïžï©ïï®ïï¹ïïïï ï¥
sparks of authentic ïï¯ï ï§ïïïº ïž ï£ ïï ïïïïï¬ï ï±ïï§ ï ï£ ïï ï ï«ïº ïï° ï±ï fossilized information ï¶ï
ïµï§ ïï«ï ï±ïï ï ïœ ï· ïœ ï©ï ï·ï history
ïï¬ ïïï¹ï¡ ï»ï°ïŽïïï¿œï»ï ï£ ï©ïœï
ï¬ïï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïºïŸï§ ïïï§ïºïïž ï£ ï ï»ïºïï¿œï»ï§ ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ï®ïïï
ïïïï
ï±ï¹
ïï¿œïºïï ïïï ï© ïï§ ï ï» ïŸï·ï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïïŸ ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïºï«ïï¬ ï¥ïŽï® ïœï§ ïžï¿œïï ï¬ï
ï ï» ï¹ï ïïº ïœï©ïŸ ïï ï£ ï ï±ï ï ïï£ ï§ï ï ï«ïºï©ï§ ïŠï ïµï§ ïïï¯ï ï·ïºïïï¬ ïŽï ï ï« ï ï ï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïïï ïïï«ïºïï¯ï ï£ïï²ï¬ ï¹ïïïïïï€ïºïïï§ïºïï·ïïºï© ïï±ï ï»ï ï°ïï³ïï
ïïï°ï©ïï¬ ï« ï ï® ï«ïï§ ï»ï¿œ ï§ï» visionï¿œïï«ïï§ïºïïï¢ ï¥ï ï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ï ï®ï ï¬ïï ï»ïï ï«ïï¿œï ïï¬ ïï§ïµïïº ïï§ ïž ï·ïï§ ïïïïŸ ï£ïïŽï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïº ïŸ ï ï§ï¿œ
ïšïï ïïï ï¯ïª ï± ï®ï ï ï·ïï ïªï€ï£ ïïïµï§ ïï±ïïïœ ï²ï€ïïïï«ïºïŸ
ï ïµï§ ïï·ïïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï¿ï» ï€ï ï re-create ïœï§ ïŠï ïµï§ ïï ïµï§ ïï ïï¿œï
ïïïïŽ ïïºïœï§ï·ï« ï¿œïïïï ïï ï·ïï§ïž ï£ ïïï¬ ïï§ ïïïï ï ïïºï§ï¶
ïž ïï ï«ï ïï·ïï§ ïž ï£ ï ï»ïºï ï¿œï ïžïŽ ïŸ ï¹ï ï§ ïï£ ïµï§ ïï·ïï ïï ï ïïïŽ
ï·ï±ïŸ ïµï§ ïïï ï¥ïïï¿œïŽ ï ïï®ïï¢ï¶ï² ï¢ ïïº ï·ïïœï§ ïžïïïï ï ïï
ï»ïºïï¿œ ï ïï¿œïïºïŽïŸï«ï¿œ ïµï§ ïï ï¿œïï ïï ï£ ï ï¿œïºï§ï ï»ï«ïºïïï¿œï¬ ïµï§ ï
ïïï¬ïïž ïïïïïïï¶ï ï ïïïï¿œ ï¢ï©ïï±ïï±ï ï»ïïï©ïºï§ïºïïº ïᅵᅵï ï²ï³ ïïï¹ ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï ïªïï ïº ï¿ï ïµï§ ïïºï§ïï®ï ï¶ï§ïïïïª ïï±ïª ï¢ ï§ïºï ï ïï¢
ï«ïïïï¹ïïŸ ïï ï¢ïï»ïï ï·ï ï²ï³ï¿œï ïïï¯ ï»ï§ ïïï ï»ï ïµïïºï« ï ïï£ ï« ïï
ï¿ï»ï€ï re-createï ïµï§ ïïœï§ïŠïïµï§ ïï¿ïïœïï¹ïïªï»ï«ïïï« ïï¿œïï¹ïï§ïºï ï¥
ï-ï§ï§ïºï ï¥ï§ ï§ï³ïªïï£ïïï±ï ï»ï·ïï§ïž ï£ ï ï»ïºï¬ ïïï« ïï ï ïŒï ï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï»ï ï£ ï©
ï ïµï§ ïïï·ïï§ ïïïï§ïºïï§ ï ïï§ïºï ïž ï£ ï ï«ïï¬ ïï ï»ï§ ï³ ïï§ ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ï«ï° ïœï§ ïž ï ï±ï ïŽï³ïïº ïïï¬ ï ïï«ïï±ï ïï ï ï¬ïïïï ï€ïï§ïŽïœï§ ïŠïï¹ïï ï§ï«ïïïï±ïïï ïï€ï»ïïïïï ï ïïïž ïïïï©ïºï§ïºïï
ï¶ïï·ïï§ï·ï
ï±ïï ï·ïï§ ïïï ï ï ïï ï¥ïï ïïµ ïŸïš ïïïï ïïï«ïº ï§ïºï ï¹ï ï» ïï¿œ
ïï¬ ï»ïï¿œï«ï ï»ï§ïï§ ï®ïï ï©ï¿œï¶ïµï§ ïï£ ïïŸïïïï±ï ïŸ ï²ï€ïïï§ïºïï·ïïºï©ï
ï ï ï¹ïï ï ï ï±ïï ïïºï ïŸ ïšï ï£ ïï ïµï§ ïï¿œï ï¿œ ï§ ïï±ïï§ïºï¢ ï±ï
ï ïï¿œ ï«ïï ï«ï·ï£ï¢ï©ï¢ï§ïºï ï¿œï¬ ï ïµï
ïžï ï ï·ïï§ï§ïºï ïïïï±ï³ïžï¿œ
ï²ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï© ïï°ï ï§ ïï±ïï§ïºï¢ ï±ïïïµï§ ïïï§ïïïºïž ï£ ïïï·ïï§ ïï ï¢ï§ï ïïïµïï«ïï¬ ïšï€
ïï¿œïï±ïªï¢ï§ïºïï£ï¢ ï©ï
ï«ïï¬ ï¥ï¿œïšïï§ïºïï¬ïïïï ï¿œï·ï
ïœï§ ïžï¢ï§ï ïïïµïïºï§ïºïïïïï·ï Archetypal Historyï»ï ï£ ï©ïœïïµï§ï
ïïï ïµï§ ïï«ï ï±ï ï ï ï±ï ï»ï§ ïï°ï·ï ï§ ïï±ï ï¡ï¿ï» ï¬ïï ï»ïï ïïï
ïï¬ ïïï ïï ïµï§ ïïªïŸ ï²ï€ï§ïºï¿œïï ïïï®ïï¿œ ï€
ï¡ïïªïï§ ï ïïº ïž ï£ ïï ï ïï ï ï ï ï¹ïï ï¿œï ïï ï¡ï¬ï°ï¹ï ï ïïïµï
ïïïï±ï·ï ï«ïº ï©ï£ ïŽïœï¿œï ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïïŸïïïï§ïºïïïï ïï¡ ï
ï¿œïï ï³ï§ïï§ ï¿œïïŽïºï§ ï»ï¯ ïŽïïºïž ïžï°ïïïŸï¿œïïµï§ ïï€ ï«ï ïï¿œ ïïï¶
ï¿œï€ ïïïº ïï¿œïï ï§ ï ïïº ïž ï£ ïï ï ïï ï® ï ï¹ïï ï ïï ï¥ï«ïï ï» ïï¿œ ï«ï
ï ï¿œï±ï¶ ï¿œï§ï®ï ï¿œïŽ ï»ï¹ïï§ïºï ïï¥ïŸïï ïï· ïïïï¬ ï£ ï ïïï³ ï ï ïŸïïŸ ïï±ïž
ïïïï§ ï©ï§ïºïï ïŠïï ïïïïï·ïïï¿œï¯ï¿œï ïï¶ïï ïï«ïº ï£ï¿œï© ï»ïºïŽïïïï§ ï ïŸ ï©ï ïµï«ïï¿œï ï¶ïïïº ï¿œ ï¬ ï«ï ïï¿œ ïï ï ï¥ï»ï¯ïšïï±ïïï¬ ï¿œïï«ïï ï
ïšï ï±ï ï¿œïïžïï¿œï ïïï§ ïï ïïïïªïŸï¿œïŽïï§ïºï ïª ï ï£ ï ï© ïï§ ï ï» ï«ïº ï£ï¿œï©ïï»ï§ ï¡ïº ï«ïï ï¥ ï³ï§ïï ï ï¿œ ï ï«ï¿œï ï ïï¿œ ïïïŸïï±ï¿œï¶ ï§ï®ï¿œï€ ï ï¥ ïï°ï·ïïï¿œ ï ï¿œï°ï»ï ï°ï®ïïŠï®ïï°ïï§ïž ïï ïï°ï©ï¿œï ï¶ï ïï§ïïï»ï ï£ ï©ïï»ï ï£ ï©ïïï·ï
ï¿œï ïï ï ï«ïºïïŽ ï³ïïº ï€ïïïºïï«ïº ïŸï¿œï£ ï¿œïœï§ïºïï±ï ï»ïºïŽïï«ïºï ï¥ ï ï ï ïï«ïï¿œïŠï§ïºï ï³ ï ï ïŸïï«ïï ï¶ïï fossilized ïï¢ï§ïŸï§ï· ïïïšïï°ï ï¶ïŸïï ï ï©ï©ï -ï¥ï³ï§ïï¯ ïï
ï«ï ïï¿œïï€ ïïï¿œ ï¹ï ï¶ï ïïïï ï±ï ï€ ï¹ïï ïï¶
ï ïš ï€ ï«ïïï§ ï±ï¿œï§ïºïï¯ïŽï§ ï· ï® ï ï± ïºï§ïïŠïï ï³ ï ï ïïš ï ï¡ ïïªï ïŒ
ïïžï»ïïµ ïŸïšïïïŽ ï ï¹ï ïï±ï ï¬ïï ïï»ï ï ï¢ï» ïŸï§ï§ ïïï§ïºïï¯ ïŽïïºïž ïžï°ïï ïïï¹ ï¿œ ï¿œï¥ïïï° ï ï·ïï§ ï· ïïžïï¬ ïï ïŸïœïïŠ ïªïï ïï§ ï ïïº ï·ï ïžï ï ïï ïï§
ïœï§ï· ï«ï ï ï§ïµ ïï·ïï ï» ï¿œï ïïï»ï§ ïï®ïï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï ïï¡ ï£ ï¿œïïï¿œ ï ïµï§ ï ïªïï±ïª ï¢ ï§ïºï ï£ ï«ïï£ï¢ ï©ïïïï¯ïï ïï¯ïï¿œï¬ ï¿œï«ï ïï§ïµï±ïïŸïœïïŠ
ïïïï
ï²ï±
ï ï«ïïïï§ ï¿œï ï«ïïï® ï ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ïµï§ïï· ïžï»ï¶ï ï·ïï§ïïïï ï ï spatial
ïïïºï¿œ ïïïïº ïïž ïïïï ï·ïï§ïï ïŠ ï€ ïï²ïïï ï¥ïª ï ï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï©ïªï§ ï» ï»ïï¿œ ï ï³ ï³ï»ï§ ï¡ ï ïïº ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï ïµï«ïï¿œï ïïïŸ ïŸï·ï«ï ï±ï ïïï«ï¿œïïœï§ï ï³ ï ï ïŸïïŸ ï¿œ
ïïïŸïµï ï·ïïºï§ïºï ïï
ï ï£ ïïïïºïïïµ ïŸïšï³ ïï§ ï»ï¹ï«ïï
ï¶ïï·ïï§ï·ï€ïïïïïï¬ ïïïžï¥ïï¿œïŒ ï ï¿œïŽï ïï
ïïï€ïï ï©ï¿œ ï» ïµï§ïïïïïï±ï ï·ïï§ ï¶ïï ïï ï£ ïïï¿œïŒ ï
ï¥ï¥ ïï ï¹ï ï ï»ïœï© ï ïïïï ï ï ï²ïïïïïŽ ï ïï¿œ ï¿œï© ï ïï¶ ï·ïï§
ï«ïºïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïïï ïºï¿œïïïïïž ïï ï·ïï§ï²ï€ï»ïºï€ïïïïï±ïïïïïï®ï ï¬ï§ïºï¶ ï ï¢ïºï§ ï«ïŒï¿œïŸ ï¿œï ïµï§ ïïïï§ï ï ï³ï§ ï±ï ï¢ï§ïŸï ï€ïïšïžï¶
ï ï«ïºïï¶ïï·ïï§ï ï¶ï ï€ï¶ï ï·ïï§ïï° ï«ï° ï°ïï ï»ï¯ ïŽïïºïž ïžïŸï¿œïïïï ï£ïï ï ï ï³ï©ï ïï«ï ï«ïºï¶ïïºïï ï ï¡ ïïº ï»ï ï±ï€ï ï¥ ïïïº ïï¥ïŸï§ ïï ï»ï®ï ï ï£ï¿œï©ï§ïºï ïŸï«ïïïžï¬ï§ ï¢ï ï»ïïºï§ ï© ï³ ï³
ïï ï¹ ï§ï¿œ ï± ïïŒïᅵᅵï ï± ïŽïï«ïï€ï
ïï ï ï¶ï¿ï§ïï ïï
ïïï ï¥ï³ï»ïïï«ïï ï·ïï§ ïš ï¿œ
ïï§ ï ïïºï· ïïžïï®ïïïŽïïï ï¥ ïï¶ï§ï®ïï¿œïïï ï³ ï¿œ ï³
ïïž ï ïï
ï±ï ïï¶ ï§ï ï± ïï ïµï° ï°ïï€ï±ï¿œ ïïï±ïïï¬ ï ï ï¹ï ï¥ïº ïï¥ïªïï©ïï°ï ïž ïï·ïï§ï·ï ïžï ï»ïïï§ ï»ïï¶ï ï°ïïïï§ïºï ï ï ïïï
ï·ïï§ï ï¥ïï§ ï»ïï·ï¹
ï¡ïïº ï€ï ïï ïïï ï· ï¬ï«ï ï³ïï¿œï ï¥ ïï ï¹ïï§ïºïï·ï¹ï«ïï¿œï ïŽï¹ï«ï ï«ï¿œï ïï¶ ï±ïïŸïŸï·ï«ï ï¿œïŽ ï ï¹ïïŸ ïï¿œï ï¿œ ïïï±ïïï¡ïï§ ï¿œïï·ï ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï ïµï
ï ï±ïïªï»ïï± ï»ï€ïïïï· ïïžï ï®ï¿œïï¹ïï¿œï«ïï€
ïïï¢ïïºï¹ïïž ïïïïï±ïïïž
ïïµï§ ïï¡ï ïµï§ ïï¹ïï ï«
ïº ï¢ï§ïïïï¿œï€ï¡ïïºï¿œïï ï ï¥ï·ïï§ï·ïžïšï ï°ïïŸï·ï¹ï«ï ïï ïï£ï¶ïï«ï
ï ïž ïïï¿œï«ï ï¿œï ï£ï§ïªïïºï ï ï£ ï ï ïŽï€ ï«ï ïŸïï ï ï£ ï ï
ï ïï§ï¿œï¶ ïï¿œ ï«ïï¿œï ï€ï¢ïºï§ ïŸïï«ïï ï¹ï ï³ï§ï ïµï§ ïïïïº ï¥ï¿œïï¢ïï
ï²ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïŸ ïž ï£ ï ï°ïïïï ïžï³ïï ï¬ïïïïï¿œïº ï«ïï« ïï ï ï¿œï ï·ïï§ ïŸï¹ ïï»ïºï
ï¡ ïï ï ïï¹ïï ï ïïïïž ï¬ï§ïºï ï€ï ïïŸïïïºï ïž ï¢ï ïïï¹ ï¿œï§ ï²ïï ï¡ï ï®ï ï ï ï¢ ï ï¥ï ï ïï¹ï«ï ï»ïï¿œï«ïïïºïºï ï€ïï ïžïïŸ ïšï ïïŽïµï ïªï°ïŽï¢ïïï¯ï®ï ï¡ïïªï ïµï§ïï±ïï±ïï¿œï ïï®ï ïï± ï·ï ï«ïº ïŸï¿œ ïïïŽ ï¹ïªïï ï§ïµ
ï€ïïïž ï ï¥ï¿œï¢ïµ ïï ïïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ï ïžï°ï ï«ï ï»ïºïïž ï¯ ïïïµ ï«ïï
ï»ïï³ï°ï ïïï ï±ï ï±ïï·ï¿œïï·ï ïŸ ï²ï€ïï«ïï¿œïïŽ ï¹ï«ïïŸ ïï¿œïï¡ïïº
ïïïï¿œïï ïï ï¿œï«ï ï°ïïŸï§ ï ïïºï· ïïžïï¹ïïï ïï ï ï¹ï€ïï²ï ï±ï ïïï»ïï ï ïŽïïïŸïï ï» ï«ï ïï© ï ï ï£ ï ïœïº ï€ ï·ïï§ ï¢ï§ ïµï ï¢ï ï ïï°ï© ïï ï³ ïï³ ï ïï ïï¡ ï» ï©ï ïïž
ïïŽ ï»ïºï ï»ï§ ïï§ï§ïºïï¹ïºï§ ï»ï¹ï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠï» ï¿œ ïïï±ïï ï ïº ïïïï ï·ï« ï
ïïŸï«ïïïïïï±ïžï°ï ï«ïïï ïºï¿œïï·ïŸï¿œï§ïºïï€ï ï§ ïïïž ïï ïŽ ï¹ï«ï ïïïŠ ï·ï ï ïïïº ïµïïº ï»ï® ï»ïºïï ï ïïŽ ïŸïž ï¬ï ïïïïï€ï¿œ ïïï±ïïïŒ ï ïï¶ï ï³ ïï³ ï¬ïïº ï¥ïïºï§ ï°ïï
ï¶ïï·ïï§
ï ïï¬ïïºï§ïïï¿œ ï€ ï¿œ ï± ïïŒïïž ï¿œïïï±ïïŸ ï«ïï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠï²ï³ï
ï»ï ïï§ï ï» ï«ïºï ï ï§ï ïïº ïž ï£ ï ï€ ï±ï¿œïïŒïªï ïïïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï ïïï ï± ïºï§ï ï¹ï
ïï ï ïïºï¹ï ï·ïï§ ï²ï ï ïï¶ ï±ïï§ ï«ï ï¢ï§ï ïï±ï ïï»ïº ï ï¢ï¿œï ï
ï£ ï ïïšïï¿œïï ïïïïï ï«ï§ ïï»ïïïœï ï·ï ï»ï© ïïºï§ï ï» ïŸïï³ ï ïïïïïï§ï
ï ïµï§ ïï€ ïï§ïºï ï ïï¡ïï§ï¿œï ï·ï ïï ï«ïŒ ï±ï ï ï¢ï·ï¹ ï°ï ï» ï· ï¥ ïï§ ï² ï§ïºï ïŸïï¥ï ïŸï ï£ ï ï¶ïï ï ïï ï€ïï¹ï¡ ï»ï·ï ï«ïº ï©ï£ ï«ïºï¶ï·ïï§ï²ï±ï
ïïš ï ïï· ïï ïŸ ï« ï£ïï¯ïŽïœïµïºï ï ï ï¿œ ï± ïïŒï ï ï±ïï ïïï·ï® ïµï«ïï¿œ ï¶ ï±ï ïŸ ï¥ïŸï·ï«ï ïïž ïïïº ï»ï ï£ ï© ïœï ï±ï¢ïµ ï¿œï¢ ï·ï±ï»ï§ ï»ïŠïï ïŸ ï©ï ïï ï ï¹ïï·ïïïžï ï¥
ï ï£ ïïïµïï»ï ïï§ ïï»ï«ïºïï ï· ï¥ ïï§ï· ïïžïï¶ïï ï£ ï ïïïŽï³ïïº ï€ï¿œ ï± ïïŒ ï³ ï³
ïïïï
ï²ï³
ïïŽ ï€ ï°ï§ ïžïï ï ï ïï ï¯ ïŽïïº ïž ïžï¿œïŸï¿œï«ï ïïï§ïµï¹ï£ ïºïï§ïœïµïºï
ï°ïïïªïïï¹ï ïï ï¿ï§ïï¿œïµ ï€ïïïï ïïïžï¥ïŽ ï ïï¿œïïŒïï¬ ï ï ï³
ï£ïïŽï«ï©ïï¿œ ï ïïŸïï¥ïŸïïï¿œ ï± ïïŒ ï£ ï§ïµï·ï¹ ï»ï±ïï±ïïïŒï€ ï ïï± ï ï£ ï
ïïŽ ï³ïïº ïï ïïïŸïïïºï·ï¹ï°ï ï»ïï£ ïïºï§ï ïïºï§ïŽïï¹ïï§ïºï ïïïï±ï ï¯ïŽï§ ï·
ï ï£ï¢ ï©ï·ï ï«ï ï ï€ï° ïž ïïïž ï»ï«ïï£ïïŽï«ï©ï ïïï ïïïïïïºïºï ï¢ï
ï ï ïŸï§ï· ï·ï ï«ïïïºïº ïïï€ ï ïï¿œ ïŽ ï³ï§ï±ï ïïï ï ï€ïºï¿œï±ï ï®ï ï¿œ
ïï± ï·ï ï«ïºïï¢ ïï¿œïº ï«ïï¶ ïïºï ï£ ïŽï ï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ïï¶ï¿œ ï ï ï ï§ï ï ïïšï ïŸ ïï ï ïïº ï ï»ï§ ï¡ïº ïŸ ï©ï ïµï«ïï¿œï ïœ ï©ïïºï§ï ï§ï¡ ïïï ïµï§ ïïï ï«ï ïïï ï± ïïŒ ï ïï§ ï¿œïïï±ï¿œï±ïïŸï¿œïïµï§ ïï±ïïïï«ï¿œïïœï§ï«ïï€ï¿œ
ï±ï ï¿ ï¹ïï§ïºïï ï£ ï ïïŒï ï¹ï ï»ïï ï»ïž ï£ ïï ï¥ï·ï¿œï§ ï® ï ï·ï¿œï§ ï ïŽï ï¿œ
ïï¿œïï¹ïï§ïºïï¿œïïï€ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï«ïïï¥ïïï±ï¹ïžï§ïïï¹ïï·ï¿œï§ ï» ïïœï ïªïï»ï© ïïïž ï£ ï
ï»ï ï£ ï©ïœïïï«ï ïï°ï¿œïï¶ïïºï©ïïºï§ï ï»ïŠï·ïïµï§ ïï§ï»ï ï«ïï ï«ïï¿œï ïï ï ïŽï ï ïŽ ï»ï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï ï discourage ïïïïï ï¥ïïºï§ ïïï€ ï ï ïº ï®ï¿œïªï ïï³ïï· ïï®ï ï¥ï« ï ïŸï° ïï ïŽïï±ï ï¬ïŽ ïï²ïïªï°ï®ïï ï ï€ï ï ï± ïï ï¥ ï£ïïº ï ïïŸïïŠïï¿œ ï± ïïŒ ïŽï ïï¹ï ï«ïïïï« ï®ïï ï ï ï¿œïºï§ïºïï¹ïï ï ï ï ïª ïŸï ï¿œïµïïïïïï»ïºïï ï ïïŽ
ïïï¹ ïï¿œïµïïªï°ï¿œ ïï§ ï¿œ ï±ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï ï·ï¹ ïï§ïµïï€ ïŸïï ïïµ
ï ïïï§ï ï¿œ ï ïïï¿œï°ï¿œïïïŸ ïï±ïï ï§ ï ïïº ïµï§ ïïï ï»ï ï¢ïïï ï ï¹ïïï¡ ï»ïš ï ïï¬ï
ï± ïïŒï·ïïï¬ ïž ïžï¥ïŽïïï¡ïïªïï¯ ï± ïŽï§ ï·ïï§ ïŠï±ïï§ïºï ï±ïï§ïµï¥ïïºï§ï€ï¿œ ï¶ï
ïï± ïïï§ïï±ï ïïï± ï¿œï°ï ï€ï¿œ ï± ïïŒïï¬ ïïŠ ïï ï¿œ ïïŸïï¬ïïºï§ ïï§ïºï ï¥ ï ï ï ï·
ïïž ï±ï ïŸï¥ï ï¥ïïºï§ ïïï»ïºï ï¥ ï£ ïïï» ï® ï«ï ï³ïï ïŸï§ ïïï± ï¿œï±ïï§ïºï
ï»ï¯ïŽïï ï§ïºï ï¶ï¿œïï¥ïïºï§ï§ïï°ï ï¡ ï±ï ï ï ï²ï ï ï ï±ïï§ ïïïïŠ ï» ï«ïïï§ ï±ï¿œ
ïŸ ï·ïï»ïº ï¥ ï£ ï° ïºïïï«ï©ï
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ïï°ïŸ ï£ïïŽï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïº ïµï§ ïï§ïŠ ïµï«ïï¿œï¶ ï ï€ ï« ïïï§ ï±ï¿œï€ ïïïïºï¿œ ï ï«ïï¿œï ï¥ ïï ï£ ï° ï ïï¹ï«ï ï»ï§ ï ïŸ ï©ï
ï²ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¹ïï ï ï»ïºï ï¶ïžïºïº ï ï«ï ïï ï·ïï¡ ï¿œ ïŸ ïï±ï¯ ï¿œï§ïºï ï¿œïï ï³ï§ï ïµï§ ï
ïï¿œï«ïŒï§ïºï ïŸï¿œïïï ïž ï ï¥ ï·ïªïï§ ï»ï€ïº ïšï ï°ï ï»ï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ï§ ï ï ïº ï»ï¿œïï ï ï¿œï ïµï«ïï¿œïïŸ ï·ïïºïº ï ïï ï± ïïŒï§ ï¿œ ï±ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ïœïïï§ ïï»ï» ïï§ ï ïï ï ï ï©ï
ï¹ïïŸï ï»ï¥ ïªïï¿œïŸ ï¿œ ï ïœ ï ï¹ ï± ï¿œïïŒïï¡ ï ï¬ïºïïïïïº ïï ï€ï·ï€ ï«ïïœ ï ï ï¥ï¿ïï§ ï» ï¹ï¿œïïŒïïž ï ïŸ ï²ï©ïž ï© ï ïïï
ïžï
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ ï·ï ï
ïŸï¿œï§ïºï ïïœï ï ï»ïº ïïž ï¿œ ïµï§ ïï³ïï ïµï§ ïï·ï¿œï§ ïïŽï ï³ ï¿œ ï³ ï ï§ ï³ ï§ï
ï¿œï¶ïïï ï¹ïºï§ï°ïïï«ïº ïïï ï ï ï«ïºï¿œï±ï ïŽïï¹ ïïïžïºï§ ï» ïïï¶ïïºï§ï
ï±ïï±ïï¯ïŽï
ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ïï¬ïºïº ïžïïž ï¿œïŸ ï²ï€ïï§ïºïï·ïïºï©ïï»ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï»ïº
ï ï€ïïï¿œïï¿œ ï ïï·ï¹ï°ï ï»ï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžï ïï€ ïï¿œïž ï ï ï¿œïï ïïï ï¹ï
ï ïµï§ ïï ï¥ ïŽïï§ï§ïºï ï£ïïº ï ïï§ïŠïº ï ïï ï» ï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïŸ
ï ï ï·ï
ï«ï ïï¿œ ï
ï¥ ï¿œï§ ï·ïžïï ï»ïï°ïï¢ ï¥ï°ïï ïïº ï€ ïïœï§ ïŠ ï³ïïï ï ïï¿œïº ïï ïï ï·ï ï·
ï ïïïºïºï ï€ïï·ï¿œï°ï ï ï ïï ï€ïŸ ï± ï§ ïïïºïïŒïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï¶ïº ï·ïï®
ïïŒïïïïž ïï·ï¶ïºïïï«ïï¿œï£ ï ïï£ ïï ï³ ï³ ï±ï ï°
ï ïï ïœïï¿œ ï°ïï«ï ï€
ï ïï€ï ï ï¹ïï§ïµïŽ
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ï ï¿œï·ïŸï¿œïïº ï¹ï§ïŒï ï° ï€ ïŸ ï± ï§ ï ïïï
ï± ï ï¢ï§ïï ï§ïºï ï¹ï«ï©ïŠïï ï ïï®ï ïï§ïºï°ï ï°ï° ï€ï¿œ ïŽ ïºïï¹ïïŽ ï»ï® ï± ïï
ï ï· ïžï·ï¿œï°ï ï ï ïïï«ïï ïï ï·ï·ïï® ï ïï® ï«ï ï® ï ï¿œ ï± ïïŒïï¬ ï·ï°
ï ïï§ïºï±ï ïŸ ï³ ïï ï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¥ ï¿œ ï»ï¿œ ï± ïïŒï ï¶ïï ï·ï ï¿œ ï¹ ï ï ï ï
ï·ïïžï ï£ ï¶ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ï¯ïŽï§ ï·ï ï·ï£ ï¬ ï³ï§ï ï£ ï¹ï·ïžï¥ï€ ïïïïï¹ï¢ ï¹ ï¥ïïºï§ ï¥ ï¿œï§ ïœï» ï ïï ïïºïïï§ïºïïï¿œï ï± ïïï¬ ïïŒï¶ ï¿œï ï¹ïïŸï¿œïï·
ïž ï ïï ï·ïïï±ï¡ïïµï§ ïï¹ ïï ï«ïïïïï¥ïï ï· ï¬ï«ï ï ï ï©ï¿œï»ïºïŸï¿œïïµï§ ï ïïºïº ï ïï ï ï©ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ïï ï ïï¯ï¬ï¶ï¹ïï§ïºï
ï± ïïŒï« ï ï± ïï°ï¿œïïïïŒï©ïï±ïïï¬ ïŸï¿œï¹ïïžïïï»ï ï ï¢ï»ï¯ ïŽïïºïž ïž
ïïïï
ï²ïµ
ïŽïŠï ï ï€ïï¿œïïº ï ïï«ï§ïºï ïïï ïšï§ï° ïïïŸïï ïïžï¬ï§ï¡ ï ïï±ïï ï ï±ï ïïŒ ï³ ïï³ ïï ïï·ï¿œ ïïï ïï§ïºï ïïºï± ï°ï ï°ï§ï ï¶ ïïï¥ïïºï§ïŽ ï ï»ï±ï«ï
ï¥ïïºï§ ï ïïºï§ï€ï»ïï¡ïïªïï¿œ ï± ï°ïï¢ï§ïïïï¶ïïïº ï·ïï® ï ïï®ïï ï ïïï¬
ï± ï°ïï¿œïï ï£ ï¢ ï ï¿œ ï ï€ï ï± ï¬ïïŒïï¢ïïï¿œ ï»ïï ï± ï¬ïïŒï ïïï¿œïœïï¥ï ï©ï¿œï ïï¬ïŽï ï®ï¿œïï ï»ï¹ ï ï ï ï ïœïï³ï§ï¶
ï ï£ ïïï§ ï¯ïï§ïŒï ï°ïï¿œ ï¢ï¹ïï¥ïïºï§ï«ïï€ï ï± ï¬ïïŒïï¬ ï ïï¹ï
ï¹ïï ï ïŸï¥ïï ïï±ïï ï€ï ïïï¬ ïïïïï±ï ï¿œïïï ïïº ï¹ïï«ïï¶ï»ïï¥
ï·ï¿œï§ï€ïïïïï ï¢ï§ïï ï¿œ
ïï ï¿œï¥ ïïŽï
ïï ï±ïºï ïªïï¹ï ïŽïïºï§ï¶ ïïŸïïŸ ï¿œï ïï¬ ïŸï§ ï¿œ ï¥ïºï§ï ï¡ïïªï
ï© ïºïïžï± ïïï¯ïŽï ï£ ïïï ïïïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ïï ï¿œ
ï¥ï ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï€ïï
ïï¬ ïª ï ï£ ï ïºï»ïï§ ï»ï·ï¶ï ï£ ï ïïï ï«ïºïïž ïïïºï ïŒï«ï ï
ïµï§ ïï· ï±ïŸïïïºï¿œ ïï¡ïïž ïïï ïµï§ ïïïŽ ï§ïºïï¬ ïïïŸ ïš ï°ïŽï¢ï ï© ï ï ïï ïœï ï·ï ï»ï© ïïºï§ï ï»ïï·ï«ïï¹ ïª ï ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ï£ï ï¿œï£ ïŽïœï ï¿œïºï®ïï«ïºï¿œï¬ ï«ï ïïžï± ïïï¯ïŽï±ï ïï ïï· ïïžïïï ï ï£ ï¹ïïï§ ï ïïºïž ï£ ïï
ïŽ ï ï¶ï§ ïï°ïšï© ï ï€ ï¿œï¿œ ïï°ïï°ïïïï¬ ïï ï¹ïïž ïï
ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ï ï
ï»ï ïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ
ï±ïšï±ï«ï ï¥ ï¿œï»ïšï© ïïï¬ïï¹ïï§ïµ ï°ïï ï ïºïï¿œïᅵᅵïï·ï¿œï§ ï»ïºïï ï ïï°ï§ï
ïï¬ ï¿œï¹ ïï®ï§ï»ï€ïï¹ïï§ïµï ï ïºïï¿œï ï¿œïï¿œ ïï§ïºïï ï·ïï§ïºïïï
ï©ïŠ ï ï¹ï ï§ ïï«ïïïï°ï»ïºï ïïï¹ïïïïœï£ ï· ïžï°ïïïïï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ï¶ïï
ï ï¹ïïïŽïºï§ï·ïï€ï¢ïï°ïšï©ïïŒïï¬ ïïï¹ï ï ï° ï·ï¿œï»ï€ïï·ïïŸï§ ïï
ï ïšï© ïï¬ ïïž ïï ï»ï€ïïïï ï€ïŽïºï§ï ï¬ïïŽ ï ï¿œï ï¹ï ï§ïµï±ïï¶ ï¶ï¢ï ï»ï ïºïï¿œïᅵᅵïï·ï¿œï§ï ï¹ï±ï ïïï¶ïï ïŽïºï§ï¶ï¿ï«ïï§ïºï ï£ ï ïïï¡ïï ï€ ï±ïï±
ïï ï ï ï ïŸï§ïœï¿œï±ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ ï
ïïšïº ï¿œïµï
ï ïïï¬ ï¬
ï¡ ï¢ï§ïï€ ï«ï ï£ ï¢ ï ï ïŸï ï ïï€ ï ï ïï ï¶ï¢ ï ï ï ï€ïï§ï ï± ï ï€ ïïºïï€ ï
ï²ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï·ïª ï¯ ï¹ ï ï ï ïïï¿œïµï«ïï ï¢ï§ïï ïï¿ï¬ ïïŸ ï ï£ï¿œï©ïïï¿œïµï ï±ïï²
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§
ï ï¥ïï»ï»ï±ï«ï ï ï±ïïŽïºï§ïžï§ïºïï ï ï¥
ïºï· ïïžïïïžï¿œï§ï«ï ïï¿œ ï¬ï»ï¥ïï«ïï¹ïï ï«ïï¡ïïªïï«ï¿œ ïµï§ ï
ï§ï ï ï¹ïïŽ ïï ïï ïï¡ ïšïŸïµï¥ïï ï¥ïïºï§ï¶ ïï ïï£ ï»ïŸ ï¹ ïï£ ï¿œï©ïï§ ï ï
ï·ïžïšï» ïµï§ ï ï ïï¯ïšïïŸï«ïï·ïï€ ïï¿œï ï ï ï±ïï ï¹ïŸ ïïïïï ï· ïïžïïº ï·ïžï€ ïï²ï ï ï©ïºï ï® ï«ïï ï ï±ïï ï°ïŽï® ïᅵᅵ ï ïïï
ï§ï ïïºï· ïïžïïï ïïï¿œï ï ï ïï¿œï«ï ï¿œïï ï±ïž ï»ïï¯ ïŽïï°ïïïŸï¹ïï ï±ïï³
ï·ï¿œï§ ï·ï¿œï§
ï ï±ï° ïï§ ï¿œïïºïšïïŸï«ïï·ï¹ï°ïï»
ï«ïºïž ï¯ïµï§ï ï€ï ï£ ï° ïï¢ ï ï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïŸ ïïŸïŠ ïž ï¬ ï¶ï°ïŽïïïïœï ï ï ï¿œ ï ï
ï±ïï°ï³ï ïï ïŸï§ï· ï ï ï ïï ïï ï¹ ï± ï¿œïïŒï¿œï ï ï» ï§ ïï£ ï¿œï¢ ïïïº
ïŸï¿œïºï ï ï ïïïï°ï»ï© ïš ï ï»ï²ï³ïïïµïºï ï§ïºï ïïï§ ï¥ïºïï ï¹ïï€ ïïšïïï§ï© ï«ïï ï¥ïïº ï¿œïŽï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ï ïºï§ ïµï© ïª ï«ïïï¢ ïï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï¶ïŠ ïµïŸ ïïïï§ ï«ï€
ï ïµï§ïï§ï» ï ï«ïºï«ïï€ ïï¿œ ïï ï¥ïïŽ ïºï±ï ï»ï€ïïïbalanceïµï© ïª ï ï¹ï ïï§ ï ïïº ï§ï ï± ïïïž ï¢ïï ï€ïïïïžï»ïºïï ïïºï§ïºï ï¶ï ï· ï
ï£ ïœïïº ï ï ï¿œï ï ïïºïï ïïï ï»ïºïïïµ ï«ï ïïïï ï¯ ïŽïïº ïž ïž ï¶ïï©ïï
ïï ï ï«ïï ïµï§ ïï ï±ïïïº ïï± ï«ï ï ïŸ ï°ïïïïª ïï¹ ïïŸï« ï£ïï¿œïïï
ï§ïµ ï¢ï ï®ïï ïŸ ï¥ ï¹ï¢ ï ï ï³ï± ï° ï ïï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ïï® ïï°ï§ï§ ïï ï ï§ ïŸïïºïµ
ïŽï§ï°ï¿œï» ïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ï«ïïïïï§ï©ïŸtransmission ïï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ ï·ïžï§ïºïï ïï ï¥ï ïŽïŠïï ï«ïï ïµï§ ïï€ ïïž ï¯ïïºï¬ï ï£ïïŽï¥ï ï§ï±ï ï¹ïïœï§ ïŠï ïïïï§ïºï ï ïµï ï»ïï ï¥ï
ï€ïï£ ïšïï€ïïµï§ ïï ïïïïï¹ïï€ïïïï¿œïï ïŸïïïŠïŸï°ï§ïïºï¶ïŸï§ ï»
ï ï»ïïï ïïï¶ïï«ïŒï»ïºïïŽ ï³ïïºï ïï ï¿œïŽ ï®ï ïµï§ ï ïï»ï§ïºï§ ï ï ï ï§ ï»ï ïïïº
ï²ï·
ï«ïºïž ï¯ ïµï§ ï
ï§ ïïï° ï¿œ ï€ï ïï¡ ïï§ ï ï» ï ïª ï ï¹ï ïï¶ ïï ï§ ï¶ ï ïº ïï£ ïïºï§ï ïœïï©ïºï ïï¿œ ï ïï ï·ï¶ïïºï ï£
ï±ïïŽ
ï ïï· ïžï«ïïïï
ï¶ ï³ï³ ï»
ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§
ï¶ï«ïï€ïïïïïïï¿œ ïïŸïï»ï»ïŽïï¡ïïªïïïïºïïï»ïï©ï°ï¿œïï
ï ïµï§ ïïŸ ïï¿œ ïïïï·ïïŽ ï ï¹ï¿œï© ï
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ ï€ ïŸï²ï¬ ï± ïïš ï
ïï¿œ ï»ïïï ïïï¹ ï»ïï«ïïï«ïïï ï¿œï©ïïï¬ï§ ïïï¿œ ï ï»ïï ïºï§ ï³ï€ï³ï§
ï·ïžïïŽ ï§ïºï ï·ï£ ïï®ïï§ ï°ïŽïï¯ïïŸ ï² ï¢ïïº ï·ï ïïïï ï»ïº ï¥ ïï ï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ ï· ïžï€ ï ïï·ïïïïº ïšïïœïïïºï¿œïï»ï¿œ ïïž ïïï ïïïïïï§ ïŠïŸï¹ïïï· ï¥ ï¿œï§
ï¿œïï ï¬ ïïïšï»ïïïºïï§ï€ïïïï
ïïïœïïï¯ï ï¡ ïŸïïºï ï³ ï¿œ ï³ ï©
ïï¿œï ï© ïïïï¡ ïïªï«ïï¶ ïï±ï» ï ïïº ï€ ïï©ï§ ïŠïïïï ï¹ïïº ï¹ï¿œï©ï§ïºï ï¿œïŒ ï£ ï«ïï ï ï© ïï ïï»ï·ï¬ï«ïïïï ï ï€ï¶ï¿œï ïïºï€ïïï¡ï ï±ïïµ
ï¢ïï»ï ïï ïï ï¹ï€
ïï ï¶ïŸïï
ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ïïïï ï¥ï§ïï ïïïï ï¿œïšïïœï°ïïï ï ïïïº ïŽïï ïïïïï ïŸïïïµï§ ïï¿œïï°ïïµ ïŸïšï ïµï§ ïï© ïºï ï€ïµï§ ïï§ïŠï«ïï®ï ïšï ï
ï¶ï¿œï imaginative recreation ïï§ï ï± ïïœï§ ïŠïïµï§ ï ï¡ ï ï ï¿œïï ï£ ïïï© ï¢
ïµï§ ïïŸ ïï¿œ ïï ïï»ï§ï·ïïŒ ïªïïïï¶ïï ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ ïï® ï«ïïï¶ï¬ï ïï¡ ï£ïºï§ï°ï ï» ïï ï©ïºï ï ïïï»ï ïºïŒ ï¶ ï§ï®ïŸï ï£ ï ï¿œïºï§ (Lax) ï¯ ï¿œï¿œ ï«ï ï³ï§ï ï ï¿œ ï¯ïï§ ïïŸï ï»ïºï€ïïš ï©ïïµï ïïïï ïïï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠï ï¹ïï§ïºï ïï ïï ï®ï ï¿œïïï§ ïï ïïïº ï¢ïï»ï ï ï·ï ïŽïï ï¿œ ï°ï©ïïï ï¿œï¯ï®ï ï©ïïšï¿œï»ï§ïºïï ïšï ï ïïï³ï ï©ï ïµï§ ïïï§ïºïïž ïžï€ïµï¶ïï ï¯ ï¹ïžï±ï§ïºï ïï¹ ï©ïïïŽïïï³ïï ï»ï© ïïºï§ï ï»ïïï ï»ïºï€ï€ï§ ïï ïïšïïžïï¶ ï¶ï ï±ï¯ ï«ïºï
ïï¬ïïºï§ïïï ïï ï±ïï§ ïï»ïï¿œïµïšï ï ïŸ ï¥ïï ïï±ïï ïïï€ï»ïºï€ïºïï ï ï¹ï¿œ
ï€ï· ï±ïï§ïï«ï ï ïï ïµïž ïïïï³ ï ïïïš ïïï€ï«ïïŽï§ïºïï°ïïŽïœï§ ïï ï ï¹ïï¹ ï¿œïº ï® ï ï¿œï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠïï ïï ïï® ï ï ï©ïœï ï¢ï§ïºï ï ïŠï ï ï ïï ï ïï ï¢ï¥ï®ïï ï§ ïžï ïªï ïïŸ ïïŒï ï§ ïžï ïª ï» ï»ï±ï«ï ï ï±ï ïïŒï ï£ ïïï«ïï
ï²ïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï¢ ïŒ ï» ïï© ïï ïž ï¬ ï ï¹ï ï¶ ï§ïºï ï€ï ï§ ïžï ïªï§ïºï ïŸï§ ïï ï±ïï¿œï ï ïï¿œ ïïŸ ï¿œ ï§ïŠïïï· ïï ïïµ ïŸïš ï ï£ ï ï·ï ï³ ïï§ ï» ïŽïœï«ï ï±ï ï ï§ ï ï ïº ïž ï£ ï ï€ ï®ï ï¡ ïï§ïºï ï±ïï¶
ï¿œï ï«ïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïï®ïï¿œï¯ ï³ ï³ï®ï ï ïï¹ïïŸ ï·ïª ï¢ ï«ïïï ï ï¥ï¬ï ï» ïµï§ ï
ï¿œïïïºïº ï ïž ï¯ï¢ï ï«ïï§ïºïïï§ï§ ïï ïïï ï¶ï° ï ï²ï¶ïïŸïšïœï§ ïŠï ï¶ïŸïïïŸï° ïïï¹ïï³ïï¹ ï€ï¹ ï ï ï ïï° ï ïï§ïºïïžïï±ïïŽ ï¿œï°ïï© ïšï±ï°ï±ïº ï®ïï
ï³ïï ï¿œïªïïï¥ ïµï§ ïï¿œï°ïï ï§ïµ ï¡ ï¿œïœï§ ïž ïŸ ï ï¬ï¹ï
ïï«ïºïïºïº ï ï°ïŸ ïµï§ ïï§ïŠ ï£ ï ï ï ïœï§ ïžïï¬ ïï°ïï° ï ïŸïï³ ï ï ï«ï
ï©ïï¥ï¶ ïï¯ï¹ï ï³ïïïï ïï ï« ï® ï«ï ï ï¬ ïï ïï¡ ïŸ ï¿œï ï¿œïº ïŸï ï£ ï§ïºïïï¬ï§ ï¢ï ï ï§ ï»ï¯ïïºï ï¹ïï¹ïïŸï€ï ï§ ï±ï ï ï»ï¶ïŒïï§ ï ïïº ïµï§ ïïïï¿œï§
ï ï€ï ï¿œ ï§ïžï»ï¿œïº ïŽïœï ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïïïï ïœï§ ïž ï¢ï§ï ïï· ï ïï€ ïïïŽ ï«ï¿œ ï ïïï€ ï«ï ïï¿œ ïï¿ï¬ ïïºïŸï ï£ ï»ï¿œïšï«ï ïï¬ ïïºï§ ï³ ïï§ ï» ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï ïµï ïïŸïŠ ïž ï¬ ï£ ï¥ï ï»ïºï§ïºï€ ïïŸ ïï¿œïïïïï ï¥ ï¿œï§ïïï° ï»ïïºïµïï ïµï§ ïïŸï°ï§
ï» ï·ï¿œï§ ïŒ ïµï§ ïï ï· ï¬ïŽ ï ï¥ ïïºïŸï ï£ ï» ï«ï ïï± ïï§ï ïï ï£ï ïŸ ï¿œï«ï ïŸ
ïïµïºï ï» ï¥ï§ ï§ïï·ï ïžïïºï§ ï ï ï¹ ï ï ïï©ï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ï»ïºïï°ï°ïŽ ï ïŒï£ ï¬ ïŸ ï²ï€ï¿œ
ï¿œï°ï« ï»ïŒï ï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïïïŽï ï¿œï«ïïïï§ïºï ï¥ïïºï» ïŸïï³ ï ïï«ïïï¬ ïž ïª
ï±ïŒïïŽï§ïºï ïï ïï¡ ïïïï· ï¬ ï» ï±ïï§ï ïïºï¹ïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ï ïŸ ï¬ïï ï«ïï§ïºï
ïœï§ ïžï ï» ïï§ïµï ïŒï§ïºï ïŒï ï»ï¿œï ï ï¬ ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ï§ïºï ïŸïžïŒï» ï§ïµ
ï§ïºïï¬ ïïïï±ï»ï¹ï»ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ïïºï¿œï¿œï¿œï¬ ï°ïŸï ï£ ï«ïï±ïï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠ
ï¥ ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ïïº ï® ïœ ï§ ïžï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ï¥ïï° ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï¿œï ï·
ï ï¬ï»ïïï§ ïŠ ïŸ ï§ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ïï»ï ï ïïžïï±ï
ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œ ïï ï ï¿œï§ ïï ï¿œïï¿œï»ï«ïº ïŸï¹ ï ï«ï¿œï¬ ï¿œ ï ïï§ïºïï ï¥ïï ïŸ ï²ï€ï«ï
ï ï«ïºïï¿œïï»ï ï£ ï©ïŒï ï ï ï¶ ï§ï®ï ïï ïïï ï» ï±ï ïïŸ ïµï§ ïï§ïºï ï«ïº ïŸ ï¬ï
ï²ï¹
ïï¢ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïºï»ï¿œ ï
ïï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïï ïµï§ ïï ï¬ ï ï ï¿œïï»ïº ïï¿œïïï¬ ï¹ï¿œï ï»ïž ï¬ïº ïï»ï ï ïï¶ïŽïº ïï§ïž ïïºï ïµï§ ïïï¬ïŽïï ï±ïï ïïï ï¿œï·ïï·ïŸï¿œï ï«ïºï£ ïŸ ï¢ ï°ïï ï·ïºï ï¹ ï ï ïï¬ ï ï»ï ï ïï§ ïªïï·ïï·ïŸï¿œï£ ïïœï ï«ï ïïºï§ïºïï¬ ïï ï
ï ïïï ï°ï§ï§ïžïŸïïºïµïïïï ï±ïïï€ïïï§ïžï ïµï§ ïï€ ïï€ïï¿œ ïï balance
ïµï© ïª ï«ï ïï¢ ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïï¬ïŽ ïï³ï ï¥ïª ï¿œï¥ï¿œï¹ ï±ïïŽ ïï¶
ïï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïï ïïï¿œï¹ï ï ïªïïµï¥ï»ïï¶ï»ïïï£ïïŸ ï¹ ï ï® ïœï§ ïžï¿œïï ï¢ ï
ï ïïïïï¡ïï»ïœï§ïžïï¡ïïª
ïï¢ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïºï»ï¿œï ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïŸ ï¬ïï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï¿œïï¿œ ï ï ï¿ï§ïïºï¶ïŸï§ ï¹ ïïï€ ï ïµï§ ï
ïïºïŸï§ ï» ïïïï ï©ïºï¿œïïïºïµïïï ïµï§ ïï ï¥ ïï ï¿œï§ïºï ï°ïïŸ ï²ï€ï·ïïºï©ïï§ïºïï¿œïïž ïïœïµïºï ï±ï ïï ï ï ï ï ïï ï ï·ïºï§ ï« ï ï€ ïï± ïï ï¹ï ïïŸ ï€ï ï ïï§ ï¿œï ï ï ï ï§ïºïï¶ ï©ï§ ïŠïïïªïï ïŽï ï®ï°ï©ï€ ï°ï°ïïï§ ï ï ï·ï¿œïï¶ ï§ï®ïï¢ ïï ï°ï«
ïŸworldview ï£ ï ï ïï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï±ïŒïïžï¬ï§ ï¯ï¿œïïïŸï²ï³ïïï ïï§ïŠï¢ï ï ï¥ï ïï£ ï° ï¿œïŸï¯ïŽïï§ïŠï»ï¿œï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï±ïŒïï§ïµï§ïºï ï¥ï· ï¬ï«ï¿œ ï¢ï©ï±ï
ï ïï¿œïïªï ï·ï¿œï§ ï±ï®ï ï«ïï§ïºï ï± ï®ï ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ï ï¥ ïŽïï§ ï¿œ ïï§ïŠïŽ ïŸïïïïï ï£ ï ï
ï¶ïï¿œïï®ï€ïï ï·ï¿œï§ïï°ïï¬ ïï§ïºï§ï ï»ï¿œ ï§ï¥ïï®ïï¹ïïïï ïŸï§ ïï ï° ï ï»ï¿œïï ïš ïžï° ïº ï ï» ï ï© ï³ ï¿œ ï³
ï ïïºï¬ ï¿œï·ï¬ï»ï®ï€ïï
ï§ï°ïï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïº ïï ïï ïï¶ï ï· ï¥ ï¢ ï©ï¬ï ï±ï ï·ï ï·ï¿œï§ ï® ï ïï¿œ ï
ïïï§ïºï ïšï²ï±ïºïïïžïïï© ï¿œ
ïºï¶ïïï±
ïª ïï ï» ïï§ ï¥ï ïï¶ï¿œïž ïšï·ïºï¿œïï©
ïµïï¿œïïï«ïï§ïºï ï± ï®ï ï ï·ï¿œï§ï³ ïï§ ï»ï®ï€ï ï°ïïœï ï¥ï¹ïŽï ï»ï ï¿œï«ï ï£ ï ïšïµï¹ïºïï»ïï©
ï³ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï¿œ ï¢ ï¶ïïïï·ï®ï«ï ï ï·ï¿œï§ïŸ ïï°ï©ï§ï±ïïï ï¿œï¥ï¿œïïŸïºï£ï¿œï
ïïïïï¹ï ï»ï¹ïï ïïï ï ï£ ïïŽï§ïºï ï ïïï§ïïºïµïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïï¹ïïïï¹ï ï¬ïï§ ï¯ï
ïï¬ ï¹ï¿œïª ï ïïŸ ïšï¶ïµïºïï»ïï©
ïŸïï¥ï«ïï
ï¶ïï·ï¿œï§ï®ïï¹ ïïïï ïšï±ïŽïºïïïïï© ï¿œ
ï ïï¥ïï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïïï·ï¬ïŽï¿œïïï¥ïïï±ïï·ïºïï©ïºï§ïŸïï²ï³ïï«ïï ï»ï·ïŸï ï£ï§ïºï
ï°ï ï»ï· ï¬ ï«ï ïŸï ï°ïïï ïï¬ ïï ïŸ ïïºïïï ï§ï ï± ïï§ ïï ï» ïï¬ ï·ï¿œï§ ïŒ ï ᅵᅵï²ïµ ï
ïïï ïŽï ï±ïŒï ï¿œï ï» ï ïïª ïï¿œ ïŽ ï® ï ïïšï€ï ï¹ ïï ï ï·ï¿œï§ ï¯ ï
ï ï ï¢ ïï ïï»ïï ï»ïïïž ï ïžïï²ï§ïºïïïï§ïïŒï¶ ï³ ïïŒï ïï ï»ï ï¬ïïï¹ ï ï
ïŒïï»ï¿œ ï ïï¬ ï³ï² ï£ tradition ï ïï¥ï ïŒïïï ï°ï¬ ïïï£ ï° ï§ïºï¢ïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï
ï ïºï¿œï» ï·ï¿œï§ ï€ïïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ï ïïï§ ïï» ï»ïï§ ï ïïï»ïŸï¿œïµïï§ï ïµï§ ïï ï¶ï ï§ ïï
ïï ï ïŸ ïï ï ïïº ï ï§ ï ï ïº ïµï§ ïï¶ïïŸ ï¬ïï ï·ï¿œï§ïŒ ïï¥ ïï ï¹ï ï»ïïï²ïž ïïžï
ï§ïµïï ïžï§ïµïï ïï€ ïïïïï ï ï ï€ï ï¿œïºï¿œï»ï§ïµïïŒïï§ïï§ï
ï°ïïï±ïïïï¹ ï ï ï ï¿œï ïï¥ïœïï§ ïï ï ï¢ ïïï¬ ïï«ïï±ïïï¶ï·ï¿œï§ïïªï§ïºï ï ï ï ï«ïº ï ï®ïºï ï¶
ï¶ï ï·ï¿œï§ï ï¹ïïŽ ï€ ïï ïïºï¬ï ïïï ïï± ï·ï ïŸ ï²ï€
ïï¬ ï¹ ï ï ï ï§ ïï ï» ïïž ï ïïïï ï£ï§ïº ï° ïï ï ïï§ ï» ïï§ ï° ï³ïï ï»ïº ï±ï ï ï¶
ï ï£ï§ï³ïïïï¿œï° ïïïïï¶ïï ïŸïïï¿ï¥ï¶ï»ïï ïï ïï§ ï» ïï§ï«ïºïŸïµïºï ï±ïï·
ï«ïïïï°ï ᅵᅵï ï ï¿œ ï§ï¥ï ï±ïï ï£ ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïºïŸ ï«ïºï§ïŠï£ ï ï ï ïïï ïïïï ïïïïï ïµï©ï§ïºïïµï«ïºï ïŒï§ïºïïŒïï»ï¿œ ïï¶ïïï°ï ï¥ ïïïº ï« ïï ï ï© ïï ï°ïï»ïï¿œï» ï¥ïï ïï£ ïïºï§ ï© ïŒï® ï ï¹ïïž ï ï ïŸï¥ï ï€ïï»ïï€ ï©ï ïïªïï ï ï§ïµï
ï ï¥ï©ï©ïïžï» ïŸïï³ ï ïï«ï ï±ïï§ïïµï§ ïïŸï¬ïï ïšï¿œï
ï«ï¿œ ï¢ ïª ïï«ï§ïºï ï£ ï£ ï³ ïµ ï³ ï©ï ï§ïïºïï³ ïµ ï³ ïï¿œ ï ï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïº ïŸ ïïªïï ï¢ï
ï³ï±
ïï¢ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïºï»ï¿œ ï
ï ïïïï¡ï· ïï§ïï ïš ï¹ï±ïºïïï©
ïï¹ïïïïªïï
ïïï ï·ï¿œï§ïºïï®ï ïï¹ ï ï ï ïïŸ ïïïïïªïïïïïï°ï¹ïïŸï²ï³ïï
ï¿œïïºï ï«ïº ï ï®ïï¿œïºï ï® ï ïµïï§ï ïï ï«ïº ï¿œï®ï¿œïï¿œïµï«ï ï ï«ïº ï ïï»ï§
ï ïªïµï«ïºï¿œï ïµï©ï«ïºï ï¹ïïŽ ï€ ïï ïïºï¬ ï ï¶ïŸï§ïºï¢ ï¥ïª ïï ïï¹ ï ï ï±ïïž
ï ï³ ï³ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïšïµï ï¿œï¬ ï ï¿œï»ïïšïµï»ï ï£ ï©ïï«ïïï¹ ï ï ï ï ïïŠïï©ïºïïž ï¢ ïï·ïïï¬
ïšïï¶ ï¹ ï ï ï ï§ïµïï ï ï£ ïïïïïï±ï ï ïïšï ïï§ïºïïžïï±ï ï€ï¿œï°ïŒïž ï¢ï ï±ïï¹
ï¹ïŸ ïï ï¿œï°ïïïšïµïï®ïïœïï ï·ï¬ï«ï ï ï³ï¶ï³ ï§ïµï¹ ï ï ï ïïºï¬
ïï¥ïïï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¿œïï§ïµïïŽï§ïºï
ïï ï²ïï°
ï¶ ïï ïïª ï§ ïï§ ï®ï ïïž ï ï» ï ïšïµïïž ï®ï§ ï«ïï ï»ï ï¿œ ï«ïï ï¶ï ï»ïºï¬ï§ ïï¬ ï ï¹ï§ïºï¢ï ï ïï¹ïï¹ï€ ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï«ïºï£ï¿œï©ïï© ïï°ïï¯ ï¿œï¹ïï€ïï²ï ïïï¬ ï²ïï±
ï ï£ ïï ï ïï¢ïïïï¶ïï¥ïŸïï· ï¬ï«ïï· ï±ïŸï ï ïï³ï³ïï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ïšïµ ï ï
ï·ï¿œï§ïŒïï¿œïïªïï»ï¿œïï ïïïµï¹ïï¥ï ïµï©ï«ïºïïµïŸïšïïïïž ïï ïï£ ï§ï ï§ï ï ï ïµï©ï«ïºïï¹ ï ï§ ïïï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžïï ïï ïïªï ïŒï ï ï¢ïï§ïºïï§ïŠï»ïŠ ïï ï»
ïï¹ïï§ïºï§ ïžïïï«ïº ï£ï ï ï ïïï§ ïï€ïï· ïïï ïï ïï¡ ï· ï±ïï§ïïïºïŒï ï¶ï
ï§ïŠïïº ï»ï«ïº ï£ï¿œï©ï ï¶ï¿ï§ï ïï¡ ï ï¡ïïªï ï«ïº ï£ï¿œï© ï® ï ï€ï ï¬ï ï»ï ïï¬
ï§ ïïžï©ï ïž ï£ ïïºï§ ï ïï§ïºï ï¹ïï§ ï© ï· ïïžï ï»ïºï ï¥ ïªï ïï§ï¿œï ïï¿œ ï«ïïïï· ï±ïŠ ï
ïï¡ï¶ï»ïï§ ïŸï¿œï»ïšïïïïï ï£ ï ï¬ï ïšï»ïï¶ï£ï§ïïïï§ ïïïïïïª
ï¿ï» ï¿œï ï«ïïïï§ïïŽ ïï±ïï ï¬ïïµï§ ïïï ï¹ ïï€ ïï¿œïº ïŽïœï ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïº ïŽ ï»ïïïï§ïºï ï¢ï ï·ï·ïïºï© ïï ïµï©ï«ïºïï·ï¿œï§ ï· ïïžï ï®ï¿œïªï ïï³ï ï»ïïïï¥ïïï¿œ ïïï¬
ï ïïïŸï ï£ ïïï§ ï¥ïºïï ï¹ïï€ ïïïï²ï³ïïï€ ï ï¥ï¿ï¿œïï±ï ïª ïï¢ ï¬ï ï£ ï ï
ï®ï«ïï ï¹ïï€ïŸïï«ïï£ ï ïªïï§ïºïïï§ ïï»ï¹ïï€ï«ïïï ïïï§ïºïïžï²ïï¬ïï·
ï ï®ïï«ïº ï±ï ï»ïºï¬ ï§ ï±ï ï® ï ï ï§ï ï»ï«ïº ï»ï©ïºï ïï ï ï¹ïï ï¿œ ï²ï¿œ ï ï¿œïïïµï§ ïïï·ï ïï€ ï ï¿œïïï¬ ïïï¡ï§ïºïïšï§ ï ï ïïïïž ï» ïªïïïïïïïï
ï³ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï¿œ ï ï«ï¿œï ï ï¹ï ï ï ïŸï¿œï±ïïï ï
ïï ï ïï ï¿œ ï§ ï§ ïï«ï ïŸ
ï®ïï§ ïï ï ï¿œï¶ï ï°ï·ï²ïïï»ïï ïïŸï¿œï±ï¿œï ïï®ïïŠ ï® ï ïï±ï ï ïï· ï±ïŠï ï ïï¬
ïï¡ ï© ïï ï»ï¬ïïŠ ï ï£ ïïžïïïŸ ï«ïº ï£ï¿œï©ïï»ïºïï§ ï ï»ïº ï¢ï©ïï¿œï ï«ïº ïŸï«ïï ï ïï¬
ï§ïºïïï¬ï§ ïïï§ïï¶ ï¡ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï©ï§ ïŠïïï£ ïïºï§ïï» ïœï§ ïžï ï¿œïŸï¡ï©ïªï
ïï¹ ï ï ï ïï¬ ïï¯ïŒïïïïï¬ïïºï§ï«ïïŸïï±ïï¿œïïžï ï§ïµï¢ï§ï ï ï¿œïŸïžï ï§ ïïïïïïïïž ïï¹ï ïš ïï ïïŸï³ï ï¿œï«ï®ïªï²ïµï¿œï»ï ï©ï
ïï
ï§ïïºïï¡ ï ïïï§ ïï£ï¿œï© ï±ïïïïï§ ïïïµ ïŸïšï¢ï§ïï¥ïï· ï»ïïï±ïï¬ ïï§ïºï¢
ï³ ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ïœïï¿œïŽ ïŸï° ïïï¯ ï¿œï¢ï§ïïïï¬ ïµï¹ïï¥ï ïµï§ ïï±ïïï«ïºï¬
ïž ïï»ïï¬ ïï£ ï§ï ï ï«ïºï«ïï±ïï ï ï¿œïï«ïºïŸ ï²ï€ïºïºïŸï ï£ ï ïŸïï³ ï ï ïïž ïïœï§ ïž
ïï£ ï ï»ïï¡ ï²ïï²
ï©ï ï¿œïï¿œï§ïºïï¿œïï®ï°ï ï» ïï§ïºï ï¬ ï¶ ïï°ï°ï»ï ïµï§ ïï§ ï®ï ï ïï¬ ï¥ ï ï¿œïŸï«ï¿œï ï ï£ ï ïïïïï€ï§ ïŠ
ï¶ ï ï£ ï ï§ïµïšï ï ï«ïï±ï ï·ï¬ ï»ï«ïº ïŸïµïºï ï±ï ïï«ïï® ï ᅵᅵ ïïï¹ ï ï ï
ïïž ïïïºï ï§ïµï«ï ï¿œïïï§ ï±ï¿œïïº ï§ïºï ï¥ïï¯ïŽï§ ï· ïïº ïï»ïï¬ ï ï¿œï§ ï¬ïïï§ ï±ïïïœï¯ï ï¿œï¹ï ï§ ïï±ïï¡ï³ ï¿œ ï³
ïï
ï ïï·ï¿œï§ ï·ïžï ïïïï¿œï© ïï°ï ïïï·ï ïžïïºï§ ï ï ïï ï¡ïï¬ ï¯ï± ï»ïïïï ï«ï§ï§ïºï
ï§ïŠï»ï¿œïï¬ï ï±ïï§ïºïï¬ ïï ïï ï£ ï ïžï³ï ïï ï¶ïï§ ïï ï ï¹ï ï§ ïï¿œï¡ïï
ï¹ïï ï·ïºï ï¹ï ï ï ï£ ïïï§ï² ï ïº ï¢ ï©ïï ïïªïº ïïš ï±ï ï»ïµï©ï«ïº ï€ ïï¬ ïï ïï¡
ï ï ï«ïïï¿œïºïº ï°ï ïïïïïïºï ïïµï© ï£ ï ï«ïŽ ï»ïï°ï ï«ïº ïŸïµïºï ïï ï ï¿œïï¹ ï ï ï ï³ï©ï ïï«ï ï ïï¿œïŸï¬ïï ïµï©ï«ïºïï£ ï ïï§ïºïïïïïºïž ïïï°ïï¶ïïŠïœïï£ ï€ïï®ï ï»ï
ï ïµï§ ïïŸ ï¬ïï ïŒï ï§ ï¿œ ï±ïï°ï ïï ï£ ï ïšï§ï®ïï±ïï§ïï§ï ï²ïï§ ïï§ïºï
ï ï ï€ïïšïµïšï ï ï¹ï ïŸ ï€ïï¿œïïŸïï³ ï ï ï«ïïïï ïï ï ï ᅵᅵï ï²ï ï®
ïœïï ï·ï¬ï«ïïŸïïŸïŠïž ï¬ï€ï§ïŠïï«ïºï§ïºïï±ï ï»ïºïŽïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï£ ïïž ïï·ïºï§ ïŸï ï£ ïï ï£ ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïï ï¬ ïŸ ï§ïµïŸ ï¢ ïïïºïºï¥ï ïïž ïª ï»ï«ïº ïŸïµïºï ï«ïï ïŸïï
ï³ï³
ïï¢ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïºï»ï¿œ ï
ï¥ï¶ ïïºï¹ïï§ï ï± ïï§ïºï© ïï§ ïïïïï¡ ïïªïï·ï¿œï§ïŒï ï¶ïïï ïžïï© ï¡ ï ïïï¹ï ï ïªïï§ïºï¿œïŽï®ïïïïï® ï«ï ï²ïï³
ï°ï·ï²ïï€ïïºï¹ï£ ïïï§ ï ïïºï·ï ïžïïïïïïïï¹ ï ï ï ïï
ï ïïï³ï ï ïŠï§ïŠï£ ï ï ï ï»ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïïŸï¹ï ï§ ïïïŒï§ïºï ï±ïïï±ïºï§ï ï»ï ï©ï©ï§ï ï ï®ïï¿œïïïï¿œï ï ïŸïŽïœï ï»
ï²ïïŽ
ï£ïºï¿œï®ïïžï³ïï±ïŠïï§ïºï ï³ ï³
ïŒ ïï ïïïïºï
ï ïï ïïï¥ï¿œïŽ
ï¶ïï°ï·ï²ï¢ï§ï ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïïŽï ï»ï§ïº ïïŒ ïªïï€ïº ï»ï¯ïŽ ïŸï¿œïï¿œï©ï«ïº ï²ïïµ
ï ï ï¹ïïŽï±ï ïï ïšï ïïšï§ ï ïï· ï¬ï«ïïï¡ïïªïï§ï ï± ïï ï³ï³
ï ïïï¬
ï²ïï¶
ï ï¥ïïïœï§ ïŠïïï ï ïï·ïºïŽï»ïŒï¢ï§ïïïžï ïï¹ ï ï ï ï¶ï ï¥ ïï³ ï° ïï¢ï§ï ïïïïï±ïï ï«ï£ï ï«ïï ï·ï ï¡ ïž ï¢ï ïŸ ï€ï ï·ï ï«ïº ï» ï¥ïï ï ï¿œ ï ïïïïŒ ï¶ï ï·ï¿œï§ ï ï ï°ï ᅵᅵï ïŒï€ ï ï ï®ïï ïï¬ ï·ïºï§ ïŸï ï£ ï» ïŸï
ï ïïª ï ï»ïºï
ï¶ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï ïïïœïï ï¬ïïï±ïŸïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¬ï°ï ï»
ïœï§ ï¿œïï¥ïï¬ï ïï»ï·ï¿œï§ ïª ï ïï ïïïŽïï£ ï¿œï ï¬ï ï¿œ ï ïïïï¹ ï ï ï
ï ï»ï¿œïŸïï¹ ï ï ï ï²ï·ï ï¡ ï·ï ïï ï¬ï±ï»ïžïï¹ ï ï ï ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïï· ïžï°ïïŸ ï²ïï·
ï ïï¬ ïŒï ï®ïï¯ïï¹ ï ïž ï ïï¥ï ï«ïï¬ ï£ ï ïïŠ ï ï ï ïï ï¡ ïŸïï¹ ï ï ïïïïïºï ïŸï«ïºï ï©ï©ï§ï ïï°ï·ï²ï ïï ï¿œïïŽ ïï ïŠïï® ï«ïï¬ ï£ ï ï»ïï ï»ï¿œïï ï» ï¥ïï ïïïï ï¶ïïŽïºïºï±ï ï ïŸïï«ï£ïï«ïï ï ï ï·ï© ïª ï«ïïºïï«ïºïž ï©ïï¯ï±ï ïïï» ï¥ïï ï³ï»ïïŠïï°ï»ïºïŽïïïï ï¥ ï¿œï ïïŽ ï¶ ï§ï®ïŸï¡ï ï» ï£ ïï§ï¿œïžïï ïï² ïï€ï ïïŠ ï ï«ïº ï»ï
ïï¿œïµïŸ ï«ïï ï ï¥ ïªïïŸ ï· ï€ïïº ï· ïïžïïï ïï¶ï§ï® ïï§ ïï ï»ï«ïï ï¶ïï°ïï¥ ïïïŠ ï€ï¶ïïï¬ïºïº ïžï§ïºï ï¶ïï§ ïïï§ ïï ï«ï¿œï ï£ïï§ï¿œïžïï ï«ï ïïïŠ ï ï·ï¿œï§
ïï· ï¬ïŽï¿œïï ï£ ïï¿œï²ï© ïïï·ï ïµïï¿œï ïªï·ï¥ ï¢ ï ïï±ïï®ïï¿œïžïï·ï¿œï§ ïï¬ ï¿œï ïï§ ï®ï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïœï¶ ïµï§ ïï±ïïï¹ ï ï ï ïŸ ï¬ïï ï£ïï§ï¿œïžïï ï£ ï¿œï§ ïï
ï³ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï«ï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠï» ï¯ ï± ïŽïïïºï§ïºï ï¶ïïïï¶ïï ï ïïº ïœïï ï ï¥ï·ï¬ ï¿œïï±ï
ïï£ ïïºï§ïŸ ïïïï±ï ïïº ï®ïï¹ ï ï ï ï¶ïïŸ ï¬ïï ï¿œï ï¥ ïªï ïï© ïï ï ïï¿œ
ï ï¬ïï§ ï®ïï¶ï¹ïï§ ïŠ ï£ ïïï§ ï ïïº
ï§ïµï ïïºï³ ï³
ï ïï°ïï§ï ï· ï² ï ï¡ ïŸïïïµï§ ïï±ïŒï§ïºïïŒï±ï¿œ ïïïïïºïï ïï ï ï€ ïïïïï» ï¥ïï ïï·ï ï¡ ïŸ ï· ï¬ïœï·ïï¥ ïï ïï¡ ï¶ï§ï®ï£ïïºï¹ï§ïŠï»ï«ïº ï» ï¥ïï ï§ï ï± ïïŸ ï·ïªï¢ ïï ï ïº ï«ï ï€ ï ï¥ïï» ïïšïï»ï¯ïïºï ïï¹ïïŸ ï®ïï ï«ï
ïïï§ïºïï¶ïŸïïœïï·ï ï¿œïºï¿œï«ï¬ï±ïïï¹ïïï§ ï ï ïºï· ïïžïïï¡ïïªïï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ ï ï ï¢ ïŽïµïï¬ ïïŒ ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïºïŽ ïï¬ ï°ïŽï§ïºï ï¥ïŸ ïï ïšï ï ï ï ï ï¥ ï ïï¡ ï ï²ï ïŠïŽ ïïï«ï©
ïº ï ïšï» ï£ ï ï ï ï»ïï¿œï€ ï ï€ ïï¿œïµï
ï¶ïï·ï¿œï§ïï¬ ï»ï€ïï°ïŽïï§ ï ïïºï· ïïžï
ïïï»ïºïïº ïŸïï ïï¡ ï ïï®ïŸïš ï±ï ï ï§ïµï° ïïï ï€ ï· ï¬ï«ïï ï ï±ïï ï¹ï
ïï¿œïï ï€ïï²ïïï¬ ïï»ï²ï·ï ï¡ ï ï°ïïï¯ï¿œï»ï€ï ï»ïïï ïï° ï¿œïï¶ï¥ïïºï§ ï² ï ï· ï¡ ï·ïï§ïºïï¬
ï¶ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïŒï ïï¥ï ï«ïï¬ ï£ ï ï»ï¿œïï ïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ïï¬ ï ï²ïïž
ï ï¿œïïïž ïï¹ïïï®ï«ï ï¿œïï§ïºï ï ïïïïï¿œï±ïï°ïŒï§ïºï ï»ï ï¹ïï ïï ï· ï¬ï«ï ïïïïïï ï ï£ ïï ïï©ïï¥ï¶ï§ïµï ïïºï³ ï³ ï§ï®ïŸï ï£ï§ïŠï»ï¿œïŸ ï²ï¿œï» ï¥ïï ï ïïï³
ï§ï°ï ïïïï°ïï¬ ï§ ï±ïï® ï ïïª ï°ïïïï§ ï±ïï¯ïïŽ ï³ïïºïï¬ ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ï§ïµïïï¶ ï²ïï¹
ïºï ïï¬ ï»ï§ ï¿œï± ï¿œ ï ïï¿œï»ï£ ï ï ï±ïï¶ ï§ï®ï¿œï¶ ïï¬ ï¯ï± ï ïïï ï§ï¿œï¬ï
ïï¿œïŽï¿œïï¶ïï°ï£ï±ï§ï±ïŸïïï· ï² ï ï¡ ïïï§ïµïŽï ïïºï³ ï³
ï ïïª ï«ïº
ï ïïœï ïŽ ïïº ï°ïïï§ïºïï§ïºï ï»ï§ïµï«ïïŸïïï«ïïï§ ï±ï¿œï§ïºïï¯ïŽï§ ï·ïï¬ ï¿œ
ïŒïž ï¯ ï¿œïªï«ïº ïŸïµïºï ï«ïïŸ ï¿œï¶ïµïï ï²ï³ïïïïï¿œïºïº ï°ïïºï§ïºï ï¥ïºïïïº ï ï³ï©ï ïï«ï ï ïïïºïž ï¿œïï· ï«ï°ïï» ï»ï ï
ï² ï ï¡ ï©ïºïï ï»ïïïï ï«ïï ïµï§ ïï ï¡ïïªï ïŒï€ ïï¿œï ï¿ï¬ ï»ïº ï·
ï ï© ïï ïŸïï§ïºïïï»ï€ï ïï¿œ ïïï±ï ïïŽ ïï· ïžï°ïï»ï·ï¿œï§ïïïï¿œïŽ ï ïï« ïï
ïïïœ ï· ï£ï ï£ï ï¶ ï¿œïºï§ ïïïïïïïº ïï ïïïŠ ïï ïŒï»ïº ï»ïï°ïŒï³ïºï£ï
ï³ïµ
ïï¢ïïµï§ ïï§ïºïï«ïºïºï»ï¿œ ï
ï¿œïº ï§ïï ï»ï ïï¡ïŒï¿œïï ï¿œï ïï¿œïžï¯ï¶ï¡ï ïï¬ ï· ï¬ ï¿œïï±ïï¶ï§ï®ï ïï
ïïž ïïªïï·ï¿œï§ï·ïžï»ï«ï ï ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ïïï±ï·ï®ï ï ïºïïïï ïžïŒï®ï
ï ïµï§ ïï¶ ïŒïï°ïï¡ïïªïïŒï«ïï¬ï¶ï°ïïï»ï ï¿œï«ïïºï§ïºïï ïïï¿œ ïïµïº ïï ï®ïŸïï«ïïïµï§ ïïž ï¯ ïŒï§ïºïïŒïž ï¯ ï¿œï
ïïï§ ïï³ïï€ïï¬ïïŸ ïï§
ï ï§ ï¿œï±ï ï ï£ ïïœï ïšï»ï¿œïº ïŽïœïïž ïï ï«ïï ïµï§ ïï¶ïž ïªïï ïžïŒï€ï«ïïž
ï·ï ï«ïï ïï¬ ïï¯ï¿œï«ïº ïïï§ï ïŸ ïïºï¹ï ï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ïï ïïï·ï¬ïŽ
ïžï© ïï®ïï¹ ïï ïï ïª ïï¹ïïï¶ïï§ïºï ïªïï¿œ ï€ï ïïï ï ï«ïº ï»ï ï£ ï©ïœï ïµï§ ï ï ï ï£ ï° ï§ ïï
ï¡ ïž ï¢ï ïŸïªïº ïŸï ï ï ïïï ïï£ ïïºï§ ï ïž ï¬ï§ï¡ ï·ïïŸïï¬ ï ï±ï ï²ï·ï
ïïºï§ïºïï©ïï°ï ï¿œïï¶ï
ï¿œïïªïïŒï®ïï¿œïï ï€ ïïïïžï±ïšï ï§ïµ
ïïïïïï»ïïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ï ïïïŸïï¬ïï±ïï ï¥ï£ ïï ïï¡ïœï€ïïšï±ïï
ï»ï¢ï¿œïŸïïïï»ïï°ï®ïï¿œï ï ïïï ï ï ïïï£ï±ï ï»ïï¿œïµ ïº ï ï£ï¢ ï ï¿œïœïŒ ïªïïï¿œïïïï¬ï¹ïïïïº ïïï¯ï±
ï¡ ï ïï ï¿œï©ï»ï§ïµï±ïŠï ï¥ ïï ïï¡ ï§ïŠï»ïŸ ï²ï¿œïºïï ï«ïºïŸïï ï²ï·ï
ï§ïµï° ïï¹ ïï¶ïï ï¥ïïºïºïïïïï§ï ïª ïï±ï¿œï§ïµï¿œï ï»ï¿œïŸïï«ïï§ïºïï»ï¥
ï ïï§ ïïïŸ ï ïïï¯ïï§ïµï¢ï ï¡ïïïžïï¿œ ïïï·ï ïïµïžïï«ï«ïºï
ï·ï ïŸ ï²ï¿œï£ï¿œï©ï ï§ïµ ï® ï«ï ï³ï¥ïïï±ï¬ï»
ï¶ï ï·ï¿œï§ïŸ ï¿œï«ïï ï¥ï ï
ïï· ï¬ï»ï¿œï¿œï§ ï ïïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ï ï ï¶ïïï¿œïšï§ ï ï· ïï ïŠ ï ï§ïµï±ïŠï ï ï¥ï ïïï¿œïï¿œï©ï«ïº ï§ïïï ï¥ïïï¢ïïµï«ïïŸï·ï ï¡
ïïïï€ï·ï ï¡ ï±ïïï ïŽïœï ïš ï±ï±ï³ïºï ï»ïï© ï ïï±ï«ï ïïï§ïºï ï£ ïï§ ïï ï
ï«ïïïªï©ï€
ïï° ï³
ï¶ïï·ï¿œï§ï®ïïïï¬ïïºï§ï ïï¿œï ï³ ï³
ï ïïï¿œï§ïºïï³ ï
ï
ï ïïŸï¥ï
ï·ï ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¿œïïï ï¬ ï¿œïœïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ïïŠ ï» ï«ï ï ïïª ïï·ï ï® ï ïžïª
ï³ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï¿œ ï ï€ïï¿œ ï®ïïï«ïº ï£ ï¶ïïïïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ï€ ï ïïï¬ ïŸïºï¥ïŽ ï ï ï ï ï¿œ ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï»ï¿œïïŽ ï³ïïº ï ïïï«ï ï ï£ ï ï ï ï³ïºïïœï§ ïŠï ïµï§ïï ï¶ïœ
ïïï§ïïï¥ïŸïïï ïï¬ïï®ï«ïï ï¿œï¶ïï ï®ï«ïï ïï ïï¡ ïïï ï»ï¬ï
ï¢ïï ï¿œïŽ ï£ ïï ï€ï ï±ï° ïº ïŸï¹ ï ï ï ïïž ï©ïïï«ïï§ïºïï€ ïïŸ ï±ïžïºï¶ï§ï® ï§ ï ïï± ï³
ï€ ïµï§ ïï±ïŒï§ïºï ïŒï±ï¿œ ï£ ïïï¬ ï¿œï§ï ï ï¿œï» ï¿œ ï§ï¥ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïï¬ ïï ïïïïïï§ ïïºïï¿œï£ïïºï¶ïï£ ï ï
ïï¬ ï§ ïï ï« ïï¯ï» ï» ïï¿œïï¶ï ï°ï·ï²ï ï¹ ï ï£ ïï§ï¿œïžïï ï ï ïïï ï£ ï ï¿œ
ï ï«ïº ï£ ïª ï ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ï ï£ ïïïºï§ïºï ïï»ïºïŽïï«ïºïŸ ï¬ïï ï£ïï§ï¿œïžïï ï£ ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïï¿œï ïï³ï²
ï©ï ï¶ï ï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ ï€ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¬ ïï§ ïï ï¿œï ï«ïºïï°ïïï§ï ï·ï¬ ï»ï«ï«ïº ïï ïï¿œ
ïžïï ïïž ïï ïï¬ ïï¿œïï·ï ï¿ï¬ïï±ïïïïïïºï¿œïïïïºïï ï¿œ
ïïºï§ïºï ïïï¿œïï¡ ïµï§ ïï«ïŒ ï°ïïï°ï·ï¿œï§ïï¬ ïµï¹ïï¥ï»ï¿œïºï ï ï³ï»ï¿œï ï£ ï³ï£ïï§ï¿œ
ïºï¬ ï¿œ ï ïï¿ï§ïï£ï ï±ïï¶ïµï§ ïï«ïŒï«ï
ï§
ï³ï§ïïïï°ï»ïºïï¬ ïžïºïºï ï«ïï°ï¬ ïïšï¬ ïïŒï ï»ïºïï¿œïµï°ïïŸï«ï ïšï±ï±ï°ïºï¿œ ïï©
ïï¬ ïï± ïšïïï»ï€ïï¿œïïïºï§ïºïïï¿œïŒï
ï³ï§ï ï¿œïºïïïï¬ï§ï± ï²ï¿œï¶ïï ï ï«ïï¶ïï« ïï°ï»ïºïšï³ïºï¢ïï© ï§ ï®ïïº ï¿œïïïºïºïï»ïºï€ ïï§ïºï ïšï¶ï·ïºï»ïïïï© ï§ ïªïï§ï§ ï»ïïºïºï ï«ï ïïšï±ïŽïŽïºï¹ïï¿œï· ï ï© ï§
ï±ïïïïï
ï©ï€ï ï»ïºïï¬ ïïï§ïºï¢ ïï«ï ï ï»ïï¿œ ï«ïïï·ï¿œï§ ïï¬ ïï ï± ï©ïï ï ï» ï«ï ïïº ï§ïºï ïï ï¿œïï¿œ ïžï¿œï«ïï¿œïïï¬ ïï§ï®ïï£ ï ï ï»ï¿œ ï ï»ï«ïïïŽï§ïºïï¬ï§ï± ï²ï¿œï¶ïžï§ ï»ïïªïï§ ï³ï»ïïŠï·ï ï«ïïï¬ ïïïžï¿œïï ïŒï«ï ï»ïºïïïºï¿œïïï ï ï«ïºïŸ ï²ï¿œï¬ ï ï«ïº ï»ï
ïï¬ï±ïºïŠï¿œï±ï§ ï ï¡ ï»ïºïšï±ï¹ïºïž ïïï© ï§
Executive ï·ï ï«ï ï ï ï¿œï» ïï
ï¿œï
ïï§ïºï ï¿œ ï§ï¥ï ïŸïŽïºï ïïž ïïï ï ï ïïïŽï¿œïºï ïï£ï ᅵᅵï«ïï§ïºïï¬ ï ï®ï§ ïï ï ï°ï¶ï ï®ïïªï ï ï«ïïï ïï€ï§ ï¿œïï«ïºï»ïºïï¬ïŽ ï©ïŒï ïï³ïï·
ïª Chief
ï³ï·
ï¬ï«ïŠïºï ïŸ ï²ï¿œïºï ïºïŒï¿œï¿œïž ï¯ ï»ï¿œï
ïïœïïï¿œïïïïïï ï¢ïï«ï¬ï«ïïïïï¯ ïŽïï· ïŸï§ïºï ïï§ïïïï ï ï ïïž ï
ï§ïºïïï ïŸïï¥ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïšï¶ï·ïºï»ïïïï©ï» ï§
ïïïº ï¿œïï€ ï
ï ï·ï¿œï§ï ïïï¿œïïï¶ ï¿œïï±ï§ ï ï¡ ïï·ï¿œï§ ï¹ ï ï ï ïïïºï¿œ ïïïïž ïï ïªïï§ï§ ï» ï ï ï³ï¿œ ï ï«ïïï® ïï§ïï ï ï ï ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïº ï»ïºïï¬ïŽï®ïº ïïž ïï»ï»ï¿œïï§ïºï ï£ïï§ï¿œïžïïïï¿œ ïµï©ï ï»ï¥ï ï ïïœïï©ïºïïï»ïïï ï«ïï»ïºïï¿œï§ï¿œï ï»ï ï¿œï«ïïï·ï¿œï§ïï°ïïœïïž ïïž ï»
ïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ïïï§ïºïï£ ïïœ ïïºï§ï ï»ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ ïï€ïïïïï¿œïïšï·ï¹ïºï¹ïï¿œï· ï ï© ï§
ï«ïï ï«ïºï ï ï¿œïï¹ ïï ï ï® ï ï¹ï ïï ï¿œ ï ïïï ï¿œï©ï«ïº ï£ ï¿œïŸ ïïºï¹ ïï ï ïïï¹ï ï ïïïŽï®ïï¹ïï§ïºï ïï§ïºïïŒ ï¬ïï ï·ï¿œïºïž ïï·ïŸïŸ ï²ï¿œ ïï² ï³
ï³ï³
ïïï±ï ïïŸïï ïºïŸ ï²ï¿œï·ï ïï±ïï»ï«ïºï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ïï
ï¿œïºï»ï ï£ ï ïïšïªïïï© ï§
ïï¬ï©ï©ïïžï±ï ïª ïï
ï¬ï«ïŠïºï ïŸï²ï¿œïºï ïºïŒï¿œï¿œïž ï¯ï»ï¿œï ï·ï¬ï»ï¬ïï ï¿œï©ï«ïºïï·ï ïŒïŸ ï²ï¿œïï§ïºïï§ï»ïŒïï¿œïïªïï¿œ
ïï£ ï£ ïïï¬ïïïµï§ ïïï«ïºïïµ ïŸïšïŸïï¿œïï¡ ïïº ï€ ï ï€ï ï¥ï«ï£ï ïŸïï¿œïï±ï ï ïºïï ïºïº ïŸï ï£ ï ïŸïï«ï£ï ï«ïï ï£ ïïï« ïï ï ï©ïï ïŸ ï» ï¬ïïŠ ïŸ ï«ïº ïªï ï®ï ïµï§ ïïï©ï ï¿œï ï¹ïï ï ïŸïïªïï ï ïµï§ ïïï¬ ï·ï¿œï ï»epistemologyï¿œï®ïïµï§ ïïïï§ï -ïï ïï¡ ïž ï·ïïŸ ï ïï§ïŠïŸï ï£ ïï ï« ïï ï€ïï¿œï¶ ïµï§ ïïïïªïï ï ï«ïºï£
ïïï ïŽï ï¢ ïï ï ï ï¥ ïï¥ ï ïŒï ïï§ïºï ïï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ ï¢ ïï ï£ ï ï ï ï ï»ï¿œïï€ ï ï®ïï¥ï·ï¿œï§ ï¯
ïïšï§ïïŸ ï²ï¿œï·ïïºï© ïïï¹ï ï ï ï»ïºï ïï ï ïï· ï¬ïŽ ïŸïïŠïïïï ïïï ï£ ï¯ïº ï¿œï« ï»
ï«ï© ï ïï¿œ ï£ï ï ï ïŸ ï ï°ïïï ï ï¬ï ï¬ï ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïïŸ ïïºïï ï ï§ ïï ïº ïµï§ ï ï§ï ï ï ïºï»ï·ï¿œï§ï€ ïš ïºïïŒï± ï®ïï¶ïïï§ïºï ï¥ïïï· ï¿œïïŸïï³ïïºï±ïïï»ïŒïï
ï³ïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï ïïžï± ïïï¯ïŽï»ïºïŽï
ï¿œï ï·ïï§ïŸïžïŒï ïŒïïï ï ï¹ïïž ï¯ï ï§ïšïïï«ïïï¶ïï ïï ïï¿œ ï«ïï ï ï¥ï¿œï°ï¿œï®ï ïïï» ï¢ï§ï±ïïŽ ï£ ïïïž ï¯ï ï¡
ïï§ïµï·ï¿œï ï»ïŒïŸïï¢ïïïï¿œïï ïïïïª ï«ïïïï¥ï®ïïïïïºï€ï ïïï ïŽïïï ïžï¯ ïŽïï ï£ï ïïï»ïºïï§ïºïïï€ïïïŸïï³ ïï ï§ïºï ïï¡ ï¿œï¶ïïï»ï ïï¡ï¯ï ïŸ ï ï§ï ï¿œïï ï ï ïžïï ï ï ïï¡ïïïï ïï ï¡ïïªï ï¹ï ï¿œï ïŒïï
ï ïï ï€ïïï¡ïïï¿œï ï§ïºïï¬ ïšï§ïïï§ï ïïŒï»ïïïï£ ï§ï ï ï«ïï ï¥ï§ ïïï ï»ï»ïºï€ï
ï¿œïïŒïï¬ ïïï¿œï§ ïŠïï ïžïŒï ïïº ï€ ïï ï¹ïï§ ïŠ ï§ ïï¿œ ïï ï«ïïïŽ
ïïŒï ï»ï§ï§ ïïï ïž ï»ï±ïï ï ï ï ï£ ïŸ ï ï«ï¿œï¿œï¹ïï¶ ï ï£ ï ï¹ ï ï§ ï
ï«ï ï±ïïïï ï ï€ ï¶ïŒ ï ï§ ï ï ïº ïµï§ïï ï¡ïïªï ïŒïï¬ ïïï ï«ï ï§ ïï ï£ ï ïœï ï§ ïï ï ï¹ ïï ïºï¢ ïª ï ï¹ïïï¶ ï¡ï ïïºï¹ ï£ ïï ï²ï ïŸïï ïï¡ ï·ïï§ï ï ï ï·ïï§ ïïï ï±ïï ï§ïµ ï£ ïŒï€ ï ïï± ïï·ïï§ ïïï ï ïï ï ïïºï§ ï» ï¢ ïï ï£ ï ï ïŸïºï£ï ï«ïï®ïï¿œïžï€ï¹ ï ï ï ïï°ï ïïïº ïï§ïºï¢ï ï®ïï®ïï€ï¯ï¹ïïïºï¢
ï§ïšïïïïªïï ï ïµï§ ïï®ï§ïºïï ï¿œïï ïï§ï£ ï ï ï ï ï¥ ï¿œï§ïœïï§ ï ï ï ïžï©ïï±ï®ïï§ïºï ïï°ïï¥ïï¿œïï·ïï§ ïïïï ïïœïïºï§ï ï»ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ ïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï«ï ïšï
ï ïï ï¥ ï¯ï± ïïŽï¯ï¿œï®ïï¿œï±
ïïï ï±ïï ïŸïºï£ ï ï·ïï§ ïï ï ï ï» ï€ï ï¹ïïï¶ ïŒïŸ ïïŸïŠ ïž ï¬ ï ï
ï»ïï ïï¡ï»ïŒï¢ ïïïï¬ï£ïï»ï€ïïŽï¿œï³ï·ï¯ï³ï·ïï ïª ï ï§ ïï¹ïïï·ïï§
ïŸï¬ïï ïŒï»ïºïï¬ ïŸïï ïï¡ ïïŽ ï®ïï¹ïïïï ï€ïï¬ ïŸïï«ï£ï ï»ïºïž
ï»ï·ïï§ ïïï ïŸ ïŸ ï²ï€ïï¢ïºï ï¹ïïï ïµï§ ï ï£ ï¬ï ï±ïï§ï ï«ïº ï
ïïžïïŸ ï²ï€ïŸ
ïïï¹ ï ï ï ï ïï±ï ï»ï§ï ï¯ïï¶ïµï§ ïï ï«ïºïºï§ïºï³ïï¿œïï¯ï§ïºï ïï¿œï¹ïï ï·
ï ïïï»ïïï ï¿ ïšï¹ï ï»ïï¬ ï·ïï§ ï¿œïï±ï ï®ïï ï¹ï ï£ ï ï ï ï»ïºï¬ ïï ï± ï®ïï®
ïŸï© ï¿œï ïï§ï ï«ï ï§ï
ï ï¿œï§ï¿œïï§ ï°ïï»ïº ï§
ïï¬ ïï§ïï
ïï¬ ï» ïï ïïœïï°ï¶ïï ïï
ï³ï¹
ï¬ï«ïŠïºï ïŸ ï²ï€ïºï ïºïŒï¿œïïž ï¯ ï»ïï
ï³ï»ïïŠï§ïºïï¿œïŸï¿œ ï ï» ïïœ ï¿œïï« ï»ï¶ ïï ï ïïï ï«ïï§ïºï ï± ï®ï ï ï£ ï¿œï§ï«ïºïïïï¬ ï«ïº ï»ï ïï¬ ïï§ ïïï°ï°ïžï³ïïïŠ ï ï«ï
ïï¬ ï ïï§ï±ï¢
ï®ï¿œ ï ïïï«ïïï¬ïŽïïï»ïïï ï«ïï§ïºï ïšï±ïµï¹ïºï¹ïï¿œï· ï ï© ï§
ïïï¬ïž ïï§ïºïï¬
ï»ïºïï¬ ïïï£ïïï¡ïïªï
ï± ï®ï ï«ï ï· ï¥ ï¢ ïï¹ïï§ïºï ï® ï ï¿œïžïïŒ ïš ï ï»ïïï ï¿ï¬ï ïïŸï ïï§ ï®
ï ï° ï»ïï ï»ï·ïï§ï¬ ïï±ï ï«ïŸ ï¹ï ï§ ïï ïŒïŸ ï²ï€ïï§ïï«ïï¿œïï¬ ïï ïï¹ï¿œï©ï ï«ïïïï«ï©ïï¶ï¢ï ïï§ï¿œïŸï§ ïï ï° ï
ïï
ïï¹ï ï ï ïï¬ ïïïï§ïºïï»ï° ïïïïï ïï ï»ïºï ïï¶
ï¿œïï·ïï§ïï¬ï§ ïïï ï»ïïºï¹ ï§ ïïïŒï¿œï¿œï§ï¿œïï§ ï»ïºïï¬ ï
ïï¿œïžïï·ïï§ ï» ï®ï ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ïïµïï²ï»ï· ïï±ïï ï» ï¢ï¢ ïŸï¥ï ï ï¥ ïï ï«ïºïï§ ïïïïïï¶ïµïï±ï¿œï€ï¿œïï·ïï§ïïᅵᅵïïºï§ïïï¬ ïïïºï¿œï ïï®
ï§ïºï ïª ïïï³ï°ïŸï ï ïºïµ ï° ïïïºï© ï ï ï ïº ï«ï ï ï°ï ïïï¬ ï ïï ï¿œïº ï§ïïŸ
ï°ï°ïžï³ï ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï»ï©ïº ïª ïï¡ ïï³ï·ï ïïï§ ïïï¿œ ïï¹ ï ï ï ï±ïïœ ï ïï¶ ï³ï·ï±ï ïïï®ï¹ï§ïï»ïïï§ïºïï¬ ïïï ïï ï¹ï ï ï¬ï°ï§ïºï ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï·ïï§ ïïï¬ ïïï·ïºï¶ ï¿œ ï§ ï¯ ï€ ïï ï ï¥ïž ï» ïª ï¢ï§ïŸï§ ïŸ ïï°ï© ï¿œï¬ ïï ï»ïºï ï ï ïïï§ïºï¿œ ïŽ ïï ï ï§ ï ïïº ï· ïïžï
ï¥ïï ï»ïï»ï§ïïïŸïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ï ïï¶ ïï³ïïï ïºïï§ïï§ï ï± ï
ïïïï¬ ïïœïïïï»ï·ïï§ï¬ïï±ïïïï°ïïï§ ïïºïŸïŽïœï ï§
ï°ï ïïº ï» ï¿œïï§ ïª ï ïïï¿œïïŸï§ ïï ï° ï ïïïï ïŸï ï£ï ï³ ïïŸï§ ïïï ï¹ ïï€ïŸï ï«ï ï¿œï ïŸï§ ïï» ïïïïï ï ï°ïï ïºï ï»ïº ï¬ ïŽ ï¿ï¬ ï§ ïï ï» ï»ïï ï ïïŸï¿œ ï ïï¥ïï ï»ï·ïï§ ïïïï ïµï§ ïïï¬ïŽ ïïšïï¬ ïï ï£ ï° ïŸïïºïŸ ï¢ ïºï ï¹ ïï ï·ïï§ï§ïŠï ïï§ïºïï¿œ
ï ï ï ïŸïï© ï ï ïï ïïº ïïï ïïïºïï§ ï·ïï§ ïïïïïŽ ï³ïïºï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ïŸ ï² ï€ï¿œ Authenticated ï£ ïµï§ ïï«ïŒï¿œ ï
ï ïŸïï ïº ïï ï¿œïï±ï ï»ï§ ï ïïº ï·ï ïžïï ïž ïªïïŒ
ïŽï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïïŽ ï³
ïï¬ ï¿œïïï¢ïï§ ïï ï ïµï§ ïï¡ï ïHistory
ï¿œ ï®ï¿œïïïµï«ï¿œï§ïºïïµï§ ïïïŒ ï» ï£ ïï ï ï± ï®ï ï£ ï ï± ï®ï ï ï·ïï§ ïïï ï®ï ïï¢ ïï¬ ïï ïï®ï²ï¬ï ï¿œ
ïï ïïï ï® ï«ïïï¬ ï ï§ ïï ï¿œï ï£ ï ï ï ï«ïº ï¡ ï·ï ï·ïï§ ïïïï ï¬ ï¢ ï²ï©ï
ï ï ï¿œï¬ ïï±ï·ï ï©ïï¿ï ï¢ï§ ï§ïïïïïïœï§ ïžï€ ïï¶ï¿œ ï ï»ïïïïï¹ ï ï
ïµï§ ïï¶ ï«ïïŸï³ï¥ï ï£ ïï· ï°ï¢ ïŸï³ï¥ïï ï£ï¿œïï ï«ïºï ï¶ï¿œïºïº ï°ï ïïï§ ï¹ï¿œ ïï¿œïïªïï¢ ïï ï ï ï¥ ïï¥ ï ïŒïïŽïïï¶ï§ï®ï¿œï¿œïï ï ïï·ïœïï¶ïïïï¿œï§ïºï
ïŒïï¿œï¶ï§ïºïï±ï§ ï ï¡ ïïž ïïï±ïŠï¿œï§ïºïïï ï¢ïïï¿œ ï ïµï§ïï±ïïï»ïïï«
ïï§ ï ïïº ï·ï ïžïï ï ïï ïŽ ïï§ ï·ï¬ïŽ ïï ï€ïï£ï ï» ï€ï ï¹ ïï ï¶ ïµï§ ïï¶ ïž ïªï ïïï¯ ïï§ ï ï ï
ïï²ïïï ïŸïšïïž ï¢ ïï ïï¬ï§ïïžï¯
ïïï°ïŸïïºï¹
ï ïïºï¬ ï»ï§ïïžï¯ï ï» ïïœïï»ïºï¢ ïïïïŸïšïïŸï¹ïïï¬ ï²ïºï ïïŽï»ï¹ï ïïµ ï³
ïžï£ï¿œïï±ïïïï¿œïïµï§ ïïï§ï ï± ïï ïï³ï³
ïïŸïï±ïï ï¿œ ï¢ïŽïïïº ï¹ï«ï ï°ïï»ï€ï° ï» ïï§ïïï¿œï£ ïïïŸï ï ï£ïï
ï¿œï ï·ïï§ ï ïï§ ï»ïï§ ï§ïµïŽï ï ï±ï¿œï°ï» ï® ï ïï¯ï ïï¿œ ï«ï ïª ï ï£ ï° ï» ï§ïµ
ï³ï§ï ï¢ ïŽïï§ïµ ïï ïŸ ïï²ï¿œïï ï ïº ï·ï ïï¬ ï¿œï ïµï§ ï¿œï¹ï¿œï© ï ï¿œï¶ïï®ï«ïïï¬ ï· ï®ï
ï¿œïï·ïï§ï ïï§ïŽïï ï¥ï¢ï¿œïŽïï±ïïïï
ï ï¶ ï³
ï· ï ïžïïïïºï¹ï ï§ ï ïïº ïµï§ ïï ïï¬ ï£ ïïᅵᅵïï ï¯ï®ï ï§ï ï± ï ï€
ï¥ ïï§ ï«ï ï«ïï¬ ïï ï ï ï¶ï¿œï ï ï¿œ ï«ïï ïï± ï ï£ ï ïœ ï ï§ ï ï ï ïŸ ï²ï€ ï· ïïºï© ï ï» ï·
ï§ ïïïï¶ï€ïï¹ïïï¶ïµï§ ïï«ïï¿œïï¿œïïœïï¿œïïªïï·ïï§ï· ï ïžïïïïï§ïšï¶ï· ïï ï ïï¬ï§ï
ïŽ ïïï®ï ï€ï ï ïŸïïïº ïŸ ï²ï€ï¹ ï ï ï ï±ïï§ïºï¢ ï±ï ï»ï· ï¥ ïï§ ïïïïï¿œïïªïïŒ
ï ïïï ïŸïžï¿œï§ ï¿œ ï» ï ïï ï¯ï± ï ï¶ïŒ ïï ïµï§ ïïïï ï ïï¢ ïï
ᅵᅵï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïŒ
ïŽï±
ïïïïï±ï·ï ïŸ ï²ï€ïï·ïïºï©ïï«ïºïï¡ïïªïï· ï¥ ïï§ï· ïïžïï§ ï¿œï±ïï ï ïµï§ ï ï ïïïïï±ïï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ïïï«ïº ï» ï¥ïï ï ï ï¿œï€ ï ïŸïïïº ï¿œïïºï§ ïï®ï ï«ïšï®ï§ï ï«ïï ï¢ï§ïŸïï ï ïïïŽ ï«ïŸ ïŽï¿œïžïŠïï¬ ï»ï§ ï· ï¬ ï± ï©ï° ï ï ï¢ï ï±ïï ï ïïï ïïï°ïïïïï¬ ïï§ ï± ïïŽï¯ï¿œï¹ïžï§ïïï ïŠïïŸïïŸïµïºï ï£ï ïŒï¿œï
ïï ï ïŽïºï§ïŽïŸï¿œïï£ ï ï ï ï«ïºï»ï¯ïŽï§ ï·ï§ïºïï¹ï ï ï§ ïï¹ ï ï ïïïï¹ï ï ï¯ ï± ïŽï§ ï·ï«ïï¬ ï»ï§ ïªïï§ïºï©ï¶ ï«ïšï®ï ï ïªï€ïºïŸï«ïï±ïï³ïï§ïºï
ï³ïïŸï£ ï ïï³ï³
ï ïï¯ï§ïºï ïïïž ïïïï ï· ï¥ ïï§ ï€ ïïïŒï¹ï ï¢ï§ïŸïïï ïï»ïï ïï» ïµï«ïï¿œ ï ïï±ï ïŸ ïŸï·ï¿œï ïï ïºï¿œ ï» ïï¢ ïï ïïï ï ï¿œï ï¿œï§ ïïºï§ ïïŠ ï ï ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï
ïïïï ïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ï ïï¬ï«ï³ï§ï ï ï²ïï¿œïïïïïï§ ï¿œï»ïï ïïª ïµï§ ïï§ïŠ
ï€ïïïï¶ïï ï¿œïï§ïºïïŒï ïµï§ ïï ï° ï ï²ï»ïï§ ï ï€ïï·ïï¶ï§ï®ïï¿œï ïŸ ï²ï€ï ïµï§ ï ï ïïïïŽ ï ï ïºïï¿œï ᅵᅵï ï·ïï§ïŸ ï ï ïï ï ï·ïºï§ ïŸï ï£ ï€ ï§ï ï± ï ï¹ïïŸ ïï· ï³
ïï¥
ï»ïºï¬ ï ïï»ïï ï»ïŒïïŸï§ïµï«ïïïï¿œïïŽï¶ïï ï
ï«ïïï§ ï±ïï«ïïï¬ïï¹ ï ï ï ïï°ï€ïºï·ïïºï©ïï»ïï§ïºïï§ ïïï¿œï»ïï¬ ï·ïï§ ïïï ïïº ïïïïïºïïï¿œï ïšïµï ïŒ ïïïïï» ï¥ïï ï»ï® ï«ï ïï€ïïŽ ï¿œï ï¿œïï¿œïï° ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï» ï¥ïï
ïïïïïï©ïº ï§ ïïï·ïï§ ï· ïžï¡ïïº ï€ ï ï ï ïï ïµï§ ïïï¬ ï¿œï¿œïïï» ï¥ïï ï ïï¹ï ï«ï ï§ï ï± ï ïïï¬ ï¹ï ï» ï¿œïï·ïï§ ïŒï«ïšï®ï§ï€ ïïŸ ï§ï ï± ï ïï ïï
ï¬ ïï¥ïŸïï·ï¬ï«ïïïïï®ïïï¿œïºï ïïž ï³
ïŒ
ïŽïïïï¬ï§ ïïᅵᅵï»ï«ï ï ïµï§ ïïïŽï§ïºï ïï¬ï§ ïïºïï¡ï ïµï§ ïïµï»ï§ïŠïŽï»ïŒï
ï¬ ï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï®ïªïïŸï§ïµï«ïïï ïïï¬ï ï¿œï¶ï§ï®ï¯ïŸïï¹ ï ï ï ï¶ï§ï® ï ï«ïïï¬ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ï² ï¢ïïºï·ïïïïï¢ï®ïŸï ï¢ ï±ïïï«ïºïïµ ïŸïšï ïï¬ï§ ï»ïï»ïº
ïïïï¿œïï ï ï¶ïŒï ï«ï ï£ ïïïïï¿œï¶ï§ï®ïïŸ ï²ï€ï¿œïï¿œïï ïµï§ïï ᅵᅵï ï®
ï¥ïï ïï±ïï ï€ ïïïºï€ïïšï¿œïïï¢ïï ïï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ïï«ïïïï§ï
ïŽï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï®ï«ï ïï ï·ï¬ ï«ï ïœï§ ïž ï ï¥ ï±ï ï¢ ï¿œï¶ïºï ïï ïï· ï¿œïï ïµï§ ïï«ïŒïŸ
ï± ïïŒïŸïï¬ ïïï ï·ï ïžïï·ïï°ï ï ï ïï ï°ïŸïŽïºï§ïº ï¹ï¿œï ï ï¯ ï£ ï¢ïŠ ï ï ïï¹ ï³ ïïïï¿ï ïï³ ï³ ïï ï ï¥ïïºï§ïŽïï° ï ïïïï°ï° ï¿œïïºï§ïïµï
ïï¿œïï ïïŸï³ ï³
ï ïï±ï ïŽïï¿œï¶ï¿œïï¬ ï°ïï¹ïïï©ïï°ïï¿œïïï¿œ ïŽïï° ïž ï¯ïŒ ïï¬ ï ïïïïï ïï¥ïï«ïï ï¿œï·ïï§ïŒï±ïŸïµïºï ï»ïºïŽ
ïº ï ïïï§ïºïï¿œïºïïï¿œï ï€ïï¬ ï³ ï¿œï ïŸï ï£ï§ïºï ïïšï ïïï¢ïïïžï ï ïºïï¹ï
ï¿œï ï»ï» ï¿ïï ï£ ï¬ ï¹ï¥ïïºï§ ï»ïïï¹ï ï ïŒïïï ï³ï ï«ï ïï¬ ï£ ï ïïï§ïŠ ïµï¹ ïïïï¶ ï±ïï ïŸ ïïºï ï£ ïºïï£ïºï¿œï ï¿œïï ï¹ïï ï§ï ï± ï ï¹ï ïï¿œï»ï ï£ ï©
ïï¬ ï ï
ïïïïïŠ ï ï«ïº ï¿œï ïï§ïºïïï ï¿œï€ ï ïªïïµï¥ïïïºïï¶ïïïïµï§ ïï® ïœï§ ïž
ï ï ïï ï»ï·ïïï«ï ï®ïï¿œï ᅵᅵïïï¬ ïï ïïï ïï£ ï³ ï³ï·ïï§ïŒïï ï ïï ïªïï« ïï
ïŸ ï¬ïï ïŸï ï¿œï« ï ï«ïï ï¿œïïïŽ ï§ïºïï ï¿œï£ ï¥ ïï ï£ ï° ïŸï¯ïŽïï§ïŠïºïºï¥ ï» ï³ ï³ï
ïïŒï€
ï¿œï ï·ïï§ïï°ïïŽ ï£ ï ïž ïï ï±ïï§ï ïŸï³ï€ï¿œï¹ïïïï°ïïï
ïï ï°ïïïïïŽ ï§ïºï ï¶ï¿ï§ïï¥ïï ï ï±ïï§ï ï·ï ïžï ï®ï¿œïï¹ ï£ ïï ïŽï ï¿œïï¿œïïª
ï¿ïïžïïï·ï¬ïžï© ïïï± ï®ïï ïï ïï¶ï ïï¿œïï¿œïïªïïïïïïï¹ï ïœïµïºïïï¿œï ïšïï§ ï ï¡ ï ïïºï§ïºï ï©ïïœï ï¿œï ïïº ïï»ïºï¬ ï§ï ïï¯ï» ï» ï»ï¯ï²ï³ïïï ï¹ ï ï ï
ïï· ï¬ïŽï» ï ï± ï¬ïïŒïï¿œïïªïï·ïï§ ïïïïï¬ ïïïŠ ï°ïï»ïŸ ï²ï€
ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï¥ïïïïïï§ï ïŒï ï ï«ï¿œï ï ïïïž ïï ï·ïï§ ïïïïï¬ ïïï»ï§ ï
ïŽïï±
ïïïºï¿œ ï ïïïï±ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï ï ï°ïŽïŸ ïï¬ï· ïïºï©ïïïï¹ ï ï ï ïï ïïï¿œï
ïŸ ï²ï€ï ïïï¢ïï€ï¶ ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïïïŽï³ïïº ï¬ïï ï·ïï§ ïïïïŸïïïï§ï ïïºï· ïïžï ï±ï¿œïï¹ ï ïïºï§ïºïï€
ï¿œïï·ïï§ ïïºï¿œïï ï¿œï¶ï¬ïï ï«ïºï«ïï±ïï ï ï¿œïï«ïº ïŽïŠïµï¿œïïï§ ï ï£ ïïï ïºï¿œ ï ï€ïªï° ïïž ïïïï ï§ïºïï¬ ïï¿œïïªï ï£ ï ïïï ï€ ïšï ï
ï€ ï ï ïï ï¿œ ï ïï¿œïï±ï§ ï±ï ï ï»ï«ïºïï¿œïïï» ïï° ïµï§ ïïï¬ ïµï¹ïï¥ï»ïïïºï»
ïïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïŒ
ïŽï³
ïï³ïï€ï»ï§ïºïï¡ï€ïºï»ï·ïï§ïŒïªï±ïïïŸïï¢ï²ï« ïïºïïï¿œï ï«ïï ï» ï¶ïï ï¯ï
ï ï¿œï ïï ïïï§ï ïï ïïï ï°ïïï±ïï§ ï ïï ï»ï§ï¿œï»ï§ ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽïï«ï ï® ïœï§ ïž ïï® ï ï¿œïï¿œïïŸ ï·ï¬ ï®ï¿œï
ïŸïš ï¢ï ïŸ ï¿œï ïŸï·ï¿œï ï«ï§ïºï ï ï±ï ïï·ïºï¶
ïï«ïïï§ïºï ï ïï ïŸ ï²ï€ï§ïºïï±ï ï»ï«ïºï ï ï¿œ ï ï«ïºï ïï¬ïïºï¢ïµï© ï ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ïï ï ïï¬ ïïïï¹ ï ï ï ï³ïï§ ïïºïï· ï»ïïïïï§ ïïïï§ïï«ïï¶ ï«ïšï®ï§
ï¬ ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ïï«ï ï· ï¬ ï» ï£ï§ ï ï·ï ᅵᅵï«ïºï ïµï§ ïïŸ ï·ï¬ïœï§ ïž ï©ï€ï ï«ïŒï®ïïœïï ï®ï¿œïï ïïïïïïºï€ïᅵᅵïŸï£ï ï¹ïªï³ïï¿œï§ïºïïï
ï«ï¢ ï²ï€ï ï ïïŸïœï ï§ïï§ïŠï»ï·ïï§ïŒï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ï€ ïïºï§ïºï ïï· ï¢ïï§ ï ï» ïµï§ ï ï§ïºïï ï ï ï±ï° ïº ï· ïïžïï ïï£ïïŸï¿œïï°ï°ï ï·ïï§ïŒïï°ïï ïœï§ ïž ïïï ïï ï€ ïŸ ï²ï€ ï«ï ï¿œïïï§ ï±ï¿œï ï¿œïºïº ï°ï ï ïï ï¶ï ï°ïï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ïªïïº ïŒï€ ïïïŽ
ïï ï€ï§ ïŠïï²ï³ï®ï±ïïïž ï» ïŸï ï£ ï«ïï§ïºï ï¯ï ï€ï ï»ï§ïžïºïžïïï¢ ïï ï¥ïï
ï¿œïº ïŸï ï£ ï«ïïï¿œ ïïïŸïªï± ï«ï ïï»ïºï§ïºï ï ï ï£ ï ïšï§ï®ïïï ï³ï§ïºïïï ï ïïž ï» ï«ï ï¿œï ï®ïïªï ï ïº ïž ï¢ ïïï ïµï¹ïï¥ ï ïšï€ïïïŸï ï ï ï ï¿œï¶ïï ï ïï³ïï· ï£ ï ï ï ï§ïºïï¿œ ï°ïï»ïŒïïºïºï ïï§ïºïïïïïº ï· ï¬ïŸï§ïºï¢ïï¶ïïž ïïŸïŽï¶ïµï ï£
ï ïïï ï ïïŸïï ïºï¿œïºï¿œï§ ïï¿œï±ïïï€ ïïŸïï ïºïŸ ï²ï€ï¿œ
ïï¬ïï ïŒïŸ ïï±ïï ï§ ï ï ïº ïï£ ïïºï§ï« ïïï«ï©ïïï§ïŠïºïºï¥ ï»ï· ï¥ ïï§ïŒ
ï€ïï¶ï§ïŠï«ïïïïïï¬ ïï ïï¡ ïïïï¢ïïŸ ïµï§ ï ïïŸï§ïž ï ïïï ï¢ï ïŽïïïï±ï ïŽïï¿œï¶ï ïŠï ïïï¹ï¿œconclusiveïï ï§ï ïïº ïï§ ïïïºïµïï·ïï§ ï¯ï ïï ïŽïï²
ï ï¬ ïïï·ïºï¶ïŒïï«ïœï§ïºïï·ïï·ïžïï¶ïï·ïï§ï€ ïïï±ï ï»ï ïŠïï¬ ï¹ï¿œïªïï§ï»
ïï· ïï¿œïï¶ ïŒïï ï·ïï§ ïïªï»ïºïŽï ï«ïœï§ïºï ï·ïº ï· ïžï±ï ïŽï ïŽ ïœïµïºï
ïïïŽ ïºï ï»ïŒï¶ ïï¿œïºïï ï ïŸ ï§ïºï ïŸïï ïŽï ïµ
ïŽïï³
ï¶ïï·ïï§ï±ï ïŽïï ïï¬ ïï ïŽïïŽ
ïï ï·ï¬ï«ï ïïï§ïºï ᅵᅵï¯ï± ï»ïïï§ïï«ïïï ïšï·ïï§ï ïŠïï²ï¬ ïŽïï¶
ïï·ïžïïŒï±ï ïŽïï»ïºï€ï±ïï ï ïŠï ïïïï¿œïïŸï§ ï»ï§ ïŒï ï§ïµï§ïºï ï»ï«ï§ï§ïïºïŸ
ïŽïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¥ ïœï§ïºïï· ïï¹ï ï ï ï¹ïï»ïïïïŽ ïºï ï»ïŒï¶ïïᅵᅵïï°ï¬ ïï¿œïï¶ï·ïï§ïŠïï ïŽïï·
ïžïïïᅵᅵï¹ïï ïŒ ï³ï³
ïï¬ï ïï¿œ ï¹ï¿œ ïï ïï®ï§ïºïï¿œ ï»ï°ï°ï ï·ïï§ ïŒ ï¢ïï ï»ïï ïï¡ ï ïµï§ ïïï¬ ïï ïï¡ ï ï²ï ïŠ ï¹ï ï ï ï¿ï¬ ïï ï±ïºïï ï ï¹ï·ïŸ ï§ïºïï¬ ïï ï»ïï¹ï·ïŸï ï ï·ïï§ïï¬
ï¿œï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï ïïïïïï»ïºïŽ ï¿ï¬ ï ï§ ï»ï ï°ï°ï ïŒïï¹ ïï»ï·ïï§ ïï ïï§ï°ïï
ï ï³ï¹ ïï ïï¿œïïŸ ï°ï°ï ïŒïï ïï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ ïïïºï¿œ ïïšïïŽïœ ï²ï€ï· ïïºï©ï ï»ï¿œ
ïïï¹ ï ï ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï¿œï ïï ï·ïï§ ïï ï ï«ïï¬ ïŽ ï ï£ïïº ï»ïšïïŽï¯ï ï ï ïµï«ï€ ïï ï©ïï ïµï«ï€ ïï ï ïŒï±ïï ï¬ïï ïŒïï ïï¬ ïšïï€ ïï§ïºï ï ï¬ï§ï ïŸ ï³ï ï©ïï
ïµï§ ïïºï¿œï»ïïïï¥ï ïïï§ïºï ïª ïïï§ï ï»ï«ïºï¿œï±ïïï«ïºï ïï±ïïï·ïºï¶ ï·ï ïï ï¢ï§ïï§ïºï ï¬ ïï§ïï ïŸï€ï¢ ï«ï¿œïª ï ï®ï±ïïïï§ï ïªïïšï€ ï» ïïºï§ï ï€ï ïï®ïœïïž ï ïŸïºï ï®ï¿œïŸï ï ï ï»ï«ïºï»ïºïï¿œïï»ï§ïïµï§ ïï¢ï§ïïᅵᅵïï§ï ïïï
ïµï§ ïï ïïªïºïïŸï§ ïžï ï«ïºïïïïŽ ï³ïïºï ï¶ïï ï«ïŒï»ï«ïºï ïµï§ ï
ï ïï ï£ ïï§ï ïŸ ïï§ïº ïï§ïºï ï€ïœï§ ïž ï»ïïŠ ï ï ïïºï» ïïï£ï ïŸ ï§ïºï ïŸïïµ ïï§ï
ï ï¹ïïºïï ï¿œï¶ïº ï ïï£ ï ïï ï¿œï ï»ïïï ï©ïï¥ï¶ ïŽï ïŸï§ïºï¢ï¿œï§ïºï ïªï ï ïšï ïŸïï ï°ïšï ï ï¿œïï ïï ïïïºïï°ïïïœïµï€ ïï¶ïï§ïºï ï¥ïº ïï°ïïïœïµ ï¶ ï§ï±ï ï ï£ ï¥ ï³ï§ï ï ï§ ï»ï ï£ ï±ï§ï±ï€ ï¹ ï ï ï ïïïï¿œ ïï ïïïº ïµïïº
ï°ï
ïï·ïï ïïï ï»ïï§ï£ïï®ï¶ï¢ï©ïªï ï¹ïïï¶ï¿ï§ïï§ ïšï ïï±ï» ï€ ï¹ ï ï ï ïï ï€ ï ïᅵᅵï ïŸ ïï±ïï ï§ï ï± ïï¿œïïºï§ ᅵᅵïï ï¢ ïžïï ï¿œï¶ï§ï®
ï¿œïª ïŽ ï· ï ï°ïï¶ï¹ïïïïžï ïï§ïï«ïïïœïµïºï ï±ïï¿œïïºï§ïŽ ï ï£ ï¯ ï±ï§ï±ï» ï¯ ï ïŸï§ïºï¢ï¿œïï£ ï ïï ï¥ïŽ ïï ï»ï¹ ï ï¿œïžï ï¥ ï ï±ï ï£ ï ï»ïïŸ ï¢ï© ï°ï¿œïï§ïºï ï¿œïºï ïïïï ïŠ ï conclusive ïïŠï ï¿ï ïŠï©ïï®ï«ï ïï ïïïïºï¿œïï¯ï ïï ïï§ïºïï ï°ï³ïï ï®ï·ï® ïŽïïž ï·ï¬ï«ïï³ ïŠ ïïïï¢ïïïïïï§ïºïï ï¡ ï¶ïïïŠï°ïï¢ ïžï ï¿œï€ ïï ïï ï¿œïï ïŽïï¹
ïï¬ ï ï£ ïïºï±ï ï»ïïïïïŠïŸïïïïï¿œï§ïµ ïŸïµïºïï±ïïŸ ï¿ï¿œï
ïïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïŒ
ïŽïµ
ï»ï³ï®ïºï¢ï ï£ ï¿œ ï§ ïï ïïïï§ ï»ï¿œ ï§ï®ï»ï€ïïïï§ïï±ï ïïïŸï· ïïžïïºï ï¹ï ï
ï£ ïšï ïï®ï ïµï§ ïï ïï¢ ï¥ ï§ ïïï¬ ïº ï¥ ï±ï ïïïº ï€ïïŠ ïï§ ï ï ïµï§ ïï·ï¿œï
ï€ï§ ï»ï§ïïï ïïŸ ïï°ï» ï ï³ï¿œï ï¬ ï§ ïïïŸï§ ïï ïºï ï«ï ï±ïïŽ ï ï¿œ ï ï ï ï¿œ ï
ïïïïŽ ï©ï¿œïïœï¶ïï«ï ïïï¯ï¿œï£ï±ï§ï±ïïïï§ï±ïï¹ïï€ ïï«ïºï ïï ï ï ïïï§ ïïïŠ ïï§ï·ïïïï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï®ï ïœïï³ïï»ï€ï ïï¿œïµï ïïºï€ïï³ ïï ïµïï° ï©ï€ï ï ï¿œï ïïï¿œï¥ïï ï®ï¿œïï ï ï¹ïïïïï§ ï ïï¢ïºïªï§ïºïï§ïºï¿œï ï ïï¹ïï§ïºï
ïž ïï ïï±ï³ ï¿œï±ï ïïï¥ïï ï³ ïŠïïï€ ïŸïºïïž ï¢ ïïŸ ï¿œïïïŠ ïžïï¿œ ïïŽï³ïïïï·ï ï¡ ï©ïï¹ïïšï¿œï ï¿œïŽïµïžï°ï¡ï©ï€ï¿œïž ï¢ ï ï¢ï§ïïï§ïºïïï¬ ï£ ïï¢ïºïªïï ï£ ïïºï§ ïï ï ï¬ ï¿œï°ï» ï¢ïïïï§ïžïï¢ïïïïŸïºïï
ï³ï³
ïï§ ï¿œïï«ïï· ïïï ïŸïµïºïï±ïï ïŒï«ïïï¬ ï¿œï¹ïï¹ ï» ïŸïºïïž ï¢ ïï§ïµïïª
ï±ïï·ï®ï ï»ï±ï«ï ï ï±ïï ï¿ï¿œï£ ï¬ ïï§ ï¹ï¿œï§ïºï ï€ï³ï±ï°ï ï¿œï¶ï¶ ï ï£ ï ïºï¬ ï¿œ ïµïï±
ï¿œïïï ï³ï³
ï£ ï³ ïïï»ï¿œï€
ïï¬ ï ï¹ ï¢ï ïï»
ï¶ïï·ïï§ï®ïïï¥ïïºï§
ï¶ïï·ïï§ïï°ï®ïïï¥ïïºï§ ïŸïµïºï ï ïïº ï€ïï ïïï ï»ï±ï«ï ï ï±ï ïµïï²
ï€ï³ï± ï°ï ï¿œ ï¶ ï¶ ïïï¬ ïïïŠ ïï§ï³ïŽï ï ï ïï·ï© ï¿œïï§ïº ï»ï§ ï¿œïºïï§ïºï
ï§ïµï· ïï³ïºï£ïï§ïºïï±ïï ï¿œï«ïï ïïï¿œïïï§ïºï ïµïï³
ï¶ïï°ï§ïºïï¿œïï§ïï© ï¿œïï§ïºïª ïï¬
ï¶ï ï·ïï§ïï°ïï¬ ï¿œ ï»ï¹ï ï¯ï ï¿œï§ ïï ï ï£ï ï§ïºïï¶ïï°ï¶ïï ï ï¿œïï§ïï§ïºï¿œï ï ï¢ï¿œï ï¿œïï¬ ï ï ï¹ï ïï ï¿œ ïï ï§ïµï«ïï ï¿ï ï¶ï ï·ïï§ ï ï€ ï¥ïšï ï³ï
ï£ ï¢ï ï ï§ïºïï£ ïïïï²ï§ ïïï§ïºï ïï ï»ï¹ïï€
ï¶ïï·ïï§ ïïïžï³ï ï ïº ïïï§ïºï
ï¶ïïï§ïºï¿œïŸïïï¥ïï«ï ïïï ï¥ïº ï¢ï±ïºï§ïºï ï°ïïŸï ïïïïžï³ïœï§ ï¶ïœï ïïµ ïŽ
ïï ï»ï«ï§ïïïï ï°ïïïïï ï¿œïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ï ï ïïï¿œï ïïïŠïïï¬ ïïµïµ
ïï ïŸ ï¯ ï ïïºï ï¹ï ï ï ïï ïïï£ ï®ï§ï¬ïï¢ ï ï§ïµï§ïºï ïŒï ï ï
ï ï¿œïᅵᅵ ï§ï ï¹ ïï§ïºï ïžïï ï ï¹ïï§ïºï§ ïžï ï®ï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï§ ïïï¿œï»ïŒïï±ï
ïŽï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï€ïïïï±ï ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïïŸ ïïºï¹ï¹ïïï§ï ï± ïïïž ïï ï®ïï®ï ï ï ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ ï ï¿œï ï ï°ï ï«ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï ï®ïïï¬ï ï ïŸïïï§ ïï» ï» ïï§ ï ï§ ïžïïœïŸ ïŸï·ï¿œï
ïïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïï ïïïï ïïï§ï¿œï§ ï©ï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ï§ïºïï ï ï¢ ïï· ïï§ï®ïï«ï
ï¹ï ïï ï¹ï ï ï»ïï§ ï ïœ ï¶ ï¿œï ï® ï ïïïïž ï¬ ï¢ï§ï«ïï§ïºï ïïœïï§ ïï ï ïïï§ ïï±ï ï ïžï© ïïïŽ ï®ï ï¿œï ï ï¢ ï¿œïï§ïº ï ïï ï¿œï§ ïï®ïš ï»ï¿œïŸ ï ïª ï ï¿œïºï ï»ïºï ï£ ï° ï§ ï ï
ïŒï«ïï¿œï€ ïŸïº ïïž ï¢ ïï ï¿œ ï£ïïï¹ïï§ïº ïï¬ ïŽïª ïŒïï¹ïï ïïïžï¥ïïŽ ï¬ï«ï ïï ï£ïï¥ïïŽ ïŸïï¿œï ï¥ïžï© ïï§ïºïï€ï³ï± ï°ï ï¿œ ïïª ïïïï ïïžï¿œï
ï€ï ï¿œï¶ïº ï ïï ï¿œ ï ï ï¿œï ï£ ï©ïï¥ïï¶ ï ï ï ïïï° ïµï§ ïï ï ï ïï®ï²
ï ï² ï§ ïï ï¹ï ïᅵᅵ ï§ ï» ï¿œï¶ïï®ïï¿œïï® ïï¿œ ï¿œ ïï§ï±ï ï±ï© ï° ï ïïï ïïïïšïïïïºï ï¿œï ï¥ïº ï·ïï® ï ïï®ïïŽ ï©ïœïµïºï ï¿œïï ï°ï®ïªïï©ï ï€ ï£ ïï¹
ï ïï·ïºï¶ ïŸï§ ïïï ï ï®ïïïï ï€ ï«ï ïï³ ïï ïïï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï ïï¿œïµ ï ï¢ ï¢ï§ï«ï ïŸïï° ï ï¿œï ïïï¿œïï¡ ïïº ï€ ïï§ïïœï§ ïŠïï ï£ ïïºï§ïïïïž ïï ï®ï¿œï ï ïï§ïž ï» ïª
ïï marginalize ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïº ï©ïºïï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ïŒïïŸ ï²ï€ïïï¬ïïºï§ïŸï ï²ï ï ïïïµïï§ïºï ïï«ï ï£ï ï©ïïµï ïïï°ïï§ ïï» ï»ïï§ ï ïŸïïïï§ ïžïïœïŸ ïŸï·ï¿œï ï¿œïï ïï»ï§
ï§ï»ï ïïï¿œïž ï¢ïï ïï ïï¡ ïïï ï»ï¿œïïµ ïï ï ï¿œïïïï¿œï§ïºïïïï
ï¡ ïï ï€ ïï²ï ï±ï ïïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ïï¶ï· ï±ïï§ïïïºïŽ ï®ïï ï¹ïïï€ ï ïµïï¶
ï¿œï·ïïïï»ïŠ ï ï ïï ï
ï¥
ï§ï ï ï ïžï³ï»ïïïïï±ï¿œï§ïºïï·ïïºï²ï ïï¹ï ï ï§ïºïïïï¿œï§ïïª ïïï ïï© ïïïï¢ïï€ï ïïïï
ï§ïï» ï»ïï§ ï ïšïï ïï«ïïïï ï¡ïïªï ï§ ï ïïº ïµï§ ïï€ ï£ ï ï ï ï ïï ï ï¥ ï¢ï
ïï¿œïïªï
ï¶ïï·ïï§
ï ï ï¹ï ïŸïï
ï·ï ï ï¿œïï¿œï ï ïïµïïºï¬ ïïïï·ïïïŸïï±ïï¿œïïžï ï§ï ï± ï
ï§ïµï±ïïï¿œïïªïï»ï±ï«ï ï ï±ïï€ïŸï§ï§ ïœï ï¥ïï°ï¢ïï§ ï ï ï ïµï®ïïŽï·ï£ ï ïï
ïïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïŒ
ïŽï· ïºï ïï
ïµïï·
ïŸï§ ï§ïï ï¹ïïïïïµï ï
ïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ïï§ïºï ï ï²ïï¶ ï¹ïïï§ïïº ï«ï ï³ïï€
ïï ï¡ï ïïŠ ïï§ï³ïŽ ï€
ï¡ï§ïºïïï¿œï£ ïï±ïï£ ïï¢ïŸï·ï¢ ï±ïï¡ï¯ïï§ï¿œï£ ï ïï§ ïšïïïª
ï ïï® ï«ïïï ï¿œï»ïï°ïï·ï ï·ïïï¿œï±ïï
ï ï³ï§ ïï ï¢ïïïºï± ï ïïº ï€ï ïï± ï ï§ï¿œïŸ ïïºï§ ï ï§ïïº ï«ï ï€ ï¿œï¶
ï§ïšï ï·ï¿œï«ïï±ïïŸ ï§ï ï± ïïï€ ï¿œï«ïïï¿œï ïµïïïïïŒï ï ïŸï§ï±ï ïï ï ï ïïïïŒïï£ïºï¿œïïïïï±ï ïï£ ï ïï§ïºï ïŽï¥ï£ïïº ï ï¹ ï ï
ï ïïï¬ ïïï¹ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïï§ï ï¿œï ïïï¿œïïžï»ïŸ ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ïžï³ï» ï£ ï£ï ïžï¬ï¶ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï¶ïïï ï³ï§ï§ ïï ï ï§ïïï·ï«ï ï±ï ïïï»ï ï¿œïïïï·ïŒïï€
ïŸï·ï¿œïïïï ïµï§ ïï±ï ïŽïïï§ïºïïï¯ ïï§ ïï ï ï¿œï ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï ï£ ï
ï
ï ï ï¿œï© ï¿œïï ï€ïï·ïïïïïï¬ïœïï®ï«ï ï»ïºï¬ ï»ï§ ï»ï€ï ï¢ïºïªï§ ï±ïï ï ïŸïº ïï€ïµï ï ï£ïïï§ï¥ ïïïŽ ï£ ïï»ï§ï ï€ïïŽïïïŸï¹ ï ï ï ï°ï¶ï°ï ïï·ï© ïªïï§ï¥ ïï
ï°ïï¬ ïªï ïï¹ ï¿œïïï¶ ïïºï«ïï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¿œ ïšïïïïï¬ ï¹ï¿œï¬ï»ï«ïï¿œïïï¬ ï§ï ï ï ï¿œïº ïŽïœï¿œïïµïïº ï ï£ ï¿œï§ ï«ïºïïï ï§ïºï ïï ï¯ïïºï§ï ï»ï¿œï¿œï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï¶ïï
ïïï§ ï±ïï ïµï§ ïï»ïºï ïï ï»ï§ï¿œï»ï§ ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽïï«ï ï®ïï¹ïïïïïï¶ï¶ï ï
ïïï§ ïïïž ï·ïïŸï¿œïï«ïºï·ïïºï©ïï¿œï¹ ï ï ïï®
ï ïµï§ ïï¡ïïï ï¶ïï§ïºï¢ï ïï¿œ ï«ï ï® ï ï¶ï ï§ ï ï ï ï¿œï ïŸ ï²ï€ ï ïµï§ ï
ï·ïïï€ï¿œï¶ï ï±ï ï¬ïï¶ï§ï®ï(Authenticated
History)ïµï§ ïï«ïŒï±ï
ï«ï ï ïïï ï ï€ïïµ ïï ïµï§ ïïï§ï ï± ïïœï§ ïŠïï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï§ïºï ï€ïï€ïº ï§ïµ ï¶ ïœïïŠ ïœ ïš ï±ïï Imaginative
History ï§ïºï ï ïïïº ïïï ïïï§ïºï¢ ï ï ï ï
ïŽïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ᅵᅵï§ïºï ïï§ ï»ïïï ï ï¬ï§ï±ï ïïµï¹ ïïï¿œïï§ ï±ïïï¥ïï§ïïº ï¥ïïºï§
ïïïï ïŸïï¹ïï¿œïïïœ ï·ïïŸtrash can ï ïµï§ïï ïïïïïïïº ïïïº ï®ï
ï ï§ïïŸ ïï±ïï¹ïïïïï³ïïï ï ï§ ïïŠïï ï¡ï¿œïïºï§ïïïŠïï¿œï
ïž ïžï¥ïŒï ï ïïŸïïºï¹ï¹ ïïï§ ï ïïºï· ïïžïï ï ïïï¢ï·ï¬ïŽïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï¹ïïï¿œï
ï¿œï ï¹ïïŽ ï¹ïŽ ï ï§ï ï± ï ïï¬ ï· ï©ïï€ ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïï¬ ï«ï¿ ï»ïµï©ï«ïº ï ï»ïºï¬
ïï§ïµï¿œïï¿œï±ï ïŽïïïïïïï€ïïïž ï¬ïï·ï¬ï«ïïï¿œïºïŽïœ
ïï° ïŒ ï» ïï¿œïµïï ïïŸïïï©ïï°ï ïŒïŽ ï ïï¿œïïï® ï ïï¶ ï«ïª ï£ ï¹ï¿œï
ïï¬ ï ïž ï€ïï±ïï ï±ïï¶ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ï ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ï·ïžï·ï ï¹ ïï¬ ï£ïïºï¶ï¿œï¶ ï«ï ïïï¹ï¿œïïšï€ïïïï ï ï¹ï ï»ïºïï ï€ïº ï·ïïïïï§ïµ ï€ï¿œï¶ïïŽï
ïïïïï¶ïœïµïºïï ïï¶ï±ï ï·ïïïŽ ïï¬ ï©ï¢ï ïï¿œïŠ ï ï¹ïï§ïºïï»ïïï
ï£ ï ï¹ïïï¬ ïïï¯ï¿œ ï»ï³ ï¿œïïŸ ï¿œ ï€ï ïï§ïºï ï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï ï·ïï§ï ï¬ ï
ï ïï§ ï ï¶ ï«ïºï§ïºï ï¶ï ïï ï ï©ï©ï ïµï§ ï ïª ï ïïª ï®ï» ï«ï ï¿œï¶ ï ï£ ï ï·ïï
ï¢ï ï ï· ïï§ï§ïºï ï€ï ï ï»ïïïï¬ïïºï§ïï¬ ï³ï ïï¡ïï€ïï¬ïïŸ ïï§ï ï·ïï°ï
ï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ ï·ï ïžïï¶ ïïºï¹ïï§ï ï± ïïïŽ ïï ï®ï ï€ï ï ïŸïï ïºïïïï³ï®ïº
ï¿œï ïï°ï©ïïï ï ïïœï«ï ï±ï ïŽï ï¿œï¶ï ïïïï ï ï ï ï€ï ï¹ ï¡ ï» ïŸ ï²ï€ ïïµ ïž
ï ïï°ï» ï ï ï®ïï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï€ïï ï ïï€ïïï°ï»ï®ïï°ïï§ïŸï¢ï¿œ
ïï· ïŽ ï ï ïï°ï£ïïž ï¢ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ïï ïï§ïï»ï¯ïŽï§ ïïï§ïºïïï¿œïµïï¹ ï»ïºï
ï ï£ ï ïïï ïŸ ï€ ï ï² ï ïï¬ ï¿œ ï¯ ï ï ï» ï¶ï ï² ïºïïïï»ïï¿œïµïïï±ï ïïï
ïïï¶ ï ï«ïïµïï ïïïï ï£ ïšïµïï ïµ ï° ïïï€ ïï ïï§ ïï ï» ï·ï¬ ï«ï ï€ ï ï ï¿œï ïµï ï¹ ïï ï ï ïïïŽï³ï»ï€ï ï·ïŸï£ï§ïï«ïïŸ ïŸï·ï«ïï ïµï§ ï ï¹ïï¬ ï¿œïï
ï»ïï¿œïµïï ïïïï»ï«ïï§ ï ïïº ï·ï ïžïï ïï»ï§ïïïï®ïï·ï ï¥ïïïïï
ïœ ïš ï€ï§ ï» ï§ï»ï«ï ï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïï§ïºï ï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï ï· ïï§ ïïï ï¹ï ïï¡ ïµï«ïï¿œï»ïï ï©ï ïµï«ïï¿œïïŸï·ï«ï ï®ïïï ïïœ ïš ï·ï ïžïï ïï¿œïŸïïï³ï¬ï ïï ï£ ïïï§ï ï¯ïŸ ï©ï
ïŽï¹
ï«ïº ï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ï¹ïï ï ï ï±ï ïïï¶ ï¯ ï¿œïï ïœï® ï±ïï ï£ï©ï©ïšïŸ ï§ï«ï§ ï©ï¢ ï ï§ ï ïïº ïµï«ïï¿œïï€ïï§ ïïï«ïïïïï¶ï ïïžï¥ï§ïºïï¥ï±ïï ï ï¥ï ï ïŸïïïºï«ïïšï ï ï»ïï ï ï ï©ï ï¿œï ï ï®ïŸï·ïšï ïï ïï±ïïï¡ïïªï ïµï§ ïï¿œï ï«ïº ï ï ïï°ï ïï»ïᅵᅵï§ï§ïºï ïï¹ï ïïï¿œ ï ï®ïšï ïïïŽïœï» ïï ï¬ ïªï ïïï·ïï§ïï¿œïï±ï ïï¢ï¬ ï« ï¿œï±ïïï°ï ïïŠ ï ïµï§ ï
ï€ï ï€ ïŸ ïï§ ï«ï ï ïµï§ ïï¶ ï«ïº ï ï ï· ï¿œï¿œï®ï¿œïŸï ï ï ï» ï«ï ï¿œ (specialized ulema)
ïºï¿ï€ ïᅵᅵï§ï§ïºï ïï¹ï ï ïïïï ïï ïŸïï ïï¡ ï· ï±ïï§ïïïºïŒ ïïï ïœï§ ïž ïïï¹ ï¿œï±ïïï«ïïïžï»ï»ïᅵᅵï§ï ïï§ïºïï¶ï¿ï§ïïï¡ïŸïïïï ïïŸïï¿œ ïï»ï« ïªïï ï (religious ï¹ï¿œï§ ïº ï§ïžï ï»ï ï£ ï© ïœï ï«ï ï±ï¿œ ï£ ïï ï§ïï€ ï· ï ï¹ ï ï ï¥ ï ï° ï«ï ï ï¶ïïï authority)
ï ï§ï€ï ï«ïº ï·ï ï§ïºïïµï§ï
ï¿œïžïµïïº ï ï£ ï ï ï ï«ïº ïïï§ïºï ï€ï ï¶ïŒï ï¡ ïïªï ïŒï ïµï§ ï ï©ï€ï ï ï«ïº ï®ïï ï®ï¿œïï ï«ï ïªïïŒï§ïºï ï¹ ï ï ï ï€ ïï ïï ïï¡ ï· ïï¿œïŽ ï¶ ï§ï®ïžï ï¶ïï§ ïï
ïï±ï·ï ïï· ïžï£ ïïŸïï¿œïºïï¹ï ïï±ïïïï¡ ï®ï§ ï¬ï« ï¿œïŸïïŸ ï³ï€ïºï ï¹ïï
ïŽï§ïºï ï¶ïï ï ïµï©ï«ïº ï·ï ï§ïµï ï¡ ï®ïïï§ïŠï¿œïŒï ïµï§ ïï ïï ï·ï¬ïŽ ï¹ïžï§ïï ïïï ïï®ïï¬ ï ïï·ï ïŒ ïï¬ ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¥ ï ï±ï¿œ
ï£ïï ï ï¥ ïï ïï±ïïŸï ïïï·ï±ïŸïïï¶ïïŸï£ ï ï ï ï»ï ï ïïïž ï¬
ï¿œï±ïïï·ï«ïï ïŒï€ï«ï¬ïºï ï¿œïï¡ïïªï ï¿œ ï¶ïï°
ï«ïºï ïµï§ ïï
ïï ï ïïïž ï¬ï·ï¬ïŽïŸïïïï§ïºï ïŸïïœïï·ï ï·ïï
ᅵᅵï ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïºïï°ïï°ï» ïïµï§ ïïï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ïµï ï£ ï ï ï ï¿œïï¡ïïªïïµï© ï£ï§ ï»ïºï ïï ïï± ïšï» ï ï¿œ ï«ï ïï ïïŸï¿œïï ïµï§ ïï ïï ïï¡ ï· ï± ïï§ï
ï¡ ïïœïï§ïïŽ ï³ïïº ï» ï£ ï ï ï ïšï ï ï ï ïï ï ï³ï¿œï ï§ïºï ï¡ïïª ï§ ïï ï·ïºïŽ ï¹ ï
ïµï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï»ïºï ïï ïï± ïïšïŽ ï ïï ïœïï§ï»ïï§ ïïïºïµï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïºï©ï§ ïŠï ïï¬ïïºï§
ï«ïïŸ ï£ ï ï ï ï»ïïœïïï¹ïŽï ï» ï¿œï ï«ïï¶ï ï£ ï ïï¬ïïºï§ïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïï«ïºï¬ ï¥ ï
ï¶ïï ïï ï³ïï«ïï ïï¬ ïïïïŽ ï»ï«ïº ïï°ï» ïïµï§ ïï ï¿œï¶ï ïï ïï ï® ï ïï ï ï² ï
ïŽï¶ï¿œïžïŸï° ïïïŽïïŸï»ïï»ï§ï¿œï ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¿œïïïï§ïºï¥ ïï¬ïï
ï¬ ï ïïžï©ï
ï»ïï¢ ï»ï§ï¿œï¿œïŸïµïºï ïšï±ïžï²ïï±ïžï°ï»ïïï©
ïïïïï¹ ïïï§ïºïï¬ïïïž ïï ï»ïïïïï¡ïïºï€ïï€ïºïï¬ ïï ï ïï ïï¿œï«ïïŸ ïºï¿œï§ï·ï¬ï¹ï«ïï ïï» ïŸï§ ïï² ïŸïŸï¿œïï ïï ï ï ï ïï ï»ïºïï¬ ïï ï ïïŽï
ïïïžï© ïï¶ ï¿œïžï ï°ïïï§ ïïºï¶ ïï¢ ï£ïïºïï ï¿œ ï ïï¿œïºïïŽ ï ïï¹ï ï ï ïšï±ï°ï¶ïºï»ïïïï© ï¬ïï€ïºï¬ ï ï€ï¥ïïŽ ï³ïïº ï±ï ï®ï§ ï°ï¿œïïï§ï»ï ï³ ïïº ïšï»ïºïï
ïŽ ï«ï ï¬ ïï ïïªï°ï
ïïïïž ïï ï»ïï°ï§ï» ï® ï ïŠ ï ï€ïº ï«ïï
ïšï ï ï±ï ï§ïºï ï ï ï ï ï£ïïï€ïº ï ï£ ï ï¹ï ï¿œï¶ï§ïºï ï«ï¬ïœï§ ïžï ï ï¿œ ï ïïï« ïïŽï¶ïïï ïïïï¿œïŸï¿ï ïŽïªï§ïï
ï§ïµ
ïï¡ ïïº ï€ï¥ï ïïï¬ ïž ï ï» ï«ï ï ï ï±ï ï·ïïïï ïïï§ ïºïïŸ ï ï»ï§ï¿œ
ï ïï ï¬ ï ïšï ïŠ ï»ï€ïº ïï£ ï ïï¿œ ï»ï§ïïš ïï±ï ï»ï§ ï¿œïï± ïšï»ï€ïº
ïïï§ïº ï¥ ïïïŽïï ïï ï±ïïïïï§ïºï§ïºïï ï ïºï ïï»ï ï§ï¶ï§ï®ï²ïï·ïïïï ïï§ïº
ïïï¬ ï ïï¹ïïïïï»ï
ïïï¬ ïïï¹ïïïºï»ïïŸ
ï±ï ï®ï§ï°ï¿œïï«ïï§ïºï ï¿œï°ïïïï¬ïï€ïº ïïï§ïºïï£ ïïï¬ ïïï ï£ïïºïï¿œïŽï
ïï¹ï ï ï ïï° ïï®ï ï¿œïï£ ï ï¿œï§ ïï ï ïŽïª ï»ï«ïïïïï»ï§ïï§ï¹ï¿œïï¬ï¬ï¬ïï ïïï ï·ï© ïª
ïï·ï¬ï«ï ï¶ïïï¿œïïï¿œ ï¿œ ï ï°ïï¿œï¿ï ï°ïï ï€ï ï£ïï ï€ïº ïï£ ï ïïï§ï°ï ï ï§ï¢ï ï ïŽ ïŒ ïï¿œïŸ ïŸï§ ïï ï° ï ï·ïï ïï ïšï ï ïï§ïºïï¬ ïï ï£ïïïï¬ï»ï€ïºïïï¯ï±
ï«ïº ï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ïµï±
ï»ï§ïµï
ï»ïºï ï ïï»ï§ï¿œï»ï§ ï¥ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽïï«ïï®ïï¹ïï
ïï£ ï ï ï ï ï£ ï ï¹ï ï®ï€ïï§ïºïïï¬ ï¿œï§ï·ï ï©ïï¹ï»ï§ïŸï·ï¬ïï¹ïï ï ïï§ ï
ïï¬ ï³ï§ï ï£ïïïïï
ï ï°ïï ï¡ï ï«ïï¬ ï»ï§ ï ï£ ï ï»ïïš ï ï» ï¿œï ï€ïº ïï£ ï ï¶ ï¯ ï ï§ïµï
ï ï ï ï»ï ï¥ïïºï§ ï«ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï§ïºï ïïï€ïž ïï ï¿œï ï¿œï¶ï§ ï·ïï¬ï§ ï£ïïº ïï¬
ï°ï ï ï§ï ï¿œ ï ïŽï§ïï¿œïšïµ ï ï¹ïªï«ï ïŸ ï° ï§ïºïïºï¢ ï°ï ïï ï® ïïï±ï ïïŸïšï
ïï¹ïïï»ïï¿œïï€ï ï® ïïï±ïï ï ï
ï³ï§
ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï§ ï±ï ï® ï ïïª ï¿œïï ïïïï±ïïï ï§ïŒ ï£ïïŸ ïïïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ ïï°ïï¬
ïï· ïžïŽï»ï«ïï°ïï·ï®ïŸïŸï§ ï§ï¶ï§ï®ïï· ïï ïï°ï»ï®ï
ï¿œï§ ïï ï ï»ï»ï¶ï€ïºï¥ ï ï¢ï§ïï
ï»ï«ïï°ïïï¬ ï ïï¯ï ï¡ ïïïï ï ïïïïïïï«ï ïïºïŸï€ïºïŸï ï¿œï ï£ ï ï¿œïŸï ïï§ïºï ï¬ ï¹ ïï»ï· ï±ïï§ïï ïžï³ ïïï¢ ï¿œïž
ïïï¹ïïŽ
ï¡ï ï¥ïïºï§ï ïŽ ï¢ ï°ï·ïï§ïºïïºï§ ï»ï°ïºï¿œïïïï©ï¢ ïï±ï ï»ïº ïŽïï«ïï ï¥ ïï ïï¿œï¯ï
ï«ïïŸ ï¹ï ï ïï ïŸ ï»ï©ïºï ï® ïïï±ïï§ïº ï ï° ïïºï¢ ï°ï ï ïŸïšïï ïšïµ ï ïïº ï€ï ï
ï ïïïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ïï ï ïï ï±ïŸïº ïï§ï· ïï ï·ï¿œï£ïïŸ ïŽï§ïï¹ ïï§ïº ïï¬ ï ï§ï¢ï¿œ ï§ï ï® ï¶ïï±
ïï® ïï¿œïº ï¿œïŸ ïïºï§ ï ïïïï ï§ ïïï°ï¿œ ïµï§ ïïï ï°ï» ï®ï ï¶ïï§ ïï ï ï ïï¿œ ï ï ï¢ ï¬ ï ï«ïºï ï ïïïï ïµï§ ïïï°ï ï ï±ï ïœ ïšï ï«ïºïïŽ ï³ïïº ï¢ïï§ ï ï ï«ïï¹ ïžï§ïïïï ïïï ïº ï¿œ ïïŸï§ïºï¿œïœïï ï ïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ ïï ï¿œï ï£ ï ï¿œï§ ï ï ï ï³ ïï ï
ï«ïïï ï© ï ï¿œï
ïŸïŸï§ ï§ ïᅵᅵï§ïº ïïï ï ï©ï©ï ï¥ïïºï§
ï¯ïïž ïïïïï¬ ï³ï§ ïï§ï¿œï ï ïïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ ï ï€ ïš ï¬ ï¿œï ï§ï ï§ïµ ï°ïïï
ï§ïºï¿œ ï°ïï±ï ïŽïï¿œï¶ïºï ï¿œï ïï ï¿œï¶ïï ï¯ï ïï¿œïïºï§ïŽ ïï ïºï¿œïïï± ï»
ï¯ïï ïï¡ïï§ ïšïï·ï ïž ï¬ï·ïï»ïºïï±ïïï§ï¿œï§ïï«ïï ï¥ïïºï§ï§ïºï¿œï
ïï ï
ï ïïï»ï§ï¿œï¹ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï ï¿ï ïïïïïï« ïªï
ïµï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï±ïï ï«ïº ïï°ï»ïïµï§ ïï¬ ï³ï§ï ï£ïï ïïïï®ï¢ï§ïïï€ïºïï£ ï ï€ ïï¬ ï¿œï· ïïïŽï
ïµï»ï ï§ïºïï¬ ïžïŒïž ï¬ ï·ïœï§ïºïïºïºï¥ ï»ï¿œï¯ï·ïï«ïï« ï ïŸïµïºï ï±ï ï ï¥ï«ï
ïºï ï¿œïœ ïšïœ ïšïï°ï°ï£ ï ï ï ï ï¿œï¯ ïïŸï·ï³ ï€ ïï§ïºïï¬ ï»ïï ï»ï ï£ ïïºï§ïº ïµï§ ï
ïï¶ï°ï°ï«ïï ï¿œï¯ïŸïï±ïï ïïï¬ ï£ ïïïïºïïïïï³ï ï«ï¬
ï§ïºïïïï« ïïïºïºïïšïïŸ ï ï¹ ïïï¬ ï± ï©ï ï£ïœï»ï«ï¬ï±ï¿œ
ï€ïžïŒïž ï¬ï·ïœï«ïï¹ïžï§ïïï ï¿œï§ïºïïïï ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïï«ï¿œï¯ïïïïï ïïºï ïïº
ï«ïïï¹ ï ï ï ïï° ïï±ï
ïïšï ïïï¿œïïï ï¿œï¯ï»ïºï ïï§ï¿œï¶ï ï¿œï«ï ïïï¹ïï
ï¬ ïï ï¢ï§ï«ïïŒ ï°ï°ï ï¢ ïï
ïšïï¬ ï¿œï¯ïšï»ïº ïïï ïï¿œïºï ï£ ï ï£ ï°ïž ïï§ ïïºï ïšïïº ï ïïª ïšï±ï·ï¶ïºïï¿œïï©
ï£ïïº ï«ïï°ïï ï·ï ï€ïïï§ ïïº ï ï°ïž ïï¬ï¿œï¯ï ï·ï ï€ïïïºï§ï±
ï ï»ï¿œï ï«ïºï¶ ïµï§ ïï ïï ï£ ï° ï¿œïïŠ ï°ïï¶ï§ï®ïž ï¬ïŸ ïïºïïïïïºïœï»ï°ï°ï£ïï ïïïï¬ ïï€ï«ï¬ï¶ï§ï®ïž ï¬ïŸï¹ïï
ïïï¬ ï ï£ ïïïŽïïŸïï¬ïïºï§ïï ïïïï°ïžï°ï¬ïïª ï¶ïï²
ïŸïªï°ï¿œ ïïï ï¹ï€ïïïžïï ï ï·ïïï
ï¥ ïïï¬ïŽï· ï± ï ïï¥ï
ïï¥ï ï«ïïïïºï¿œ ïï°
ïïï¹ ï ï ï ï ïï ï¥ïïï±ïï» ï ï ïïï£ ï° ï¿œïŸïï¶ï»ïïï±ïïï¹ ï ï
ï
ïž ïï£ïœï ïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºï¥ïïï± ïïº ï£ ï± ï ï¢ïïï¶ï ï ïïïº ïïïï®ï«ïïŸï¥
ï¹ïï¶ïïï§ïºï ïïï§ïïïï£ïºïï«ïïïªï°ï¿œ ïïŸ ïï ï¥ ï ï«ï ï«ï¬ï
ïª
ïïïïïïï ï¥ï€ïïïŽï»ïºïï ï¥ ïª ïï°ïï ï¿œïïïï¬ïïºï§ï¯ïºï
ïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ïï§ïºïïï£ ï ï ï ï©ï ï¿œï¯ïï¬ ïï ï± ï©ï ï»ï«ï¬ïºï ï¿œï¶ï¿œï ïï°ïžï°ï¬ï
ï°ïïïŸ ï¥ïïïïº ï ï± ï€ ï± ï©ïï ï£ ï ï ïï¶ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï«ïº ï«ï ï ï» ï ïïžï©ïŸ ï¿œï€ï¿œï«ïïï¢ ïï« ï¬ïºï ïï ïï ïïï¬ïŽ ïï³ ïï¬ ï£ ï ïïïŽïï»ï«
ïµï³
ï«ïº ï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ïï£ ï ï§ïºï ï€ïï© ïï°ï ïïï¿œï¥ ï£ ï ï ï ï ï¿œï¯ïï¬ ï³ï§ïï³ï°ïŸ ïžï¿œ ï¿œïïŽ ï¿œ
ï¢ï§ïŸï§ï·worldview ï£ ï ï ï ïïŽ ï³ïïºï ï€ ïï¡ ï¹ïïï¶ ïï§ïïº ïïšïï ï£ ï ï ï
ᅵᅵ ïï§ ï°ïï ï ï»ï¥ï ïï ïï¿œ ïïŸ ïï¿œïï°ï ï¹ï ï ïµï§ ïï«ï ïïï ï© ïï°ï
ï¶ïµïï ïï¿œ ï«ïï¶ ï§ï®ïï ᅵᅵ ï ï¿œïïªïï¿œ ïï ïµï§ ïï§ïºï ï¿œï ïï ïï¿œ ï·ï¯ïï°ïï ï¿œïïºïŸworldview ï£ ï ï ï ïšï ï¡ ïïï¹ïºïºï¹ï§ï¿œï¹ï ïµï§ ïï»ïºï
ï»ï¿œï ïï¡ ï»ï«ïºï¿œï°ï ï¿œï» ïµï§ ï ï® ï»ïïŽï ï£ ï¿œ ïµïºï§ï¿œ ïï§ ï»ï¹ ïïïïŽ ï€ïµï§ ïï°ï ï ï¿œï¯ï€ïŸï¬ï»ïï ï ï ï¿œ ï®ïïïŽïï¿œïïŒï·ïïïï¬ïïºï§ïïïï¬ ï¶ïï³
ïï£ ïïºï§ ï¹ïï§ïºï ïï¿œïº ï±ï§ ï ï¹ ïï ïµï§ ïï¶ ï¹ ï ï ï ï ïï ï±ïïï£ ï§ï¿œ ï ï¿œï ï·ïï§ï ï» ï ïï€ïï¯ï§ ï±ïïï¯ïºï ïï°ïï§ïŸïï°ï©ï§ï±ïïï§ïºï ïï¿œïïï»ï® ï ïïªï±ïï¹ ï ï
ï ï ï¿œïšï§ ï®ïïï§ ïžï¶ï ïï¿œïï§ ï ïïºï· ïïžïï®
ï¿œï ïŽï ïïŠï§ïºïï±ï ï ï¿œï ï£ ï ï ï¿œï ï§ ïï®ïïžï§ïï¿ ï· ïïšï ï ï ï¹ïï°ï» ïï§ïïïº ïµï§ ï ï¬ ï£ ï¿œ ï¬ïŽ ï¿œïï±ï ïï ïï¿œïï
ï¿œï ï§ïïŸ ïž ïï·ï ïªï± ï€ï¿œ ï¹ï ï ï ïï¬ ï¿œï
ïºï¬ ï¿œ ï ï¡ ï§ ïï ïïŸï¥ ï ï«ï
ï¿œï£ïïºï«ïï ï§ ïïï¿œïŸïž ïï·ïïªï±
ïº ï€ ïïºïï¿œïï§ ï ï ïº ï· ïïžï ï°ïïï ï¿œïï¡ ï¶ï¿œï°ïï ï©ïºïï ïž ï© ï ï¹ï ï® ï ïï¢ï§ïïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ï ï ï ïï¡ ï¶ï¿œïŸï¬ï«ïï ï¹ïïï® ïïº ïïïŽ ï³ï
ïï¿œï· ï±ïŠïïµ ïŸïš ïŸ ï«ïï¬ ï£ ï³ï¿œ ï±ï ïïïïºï§ï ïï ïïº ï€ïï§ ïïïžïž ï°ïï¬ ïï
ï¿œï ï§ ï ïŸ ï° ïï ï³ ï ïï¹ ï ï ï ïï¬ ï®ï¿œ ï°ï³ï¿œ ï¿œ ï ï§ï» ï¿œ ï§
ïœï¿œï¿œïŠ ïïµïŸïïï ï§ ï ïïœïïºï§ ïï¿œï°ïŸ ïž ïï·ïïªï±ïï ïïï ï·ïïïŽ ïŽïïºï§
ïŸïï¬ ïï ï¹ïï§ïïºïŽ ïï¡ïïªï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ïïŸ ïï±ï ï ïž ï ï£ïœï ï¢ ïŽï ï ï¿œ ïï ï¿œï¿œï€ ïï¢ ïïžïžï¿œï ï¢ï§ ïºïº ï ï€ïïžïžïï® ï«ï ïšïï ï ï¿œïŠïŸ ïï¿œ ï¹ ï ï§ ï ï®ï
ïï¹ïï°ïïž ï¿œïŸ ïž ïï·ïïªï± ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ïïž ï¿œïï¿œïšï ï»ïº ï¿œïïï
ïïž ï ï¥ ï»ïº ï ïŸ ï· ïï¿ ï¿œï§ï ï ï¹ïïž ï±ïï±ï°ï¿œ ïž ïï·ïï ï¶ïïœïµïºï¿œï ïïº
ïµïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï«ïïï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ïï€ ïïï§ ï«ï€ïŸï¿œï«ïï ï¶ïï ï¿œïï¿œ ï ï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ïï°ïïï¿œïï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ï
ïï¿œï ï ï® ïïžïžïŽ ï§ïºï ï ï± ï ïž ïï²ï ï» ï¶ï¿œï¿œïŠ ïŸï§ ïï¶ ï¹ï ïï ïï ï©ïï§ ï ïïï°ïŸ ïº ï ï€ïïïï¹ïïïïž ï ï¥ïº ïï¿œ ï¿œ ï ïïïï» ïï ïï§ ï ï»ïºï°
ïï±ï ïï§ ï ï€ ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ïï§ïºï ïï§ ïïžï» ïïï ïïï·ïºïï« ï ïïïºïï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ïï ï ïï€ ï ï ïï ïï§ ï§ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ïïï¿œïï·ïï§ï ïŸïï ï£ ï³ïï ï»ï«ï ï€ ï ï°ïï ï§ïïºï«ï ï€ïŸï§ ï§ï ï¥ ïï¿œïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï§ïï€ïïïŸïï±ïžï ïïï£ ï§ï¿œ ï€ ïŒï¿œïï¬ ïï ï¿œïï ïïïŸï§ ïïïï±ïžï ï«ïïï¬ ïï¬ïï ïï ï®ïïªï¹ï ïïï¶ ïºï¬ ïï ï¹ïïï» ïïï ï®ïïªï¹ï ïï ïŸï§ ï§ ïï¬ ïï° ï§ ïï ï ïï ïªïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ï ï³ï§ï ï§ ïï ï ï€ïŸï§ ï§ïŸïïï±ïïï
ïï¬ ï¿œïï±ï³ïïï ï ï¿œï«ïïŸï«ïïï ï¬ïï¿œïºïï ï£ ïï ï¶ï§ïïµïïº
ïï¡ ïïºïž ïï·ïï¢ï»ïºïï¿œï ïï®ïï¡ïïºïž ïï·ïïª
ïï¬ ï ï¿œ ïïïïŸï¹ ïïïï ï¿œï±ïïïïœïï¿œïŠïŸï€ïï§ ï
ïï° ï ï§ ïïïžïžï¿œï»ïºïï¿œï ïï®ïïžïžïª
ï ïïïŽ ï³ïïºïï§ï±ïïï¢ï§ï«ï ïª ïï°ïï¢ï¿œ ïŒïŸ ï¶ïïŽ
ï§ïïï° ï¿œïïïœï
ï»ï§ïï ï ï¹ïïŽ ïï§ïºï ï ïï ïï¥ïïºï§ ï¿œï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï±ï ïŸïï ï«ïï ï ïï ïŸ ïï±ïžï ï¶ï ï¢ï· ï¿œï¥ïï¿œ ïŽ ï€ï¿œï ï·ïï§ï¿œï°ï¬ï ï€ïï·ïºïïï
ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï§ ïï€ ï«ï ï£ ï€ïïï°ï« ï¿œï ïï°ïï¿ï¿œ ï ïï¿œï«ïï ïïïï¿œïï»ï§ ï
ï¡ ïï ï¢ï§ ï¿œï¬ï ï§ ï ï®ï ïžïžï ïï ï¿œïïï£ ï ï·ï ïž ïï·ïïªï±ï ïïºï§ ï ï ï§ï»ï¿œ ï§ï«ïïï±ï§ ï ï¡ ïŸï¿œ ï°ï®ïïŠï§ ï» ï§ïŽ ï»ï€ï ïï¡ ï¶ï¿œïï¿œï§ïºïï³ïºïï ï®ï«ïïŸ
ïï¡ïï€ï ïï¡ ï¶ï¿œïŸïž ï© ïï
ï¿œï¹ï¿œï ï¹ï€ ïï²ïï ï¿œïï
ïï¡ ï¶ï¿œï¡ïïï ï ï¿œï ïï©ï¹ïïï§ïºï ï¿œïŸïï©ïïº ïï¹ïïïï±ï» ïï¬ï ïïï±ïïïïïŸï§ ï§ï
ïï§ ï ïïºï· ïïžï ïï¶ ï¿œïïï§ïŸï® ï ï£ï
ï¥ ï ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï ï ï
ïµïµ
ï«ïº ï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ï ïï§ï¿œïïŒ ï¿œï»ï§ ï»ï¿œ ï§ïï€ï ïï¡ï¶ï¿œï¡ïïï±ïŸï£ ï ï ï ï¹ï©ï§ ïŠ
ï ï¿œï£ ï¬ ï ï ïª ï³ïï ï»ï§ ïï¡ï ïžïžïï¬ ï³ ï¿œï ïŸ ïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ï» ï ïŠ
ïŽïï»ïï¿œïïïïïï®ï«ïïŸïž ïï·ïïªï± ï»ï¿œïï·ïï§ïŸï¥ïïºï§ï±ï ï ïïïŒ
ïºï¿œ ï¹ï ï ï¥ ï£ ï¢ ï ï ï·ïºïïï ï»ï§ ï ï€ ï¿œï ï·ïï§ ï®ïï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï ï ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ïïïŒï«ïïïï¬ ïï ïµïïº ï³ ï¿œï ï¹ïžï§ï¿œïïï ï«ïºï¿œïïœï¶ ï¿œ ï£ ï ïï¬ïïºï§
ï³ï§ï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï»ï¿œ ï¿œï¹ï¿œï§ ï»ï³ ïŠïï²ïï ï¢ïï ïï¿œï ï±ï
ïïžïï¥ïïºï§
ï ïïï¬ ï ïµï§ ïïï¿œïïï¿œï° ïµï§ ïï ïï¿ï¿œïïï¿œïïïïï¢ïºï¿œ ï¹ïžï§ï¿œïï£
ïŽ ïï» ï ïïœï¿œ ï¿œï§ ïï ï ïžï³ï»ïžïï¥ïïºï§ ï³ ïïŸïµïºï¿œ ï¥ïïºï§ï±ïï ï°ï° ïï¿œï£ïï ï ï£ ï¿œïïï¡ï¹ï¡ ï»ï¶ï¿œï§ïïïŸïž ï©ïïŠï° ï ïïï«ïºï€ïïïŠïœïïïµï§ ïï ïïï§ïºï¢
ï¡ïïªïïïŒï ïï ïïšïï ïïºïï¿œï ïï¿œï¢ïºïªïï«ïºï»ï³ïï€ ïµï§ ï
ï€ï ïï¡ ï ïï¬ïïºï§ï¿œ ïï ïï ïŽïªï ïïª ï ï¡ ïïªï«ïï¿œï°ï¶ïïï ï«ïŒïïï ï©ï€ï ï°ï¿œïïŸ ï¿œï ï£ ï ï ï¶ ï«ïº ï ï»ï§ïº ï¿œïª ï¿œï®ï ïµï§ ïï ï» ï®ï¿œïï ï ïï£ ï ï¡ïïº
ïŽïª ï ï§ïµ ïŸïµïºï¿œ ï§ïµï±ï ï ïïï§ ïï» ï»ïï§ ï ï£ïïžï ï·ïï°ï ï ïï§ ï ï±ïï ïµï§ ï
ï ïïï§ ï ï«ïº ïŸ ïªï± ï«ï ï ï ï ïŸ ï¿œïïº ïŽ ï¿œï¿œïïŸï ï ï ï°ï° ï§ ïï ï®ïï³ïïºï ï· ï¬ï«ïï ïïïï±ï·ï®ïï¿œï¶ï§ïºïï ïï ï»ï§ïº ïµï±ï°ïï» ï±ï®ï ï±ïï¹ïï¢ï§ï«ïïŸï¿œï¹ ï ï ï ïï¢ ï©ï ï£ïïºïïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ï ï¿œï· ïï ï³ïï£ ï
ïŸ ïºï
ï£ïïºï»ïï»
ïŸï¥ ï ï«ïï¿œï¶ïºï»ïïïï©
ï£ ïïï¬ ï¿œïï±ï¬ï»ïï§ ïï ï³ïŸ ïï¿œïï±ïžï°ï ï£ï° ï®ï ï¢ïï¬ ï»ï§ ïïŽ ï¶ ï§ï®
ïµï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï£ ï¿œï§ ï ï ï ïž ï£ï¬ïïï»ïŒïï ï¢ï§ïïïï¬ ïïï·ï€ï»ï§ïº ï³ïŸï ï°ï±ïïºï¢ï§ï
ïï ï§ ï» ï¿œ ï§ï ï«ïï ï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï» ï ïïï ï³ïïŽ ï³ïïº ïŸ ï³ïï£ ï ï ï ï±ï ï¥ïïºï§ ï«ï ïŸïºï¥ïï§ ï±ïïŒïœïï ï£ ï ï ï ï»ï«ïïŸï¿œïï³ïï¬ ïïŸï¿œïï³ïïº
ïžï°ï ï£ï° ïïï ï¢ïŸïï»ïº ï ï§ ï¿œ ï±ïïï ïïï¹ï ï»ïº ïŸ ïï¬ ïï ïï
ïœïï ï¿ï«ïïï¿œïï·ïï§ï ïŸïï ï°ïïïïŸ ï·ï°ï¿œï ï·ï¬ïï³ïŸïï¿œïï±
ï ï€ ï ï ïï ï¥ ïï£ ï ï¥ïïºï§ïŽ ïï ï ï ï ï¥ ï°ï» ï ï¿œï»ïœï® ï§ïºïïï» ï® ïœï§ ï¿œï ï£ ï¢ ï
ï¬ ï®ï¿œï ïï¡ ïïïŸï£ ï ï ï ï»ï ï ïºï«ïïï¬ ïïïžï¥ï°ï ïï ïŽïœï£ ïœïï ï³
ï ï¿ïï ï€ïï²ïï ï¹ïïŽï»ï§ ï±ïïŒïï¬ ïï ï£ ïïŽïŸï»ï ïïï¥ïïºï§ ïïï
ï€ïµï§ ï ï£ ïï ï¥ ï¥ïï¿œï·ï¿œï® ï ïï®ïï¿œïïŒïï¥ ïï¿œïï¡ïïªïïœïïŸ
ï«ïï¿œï°ïïïª ïï ï ïïïï¥ïï¿œïï·ï ï¢ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï ï£ ïïï¥ïïºï§ïï ï§ ï±
ï€ï¿œïïŒï®ïïï¥ïïºï§ ï ï² ï©ïï°ï¹ïï°ïïïŸïï ïïïïµïºï§ï¿œ ïï§ ï»ï¿œï
ïïœï ïï€ ïïï ï¿ï¿œïŽ ï€ï§ ï±ï¿œï°ï ï ï£ ï¿œïï§ ï¯ïï ï¿œ ï¢ ïï¿œï«ï ï ï§ ï±ïïŽ ï³ïïº ï§ïïšïïŽïŸïï¬ïïºï§ï ï¶ïïµ
ïºïïºïïº ï¹ïï¥ïïºï§ïŽïŸ
ïï» ï¢ ï±ï ï£ï° ï» ïï° ï¶ïº ï¶ï¿œ ï°ïï ï³ï® ï ï¢ï±ï¿œ ïŽï ᅵᅵï°ï¿œïïïï¬
ïŸïï¬ ïïŠ ïï»ï¿œï¢ï¿œï ïŸïï ï¿œï±ï±ïï§ïºïᅵᅵï°ïïŸïï¬ïïºï§ïïïïº ï ïžï¿œ
ï ï ï ï¥ïº ï·ï¿œï® ï ïï®ïï¿œïïŒï·ïžï»ï§ ï±ïïï«ï¿œï¿œï°ï ï ï ï¿œïŸïïï¿œïŽï
ï°ï ï£ ï¿œïïŒï¿œ ï ïï ï»ï§ ï ïž ï£ ï¬ï ï» ïŒïï³ï®ï ï¢ïŽïï° ïï¿œ ï¹ ï ï ï ïï
ï»ï®ï§ ï¬ï«ïïŸ ï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï€ ï·ï ï¡ ï ïï ïï¡ ïïï·ï¬ ï»ï¿œïº ïºïŸïœï§ ï¿œï«ïïᅵᅵ
ïïïªï§ïïï»ï»ïï§ïºï¡ïïï¿œ ïï¥ï
ïïïïïï¯ïŽï©
ï¡ ïï¿œï³ï§ï ï ïïžï¯ïïœïµï¥ ïïŽ ïŸï¿œïï¢ïï¬ ïšïï€ ïï§ïºïïïºï¿œï°ï»ï§ ï
ï ï¶ïïïï¬ ïïïŽ ïïªï ïïï¿œ ï§ï ï»ïï® ï ï¹ï¿œï© ï¿œ ï²ï§ïºï ï¹ï ïïŒïï ï¹ ï ï
ïžï±ïš ï ï£ ï ï ï ï° ïïï¿œïïï ïï ïï¹ïïµï«ïïŸ ïŠïïŠ ï ïµï§ ïï»ïº ïï ï¿œï§
ï¿œïï ïºï» ï ï¡ ï·ï ï ïï·ï¢ïï§ ïï»ïïïºï
ïµï·
ïŒï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ï°ïï¹ ïïŸïï¥ïïºï§ï ï ï§ ï±ïïŒ
ï¶ïï¶
ï€ïï·ï¿œï ï£ ï ï ï ï»ïï§ ï±ïïŒï€ ïï²ïïï¬ ï· ï®ïïŽ ïï¿œïïŒïŸ ï«ïï¬
ïïœï§ ï¿œïºï±ï»ï¥ïïºï§ ïŸï§ ï¿œïª
ï ï¹ïïŽ ï±ï ïïï§ ï¯ ïï ï¶ïï·
ïï¬ ï¶ ïº ï
ïïï§ ï ï» ï± ï© ïï«ïï¬ïŽïï±ïï ïï ï± ï©ï° ï ï³ï¥ï ï©ïºïïï°ï» ïï§ ï ï ïº ï· ïïžï
ï£ïï ï ï¹ïïïŽïšï§ ï ï ï¿œï£ ï¬ ïïï¥ï±ï ïŒï³ï®ïï¢ï£ ï
ï ïï ïŸï¹ï§ ïïï¿œ ï ïž ï·ï ï®ïï¿œ ï¿œ ï ï¡ïïªïᅵᅵï°ïï§ïºïï¿œïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï
ï®ïï¶ï¿œï§ ïï ï ï¿œï® ï ïïïïï¿œï ï®ï«ï ï±ïïïï§ïºïï¶ï¿œï§ï¡ï»ïïï§ïº ïï±
ï ï¢ïŸ ï³ï¿œï ï«ïï ïïïºïïïïŽ ï»ï§ï ï¶ïºï¿œïï± ï¶ï¿œï°ïïŸ ï ï§ï§ïŠ ï£ïï
ï ï¬ï® ï ï¬ïïï ï« ïï¶ ï¿œïï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïïŸ ïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ï ïï¬ ï£ïï ïï€ï¹ïï§ïºïï ïï ïŸïï¿œïªï°ï»ïŽïïºï§ ï ï®ï«ï ï®ïï€ï ï¹ï ï ïºï ïï ï°ïï
ïº ï© ïïïŸ ï¢ï» ïªï± ï€ ï±ïï ï±ïï¢ï±ï¶ïïºï¿œ ïŸ ï£ ï ïœ ï ï¿œï ï·ïï§ï ï ï¹
ï ï°ïï¿œ ïï¿œïºï§ ï ï¿œï· ï© ïï ï³ïŸ ï¢ï» ïªï± ï€ ïœïµïºï¿œï§ïºï ïï¹ïï§ïïº ï»ï¿œï· ï¶ïïž
ï¬ï¿œ ï ï ïœïïï¿œ ï ï¿ïïï¢ïºï¿œ ï€
ï¿œïï·ïï§ïï¬ ï¹ï¥ïïºï§ïŽ ï·ï®ïŸ ï°
ï¯ïŽï§ ï·ïŸïï°ïïïïï¿œ ïïžï³ïïïŽ ï³ïï ï¹ïïï ïµïïºïï¢ï§ï«ï ïï±ï
ïï ïï¡ ïïµï§ ïïŸï¿œï ï£ïï ï ï¥ïïï ï¿œïº ï»ï§ï ïœï§ ïž ï ï¹ï ï³ï¿œï ïšï
casual ï£ïºïï»ï ïïŸ ï¿œïï£ ïï ï ï»ïï¬ ïïï¯ïï®ïï¿œïïï ï£ï ï»ï¿œï
ï¶ïï¹
ïï¬ ïïï«ï¿œïïïïï ï§ ï±ïŸï»ï¿œï§ïºïï®ïï«ïºïŽïºï§
ïŒïšï¿œï§ïºïïµï§ï ïïŸïïŸïµïºï¿œ ï¶ï ïï§ ïšï ï·ï®ï£ ï«ïŒïï¡ïïªï ïŒï€ ï ïµï§ ï
ï³ïŽï³ ïºï¥ï ïï ïžïŒï§ïºï ï³ï ï³ ï ï ïï»ï ïï¡ ïïï ïï±ïï¬ï¿œ ïï ïï® ï ᅵᅵ ï ï»ï ïï¡ïŒïï¿œï
ï»ï ï ï ï»ï§ ïï ïŸ ïœïï§ ï ï±ï ïïï ïïºï¿œ ï£ïœï¶ ï¯ïšïµ ï ïµ ï ï ï»ï§ ï ï» ïï¢ïºï¿œ
ïµïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¿œï¶ ïïï¥ ïïœï ï§ïŸïï ïïï ïïï§ïºï ïï ï ï¥ ïï ïï§ïï ï³ï ï³ ïïï
ïï¡ï ï«ïï ï¥ï¶ ï€ï¥ ïœ ïšï£ïï¿ïŽ ï» ïï ï»ïïï ï¥ïŸï§ ïï ï» ï±ï®ï ï ï ï ï«ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï ï¿œ ï§ ïï ïŒïºïï¥ï€ ïïïºï§ïºï ïï ïï¡ïµïï ïïº ïŸïœï§ï¿œ ïï·ïï§ ïïïï ï¥ïž ïïï»ï¹ ïïžïžï€ïµïŸï¬ïï ï§ ï ïï£ ï ïžïŒï¶ïï ï³ï§ïŸïµïºï
ï°ïŽïïïïï¬ï§ïºïï¡ïïž ïïï ï±ïïï§ ï®ïï¶ï¿ï ïï§ïºï ï§ ïï³ïï®
ï±ïŠï§ïºï ï€ï ï¯ï§ ï±ï ï ï©ï¿œï ï ïžïŒïŸï¿œ ïï ïŸï ïŸïµïºï ï¿œï ï ï±ï ï£ ïï
ïŒïï ï ïï ïïŽïï¿œ ïŽ ï¶ï§ï®ï ïïï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ï€ïïï¶ ïž ï¬ï©ï ïïŸï ï·ïï
ïï§ ïïïï¶ï¿œï ï ïžïŒï ï€ï·ï ï¡ ïž ï¢ïïï¬ ïï ï±ïž ï» ï» ï¿œï ï»ï ïï¡ïŒïï³ ï³ï ïž
ï»ïï¿œï«ïï ïï ï¥ïï³ ï¿œï ï»ïïŠïïï¿ï ï«ïï§ïºïïœï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ï ï¿œïï¹ ï ï ï¡ ï ï¿ï ïïï ï®ïïžï«ïï ï» ï» ïï ï¡ïïïïŸ ï¿ïï§ ïï ïµï§ ïï ïï ï¥ ï¿œ ï»ï§ ï
ï·ï¿œïï¶ ï§ï®ï ï©ïïïï§ ïïï§ïºïï§ ïïï ï ï©ï¿œ ï» ï·ï ï¡ ï¶ ï ïžïŒïï ï ï»ï§ ï¹ï¿œ ïŸ ï»ïºïïï¿ï¿œï«ïï ï¹ï±ï¢ïïï¿œïºïºï°ïïºï§ïºï ï¥ï ïï£ ï° ï¿œïŸïï¢ ïï·ï¬ï»ï€ï
ï ï€ïï·ïïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ïïï¬ïïïŸï§ ïïŸïïï ï·ï ïŸ ï¢ ï®ïï« ïï¿œï ï€ï¿œ
ï¹ïï process ï§ ï ï³ ï³ï ïžï¥ïïºï§ ï ïï ï€ï¿œïïž ï»ï ïïï¿œï«ï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ïï ï¯ïïï§ ï¯ï ï«ïï»ï£ ï«ï¢ ïµï§ ïïïïï¬ ï¿œï§ï·ï ï ï± ïïžïïïºï¿œïï¡ïïž ïïïï ïï¬ ï¢ï
ï±ïï¶ï ï³ï ï³ ï ï ïï» ïïï¡ïïï ï»ïºïï¿œïž ï£ïŽ ï»ï«ïï¿œïï¬ ïï ïï· ï¿œï ïï®ï ïï®ï· ïï¥ï±ïŸï«ïïïïïï±ïï ïï
ï ï³ï ïžïŒïï§ïºïï ï³ ïïï ïïï ïïï»ï ïŸï¿œ ïï ïŸïïŸïµïºï ïï®ï²ï€ ï«ï ï¿œ
ï¡ ï ï¥ ï»ï§ïº ï¬ï balance ïŽ ïï¢ ï¶ ïµï§ ïï§ïºïïœïï§ïµ ï·ïïï¿œ ï³ï¿œï³ ïï°ïï ïï¿œï ï·ï
ïï¥ïï ïïïœïï¶ ï²ï³ïïïŸ ïï¢ïï¡ ïïº ï€ïï€ ïï¬ ïï± ï·ï ï¿œïïï
ïï¬ ïï±ïŽïºï¶ï»ï ïï¡ï»ïï ï£ ïïŠïïï¿ïï ïžïŒïïïïšï¹ ï¢ïŽï¶ï§ï®ï ïïï ï
ïï§ ï ïïº ï·ï ïžï ïï±ï ï¬ï ï ï ï€ï ï±ïž ï» ï»ï¿œï§ïºï ï¿œï ïŒïºïºï¥ï ïïšïµ ï ïž
ï«ïï ïµï§ ïï ï¡ïïªï ï³ ï³ï ïžïŒï ïï ï¥ï¶ ïŒï ïï§ ï» ïï§ïºïŽ ï» ïµï§ ïï ï¡ïïª
ïµï¹
ïŒï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ï¿œïŸïï¢ ïï§ï±ïï ïïï ï ïï¥ ïšï ï£ ï£ ïï ïºïï¥ïïï» ïïï¡ïï ïï€ ïŽïºï ï©ï¿œ
ï ïŸ ï ï§ï§ï®ï ïï ïï ïï ï£ ï ï¯ï¿œ ïï¿œï ï€ ï¬ïïŠ ï ï ïžïŒïžï ï§ïºï ïµïï ï ï ï«ïïï¥ ïïŸ ïï ïŸïµïºï ï€ ï±ïï¿œï§ïºï ï¥ï·ï©ï» ï»ï¥ï©ïºï§ ï»ïï¢ ï
ï¹ï ï¹ïïï·ïï§ïï¿œïïï ïï ïï¡ïï© ï ïïïï¡ï ïï¿œï ïïŸï§ ïï ï§
ïï¡ ï³ ï¿œïï§ïï«ïïŸï¿œïïŒïºïï¥ï§ïºï ïïï¡ï«ïï ïïï±ïïï ïï ïï§ï¿œ ïµï° ïŸ
ïï® ï€ïºïïï© ï ï³ï¿œï ïïï§ ï°ï ï»ï© ïï€ï¢ïžï³ïï¡ï ï¹ ïïŠ ïï ï±ïï
ï ïŽïºï ï¹ï ï§ ïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïï§ï ï ïï€ ïŽïºï ï ïžïŒïï¬ ïï ï ï» ï©ïï°ï
ï ïïïïïïïµïŸïïïï»ïï ï£ ï» ïï ï¡ïŒïï¬ ïï§ ï
ïŸï© ï¿œï§ïïï¿œïïŽ ï¿œ ï»ïº ï ï¯ïï§ ïï ï ïŸ ï¢ ïµ ïïº ï»ï·ïï§ ïïïïïµï§ïï¶ïï
ïï¶ï ï·ïï§ï§ ï ï ï¿œ ï§ ï°ï¿œï ï ïž ïïïŽ ï§ïºïï¬ ï§ ï»ïï¿œï ïŒï ïïï³ï¿œï
over ï» ï¢ï§ï±ïï ï ï ïï ïŒï§ïºï ïïï ï ïï
ïµï§ ï ï ï¿œïï° ï ï ïï
ïï¡ ï ï¢ ï ïµï§ ïï§ïºï ïŒï€ ïž ïïï±ïŠï«ï¿œ ïï¿œ ï¬ ïï ï¹ ï simplification ï§ïºï ï€ï¿œï ï ï¥ ï ï€ïº ïŸï ïï ï® ï ï€ïï·ïºïï¶ ïï² ïïºïï¢ï¿œï¡ ïïº ï€ï
ï¿œïï§ï§ïŠï£ïï ï ïïºï§ïºïï¿œï¥ïªïïŽïïï¶ï§ï® ï§ ï
ï¿œï© ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ï°ïï¿ïïŸï¥ïï ï· ï¬ï«ïïïš ï±ïµï¹ïºïž ïïï©
ïï ï ïï§ïºï ïï¢ ï ï·ï ï¡ ïï¿œïïºï ï ïï ï ï§ïºï ïï§ïºïïï€ ï ï ïïŸ ï¿ï ïï¡
ïï ïï®ïïï§ïºïï¬ ï®ï ï°ï¿œï ïïïœïµïºï ï© ï ï±ïï ï ï§ïºïï¬ ïï ï£ ï° ï³ ï¿œï
ï¡ ïºïº ï ï«ï ïï¶ïï· ï¢ï§ïŸï© ï ïž ï£ ï ïŸï¿œïï€ï¶ï ï·ïï§ïï¬ ïïª ïïŽ ï ï¿œïšï ï ï ï€ ïïïï°ï ï·ï¬ï© ïŸïž ï£ ï ïŸï¿œïï¢ï§ïï€ï ï¥ ïïï¬ ïŽ ï°ïï©ï¿œ ï ï©ï¿œï» ï³ ï³ï ïžïŒï ï
ï ï§ïïïï§ïï§ï»ï§ ïŠ ï€ ï ï¥ ïµï±ï»ï€ï ï· ï© ïŸ ïï°ï© ï ï ï± ï±ï ï¥ ïïï°ï¿œïï ï±ï¿œï ï ï·ïïº ï ï ï¥ ïï ï ïï§ ïº ï ï¿œ ï± ïïŽ ï¯ïïïï¿œ ïï¿œ ïŽ ï ïï ï ï³ ï ï
ïŸ ïï¢ ï¿œï ïµï§ ïïï»ïº ï ïï ïï§ ïšïï¿œ ïï§ ïï ï«ïï€ ï ï€ ïï ïŸ ï«ïïï§
ïž ï¢ï ï» ïŸïïïŸ ïŸ ïï£ ïï¢ ïï«ïïï§ ï±ï¿œï¿œïŸ ï ïïïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ïï ïï
ï¶ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¿œï¯ïïŒïŸ ïï±ï ïŽï ïï±ï ï¿œ ï¿œïïŠ ï°ï ï» ï®ïïï ïï¶ ï© ïµïï ï ï¿œ ï§ï ïïœï§ïºï ï»ïºï€ïïïï¢ïïï¬ïºïº ïïïï¬ ïïï±ïïŠ ï»ïžï©ïµï² ïïºïïµï§ï ï ïïï¿œïœïï£ ïïï§ïïœï ïïïïïŸïï¬ï²ï ï¿œ ïœïºï«ïïï¢ïï ï«ï ïïï¿œïïž ïï¹ïï€ ïïï¬ ïïï£ ï° ï³ ï¿œïïŸï§ï±ïï¿œ
ïï ïï®ï ï£ ï ïï
ï¿œ ï°ïï ï ïïï¹ ïïŸ ï ïŽïï ï ï¥ ïïï¿œïºïº ï°ï ï ïï ï¿ï»ï ïïï°ïŸ ï¢ ï»
ïŸï¯ïŽïïŸ ï ï¶ïï± ï·ï ïï¥ïï°ï³ ïïïï¿œ ï ïŸ ïï§ïº ï ï®ïïº ï°ï¿œï
ï»ï¿ï ï ïºï ï¶ï ïïž ïï¹ ïïïœïï§ ï ï ï ïŒï ï§ïºï ïïï ï§ï°ï¿œï ïïž ïïï©
ï ïïïº ï ïïºï§
ï ï£ï«ï§ïºï ï£ï¢ï© ïïïïïŠï¿œïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ï ïï¡ ïïªïï§ïµïºïœï»ïºïŽïï¢ï
ï¶ïï°ï ïï°ï¿œïï» ïŸ ïïºï© ï ïïï¹ïïï¬ ïï±ïž ï£ïï»ï±ïïïŸ ïµï§ ïïŽï ïŸï§ ïž ïï ï ï¹ïï§ïºï ï ïï¢ï³ï§ï±ï ï³ïïïžï³ïï¢ ï ï¿œï ïºï¥ ïªïï«ïš ï«ï§ï ïï· ïï° ï·
ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïïïï§ ï±ï ï£ï¢ï©ïï¿œï±ïïï§ïï«ïï ï¬ ïïïœï¬ï¹ïï ï ïºï¹ï ïŠ ï ï ï°
ï¡ ï§ ï ïº ï«ï§ïï ï¹ïïïï§ïºï ïïïŠ ï ï§ ï±ï ï£ï«ï¿œï ï ï¿œï«ï ï ï¹ï ïï¬ ïï¥ ï»ï ï
ïïïœïïï°ïï¬ ïï£ ï³ï¿œïï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïïŸï§ï±ï ï»ï§ïïš ï¹ïïïïï ïïï ïœï ï©ïïï±ï ï¹ïïïïï¿œï ïï ï¿œï«ïïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï€ ïïïïïºï¿œ ïï ïïºï§ïï ïï ïï¿œ ï§
ï ï¯ï¬ ï§ ïïï ï³ ï³ï ïžïŒïï ï ï¬ ï«ï ïïž ï»ï¹ïïºïº ï ï«ï ïï±ï ï£ ï ï¯ ïŸ ï¢ ï»ï²ï³ï ï ïïï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï¿œï©ïï¥ïï¶ï»ï ïï¡ï»ï ïïïïï¬ ï¢ïï¹ï
ïï¡ ïïï¿œïï ïŸ ïï ïï ï ï¢ ïŸï ï£ ï ïžï³ ïï ïï¿œï ïµï§ ïï¶ ï·ïï§ ïïï
ïïï ï·ï¬ï«ïï¿œï ï ïžïŒï ï ïï§ ïšïïï§ïï ï¹ïï€ ïŸ ï±ï ïï¢ï€ï«ï ï±ï ïï¢ ï¿œïï ï³ ï ïïïŽïïï¶ï§ï®ï©ïï®ïïï¿œïï»ï¹ ï§ ïï ïïïïï ï»ïºïï¶ïïŸï
ï ï¢ï ï¥ ï»ï§ïºï§ ïï ï ï ï§ ïï§ï ï¥ ïŸï¡ ï¿œï ï» ï³ ï³ï»ï ïï¡ïï ïï ïï ï¬ ïïŠ ï ï³ ï³ï ïžïŒï ïï¶ïž ïª
ïïï£ ï ï ï€ ïïï¿œï ïšï¡ ïïºïš ïï¶ ï ï£ ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïï§ïºï ï³ï¿œï ïŸ ïï ï
ïï«ï ï®ïï¿œïº ï ï ï¿œïï· ï±ïï§ïïï«ï ïï£ ïïï§ ï¥ïºïï ïºïï§ ïï
ï¶ï±
ïŒï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ïŒïïï§ïºïïïï¥ïœïï§ ïï ï ïŒïïïïï¿œïï©ïïž ïï¹ï ï»ïºïïï§ïº ïï§ïï°ïï§ïºïï»ïºïŽ
ïï¡ ï ïµï§ ïï€ ï ïŠïïŸ ïº ï» ïï¥ï ïºï ï ïœïµïºïïï ï ï±ï ïï ïï
ïïï€ï§ ïïï¿œï»ï·ïï§
ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ï§ ïï legitimate ï»ïŒïï ïï§ ïï¿œ ïï ïž ïï ïï¯ïŽ ï©ï» ïŸïï³ ï¿œï ï«ï ï»ïï
ï¹ï ïïï¬ïºïïï§ ï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ï§ïºïï ïï§ ïï ïï ï ïïï ïï¿œïï¢ï¿œïï ïŠï¬ï§ï ï±ï
ïïºïº ï ï§ ïïï ï ï©ï¿œï¶ ï ïžïŒï ï» ï ï·ï ï¡ ïž ï¢ ïï ï±ï ïï·ïºï¶ ï³ ï³ï¬ïï ïœï ï ï
ï±ïï€ïïï ïïï¿œïï¶ï¢ï¿œïŠïºï ï ïïï§ïºï ï¶ïïï¢ïï¶ïï ï¥ïïïïŒ
ï¿œï²ï±ï ïŸ ï¿œï ï ïžïŒï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï® ï ïµï§ ïïï ï· ï± ïï§ïï«ï ï ï¢ïï¥ ï·ïï§ ïŸïïž ïïï¹ï¿œï§ïŽ ï»ï ïïïï§ïºïï¿œï°ï£ïïž ï¢ïï ï°ïï«ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï ï¢ïºï§
ï ï¢ï§ï«ï ïŸ ïœïï ï·ï¬ ï«ïïï¬ ï»ïï§ïºï¶ ï»ï¢ïºï§ ï¿œï²ïï ïïï§ï ïï ï¿œïï¶ï
ï®ï ïï¢ïºïï± ï· ïºïï§ïºïï± ï· ïï ï»ï§ïïºï ïž ï¢ï ï¿ïïï¿œï ï¹ï ïïŽïïºï§ ïï± ï·
ïï¹ïï€ ï°ï¿œï ïŸ ï«ïïïï§ïï ïŽïïºï§ ï ï¢ï§ï«ïï ï¬ ïºï¿œïŸ ïï§ïŽïï¶ï ï·ïï§
ïïïµï§ ïï ïï§ï ïžï»ïŸïïï ïï ï ï ïïï°ï¯ ï®ïï€ïïïï shock ï² ï¢ïïºï·ïïŸï¿œïïµï§ ïïœï¿œïï ïïïï¹ï¿œï§ ï»ï¿œï¿œï®ï ï«ï ï£ ï«ïï versionï±ï
ï¶ ïŒï§ïŠïïïïï€ ï¿œïº ïï²ï§ïºï ïºïº ï«ï ï ï¥ï·ïï§ ïï ïï¿œïï ï°ï ïï¡ ïïº ïŸ
ï«ïï ïŒ ïª ïï¡ ïï¯ïŽï¿ïïœï ïïºïïžïŒï ïŒï ï ïï¥ïï ïïïœï
ï ï¿œ ï¶ï¿œï¿œïœïï ïžïŒ ïŸï· ï±ï ï ï®ïïï±ïï§ïºïï¬ ïïïïï·ïï ïï¹ïï ïŠï ïï© ïï¿œïï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï£ïºï¿œï±ïïï·ï¬ï«ïïï§ï±ï ï§ ï ï¿œïïï¬ ï± ï®ï ï¿ïï
ïïï ï£ ï° ï³ ï¿œïï°ïïï¹ ïžï§ïïïž ïïï¯ïŽïŸïŒïïï§ïºï ï»ï ïï¡
ï¿œï¥ï§ ï¯ï ï»ï«ïïï§ï ï² ï§ïï³ïï ïï±ïï£ ï ïªï§ ï±ïï§ ï¿œï±ïï ïµï§ ïï
ï¿œ ïï§ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ïïïï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ïï· ï¥ ïï§ ï·ïžïïï§ïºï ï«ï ïŸ ï³ï¿œïï ïžïŒï ïï
ï·ï±ïï§ïï«ïï ï±ïï£ ïï§ ïï ï ïžïï· ï ï ïºï ïïïª ïï ïï§ïºïïïï«ïï ï¥ï¿œ ïï³ï ï ï¿œ ïï§ï¶ï¶ï¬ïŽ ïï ïŠï€ ïï± ïï¹ïžï§ïïïïï ï£ ïœïïïïï ï«ïï° ï¯ï ï¶ïï§ ïï ï ï·ï§ïïïïï ï¿œïŽ ï¡ ïïº ï€ïï¿œïž ïï·ïï¿œïïŽ ï» ï€ïï¿œïž ïï· ï£ ï·ï§
ï¶ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï ï ï¿œ ïïœ ïïï ï¹ïïï£ ï ï·ï ï«ïïïï ï¿œï¡ïïº ï€ïï¿œï·ï§ ï£ ïïï ï»ï®ï¡ïïº ïï² ï· ïïï ïïŸ ïï¿œïï°ï ïï§ïºïï¬ ïï± ï·ï ïŒ ï ï¥ï ï©ï ïᅵᅵï ï©ïœïžï ïïœ ï·
ï ïï¯ïŽ ï©ï» ïïï¿œïï¡ ïïº ï€ï ïï¡ ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ïµïïºïžï€ ïï²ï ïï ï¶ïï¿œ
ïïï¶ïï·ïï§ ï¢ï§ïïº ïïï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïïž ïïï® ï«ï ï¬ïï§ ïšïïï¥ï¿œ ï¹ï
ï¹ïï ï¿œïïºïº ï ïŒï¬ïïŽ ïŸ ï· ï¬ï ï ï©ïœïžï ïï³ ï¿œï ï¢ï¿œ ï»ï ïŠ ï»ï§ïï¬ ï¿œ ïïï¢ ïïŸ ïïºï± ïï ï©ïœïžï ï·ï ï§ïºïïï¬ ïï§ ïï ï¬ïï ïŒïï¡ïïŸ ïï ïºï¥ï¿œïžï© ïï®ïï¶ïï·ïï§ ï¢ï ï± ïºïï ï¿œï£ ï¡ïïŸï¹ ïï¬ ï ï£ ïï§ ïšïï»ï®ï«ï
ï®ï«ïï ïï
ïï³ ï·
ï»ïï ïï¡ ï ïµï§ ïï ï·ïïïïïï°ï ï¬ïï ï¿œï§ïºï ï¡ï ïŸ ïŒïªïïï¹ïï ï¹ïï ï®ï«ïï¿œïï ïï ïï¡ ï«ïï ï»ï³ïï§ï¶ï§ï®ïºïºïŸ ïï¥ ïïªïï§ ï§ ï»ïï°ï€ ï ï ï©ïµï»ïï ï£ï¿œï»ï«ïï¿œï®ïï ïŠïï¡ïïªïï³ ï³ï¬ïï ï¡ï ï ï§ïïºï ï£ ï ïïïž ï·ïïŸï¿œ
ï ïïï¬ï
ïï ï£ ïï ï¢ïï ï¶ï ïïï¶ ïœïµïºï ïïœ ïï ï±ï ïïŸ ï·ïï§ ïïï ï¶ïï ïµï§ ïïŸ ï¿œïº ï¬ïï«ïï§ïºï ïï
ïïï€ïïïïï° ï»ï¬ïï ïŒï¡ïï§ïºïï¿œï ïŸ ïï
ï¿œ ï§ï«ïïï¹ïïï°ïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï
ï° ï ïµïï§ïž ïïï ï¿œï»ïºï ïï§ ïïµïïº ï»ïï
ï¿œï§ ï¯ï§ ï ï» ïµï§ ïï¿œï ï€ ïï¿œï ï»ïï ïï¡ ï ïï ï ï¹ï ïŸ ï¿œï ïµï§ ïï§ïºï ï€ ï§ ï»
ïïï§ïºïï¬ ïïšï ï¹ï»ïŒïï¬ ï¥ïªï ïï°ïï ïªïïžï¿œïŽ ï®ïï¹ïï ïïï¬
ï¹ï ï£ ï ï¶ïšï¿œï¿ï¬ ï¹ïï¶ ïšïªïïº ïŸ ï¢ï¿œ ï°ï¿œïï¡ïïº ï€ï ïï¡ ïï¢ ï ï«ï¿œ ï¥ïï¥ï±ïïï ïïºï¿œï ï¹ïïºï¶ï¶ ï ï£ ï ï«ïïï¬ ï ï«ïº ï³ïï¿œ ï°ïŽ ï¿ï±ï ï°ïï ïŸ
ï¬ïï€ïŸ ïœ ïïï ï ï ï§ï§ïŠ ï»ïïï¹ï ï«ï ï§ïºï ï¬ïï¥ ïï£ï ï«ïº ï»ïº ï§ïºï ï¬ ï°ï ï®
ïºï¬ï ï ï¡ ï§ ïïï¿œï¬ ïï
ïï¡ ï»ï ïï¿œïïŸï¹ïïïï¬ ï¿œï» ï¿œïŸï°ï¿œïïµï§ ïï§ïºïïï«ïºïïïïšïïšïžï²ïºïï»ï) ï ïï ïŽïïšïï¿œ ïŸ ï§ïºï ïŒïŸïï«ïïï¬ ïïï¿ïŸï¡ï±ï ïª ïï¶ ï ï» versions ïïï³ï§ïºï ïªï ï¯
ï¶ï³
ïŒï¿œï§ïºï ïµï§ ï
ï°ï»ï§ ï ïµï§ ïï« ïï ï ï¿œ ï ï¯ï·ï ïï ï ïº ï«ï ï(intellectual diaspora) ïï ïï¡ ï¹ïï€ ïŸïï ïŸ ï°ïï§ïïï£ï«ï ï ïµï§ ïï§ïºï ïŒïï¬ïŽ ïï°ï ïïïº ïï±
ï ï¢ ïïºïº ï ï«ï ïï¬ ï¥ïï·ï ïžï»ïŸ ï€ïïï¢ï¶ ïžïï ïª ï«ïïïïï€ ï ï»ïºï¬ ï€ï ïïº ïï¿œïïºï§ ïïž ïï£ ïï¶ ïšïïï¬ï§ ï®ï ï ï©ï©ïï§ ïžï¶ï¿œï±ïï ï¹ïï§ïºïï®ïªïï©ï ï
ï ï ïstrategy ïºïº ïŸï ï£ïï€ ï±ïï ïïï²ïŽ ïïï§ ïï legitimate ï»ïŒïŸïºï§ï ï¿œ ï ïž ïï ï®ïªïï©ï ï€ ï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïŽ ï§ïºïï¬ ïŒïµïï ï ï° ï±ï ï»ïŽ ï»ïŒï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï ïïŽ ï¿œïï¬
ïŸïïï€ïï±ï ï»ïº ï» ïï°ï ïŠï¿œïïœï§ ïžïï® ï«ï ï¿œïï§ïºïï ïïïï¿œ ï ï ïºï ïïï¿œï ïïŽ ï·
ïï· ï¬ïïïïïïïŽïïšïï£ ïïï°ï·ï£ ïïïï ï±ïïï°ï¿œï¿œïï±ïïšïï£ ïï
ïºï ïïž ïïïï«ï ïïï§ï§ ïï ï ï§ïï·ïŸï¿œ ïï ï«ïºïŸïïŸï§ ïžïïŽ ï³ïïº ïï ï¯ï± ïï
ïï»ï§ïïï§ïžïŸïïï®ïïºï§ ï»ïï§ïºï¶ï ï«ïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïïïïºï¿œïïŽ
ï«ï ïïï°ï ï¬ ïïï ï ïï§ ï ï ïœï¿œï¹ï ïïºï¿œïï© ï ï»ïï¿œï ï»ïï ïï¡ ï ïµï§ ï
ï§ï°ïïï«ïïï¬ ïïžïŽ ïŸï¢ïïºï¹ï ï§ ï§ ïïïºï§ïºïïïïïï§ ïï» ïŸïï«ï£ï ïï®ï ï±ïž ï» ï»
ïïº ï¢ ï¿œ ï ï ïµï§ïï ïïïŠ ïï§ï§ ï» ï ï§ ï¿œï ï°ï ï»ï¿œ ï§ ïï
ï·ï±ïï§ïï«ïï±ï ïᅵᅵ ï ïï ï³ï ïï¡ïï§ ï¯ïïïï ïº ïïïï°ï¡ï ïµï§ ï ïªï ï¿œï
ïï± ïºï§ï¿œ ïï§ ï» ïµï§ ï ïïïïº ï»ïï ïï»ï ï»ïï¿œïµ ï«ïï¶ ïµï§ ïï«ïŒï ïŸ
ï¬ ï ï±ï ï¿œïï ï ïïŸ ïï¿œïžï¿œï« ï»ïï ï» ï§ïµïï ï¥ï¿œïï¬ ïï§ ï ïïœï¹ ï»ïï¿ï±ï ï€ï«ï®ïïï§ïµï«ï ï ï¬ ïïïï ï¿œïµ ïªï§
ïï ï® ï° ï· ï§ï ïŸ ï«ïïïï¬ ïžï©ï ï± ï®ï ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¶ ï¿ ï¿œïï ïºïïŸ ïï ï¿œï¶ ïªïï ïï ïïµ ï·
ïµï§ ïï ï·ïïïï±ïŽ ï±ï ïŽï ï§ïµï«ï ï ï¿œ ïïï€ïž ïï·ïï ï® ï° ïž ïï·ï ï§ïºï ï® ïï¿œï·ï§
ï«ïï³ïï¡ïï€ï ïïï¿œïºï·ïï ï§ ïïïï°ï§ïºïï€ïïïï·ï«ïŒïïï€ ïï€ïï¢ïï© ïï ï»ïŒïï ïºï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ï ï ïï·ï²ï ïï¶ï¹ ïïïï¬ïïºï§ ï ï®
ïï¬ïïïïïï¿œïïºï§ï«ïïï¯ïïŒï¡
ï¶ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¹ïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïïï ïï±ï£ ïï®ïï§ïŠïᅵᅵï ï·ïïï§ ï£ ïïï§ï¹ï¿œ ï
ïï¶ ï·
ïïŽï³ïïº ï ïïª ï ï§ ïï ï¢ï§ï«ïï ï ï ï» ïï¿œï ï¹ï ï ï ï ïïºïï ïï§ï±ï ï®ïï«ï¿œï¿œï ïï¥ïŸïïï±ïïµï©ï«ïº ï¥ï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ïï·ï ï³ï€ï£ ïïïï±ï ï« ïï§ï±ïï
ï» ï€ïï®ïªï²ïµïŸ ïïºï§ ï ïµï§ ïïïï ï»ï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžïï§ïºïï¿œ ïï ï·ï ïµï§ ïï ïµï§ ï ïïŽ ïï ï¿ï§ïïŸï ï¿œï ïï¬ï ï¿œ ïïµï ï«ïïª ïï ï€ ïµï§ ïïï ï»ï§ ïï ïï·ï¬
ï»ï ï¢ ï ï¶ ï§ï¯ ïï ï«ïï¶ ï§ï®ïŽï ï ïï ïï ï ï§ ï¹ ï¹ï ï ïµï§ ïï¶ïïŒïï¬ ïï ïï· ï·
ï¬ ïïï¿œ ïïŸ ïïïºï§ïïï ï³ï§ïºï ïïïïŸïï°ïïïï§ ïï ï»ïï
ïï
ï«ïï¿œïïï¬ ïïï¿œ ïïŸïïïï¡ïïºï€ï¿œï¹ ï ï ï ïïïï¿œïº ïïïïï±ïï ïï£
ï§ï°ïïï«ïïï°ïïïºï¿œïïïï ï§ ï¹ïïï§ï©ï¢ï ï ïµï§ ïïï¬ ïžïºï®ï£ïœï¹ï«ï ï»ïï¿œ ïº ïï¬ïªï§ïï«ï ï»ï¿œï¶ïºï ïï ïµï§ ïï ï ïï®ïïŠ ïï§ï§ ï» ï ï§ï°ï ï» ï¢ ï¿œ ï ï ï«ïï ïïœ ï ïïïïïŽï³ïïïï¬ïïºï§ï
ï»ïºïïïï§ ïïž ï·
ï ï®ï«ïï«ï¬ï§ïºïï¿œï¶ïŸï¥ïïºï§ ï§ ïïï§ïºï ï¬ ï»ïïï€ïº ï ï ï§ ïï°ï§ïºïïï ïªï©ï§ïµïŽ ï¿œ ïï§ïïµï§ ïïï»ïºïïïï¥ïœïï§ ï ï ï ï¹ ïï ï ï³ ïïïï
ïïï«ï§ï§ïï«ïïï¿œïïï¬ïïºï§
ï ï» ï¢ ï¿œïï ï«ïï ïï¬ ïïïï»ï¹ï«ïï
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïŒ ïïŸï ï ï ïïï ï·ï ïžïïºï§ ï ï ïï¬ ïï§ ïïïï¹ ïï§ïºïï¿œïœïïï ïµï§ ï
ïïžï¿œï¿œï ïï§ï¢ï ï¿œï§ïºï ïïï³ ïï¿œïï¿œï§ ï¿œï§ïºï ïï ï ï®ï ïï§ ï·ï ï«ï ïï¿œ
ïï¢ïïïž ï ïžï ïŸïµïºïïŸïïïµï§ ï ï£ ïïïŽïïï¬ ïï ïïïŸï¿œ ïïï ïïï± ïïï£ ï©ï¿œï ïŒïŸïï§ïï«ïïï¬ ïŸï¡ïïª ï· ïï ï»ïïï»ï§ïŠï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠïï¹ï
ïºï ïï© ï ï¢ï§ïŸï§ï·ï ïµï§ ïïïŒïï ï ïïïï ïï© ïï ïµï§ ïïïï«ï ïïïžï©ïï®
ï ï§ ï» ï ï§ï«ïï ï·ï¿œïª ï ïïï£ ï§ïïïïï ï ï ïïž ïïï ï» ï·ïï§ ï»ïï ï±ï ï£ ïï
ï¶ïµ
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïŒ
ï ï· ï± ïï§ïï«ï ï±ïïŒ ïïŽïï¬ ïï ï¹ïŽ ïï¿ïï ï¬ï ï»ï ï ï« ï³ïïº
ï¿œïïïµï§ ïï«ïïŽï§ïºï ï±ïï° ïï ï«ï ï±ïïï¿œï ï«ïº ïµï§ïï ï¬ ïï§ ï
ï ïï¶ï¡ï ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï ïïŽ ï ïïï°ïï ï¿œï ï¢ï§ïŸï§ï·ï ïïï§ïºïï ïïºï¿œïŸ ï£
ïï»ïŒï® ï«ï ï³ïïïï¿œï ïž ïïŸ ïï¿œï ïï ïŒïïŽ ï£ ï¬ ïï ï± ï¿œï ï»
ïïºï§ï ïŸ ïºïïï§ïïï¬ï§ï¯ï±ïï· ï¬ïïïž ïïï±ïŠïœï¿œïœï§ ïžïï±ï ï¿œï§ ïï
ï«ï ï ï»ï€ïïïïï¬ïï ï»ï© ïïºï§ï ï» ïµï§ ïï»ïïïï¬ ïïºï ï ïµï§ ïï·ïïŸ ïï¹ ï· ïï ï€ ïï ï·ïŸï±ï¬ïªï ï€ïï«ï² ïºï§ïºï©ï ï¶ï ï·ïïºï©ïï§ïºïï«ï¬ïï«ïºïïï¬ ïïïïï
ïïï ïïºï¿œ ïïï ï¬ ï³ï§ï³ ï¿œïï§ ï ïïï¯ïŽïïœ ïºï«ïŽ ï ï·ï ï ï§ ï±ïï§ï ï«ïï ïï¬ ï ï« ï ï ï«ïºï ïï ï ï¿œï ï ïïï§ïïŽï³ïïº ï»ïïºïºï«ïï¢ï§ï«ïïï¬ ï©ïïïï¿œ ï ï°ïï³ïï
ïïïœï§ ïŠï ï ïï» ïïïžï§ïºïïïºï§ïšï§ ï¿œ ï§ ï¿œ ï«ïº ï¹ïºï§ï°ïïï°ï ïïŸï ïïºï ï ïœïïžï ïï ï€ ï·ïï°ïï ïï§ ï ï¶ï ï«ï¬ïï«ïº ï ïŸï ïï ï°ï ï ï ïï¬ïªï ï®ïï¿œ ïžï§ïºï ï¹ïï¹ïï
ï§ïºï ïï¹ ï£ ï ï ïµï§ ï ïï·ï¢ïï ï€ï¯ ïŸï§ ïï ï ï ï¿œïï¶ ïï± ï® ï ïïœ ïº ï£ ï® ï¿œïï ïï ï± ï¿œïï¿œïïŠï£ ï² ïºï§ïºï©ï«ïï¬ ïªï ï€ï©ïïŽ ïŸï¿œïïïºï¹ïŸïï§ ï ï ïº ï· ïïžï
ï ïµï©ï«ïº ï·ï ïï© ïïïµï§ïï¢ï§ïŸï§ï·ïïŒïïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºï ï¬ïï§ ïïïï¶ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï ïï¬ï§ ï¬ïï· ïïïŽ ï§ïºïï ïï¬ï§ï ï·ï¿ï® ï ïï§ïºï ï®ï ïŒïï° ïï ï£ ïï
ï£ ï© ïï®ïœï ï¿œïï¹ ï ïŸ ï¹ï ïï ïŸ ï²ï€ï· ïïºï©ï ï»ïµï©ï«ïº ïªïïºï€ ïïŽ ï¹ï ïï¬ ï³ï§ïïïïï€ï ïïïŒï ï ïï»ï©ïºï°ïž ï©ï
ïïïïï»ï ïï§ ï ïï ïï¿œ ï¿œï©ï ïï ïïï¬ ïïŸï©ï¬ïï¹ïï ï€ïïž ï¢ï
ï·ï© ïï°ï ïŒïŽ ï¿œï ï ïµ ï° ï·ïï ï¹ï ï ï²ï± ïï ï¿œï© ï ï¹ïïïŽ ï§ïºïï¬
ï¶ïï¿œ ï¿œï©ï ï¹ïï§ ï®ï ïï§ ïžï»ï ï£ ï©ïœïï·ïïï¹ïïŸïïºïïïï§ ï ï ïºï·ï ïžïïï£ï¥ï£ï
ï ï·ïï§ ïïïï ï»ïï ïï°ïï ï ï ï¿œ ï ïï ïºïï§ï§ïºï ïªïï§ïïïïï»ï ï¹ï¿œï©ïï¬ ïï ïï ïºïï§ï·ïï¿œï ï·ï¿œï¿œïïïŸïïºïµïï ï ï«ïï ïµï§ïïï¬ ïï§ ïïïï£ ï© ï¿œ
ïï¬ ï¿ï»ïºïïï§ï ïïï£ ï§ï ï ï¯ï ïï£ ï ï ï¿œ ï ï¹ïï§ïºï ïï€ï ï¬ï» ïï
ï¶ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï³ï¿œï ïï ïºïï§ ï·ï ï¿œ ï¹ ïïï§ï ï«ïï¬ ïïïï§ïï§ïŠ ïï ïï ï» ïµï§ ï ïï§ ïž ï
ïï§ ï ï ïºï· ïïžïï ïïŽï§ïºï ï¢ï¹ï¢ ï¿œ ï ï³ï·ï ïµï§ ï ïï¹ï ï£ ïª ïï°ïï ï¿œïï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠ ïªïï¿œïïïºï§ïºïžï§ïïïŒïïïï ï§ïïµï§ ïï¹ ïï£ ï¬ ï¹ïï¬ïŒïïŸïï
ï«ï©ïï¢ïºï§ ïŸïï£ ï±ï ïïï¢ ï ï«ïŒ ï¿œï ï» ïï°ï ïï ïï§ ï®ï¢ïï ïµï§ ïïïï§ï
ï«ïºïï§ïºï ïŒï ïï§ ï ï ïº ï· ïïžï ï©ïºïï ïµï§ ïïï£ï¥ ïªïï·ï© ïï°ï ïïŒï«ï ï¿œï ïï
ï»ïïïï¡ ï» ïµï§ ïïŽ ïï¬ ï»ïï ï¿œï ïï§ ïžï«ïŒïŽ ïï¬ ï ï£ ïï ï«ïŒïïïœï ïž ïª ï»ïµï©
ï³ ï©ï«ïºï ïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï ï·ï» ï«ïº ïï¬ ï»ï§ ï¢ ï ï ï§ ï»ï¿ ï§ ïï³ï®ï±ïïŸ ï€ï ïºï§ï ï» ï³ ïµ
ïŸ ï²ï€ï±ïï ïµï§ ïï·ïï¶ï ï£ ï ï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï§ïºïïž ïµïŸï¿œïïïïï ï§ ïïïï¬
ïï» ïµï§ïï ïï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ï² ï¢ïïº ï·ï ï£ ï ï·ïïïž ïï ïž ïï»ïº ïï¬ ïïŸï ï·ï ïŒ ï©ïº ï§ ï ï£ ïï¡ïïªïï¿œïïï«ïïŽ ï ï§ïºïï ï€ïï© ïï°ï ïïï¶ ï»ïï«ïº ï ïï ï€ïº ï ïïï«ïï·ïºïº ï°ï ïï¬ ï£ ïïïï§ ï¹ ï¿œïïï€ïï«ïº ï€ï«ïï©ï§ ïŠïï¢ïï
ïï¡ ïïªï ïŒï¿œï¶ ïµï§ ïï«ïï±ïï¿œïï ïïº ï»ï ï ï¿œïµï©ï ï»ïïïï ï§ïï¹ï ï»ïï
ï¿œïïïïï§ïºï¢ï ïï¿œï«ï ï®ïï¿œ ï ï¥ ï» ï³ïŸï¿œï¿œïµï©ïïï¬ ïïïï±ï»ï¥ï»ï«ïŒ ïï§ïºï ï±ï ï¿œïŸï¿œïšïï¶ïŒï ïµï§ ïï«ïŸï¿œïïïïïï»ï¿ ï§ ïï«ï
ï ï ï»ï§ïï°ïŸï»ïïïïï ï§ ïï±ïï±ï¯ïïïï¿œ
ïïµï©ï«ïº ï ïïŽ ï¹ïï ï§ï ï± ïïï£ï¥ ï£ïï·ï©ïï°ï ïïŒïŽ ï¿œ
ïº ïŸ ï³ï€ï· ïïºï© ïï»ï·ïï§ ïïžï±ï§ïºï ïï ïï§ ïšïï·ï¿œï ï·ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï·ïïºï©ï
ï¹ïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï¬ ïïï ï±ï»ï¶ïï§ ïï ïï ï ï»ï ïï€ïïïºï· ïï±ï ïŽïï ïŠïï¿œï¢ ïï ï¿œ ïïïº ïª ïš ïŸïïï ïï·ïïœï§ïºï ïŸï¿œï ï ïïµï© ï«ïº ï¥ï ïï·ï ï³ï€ï ï§ï ï± ï ï®ï¿œïï¹ ï ïï ïï»ïï§ïºï¶ï»ïïïºï€ï·ïï§ïºï ïïï§ ï¯ï ï»ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ïïºïïï ï¿ï ïŠï£ ï ï§ ïï°ï ï¶ ïï ïïï ï¿œ ï ï± ï ïï¹ ï©ïïïŽïïï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ï ï¯ï¬ ï£ïªï ïžï ï€ïï ï ïïï ï ï ïïï§ ï¯ï ï®ïï ï ïïï ï¿œ ï ï± ï ïï£ ï ïŽïïŸïïïšï€ï§ ï° ïᅵᅵïïï«ï©ï ïïŸïïŸï¿œïï§ ï¯ïïïïï¬
ï ïï·ïµïŸ ï«ïï ï ï£ ïïïïï¿œïµï§ïºï ï¥ ï ïï¿œï§ ï±ïï® ï ïïïï¬ïïºï§ ï»ïšï ïï ï»ïºï€ï
ï¶ï·
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïŒ
ïï± ï© ï° ï ï«ï ï ï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžïï°ï ï¥ ïïï·ï¬ï ï¯ïï€ïï·ï¿œïïŸïž ïïïïï± ï¿œ ï¿œï ï«ïï ï£ ïïº ïï·ï¬ ï»ïï¿œ ï«ï ï¿œïï»ïºï€ ï¶ïïïš ï£ ï¿œïïïš ïïïºïº ï ï· ï ïïœ ï·ïï§ïºïïïžï³ï ï»ïïïï¡ ïïºï« ï¢ïºïïï¬ïïºï§ ï»ïï
ï€ïº ï·ïï ïŸ ï¿œï ï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï ïï ïºïï§ï§ïºïï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ïïï ï
ï€ï ï ïïŸ ïï¿œïµ ïºï§ïºï ï¹ï ïï¿œï¥ ïï ï¥ïï§ï ïº ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï§ïºïï ï€ï
ï¹ï ïï ï ïº ï«ï ïïï§ ï»ïŽ ï¹ïï ïï ï€ ï¿œï¶ïï¶ ïïºï ï£ ï ïïïï ï¹ïï§ïºï ï
ï§ï¯ ïï¡ïïº ï« ïïï€ïºïžïï§ï ï± ï ï®ï¿œïï¹ïï¹ ïï ï° ïïº ï ï¿œ ïŽ ïŸ ï·ï¬ïï±ï ï¿œï¶ ï®ï¿œï ï°ïïï±ïï ïïï¿œ ï ï€ïïïï·ïï§ïŒ ï£ ï§ ï¯ïï ï·ïï§ï· ïžï ïï±ïïŸï¥ïïŒ ï ï»ï¿œï ï²ïï® ï ïïªïï ï£ ïª ïï¿œï§ïºï€ïïïïªïï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ï ï¶ï¿œ ï ïïº ïŸ ï·ï¬
ï¿œ ï¬ï ïï¿œï«ïïï€ï ï¡ ïï¹ïï§ïºïï¿œï¶ïï¬ ï£ ïïïï¿œïïïïºïï§ï€ï¡ïïº ï€ï ï¿œïï ï¥ïŽ
ï¿œïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïïï¬ ïï§ïï ïï¹ ï§ ïï¿ï»ï³ï®ïº ïºï ïï¬ïïºï§ïïž ïïïº ï ï§ïïºïï¡ ï ïïŠ ï£ ï ï·ïï ïïž ïï ï§ïµ ï¥ïïšïï€ ï ï¿œ ï ï ï·ïï¡ ïªï ïžï¢ï§ïºï ï¿œ ï ïïï» ïï°ï¶ ï ï ïïï ïïïºïï§ ïïž ïïïï¿ ï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠïŸï ï ïï ï¿œï¶ï ïž
ï® ï ï¿œï¶ï§ïºï ï ï¥ ïï ï·ïï±ïï¿œ ïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï ï«ï ïï±ï ï ï¡ ïï ï ï¶ïŽ ïï ï¥ïº ïï¿œ ïï§ï§ïºïï°ïï»ïºïŽïï€ïï·ïïï ï ï§ ïï£ïºïï¶ï ï ïïï ïï ïºïï§ ïŽï³ï ï¶ï ï±ïï§ ï ïœïµïºïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïïïï¥ ïïï€ïŽï ïï¿ï±ïïïŸïºïï§ïï
ï ïï ïµïïº ïïï¿œï ïïŸ ï¿œï ï·ï°ïº ïïïïï ïºïï§ ï¹ïžï§ïï ï¿œï¶ïï°ïï ï
ïï ïïï¶ï±ïï§ïµï ï ï¥ïŸï¡ ïªï ïµïïº ï³ ï¿œïï¶ï¡ï ï§ï ï± ïïŸïªï± ï«ï
ï ï§ ï±ï ï® ï ï ï¡ ï³ ï¿œïïŽ ï ïïªï§ ï±ïïïïï ï ïïï¶ïœïµïºï ï§ïµ ïïº ï°ï° ï§ ï ï ï ïºïï ï»ïïïï ïïœïµïºïïï¶ï·ïïµïïŽ ï·ï ï® ï«ï ï¥ï»ïï ï» ïµï§ïïªï ïïïï¹ï
ï»ï ï£ ï© ïï±ï ïŽï ïïï ïï€ ïïŽï¹ïï ï§ï ï± ïïï¬ïºïº ïž ï ïïï·ïïï ï ï ï ï£ ï ïïïïŽ ï¹ïœïµïºï ïï€ïïïï¿œï§ ï±ïï®
ïºï¢ï ïšï§ ï ï¶ ï¹ï ïïï ïïŽ ïï§ ï±ï ï®ïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïïŽ ï¹ïïï§ ïï ïº ï§ï ï± ï
ï¶ïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï§ïµï ïïï·ïïµï§ ïï ï§ïµï·ïï ïï ïï¬ ï·ï¬ ï¿œïï±ï ïï¿œ ï ï ï·ï³ï®
ï€ ïïïïºï¿œ ï ïŸï©ï« ïï ïï¿œïï³ ï¢ ïŽïŸ ïŸïïŸïïᅵᅵ ïïŽï¹ïï
ï»ï§ïµï®ï ï¥ïžïºï»ï«ï ïï¬ï§ï³ïºïïŸ ï¿œïºïï ïïºï¹ïµ ïïµ ïï¶ï§ï®ïï ïï
ï¿œ ï§ï€ï«ï ï±ï ïŽïïœïµïºï ï¥ï·ïï® ï ïïï ï ï±ï ï©ïï°ïï ï»ïïïï ï£ ï§ ï£ï
ï¿œïµïïïï¥ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï§ïºïïï±ïïž ï¢ ïï¶ï§ï®ïï·ïï ï¶ïº ïï±ïïïï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï€ï» ïŒï¶ï«ïïŸ ïïºï§ ï ï¿œïï ï ï ï€ ï·ï ïï ï¡ ïž ï¢ ïï¿œïïž ïï ï ï ï£ ïïïï§ ïïº ï®ïŸïï ï±ï ïŽïï§ïµï±ïŠï§ïºï ïïïï±ïïï ï»ïï±ïï§ ï«ï ï ï·ï ï¡ ïŸ ï§ïµï·ïïï
ï§ïºïïïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïïŸ ï§ïµïïï§ ï±ïïï¢ï ï ï£ï¢ ï© ïï±ï ïï§ïºï§ ï±ïï® ï ïï¡ï ï¿œï¥
ï¹ï ï€ ï ï ï ïï¿œï ï·ï ï¡ ïïïºï¿œ ï ï«ï ï¿œï¬ ïï± ï¿œïºïï± ïïï±ï ïŸïœ
ï ï§ ï±ïïïï ï® ïï¥ ï¥ ïŸ ïï¢ï ï¡ïïº ï€ï ïïï±ï ï ïïŒ ïï ï ï£ ï ïœï ï§ï ï
ï¿œï ï±ïïŽ ïŸ ï· ï¬ï ï ïïï¬ ïµï¿œ ï°ïïŠ ïï ïŒï±ï ïŽï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ï ï¢ï§ ï¿ï±ïï±ïïï«ï ïï®ïï¬ ï£ ï° ïºïŸï£ïïŽï ïï§ ï» ïï§ï
ï¶ïï·ïï§ïï°ïï¬ ï»ï ï§
ï¿ï ï«ï ï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï¿œïï¬ ïïïŽ ï¿œ ï ï»ïïªïŸ ïï§ïºïï¿œïï ï ï£ ï ïï ï ï ïï¶ ïžïï°
ï ï£ ïïï§ ï¯ïïï€ïï·ïï€ï§ïµï±ïŠïïï
ïïŸ ïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ï¬ ïï ï£ ï ï§ ïï ï ï£ ïªïïº ï§ïµ ï¹ï±ï ïŽï ï¿œï¶ï±ïŠ
ï§ï ïï¬ï» ï· ï£ïï¶ ï¹ï«ï ï¡ï ï ï ïŸï ïŸïºï¥ï§ïºï ïŸïºïï§ï€ ï ïïž ï¢ï ïï¬ ï³ ï¿œï ï¢ïïï ï¶ï§ï® ï§ ïïŸ ïï¢ïºï ï¹ ïïªïïºï ï¿œï·ïï§ïºï¢ï ï ï¿œï«ïï§ïºïï ï¯ïï
ïï¯ï»ï ï ï©ïï±ï ïï© ï ïïŸïï¢ïºï ï¹ïï®ïï· ï£ïï±ï ïŽïïŸï§ ï§ïž ï¢ ïïï±ïï
ïï±ï ïŽïïïï¿œï·ï ï²ï ï«ïïïï£ ïïºï§ ï ï®ï€ïïï€ ïï¶ïïïï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢
ïïïïºï¿œ ï ïïœ ï¿œï ï® ïï ï¿œïžï§ïºï ï ï·ï¹ïª ï¯ ï ï£ ï ï¥ïïºï§ ïïïï»ï¯ï£
ï ïïï ïŸïï±ïïïïïï¿œïïºï§ï ï ï§ ïï°ï§ïºïïïï¿œï¶
ïºïº ïŸï ï£ ï±ï ï ï© ïï ï ïïºï¹ïï ï§ïµï ï ï®ï²ï ïïï ï€ ï«ï ï¿œ
ï¶ ïµï§ ï ï°ï»ï§ ï ï ï§ïµ ï¶ïï ï ïï¬ ïï³ ï¿œï ï» ï§ïµ ï·ïï ï±ï ïŽï ï¿œï¶
ï¶ï¹
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïŒ
ï ï ïïï«ï¿œïï ï»ï§ ïï¡ ïïº ï€ïïïï ï ï ïº ïŸ ï§ïµ ï·ïï ï£ï ï³ï ïŠ ï»ïº ï ï¿œï§ ïŠï ïïŸïï«ïïï¬ï§ïï°ï ï³ï§ï ïïï°ï ïï°ïï ï ï»ïºïï¬ïŽ ï ï€ï» ï ïï£ ï
ïïï ïïïŽ ï£ ï¬ ï ïïïï°ï·ï²ïïŽ ïïï ïï ïï·ï¹ïŽï ï»ïï¿œ ï«ïï¶ ï·ï²
ï»ïïïï¬ ï ï£ ïïïŠï§ïºï ï·ïï ïïŽï¹ïïï§ ïï ïº ï·ï ïžïïŸïïï ï§ ïï³ï® ï£ ï ïïïï¿œ ï ïï±ï»ï ï¯ïº ï¿œïºï ï¢ï§ïŸï§ï·ï»ïº ïïïï±ïïï¥ï¿œïïï ïï
ïïž ïïïïï·ïï§ ïï£ ïïŸ ï¹ï ïï ï¿œï§ï·ï ï²ï¿œ ï¥ïïºï§ï ïïŸ ïï¿œï ï£ ï ï¹ïïïŽ
ï·ïºï¶ï€ïªï°ï ï¿œï¶ï ïïïïï«ïïï® ï«ï ï¿œïïï¬ ïï±ïï°ïŽïïïï ï ï ïž ï¢ïï€ ïï ï ï·ï¯ï±ï ï¶ïŒï«ï ï·ïïïŽ ï±ïïŽïï¿œï¶ïï§ïœïµïºïïï°ï ïï ï ïïïŸïïï³ï®ïº ï¢ï ï ï ïŠïïï§ïºï ï· ï² ï ï¡ ï§ïµï¥ïïšïï€ ïïïïï ï² ï±ïïž ï¢ ïï§ïºïï²ïŽï¢
ï¢ïïïï¿œï¶ïœïµïºïï§ïºïï ï² ïž ï¢ ïïï€ ï ï¡ ïï¹ ïïï°ï·ï£ïï§ ï£ ï» ïŸ ï² ï§ ï§ï€ ïïï ïïï ïïïïïœïµïºïï±ï ïïïïï¿œï¶ïï§ï€ ïï§ïºïï¬ ïïïµïºï¡ïŸ ïïºï§ ï
ïï· ï² ï ï¡ ï¶ ï±ï¢ïµ ïï§ïºï ï€ï«ïï ï ï€ï§ ïŠïï£ïï»ï§ ï¿œ ï»ï§ ï ï ïï ï·ïºïº ï°ï ïï ï¿œ ïŠ ï§ïµï±ïŠïï€ïï ï±ï ïï·ï¬ï» ï«ïï¿œ ïï¥ïï ï³ïï ïž ï¢ïï ï· ï¥ ïï°ï ï®ïï ï°ï ï² ï£ïŸ ï² ï§ï§ ï¶ ïŒï§ ï¯ïïïžïµïŸïï§ïºïï±ï¡ï ïïï§ ï ï ï¹ïïï ïºï¿œ ï ï¢ï ï ï£ï«ï§ïºï ï£ï¢ ï© ï ïŽ ï² ï¢
ïïºï§ï ï¢ïïïï®ïïïïïŠï ïïŒïªïïŒï§ïŠï»ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï€ ïïïïžïïï·ï·ïº
ïµï§ ïï«ïŒïïï«ïïï€ï§ ïŠïï£ ïï»ï§ ïïï·ïºïºï°ï ïï¥ïï° ï§ ï ï ï ï§ ï± ïï® ï ïïªïŸ
ïï ï² ï£ïŸ ï² ï§ ï§ ï ïŸ ï· ï± ïï§ïï«ï ï±ï ïᅵᅵ ï ï¬ïï ï¬ïª ï»ïž ïµïŸïï¶
ï ï° ï ïïï»ï ï£ ï© ïœï ï¯ïºïï«ïïïºï¿œ ïï ï£ï¢ ï© ïïï ï·ïï§ïïŸï«ï£
ï ïï
ï¿œïïµï§ ïï»ïïï ïºïï§ï ï·ïŸ ï ï§ïµï·ïï ï³ïï¹ïžï§ïïï¿œï¶ïï
ï·ï ïžïï¶ïï ïŸ ïïºï§ï ï·ï¶ ïï ï¿œïº ï° ïï ï³ï ïµï§ ï ï£ ïï¶ïï ï°ï° ï±ïï§ïïïŸ ï€ ï ïŸ ïïºï§ ï€ ï¿œï¶ïï ï¶ïï§ï ïïïï·ïï§ ï§ïŠ ï» ïï ï ï ï¶ï¿ï§ ï ï¯ïï ï®ïªïï©ï ï
ïï¡ïïºï€ïï¡ïïºï¿œï ïïïºïï¥ïïºï§ï ï¥ ï ï¹ïŸï ï¥ï»ïï§ïºï¶ï»ï§ïµï«ï ïµï§ ï
ï·ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïºïº ï ï³ ï¿œï ᅵᅵ ï ï¿œï¶ïŸ ï¿œï ïï ïïºï§ ï ïï ï¿œï§ ï¢ï¿œ ï ᅵᅵïœ
ï»ï§ï¿œ ïï¢ ï€ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ïïïº ï¬ïï·ï ï©ï§ïºïï¿œï ï§ï ï± ï ï®ï¿œïï¹ï¹ïï ï¿œï¡ ïï§ ï¥ ï€ ïŸï§ ï§ ï¢ï§ïï ï ï ï·ï€ ïŸï§ ï§ ï ïï¬ ï ï¥ïïºï§ï ïïïï¬ï ïï¹ ï«ïïï¬ïºïº ïž ï ïï·ï ï²ïï® ï ïï€ ïïï¬ ï ï¥ïïºï§ï ïïŸïï¬ï ïžïï±
ï§ïºïï¯ïºï ï ï§ïï·ï§ ïïŸ ï¢ ïŽï±ï ïŽïïŸï§ ï§ ïï¶ï¹ï¯ïï±ï ïŽïïï ïšïµ ï³ïïºïï¬ ï³ ï¿œï ïïïºï€ï ïï¡ïï¢ïï¿œï¶ïžïºï ï¹ïïŽ ïŸï¿œïïŸ ï ï°ï ï·ïï§
ï£ïœïŸ ï³ï¿œï ï»ï ïµïï ïï§ïºï ï ï¬ï§ï¡ ï·ïïŸïï ï±ïï¶ ï§ï® ï£ï¢ ï©ïïŽ ïŽïïï¬ ïïžï§ ï»ïï€ ï ï¡ ïºï ïªïï¹ïžï§ïïïï¢ïºï ï¹ ïïïŒ ïšï ï ïï ï«ïï ïï ï¿œ ï ï²ïïïïïï€ï¿œï¶ï ï¿œï¶ïïºïºï ïï¬ ï¥ï§ïºïïïºï¶ïïŸ ï ï°ï ï¹ïï¬ ï£ ïï§ ïï
ï ï°ïï¢ï ï ïï§ ï±ïï® ï ïï€ ïï¿ï±ïïï·ïŸï§ïºï¢ï ïïï§ ï³ï€ïï€ï¥ïïŸ ï ïïŽïï³ ï¡ ï» ïŸï ï ï©ïïïïïºïï° ïª ïï¶ï§ï®ïï·ïï ï±ïïï§ï±ïï¶ï«ïïŸïï ï¹ïï€ ï ï ïï¬
ïï ï ïï¯ïïŸïï¬ïïºï§ï ïŸï§ ï§ïïï°ïŸï ï ï©ï ïïïŸï· ïï§ïïŸï§ ï§ ïï¬ ï ï ï ïžïï² ïïŽïï³ ïŸ ïïºï§ï ïŠï·ï¥ïïºï§ ï°ïï ïï©ï ïª ïïŸï§ ï§ ïïïºï¿œ ï ïŸ ï ï°ï ïïïºïï§ ïï¢ïºï ï¹ ïï¿œ
ïŸï¿œïïï£ ïïºï§ï€(changing perceptions)ï ïï§ ï ï²ï€ïï ï¢ï§ï«ïïŸï¿œï
ï³ï¿œïïïï§ï©ï ïŸïŸïïºï§ï ï ïï¿œïµïï¢ïï¿œï¶ïï¬ ï£ ï ïïïŸïïœï¿œïï
ï¯ ïŽïïï ïï§ ï ï²ï€ï ï¢ï§ïïïŸï¿œïïŸ ïïºï§ï¶ïïïï¬ ïïŽïºïºï±ï ï ï«ïï¬ ïï ï£ ï°
ïï ï² ï£ïŸ ï² ï§ ï§ ïŸïï ï¿ï¯ï§ï¯ ï¿œï ï ï ï«ïïï¬ ï·ï¿œïï¿œï ï ïïï¿œï
ïïŽï
ïžïï³
ïï§ïï«ïïïï ïïïï±ï»ï¹ï¿œïïïïïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïï ïºïï§
ï ï®ï¿œ ï«ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï ï¢ï ï¯ï±ï ï·ï ï ïï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ ïïŸ ï ï§ïºïïï ï¹ï ï·ï ïŽïï ï§ïºï ïœï®ï¿œï ï ï»ï©ïº ïŽïï©ï ï ï° ïºï¯ï§ïºï ïï¬ ïï³ï ï ïï©ïï¿œï ïïï ï©ï ïµï«ï ïŽïïï ï¿œï°ïšï ï»ïïž ï¢ ï ï¢ï§ïï ïï¬ ï ï¢ï ï€ ï¿œ ïµï«ï ï® ï ïï ï ïªïï ï©ï ï ïï ï¢ ï ïŸïï ï ï¿œïšïµ ï«ï ïïºï ï ï¶ï ï§ ïï ïž ï¢ï ï·ï ïï¬ ï»ï§ ï®ï ïïï¯ï¿œ
ï ï¿œï¶ï¬ïŽ ï ïïµïïŸïï¢ïºïïï±ïï§ïºïïŸïï¿œï³ï°ï©ïïïŸïŸï§ ï§ ïï» ï¿œïžï°ï©ïŽ ï
ï·ï±
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïŒ
ïï°ïŽ ïïŽï¹ï§ ï¥ï ïï³ ï¢ ïŽï¬ï§ï ïŸï¿œïïïºï¹ïºï ï¿œïï¿œïï§ïµï±ïï§
ïï ï® ïïï±ïï ïŸ ï¹ïï ï ï·ïŽ ï¹ïï»ïïï¿œïµ ï¹ï¶ï§ ï£ï»ïïï¬ïïïïï¿œï¶ ïïïïïïŸïºï¢ ï°ïï§ïºï ïïïï±ïŸï ïï®ï ï ïïºïšïµï¿œï§ïºïïïŸ ï° ï§ïºï ïŸïšï
ï¿œï»ï¿œï¶ïï°ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïï±ïï¢ ï¹ïï ï§ïµï ïïïï°ï° ïšïµï ïï¢ï ï ïï§ïºï ï ïïµïïŽïïï ï€ïïï§ï ï¢ïï§ ï ï ïï¬ ï©ï ï ï¢ ïŽïï¹ïïï¬ ï§ ïïŽ ï¬ ï ï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï³ ï¢ ïŽïïïºï¹ïï ï§ï ï± ïï¶ïïºï ï£ ïï ï§ïµ
ïï³ ï¢ ïŽï® ï«ïï ïï ï£ ï ï·ï§ ï ï ï ï¶ï ï« ï ï°ïï ï ï»ïï ï€ïºï ïï¢ ï ï·ïï ïžïïŽ
ïïï¿œïïïºïï§ïºïï·ïïºï© ïïï³ ï¢ ïŽï¶ïï ï ïï¬ï§ ï»ï¥ï·ïŽï ï ïïªïï
ï ïï ï¹ï ï ï ï¥ ïª ï ïµïºï§ ïŸï¡ï©ï¶ ï ï»ï§ ïï ïµï§ ïïïïïïï§ï ï»ïº ïïï¶ ï¶ïï§ ïï
ïï ïï§ïºï©ï¶ ï ï·ï¬ï«ïï ï€ ï¢ ï¿œï°ïïï±ïï¬ ï ïïï¬ ï¿œïï«ï·ï¹ï ïŸ ïï ïïŽï§ïºï ï±ï ï£ ïïº ïšï»ï§ïµ ï¥ïïšïï€ïï¿ïïï ïï ï€ï ï ïŸïï ïºï
ï°ïï«ïµ ï ï·ï¬ï€ï©ï«ïïŸ ï ï€ïï ï±ï ïŸïïœï ï·ï ï¹ ï ï³ï·ï®ïï¥ï¥ ï ï ïï¢ ï ïï£ï¥ ï¿œïïï ï®ïï ïïïµï§ïŽï ïï± ï£ ï¢ ï ï ïµïï§ï«ïï¶ ï¹ï€ ï¶ ï§ ïï ï ïïïº
ï ï»ï§ ï¬ïïïï±ï¡ïŽ ï ïž ïµï€ïï«ïï§ïºïïï ïï±ï ï ïïï§ ï© ïï ï ïœï® ï ïïï·ï²ïºï ï» ïŸï§ ïï ï° ï¯ï» ï ïïïï ï»ïï ï€ïº ï ïïïï°ïï¿œïï ïœï®ïï
ïŸïïïïïï±ï ï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï§ ï¯ï ï»ï§ïŠ ï§ïï«ïïï° (canonization)ï ï· ï ï»ï³ ï¢ ïŽ
ï ï¿œï¶ïïï»ïºïï¬ ïï ï£ ïï§ ïšïïŽ ïïï§ïºï ïŸï§ ï§ï€ ïïï¬ ï¥ïï¿œïïïºï»ïïºï¹ï¹ï ï§ïµïïï§ïºïï¬ïï¿œïµï§ïºïï®ïªï²ïµï»ïï¬ïïºï§ ï»ïïï¹ïï ï¹ïï ïï¹ ïïïï¶ïï¢ ï¥ ï£ ïïïžïºïžï ïšï«ï ïï¿œïïªïº ï ïŠïïï ï·ïºïº ï°ï ïï¬ï ï§ ï ï ï ï¹ï©ïïï§ïºï ï¹ï
ï ï±ï
ïï§ï ï± ïïï ï³ ï¢ ïŽïï¬ ï¿œ ï ïï§ ï¯ïï¹ï ïµï§ ïï«ï ï»ïïï¹ïï ïï ïµï§ ï
ïïŒïï¯ï°ï¶ïïïïï¿œï°ï¶ïïïŸ ïïïž ï ï ï±ï° ïŽ ï¹ï¿œï»ï ï£ ï© ïœ ï
ïïïï¶ï§ï®ïï»ïïŠ ï»ïïºï¹ïï»ï°ï»ïªï§ïºïï«ïï°ï¶ïïïïŽ ï¢ ï°ï·ïïï»ï«ï ï ï±ïïï§ï
ï·ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï»ïªï§ïºïï¬ ïï ï£ ï ï»ïïïï¥ ï» ï¿œïªïï€ ï ï¡ ïï¹ ïï¿œï·ï¹ï»ï¯ï°ï¶ïïï»ïºïŽïï«ïïï¬
ïï»ïï ï» ïï¬ ïïï ï¡ïïªï ï»ïªï° ï¹ï¿œïœï ï ïï ï¹ïïï·ï¹ ï»ï¿œï° ï¿œ ï ïž ïïï¯ïŽï¹ïï ïŽ ï¹ïŽïï¬ ïï ïïŽ ï¿œ ïµï§ ïïï¬ ï°ïŽïŸ ïï±ï ï ïµï§ ï
ï ïï ï±ïïï°ïŽïŸïï±ïï¿œï ïï£ ïïºï§ïïïïï· ï£ïïï ïžïï¶ïï£ ïºï¥ ï°ïï ïŸï¹ïï ïïžïïï±ïŸï€ï¢ï©ïïªïïºï€ ïïŽï¹ïŽïï¬ ï¿œïïïªïï¿œïŽ ïï·ïï ïžïïµ
ïï¯ïŽïïï¬ ïïïœïïï«ïï ï¿œïŽ ï ï ï¥ïïº ïïïï«ïŸïïï
ï ï ïï ïïºï¹ï¿œ ï ï ï«ïï ï«ïï ï·ï ïŒïŸ ï³ï¿œïï¡ïï·ïïŸï§ï»ïïï¿œ
ï·ï ïŸ ï³ï¿œï· ïïºï© ïïïŒïïïºï¹ï»ïïï§ ï»ïï¿œïïï§ïºï ï±ïï ïº ïïï°ï
ï¿œïïŽ ï¹ï ï§ïµ ïï°ï» ï ïïºïï€ ï ï¡ ï ï¹ï ï£ ïž ïïï¯ïŽ ï¿œïïºï€ ïï ï±ïï ïï±
ï«ïïïµï§ ïï¿ï¶ïïïï§ïºï¢ï ï€ïŠïºï¿œïï»ï§ ï¿œïºï ï ï¹ïïïïïï·ï£ï ïïžï ï°
ï§ïºï ï€ï ï¬ ïï° ï§ ï ï ï ïªïï§ï»ï±ïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï¿œïºïï ï³ ï¢ ïŽï ï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï¹ïï¹ï ï ïï«ï·ïï»ï¿œïºïïï§ ï±ï ï§ ï
ï£ ïï ï»ïºïŽïïïº ï¯ï ï·ïï§ï§ïºï ïïïï ï§ ïïŸ ïï§ ï±ï ï» ïŒï ïµï§ ï
ï¿œïŸ ï³ïïï ï«ïï¬ ï ï± ïï§ ï ï» ïïïïªï ïïï©ï§ïºï ï§ ïï©ïï ï± ï¿œï ï§ ïï
ï° ï§ïï ï ï¿œï ïŸ ï¢ ï® ï«ïï³ïï ïï€ ïïšïµï ïïºï€ïïœï ï± ïïžïïï ï·
ï¬ ï ï±ïï ï§ ï» ï¿œ ï§ï«ï ïï¬ ïï ïï¡ ï¹ï ï¡ ï ï¿œï£ ï± ï¿œï ïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ï ïŸï
ï§ï ï§ ïï§ïºïïšï€ïïïï ï ï ïŠï±ïï ï«ïºï ï£ ï ïï¬ ïï ï¬ïï§ïŠï»ï¿œï ï£ï ïï©
ï«ïï§ïºï ï ïïºï§ ï» ï¢ ïïï ï§ïµï§ïï¹ïžï§ïïï ïï¡ï§ïºïï ï± ïïï ïï¿ï§ï¶ï ï»ï§ ï ïï§ ïï ï° ï§ïï ï ïžïšïµïï£ ïï ï ï§ïºïï ïï ï³ï§ïºï ïïï ï¿œïŽ ï»ï ïŠïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï ïžïï¶
ïï ï¬ ïï§ ï ï ï¿œ ïï ï§ïŠ ï§ ïïïï· ïïïïï ï·ï§ ï±ï ï» ïï ï ï ïï
ï«ïŒï«ï ï ïïᅵᅵïï¬ ï ï£ ï ï¯ï± ï»ï·ïïïŸïï· ï±ïïïïï¿œï°ïïï ï
ï ï ï·ïïï ï¿œï ï ïï ïï·ï« ïï ï ï© ïï ï°ïï ïï§ï§ïŠ ï£ ï ï ï ï»ï·
ï£ïï ï ïï§ ïŽ ï ï»
ïŒï ïï ïïï¿œïŸïï§ ï¿œïï§
ï·ï³
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïŒ
ïï ï©ï ï¿œ ï¶ï§ïïŠ ï£ ï±ï© ï ï ïï ïïº ï ïï ïïï± ï³ï ï¿ï¬ ïï ïïšï§ï¹ ïï¿œï ïï ï¿œ ï® ï ï· ï°ï
ï¡ ï ï¿œïŸ ï«ïï§ïºïï±ïœïº ïï ï ïïšïµ ïºïï»ï»ï¯ïŽï§ ï·ï€ ïïŸ ï€ï ïï¡ ï¹ï
ï ïïï°ï¿œï¶ïï ï¿œï ï±ï ï»ï§ ï ï± ï©ï ï£ ïï ïŽ ï»ïï ï» ïïïïºï ïïï ïïï§ ï ï
ï¡ ï ï¿œ ï¿ïï±ïïï¿œ ï¿œïï¬ ïïŸï¿œïï³ï§ïµï§ïïšïŸ ï€ï¶ï ï ïº ï» ï ïŠïï®ïï¿œïïŒï§ïµï ïŸï¿œïï³ï ïï°ïï¿œ ï§ïï«ïïŸïï»ïºï¶ïº ï·ïï¿ïï ïžïï·
ïï ï¿ï§ïºïï·ïïï¿œ ï ïïïï¬ï§ï¢ïïïïï¿œï«ïï¿œï¶ï ï»ï§ ïïï«ïºï»ï¡ï ï«ï
ï¿œïï¥ï ïïšïµ ï ï ïï ïïïž ï£ï ï¢ ï»ïº ï§ïºï ï¬ ï ïï ïï¡ ï§ ï±ï ïŸ ïïšïµ
ï ïïïï¿œï© ïï°ï ïï·ïºï§ïï ïïºï¿œ ï§ ïï§ïºïïŽïï¹ïïŸ canonization ï§ ïï ï¹ï ïï ï€ ïï¿ï ïï³ï ïœï§ ïž ïŸ ï€ï ïž ï£ ïµï§ ï ï±ïï§ïºï¢ ïïïšïµ
ïïï§ïºïï¥ï ïïªï»ï³ï®ïºï¢ï ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïï¶ïïºï ï£ïï¬ ïï³ ï ïïïïïï
ï§ïºï ï¥ïï§ï ï·ïï ï®ï ï§ïµïïï ï¥ ï¥ï ï¿œïªïïïï¶ïï ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ ïïŸï
ï ï ïï ï¹ï¿œï§ï ï ïï ïïšïµï¶ï ï£ ï ï± ï© ïïº ïï ï§ïºï ï€ïï©ïï°ï ïžïï¥ïïºï§
ïïïïïºï¿œ ïï» ï«ï ï«ïïŒ ïïŽ ï§ïºïï ïïï°ï¢ ï»ïïŽï ïŸï§ ïž ïŽïïºï§ï¿œï³ ïïï¹ ïžïïž
ï ï ï¬ï§ ïïïŸ ï¿œï ïïšïµï ï±ï ïžï¿œï ï° ï§ïïï ïŠïœï§ ïž ï ï¬ ïïï ïïï ïïï ï¿œ ïµïï· ïï ï¬ ï¿œ ïµïïï§ ï¬ ï¿œïµ ïµï« ï ï¬ ï¶ ï ïïïŽïïºï§ïŽ ïŸï¿œï ï¶ï ï·ïï§ï§ïºï ï®ïï ïž ïïï ï ïïï§ ïïŸ ïïšïµï ï¹ ïïïžïŒ ï· ï¹ ï ï± ï¶ïŠïïï ïïïŽ ï£ ïï¥ ïï ïï ï»ïºï ï ï»ï¥ ï»ïï ïï¡ ïïªïï¿œïïŒï»ïºïï¬ ïï ï¹ïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïïï¿œïºïïï¯ïï· ïï ï ï± ï ïï»ï§ ï¿œï±ï ïŽ ï¯ïïïï¿œïŸ ï¿œ ï ïï ïïï¡ ïïªïïïº ïŸï§ ï§ïï¯ï ï£ïï§ïºïïïïïï±
ïïï§ïµï¿œïïºï ïï ïïïïï ïï§ï§ïŠï£ ï ï ï ïŽïïºï§ïž ïï ïž ïïŽ ïï±ï ï ïžïï¹
ï ïŒ ï· ï¹ ï ï±ï² ïïï¬ ï ïšï ïï ï±ï ï«ï ï€ ï ï©ïœïžï ïï±ï ï¿œï¬ ïïï±ïŸ
ï¯ïž ï¬ïïï¡ïŸ ï¿œ ï ïïï§ïŠï«ïïïï§ïºïïïï¿œïº ï ï ïï§ï°ï ïïïŸïŸï§ ï§ ï¡ïï§ïµ ï¹ïï¿œ
ïŸïï«ï£ïïœï§ ïžïŸï ï§ ïï¥ïïºï§ ï°ïï€ ïï ï¿œ ï ï ïŸïï§ ï ï ï ï¿œï ï²ïï® ï ïïºïï€ï
ï£ ï¯ ï¿œï¢ ï»ïœï¯ïïï¶ ï ï£ ï ï¿œ ï ï ï» ï©ï ï£ ïï ï ï«ïï¡ïï ïï ï·ïœïï¿œïº ï
ï·ïŽ ïµï§ ïïïï§ï
ïž ï£ ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï¿œïŽïŸï¥ïï ïï ï£ ï±ï© ïï ïï
ïï ï¹ïï ïµï§ ïï¶ ïµï§ ïïï ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï»ï ï£ ï© ï£ ï¬ ïïï ï¿œï¶ ïïºï ï£ ï§ïï©ï
ï ï¬ ïï ïžï¿œïªï» ï¿œïºïï ïµï§ ïï«ïï¬ïŽïï»ïïïï¿œïºï§ïï®ï«ïïï¬
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï» ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¶ ï±ïïŸïŒï·ï ïŽïïïï¿œï¶ïï°ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï¹ïïŽï¹ïœïµïºïïï§ ï ïïºï·ï ïžï ï£ ïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï ï€ ïŸïºïï§ïïŽ ï£ ï ï ï¿œï¶ ï·ïï§ ï·ï ïžï ïï©ïïšïµ ïïž ïï ï¹ïïïï® ïï¿œï¬
ï¿œï·ïï ï»ïŽï ï¢ï§ïïŸï«ïï¬ ï ïïï ï¿œï§ï°ïŽïŸï° ïï ïï ï¢ï§ïïï·ïï§
ï»ï·ïï§ ïŒïïïïï» ïïºï¹ïžï¥ïž ïï ï§ï ï± ïïï¬ ïï ï²ïºïïŽ ïïïïºï§ïºïï¬ ïïž ïïï ïï»ïï ïï·ïï§ ï ï£ ï ï¿œï¶ ï·ï ï²ï³ïï¬ ïïï« ïï ï ï¥ï§ ï§ïï§ïºï ï¿œ
ïï ï§ ï ïïº ï· ïïžï ï€ïïºï ïï¬ï§ ï¹ï¿œ ï· ï±ïŸ ïï·ïïïŽïïº ï¿œïª ï ïï°ïŽïïïï ï ï ï¿œï¶ïïïï°ïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ïï« ïïï€ïïºï§ïºï ïï»ï§ï ï€ïïŸ ï¡ ï®ï¿œï°ïïï ïï ïºïï§ï ïï® ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ïïï¬ ï ï ï¹ï ï ïï€ï ï€ï ï ï§ï ïŸ ïï±ï ïïï ï° ïº ïï§ï· ï¶ï ïïï ï®ï€
ïïïï³ï¶ï ïï§ ï€ ïï§ïºïï§ ïï ï ï ïï ï§ï ï± ïïïï¢ ï£ïœïŸ ï¿œïºïï ïŸï§ ï§ ï¿œï€ ï€ïï²ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï£ïïž ï¢ ïï¢ï§ïïï
ï¢ï ï ï¿œïšïµï§ ïï ï ï§ ï¥ï ï
ïï¬ ïï°ïï¿œï ï§ï ï± ïïïï¿œïïï¿œï ïï ï§ï ï± ïïïï¿œïï¿œï ï»ïµïï ï·ï±ïŽ ï»ï¯ ïŽïïº ïž ïžï ï¹ïïï°ï ï¿œïž ï¢ï ï»ï®ï«ïïï§ï±ïïï§ïµï¡ï¿œï« ï£ ï
ïï³ï§ï ï ï¿œï«ïï«ï ï±ï ïï§ ïï ïªïïµïïïïšïµïï ïï¶ï¯ïï ï¡ï€ ïï²ïïï¬
ï¡ ï ï ï§ ïïšïµïïïï±ïïŸïï§ï ï± ïï·ï¹ïï»ïïïï¥ïïŸï§ ï§ïïï ïï»ï§ ï
ï»ï¿œ ïžï ïžï°ï ïïºï¹ïœïµïºïïœï§ ïï¹ïïï«ï ï¢ï§ïïï§ïºïïï ï£ ïª ïïïïï ï ïï ïï«ïï»ïï
ï°ïŽï¥ï§ ï§ï¿œ ïï¿œï»ï·ïï§ï ï£ ïï¿œï¶ï· ïï²ï³ ïï¬ ïžïïž ïïïïï¿œï¹ï
ïï°ïï ï»ï¯ï»ïºïŽ ï¹ïï ïïïï ï¿œï¶ïï ï ï¿œïïºï§ïºï ï¥ïï£ïïº ïŽï§
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï» ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¶ ï±ïïŸïŒï·ï
ï·ïµ
ïï ï§ïµïï¬ïŽ ï· ï±ï ï ïº ï«ïï ï ï¿œïï«ïïï§ïïïŒ ï ïŸ ï¹ ïï¬ï§
ï²ïï»ïºïŽïïïïïŸïï ïŠïšïµï ï®ï ï ï£ïœïŸïïï£ïïž ï¢ ïïµïŽï¹ïœïšï
ï¿œï¶ïïïïïŽï¶ïïïï¬ ï¿œï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï§ï ï± ïï§ ïï ï ï«ïïïïï»ïïºï¹ï ï¿œïºï ïïï§ ïïï§ïï ïï®ïŸïšïŽï ï¹ïïï ïïïᅵᅵï ïïï ï§ï ï± ïïï ïïï€ ï§ï ïïº ï· ïïžï ï¿œï¶ ï§ï ï± ïï§ ïï ï ï«ïï ïïï¿œï»ï· ïïïŽ ïŸïïï§ïïï¿œïºïï¿œï¬ ï ï¹ïï±
ï ï¿œï¶ïï ïŽïïïŽ ïï ï ïᅵᅵï«ïŠï¿œïï¿œï§ïºï ï¬ï ï ï·ïï§ïïŽ ï¹ïŽ ï ï»ïºïŸï ï§ ïï¿œïŽ ï¹ïï·ïï§ïž ï£ ï ïïžïï¬ ï¿œïï¿œ ïïž ïª ï»ïï±ïï¹ïïŸïï±ï ïš ï¿œïï« ï»ï€ïïïïŸ ïï¿œïµïŽ ï¹ï€ïï¶ïïïïïŽ ï¶ïïï±ï° ïµ ï°ïïï
ï ïŸï ïŸïï§ï ï± ï ï« ï ï ïž ïï ïïºï¹ï ïŸï ïŸïµïºï ï«ï® ï«ï ï¥ïž ï¬ ï¹ï¿œï§ ï³ ï»ï¿œ ïŽïšï ï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ï ï€ï¿œ ï ï ïïï ᅵᅵïïºï€ ïïï¿œ ïŽ ï¿œï ï ï ïïïïï ïï ï€ ïšï ï
ï»ïºïŽïï¿œ ï¢ïŽï«ï° ïœï§ ïžï®ï«ïï ïïïºïïï±ï¹ïžï§ïïœï§ ïžïïïïŒïïµ ï ïï
ï«ï¬ï±ï ïïï·ïïŽ ï ï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžï ï ïïº ï€ïï¥ï§ ï§ïï·ïï§ïž ï£ ïïï¿œï»ï§ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï±ïïï¿ ï ïï€ï¥ ï§ ïïž ï¬ ï€ï¿œï¶ïïï ï§ï§ïºïïï¬ ïïï ï€ïï°ïŽï ïµï§ ïï ï
ï ï ï«ï¿œ ïµï§ ïïï ïï¬ïï§ ï£ï¿œïï±ï ï» ïµï§ ïïŸïïŸïï¹ïï ï·ïžï§ïºï ïïï±ï
ïºïž ïžï§ïºïï§ ï£ïï«ïï¿œï ï¥ïï¿œïŽï§ ï¬ïïï§ ï£ïï«ï ïïŸïïºï§ïºï ï¶ï ïï¬ïº
ï»ïï¬ïï±ïï®ï§ï ïᅵᅵï ïlimitationsïïïŒ ï ï«ï¿œ ïµï§ ïïï ïºï¿œïï¯ ïŽï ï³ï»ïïŠï§ïºïï«ïº ïï ï·ï±ïï§ïï«ï ïïï ïï§ïï© ïï°ï ïïïïï§ï¶ï ï ïïïµï§ ïïïï ï«ïº ï»ï ïï®ï ï¶ï§ïïïï¹ ïï»ïºïï¬ ïï§ ï£ ï»ï ï¿œï«ïï ïµï§ ïïŸïŸ
ï¢ ïï ï ïŒïº ï ïï«ï ï ï ïï¬ ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ï ï¹ ï· ï¬ ï» ïµï§ïï±ïŒ
ïï¬ ïï ïïŽ ïï§ïŠï»ï¿œï¢ ïŽïŸ ïïŸïŠïœï§ ïžï§ïŒï ï°ï ïŒï ïï ïïï·ï¿œï
ï·ï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢ï ï±ïï§ ï ïïºï¹ï³ïºï£ï¹ïï ï§ï ï± ï ïŸ ï¬ïï ïŒïï ï«ï§ïºï ïïžïº ï ï ï² ï¢ï ïº ï·ï ïœï§ ïž ï ï¢ ïï ï ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï ïŒ ï§ï¿œïï§ ïŠ ï¿œï ï ïï
ï¬ïï ïŒï¹ïïïŸïïŸïµïºïï§ïºï ï«ïï ï¶ï° ï ï¿œïŸï¿ïïï ïï±ïï¹ïï
ï·ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïºï§ïºï ï¶ïº ïï± ï·ï ï¿œïïŽ ï¹ïïï§ïµï ïïž ïï ï£ï§ ï»ïï±ïïïŸ
ï ï ïŸ ï¬ïï ïŒïïï¥ ïï ï¬ïï¶ ï§ïµ ï®ï¿œïï¹ï¿œïï± ï©ï ï»ïï ï ï£ ï¹ïŸïž ï¬ ï» ï¿œ ï¿œ ïŠ ïïž ïï ï±ïï§ ï³ï§ï ïŸ ï³ï€ ïï¶ï ï°ï ï€ï ï ï§ïºï ïï§ ïŠ ï ï·ïª ï¢ ï£ï¢ ï© ï ï·ïï°ï ï ï®ï
ï·ïï§ ï·ï ïžïï ïïïïï ï¶ï ï¥ïïºï§ïïïïïïï¿œ ïïï§ ï±ï¿œï ïï ï ïµï«ïï¿œï ïïïïï ï¹ï ï£ ï¿œï ïïï¿œïï¯ïŽï§ ï·ï ï ïïïï¿œïïœï§ïïïï ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï ï
ïï ï¢ï»ï¿œï ïïŸï€ï discourageïïïï· ïïžïïºï§ ï ïï§ïºïï¿œï§ï·ï¿œïŸï¹ ï ï ï
ï ïº ï«ï ï¿ï¥ ï ïïï·ï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢ïï€ï ï±ïï§ï ï§ïµïï ï£ ïïºï¹ïïŸ ï¬ïï ïŒï
ï¶ïïïïï ïïï¶ï°ïïŸ ï£ïïŽï ïï§ ï ï¶ï ï·ïï§ ïºï ïï»ï ï§ ï»ï¯ïŽï ïï¿œ ïºï ïï ïïïï»ï ï§ï¶ ï·ïï§ ï· ï ï¥ï¯ï¬ïïŽ ï³ïïº ï®ï¶ ïŒïï¶ïï£ ï ïï ï·ïï§ïŒ
ï»ï«ïºï ï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¿œïŸï§ïºï¢ïï§ ïï ï»ï·ï¬ï«ï ï®ïï¿œï§ ï¬ï ïï ï€ïº ï ïïï¡ï ïï§ïºïï¬ ï§ ïï ï¿œïï¯ï» ï¿œ ïŠ ï€ ï«ïï¬ ïïï¿œ ï ï®ïŸïï ïŸ ï·ïï°ï ï®ïï ï°ï ïï¶ïï ï¿œïºï¿œïïï ïïºï ï¶ ï«ï ï·ï ï«ïï ï¶ï ï¿œï¶ï§ ï ïµï§ ïïµï±ï
ïïï°ï© ïµï§ïºïï ï¥ïï ï¿œïï¿œï ïº ïï ïï°ï© ïµï ïŠïïº ï ï·ïï§ïïï¿œï¹ïï ï
ïïï±ïŸ ï£ ï ï ï«ïº ï«ï ïï¹ïïŽïï ï¿œ ï» ï«ï ï ï¶ïï§ïï¢ï£ unfold ïïï ïïï¢ï§
ï¥ï§ ï§ï¿œïïï» ïµï§ ïï«ïï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ïï¶ïïï© ï ïµï§ ïï±ïï³ï§ï±ïï€ ïï¹ï ï ï ï£ ïï ï¥ ï¹ïï»ï ï ïïïï»ïï ï«ïï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ïï¥ïµï» ï°ï¿œïïï®ïïï¿œïï€ ïï¿ï»ï·ïï§ï ï
ïïï ï¿œïŽïï§ïºïïïïï¶ï¢ï ï ï£ï¢ ï©ïï·ïï§ïï¶ïï ï ï¥ïïïœï§ ïŠïï£ï¿œï§ï«ïº ï«ï
ï°ï¹ïï¿œïïï»ïŽ ïïïžï§ ï«ï§ïºï ï»ïïïïïï¹ï ï ï ï ïï§ï¢ï§ï«ïï ï£ï¿œï§ï«ïº ï€ï¶ïï·ïï§
ïïŸ ï³ï€ïïï«ïºïŸ ï¬ïï ïŒï§ïºïï·ïï§ ïïï ï»ïºïï¶ïŸï± ï ïï¿œ ï«ïïï¿œï ï¿œïï
ïï¬ïï£ï§ ï¿œïï³ï§ï ï§ ïïïºïµï§ ïïïšï§
ïïïï¬ ï¹ï¿œïïï§ï»ïž ï£ï¿œïïï¬ïïºï§ï§ïºïï§ï ï± ïïºï§ ï ïïŸïïïï¬ïŽïï³
ï ïïº ï ï¿œï«ïºïï°ï ï€ï ï¿œïïï¬ ïïïŸïï·ï ï«ïºïŸ ï³ï€ï·ï ïï±ï ï»ïµïŽïï¹ ï ï
ïï±ï¢ïµïœï§ï·ï«ïïïœïïž ïª ï»ï¬ï© ïïïï ïïºï§ïºïï¬ ï ïïµï¹ ïïïï¶ï·ï¥
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï» ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¶ ï±ïïŸïŒï·ï
ï·ï·
ï ïïï representïïï ïïïºïïïï§ï ï¯ ïºïïŽïï¬ ï ï¯ïª ïïïï
ï ïŠïïŸïïºï ïºïŠïï§ï ï± ïï¶ïïïï¬ ï ïšï¿œïŽ ïïï¿œï«ïï
ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïᅵᅵïï¥ïï ï ï¿œï¶ïºï ïŠïïïïïïï ï®ï¶ïï«ïïïïï ïï®ï ï³ï»ï¿œï ïž ïï ïŽïšï ï ï ï€ ïïïŒï¹ïïïŽ ï§ïºï ï ïïï ïïšï ï ï¶ïï£ï ïï£ ïïºï§ ï® ï ᅵᅵ ï ï¹ ï ï
ï£ ï ïïï§ïºïï ï¹ ï ï ï ïï§ïï§ï¿œ ï ï ïïï«ï©ï ïïïšïïŽ ï¹ï¬ ïïŸïï°ï» ïï¿œ ï ï
ï ï ïï ï ï ïï© ï ï ïïï§ïºï ïï ïµï¹ïï¥ï ïï±ïï¹ï ï ï§ ï ï ïº ïï£ ïïºï§ï¿œïïž ïï ï¹ ï ï
ïï ï³ ïï¥ïœïï§ ïï ï ï¬ï© ïïï³ ïïï¹ ï ï ï ïï ïïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïï±ïï·ï¬ï«ï ï®
ïŸï§ï· ï«ï ï· ï¬ïŽïŒï§ïºïï¬ï³ï» ï¿œï ï ïµï§ ï ïïŒ theoryïŽ ï ï¬ï© ïïŸ ï·ï¬ïœï§ ïž
ï ï ï¶ïï ïï¬ ïï ïï¡ ïŸïïï€ïover simplifyïï·ï± ïï§ïï»ï« ï³ ï ïï ï¿œ
ïï© ïï°ï ïï· ï¬ï«ïïïï§ï ï»ïº ïï ïï ï»ïïï©ï ï£ïºï§ï°ï ï£ ï£ïºïïŸ ï· ïïºï©ïï«ïï§ïºï
ï ïï§ ï»ïŸï¹ïºï§ï°ï ï€ï¿œï€ïïï«ï ï£ ïï ïï ïŠ ïï§ïï ï ï¿œï»ïï°ï¯ï© ïïïï ï
ïœï§ ïž ï® ï ï¶ïï ï ï ï ï¹ïï ïï ᅵᅵïï ï ïº ï«ï ïª ïï§ ï¿œ ïº ï¶ï§ ï» ï¹ï ïïï
ï¿œïšï ï ïŸ ïµïï§ïïïï ïµï§ ïï ï·ïªï¢ ï§ ïï© ïïŽï§ïºïïïïºï§ïï© ïï·ïªï¢ ï»ï¹ïºï§ï°ï
ï¬ ïïïº ïï ï¡ ï»ï¿ï»ï«ï¡ïïº ï€ï° ïŒïïï¶ ïŸ ïïºï§ï°ïïœï§ ïž ïïï§ï ï¬ ïªïïïŠ ïŸ ïï§ïï¿œïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ï ïï¥ ïï¶ ïïºï© ïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ï ï«ïïïœï ïž ïª ï» theoryïï©ï ïïï
ïï¿œ ï ïï ï¿œïï£ ï§ïïïïï¿œï°ïï ï¡ ïï© ïïï«ïï§ïºïïµïï§ï ï ï¿œïï· ï± ï³ï»ï¿œïïž ïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïï¿œï®ïŸïï ïŽïšï ï ïï ï€ïŸ ï«ï ïŸ ïŸïïŸïïïŽï§ïºïïž ï ïï ïïïšï ï ï£ ïºï ï¿œ ïŠïž ï»ïŽï»ï§ïµ ïšï ï°ï ïï ï«ïï§ïºïï ï¥ ï»ï§ ï° ïž ïï¶ï ïï ï·ïª ï¢ ï£ï«ï§ïºï ï£ï¢ ï©ïï·ïï°ï ï®ïï ï ï£ïïºïï ï¿œïžï¯ ï°ïïïŸ ïŸï ï ï© ï ïïŸ ï ïïï ï ïŸïïŸïµïºï ï ï¡ ïïªï ï§ïµ ïšï ï¢ ïï§ïºïï¬ ïï±ï·ï ïšï ïïŽïš ï±ï ï®ï«ï ï¿œ â ï¬ïº ï§ ï ïï§ïºï ïž ï¿œ ïºï ï
ï£ïŠ ï«ïï ïï§ ïïï» âï¬ ï¿œï ï» ïïïïŠ ï® ï ïï°ï ï»ï§ï ï± ïïºï§ ï ïï ïïºïï ï ïŽï ï¢ï ï¿œï ï·ïªï¢ ïµï ï ï© ï®ï¿œïï ï«ï ï ï¥ï ï ï ï°ï¿œ ï²ï©ï±ïï ï·ï ï€ï ï ïï±ï ï»ï ï ï ïï©ï¢ï»ïï±ï«ï¿œïïï ïïž ïïï§ ï ï ïºï§ï ï± ïïï¬ ï¿œï¿œïï ï¿œïïï¿œïŽïï§ ï±ï ï ï ï°ïïï
ï·ïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï ïµïïï¥ïïïïºï»ï ïï±ïŠïïï§ï ïï ï¬ï§ ï ï ï»ïµï©ï«ïºïŸ ï¢ ïï ï«ï ïï³ ï ï® ï¿œï ï¿œï¿œï§ ï¯ï ïï ïïï¢ï ï ï§ï» ï ï² ï¢ ï ïº ï·ï ï¿œïŸ ïŒïï§ïºï ï«ïºïïº ïïï ï«ïï§ïºï
ïï¿ïœï§ï· ï«ïï§ïºï ï¬ïïïï ï¿œïŸï¿œ ï ï§ ï ï¹ïïïïºï»ï¹ï ï ï¿œï¶ï±ïŠï«ï€ ï
ï ï¬ï© ïï¿œï£ïºï¿œï«ï ï® ïœï§ ïž ïïï
(place) ïïŸ ï·ïª ï¢
ïï«ïï ïžï³ï
ï»ï«ï®ï§ïºï ï ïŠï»ïï§ïºï¶ ïïï°ï¿œ ï²ï©ïïŽ ïïï¿œ ï«ï ïïï¬ ïïï ï¹ ï ï ï¿œ ï ï·ï©ïž ï¬ ïï§ ïï§ïï¹ ïï ïï¬ ï¿ïŸï¡ï±ï ïªï ï¿œï ï ïŠï ïïµïï²ïŽïºï§
ï» ïï ï ïïï ïïïº ï» ïï°ï© ï ï·ï©ï¿œ ïïï ï»ïï§ïºï¶ ï ï€ïï ïï ï§ï¿œ
ïž ïï¹ï ïï¿œï ï¿œïï ïŠïï²ïïºïº ï ï€ï° ï¬ï§ïºï¶ ï§ï°ïï ï¿œï ï€ïï«ïïï°ïµïï§ï ï
ï¿œï ïž ï ïïïš ïï¿œï¶ ï§ï®ï ï©ï©ïïŽ ï³ïïº ïï±ï ïï°ï¿œ ï²ï© ï» ïïºï± ï ïïµï ïŽïšï€ïŸ ï¿œï ï¿œïï§ ï ï ïï«ï ïŒïï¿œï ïïº ï¿œ ïŽïºï§ ï«ï¿œï§ïºï ï¯ ïï»ï ï£ ï© ï©ï ï£ ïïï§ïºïï ïï€ ïŸï§ ïž ï€ ï«ï¿œ ïµï§ ïïº ï
ï ïï§ ï¿œï ï¶ ï§ï®ïž ï¬ï¿œ ï ï¿œ ïŸïµïºï ï ï¶ï¿œ
ï«ï ï¿œïï ï ïº ï«ïïž ï³ïºïïŸ ï« ïºïïº ïïï ïïºï¹ï¹ ïï ï¿œï¶ïïïïŽ ï»ïº ïï¬ ï°ïïï±ïï¹ïï ï¿œïŽï¿œïï ï¥ ïï«ïï ï»ï³ïªï§ ï» ï§ ïïž ï¡ïïºï€ ïïï¶ïº ïïŸï· ï¬ ï®ï¿œï ï·ïïºï© ï ï»ï«ïº ï·ï ïï±ïïïïïŽ ï£ ï ïï±ïïïï±ï·ï«ïŒïï±ï¢ïµï«ïïŸ ïï¿œï
ï ïï±ïï¿œï¿œï§ ï ïï«ïïï§ïºï
ï«ïºïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï¬ ïï±ï·ï ï©ï©ï±ïïïŸï§ ï§ïŸïµï§ ïï°ï»ï§ ïï ï§ïµ
ï»ï ï ï¢ï»ïᅵᅵïŽïºïï§ïºï ïº ï§ïïï€ï§ ï£ïï ï»ïŠïïï§ï©ïï€ïŸï§ ï§ ïŸï§ïµ
ïïï«ïï±ïï ï¶ïº ï³ï§ ï¿œï ïïï«ï ï ïµï§ ïï ï§ï ï± ïïºï§ ï ï ï¬ï ï¹ïï¬ ï
ï£ïœïïï§ïºïï ï°ïï§ï ï·ïï§ïž ï£ ïï§ïºïï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžïï¿œïï§ï±ïï¿œïïï°ï©ïŸï ï€ïª ï¿œïï±ïïï ïï ï· ï¿œïï¶ï§ï®ïïïïïïïï¬ ï ï ï¿œï¹ ï ï ï ï ïŸ ï© ïž ïï ï ï¿œ ï ï©ïºï§ ï®ï¿œïï ï ïï¿œ ï±ï ï€ ïŸï§ ï§ïï ï¥ ï£ ï ï¿œïŸïï€ï ïïŠ ï£ ï ïï¬ ï ï¹ïï ï¥ï ï»ï§ ï
ï«ï ï€ïïŸ
ïï ïïïŸ ïïï ï«ïï ïïº ï²ï ïï¶ ïŸï§ ï» ï reference
book
ï¹ïïž ï¿œï¢ïïºï ï ï ïº ï«ï ï®ïï€ïï§ ï» ï±ïºï§ ï ï¯ï«ï ïï§ïºï ïï»ï ï ï¢ï» ï¯
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï» ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¶ ï±ïïŸïŒï·ï
ï·ï¹
ïï«ïº ï«ïºïïºïïï ïŸï§ï§ ï¹ïï±ïï¬ïïï§ ï±ïï«ïï ï ïïï¿œï ï ï ï·ï¿œïï ï ï¬ ïï ïžï¥ïŸï§ ï» ï reference
book ï¬ ï ï±ï ï± ïï ïºï ïŸ ï³ï¿œ ïµ ï ï±ï
ïš ïïž ïïïï°ï© ïïï¿œ ïïž ï¬ïï¡ ïïªïï¿œ ïïï±ïï ï ï ï©ïï ï£ ïï³ïºï£ï¶ï ï°ï¿œïïŒïï ïºï§ï ïïï§ïºï ï±ï ï
ï£ïï ï ï¥ï ï¬ ïï ï±ï§ï±ï ï ïï®ïï« ïï ï ï°ïï§ ïŽï ï®
ï±ï ï®ïïšï¿œï€ï ïï±ï ïï¥ïïºï§ïïï ï¿œ ï ï¯ï ï¢ï¥ï«ïïï ï ï§ï ï± ï
ïï ïï£ ïïºï§ ïº ï§ ïï ïïïïï ï£ ï ï ï ï«ïº ïŸ ï ï±ï ï ïŸ ïïïº ï£ ï¢ ï¥ ï ï¿œï
ï¬ïïïï¬ï§ïïžï»ïïµ ïŸïšïŸ ï€ïœïžï§ïŸïï»ï«ï ïï ïŸï§ ï§ïïïïï±ï·ïï¿œï ïïŒï ïï ïï·ïï¿œïï»ïºï®ïïïïºï§ ï³ ï¶ïïï¶ïï¥ ambitious projectï±ï ï»ïï°ï©ï ï¹ï ï· ï
ï¹ï ï«ï ï€ ïïï ï¹ïïï ï¹ïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï ïºï¿œïïïºï§ïšï³ï®ï«ïïï¬ï§ ïïïž ï»
ï»ï§ ï ï» ï»ïº ïï ï ï ï ï§ï ïŸ ï ïï±ïïŽï§ ïï ïº ïï£ ïïºï§ ï¿œï ï¹ïïïž ïï¬ïïŸ ï ï ï¥ï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ïï¿œï«ïïŽï£ ïï ïï» ïŠïï© ï¿œïªï ï»ïŽï»ïïïšencyclopedicï±ïï ï ï¬ïï§ ï» ïï ï«ïïŒ ï®ï ï°ïï§ ïž ï¬ï¶ ï©ï§ï«ï ï¿œïº ï ïŠïŸ ïï¿œï ï¡ïïº ï€ï ïšï ï¡
ï«ï ï«ïï ïŸï§ ï§ ï ïïï ï¿œï ïŸ ï ï ïïµïïº ï ï¥ï ï» ï°ïïï ï±ï ï³ïïŽ ï»ïï ï¡ ï£ ï ïïï·ï¹ ïïµïºï ï±ï ï± ï ï ïïš ï ï ïžïï±ïïï§ ï±ï ïŽïºïï€ ïïž ï¢ ïïï€ ï
ï° ï§ïºï ïŸïšïïŸ ïïºïï€ ï ï¡ ïï ï ï»ïºïŽï ï«ïïï¬ ïï ïª ïï ïž ïªïïï¹ï ïï¿œ
ï ï»ï¿œïº ï¯ï€ïŸï§ ï§ïï¬ ïï¿œï§ïºïïŽ ï ïïïï§ ïïŸïïºï¹ïï³ ï¢ ïŽïï²ï ïï®ïï§ïº ï¬ïïï§ ï£ï«ïïïïºï¿œïïï§ï°ïŸïµïºï ïïïŽï¹ïïï¥ïï¬ïï§ ï£ï«ïï€ï ïŽïºïïïïïï§ï ïï ï ï¹ï ï
ïï ïž ïªï ï³ ï¢ ïŽïïïºï¹ïï ï²ï« ï ï
ïïºï§ïºïï¬ï¶ïï« ïï°ïïº ï¿œï ïï±ïï¢ ï¹ïï¶ï ï£ ï ï¡ïºï§ïºï¬ ïïºïºï ïï§ï° ï¹ï¶ ï§ï®ïŽïï»ï©ïºï ï ïïï±ïï§ïºïïºï¢ ï°ï ïï° ïïŸïšï ï»ïºïŽï
ï¿œï€ ï§ïµ ï±ïŠïï°
ï ï³ ï¢ ïŽï¹ïžï§ï ï ï¿œï¶ï±ïŠï ï¬ ïŽ ï§ïïº ï ï ïï ï§ ï ï ï ïŽ ï¹ï ïïšïµ ïïïï¯ï ï¡ ïï²ï§ ïïï§ïºï ï€ï¿œïŸ ï«ïï¶ïïïï¬ ï¢ ïï ï ï ï¥ ïï¥ï±ï ïï¢ ïï
ïŸï°ïï§ ï ïïºïµï§ ïï¶ïïïïï¿œïŽïï§ïï¬ï§ ïïïï¶ïï±ïï³ïºï£ïŸïµïºïïïïïïï§ïºï
ïžï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï±ïŠïï°ïï ï¥ïªïïžï¥ïŽï¿œïïï¿œïŸï¿œïï ï¿œï§ ïïï¥ï»ïµï©ï«ïºïï³ ï¢ ïŽ
ï§ï ï ï ï¢ ïŽïïïºï¹ï¹ ï ï»ï§ïï¬ ï¹ï¿œ ïªï ïŽ ï· ïï¶ï§ïïï±ïï¢ ïï ïï±ï ïŽïï¿œï¶
ï©ïï±ï ïŽï ï¥ï¹ïïï°ïïŸï²ïï¬ï¹ïï»ïºïŽïïï§ïºï ïŸï§ ï§ïï ï»ï€ïïï ï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï¬ ïï ï£ ï ï ï²ïŠïï» ï± ï¿œïï¶ï¡ï ï ï»ïºïŽïï«ïï ïïïï±ï§ï ï± ïï¹ ï ï ï¢ï ï ïïï±ïšïµ ï«ï ïŸ ïŸï§ ï§ ïï°ï ï§ ïï³ïºï£ï§ïºï ïžï¥ ï ïï¥ïï§ï ïº ï¥ïïºï§ ïšï ï¹ïï¶ïïïïïºï¿œ ïïï ïïï§ïºïïï¹ïšïïï§ï©ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï ïï³ ïïïïµïïº ïïŒï ïï ï ï· ïï¬ ïïï ï ïŽï³ïïº ï»ïºïï¯ïïºï§ï ï» ï£ ïï±ï ï¿œï ï§ ïï§ïºï ïïœï§ï· ï«ïï ïïžïªï ï€ï ïž ï£ï«ïŒïïïïŽïºïïº ï³
ïºïï§ïºïï ï¶ ï ï±ï»ïï±ïªï§ ï»ï€ïžïïŸï§ ï§ ï¹ï ï ïŠï¢ïï³ïï ïï
ïï¬ ï¿œïª ïï appreciateïŸï¿œ ï ï¹ïï«ïï®ïïºïïŸï§ ï§ïŸï©
ï·ï ïŸ ï¢ïïïïïµï«ïºï
ï¿œï ïïŸï§ï§
ï§ï ï± ïï ï¥ïïº ïï±ïž ï£ ï»ïºïï ï¿œïŸïµïºï ï°ï ï¿œï ï¯ï ï¿œïïï°ï¬ ïïïï±
ïï°ï ïïï§ ï² ï ïž ï£ ï ï¬ïï€ ï±ïï§ ï»ï ï¯ï ï¿œï¶ï¿œï ïŽ ï¹ï ï€ïïº ï
ï¿œïïžï ïïïï±ïïïº ï¶ ï²ï¿œï«ïŽ ï»ï§ïµïï¿œïºïº ï°ïï¿œï ï¿œïï ïŸï§ï§
ïŽïïï« ï¿ï±ï°ïï·ï ï»ïï¹ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï ï ïŸï§ ï§ïœï ï ïµ ïŒ ïï«ïï ïï ï ïµï§ ï¿œï°ï¶ïïï§ïºï ï¢ ïï ï ïŒïï³ ïºï¶ ï±ï§ï±ï«ïï ï¶ï¬ï ï¢ï ïï
ïµ ïµï§ ï¿œï°ï¶ïïï§ïºïïï± ï¯ï¥ïšïµï¿œ ï£ ïºïïŸïïï ïŒïï³ ïºïï¬ ïïŸïºïï§ï ï¿œï ïïï±ï§ï ï± ï ï ïµ ï° ï¶ ï±ï§ï±ï«ï ïŸ ïï ï ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ïï²ïïµ ï° ï³ïïŸ ï ï ï ïµï ïœïï ï³ïïž ïªï
ïïïŸïµïºï ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï¢ï§ïïï ï
ïï ï¡ ï ïï°ïŽïŸïï±ïï ïµï§ ïï ïï¬ ïï€ ïšï ï©ïï©ïï°ïï©ïŽïŸï§ ï§ï¢ï§ ï
ïï¿œï§ïï©ï±ïïªï©
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï» ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¶ ï±ïïŸïŒï·ï
ïžï±
ï±ï ï ï§ïµï€ ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ïïï¬ ïïªï ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ï ï¿œï¢ïïïïï°ï³ï ïïï¿œ ïïž ï¢ï ïº ï³ ïžï±ïï¶ï ïŸï§ ï§ï ï¿œ ïï ïŠïšïµïïï±ïï€ïï²ïïŸïï¶ï ï¿œïï
ïïŽ ï¹ïï¿œï¶ïïŸï§ ïïž ï¢ ïï§ïºï ïµï§ ï¿œï°ï¶ïïïŸïï¿ï£ï ï®ïï ï ï€ï
ï¡ ïï¹ïïŸïïï¹ ïïïïž ï¯ï ï¡ ïïï¿œï ï¿œïïï±ïŸ ï ï ïïïž ï®ï§ï§ï©ïïï€ ï ï ïï ïïï²ïïœïï ï ïï ïŸïïï ï¿œïïïºï§ ïï ï ï ï® ïµï ïï±ïª ï€ ï¹ ï°ï³ï ïïºï¹ï¹ ïï ï ïï¿œïï· ï¬ïŽ ïïïï ïº ï¿œ ï ï€ ïïï¡ ïªï ï ï ïïïï°ïŽï
ïï¶ï§ï ï± ïïïï±ïïïŸï§ ï§ï€ ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ïïºï°ï ï»ï«ïï ï€ïï ï¹ ïï ï¿œ ï ï ï ï£ ï©ïïŽ ï¹ ïï ï ï¿œïºïº ï°ï ï ï ï ï¿œï³ï·ï°ïï¶ ïïº ï« ïï ïŸï·ïšï ïŽïœïºï¿œï ï«ïï¿œï ï«ïï§ïºï ï±ï ï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï«ï ïŸ ï ïï©ïïï§ï ï± ï ï®ï¿œïï¹ïœïµïºï ï
ïï¿œï€ïïï§ïºïï¶ïïºï§ï ï»
ï ï±ï ï¿œïª
ïïŸï§ ï§ ï»ï
ï«ïïï¶ï ï·ïï§ïïï§ ï» ïï§ïï¬ ïŽï ïïš ïï»ïï±ïï°ï¹ïïŸ ï€ï ï»ï¥ï«ïŒï±ï
ï ïï ïï©ï§ ïŠï ïïï° ï¢ï§ïŸï ï ï ïïŽ ï«ïŸ ï ï¿œ ïœïïï¬ ïïï« ïï
ï§ï ï ï ïºïïï¿œï ï»ï ïïï§ïºïï¬ ïï ïïï ï°ï§ ï®ï»ï© ïïºï§ï ï»ï ï¶ï ï£ï ïï¬ïïºï§
ïï ïï¿œ ï«ïï ï ï ï£ ïšïï§ ï ï ï ï°ï« ï»ï«ïº ïŸïºï§ï ïïïï ïï±ï£ ïï§ ï ïï¬ ï ï£ ï
ïïï±ïï»ïšïïïï¶ïïï¬ ï§ï€ï±ïï§ïºï¢ ï¿œï»ï±ïïïï³ ïï§ï«ïï ï°ïï²ï¶ï¿œ ï ï² ïŽïšï€ïº ï¿œ ï€ï ï§ï«ï ïï€ ïŸï§ï§ ï¹ïžï±ïï¹ïï¬ ïµï ï ï¥ï ïïïïï¶ï¥ï¥ïï¶ïŒï ï ï· ï
ïï²ïïŸïï¬ ïïïï¹ïïïï°ï±ïï» ïŸï§ ï§ïž ï¢ ïïŸï¿œï«ïïï¬ ï£ ïï ï»ïïïï°ïï°
ïï ïïïžïï¿œïïï¶ïï·ïï§ï ï»ïïï¿œ ï ïï ï¬ï ïºïºïï¶ïï·ïï§ïïï°ï€
ï¿œïï±ï ïïï¡ïïªïï¿œï°ïï ïï ï ï®ï§ï¶ ïžïï¹ ïïïï£ ïï ïŸï§ ï§ ï ïïïïºïºï ïïïï±ï ï°ïœï ï ï¿œ ï ïµï§ ï¿œïï¶ï ï·ïï§ï ï ïï¹ï ï ïï°ï ï¿œïï¹ ïï»ï ïï°ï¬ïï±ïïï¡ïª ï ïïŸï©ïºï¥ïšï©ï±ïïïžï ïïºïŸï§ ï§ïž ï¢ ïï¶ïžïï
ï¿œ ï ïïïžï¬ï§ïï¹ïžï§ïïïï ïï¶ï§ïºïïïï§ïïï£ï»ïºï ïï ïï ïï§ï«ïï¿œïïï¬
ïžï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï±ïïïïïï ïŸï·ïšï©ï±ïïœ ïïï¬ï§ ï¢ ï ï ïïµï§ ï¿œï¹ï¿œï©ïïï¶ïï·ïï§ïï
ïï¹ïï ïïï¶ïï·ïï§ ï£ ïï·ï€ïŸïï«ïšï©ï±ïïïïï§ ï¯ï ï«ï§ï ï»ï ïï ï·ï ï¡ï ï¹ïï³
ïºï¥ï ïï ï¿ï¬ ïï
ï¿œï»ïïï ï ï¿œïï§ ïï»ïï±ïï°ï³ïïº ï®ïï¶ïï§ ï ï ï ï¶ïï« ï»ïïŸï§ ï§ï« ïºï
ï¡ ï ï© ï§ïºïïŒï€ïž ï¢ ïïŸïï¿œïïï§ïµï ï ï ï ï¹ï ï ï£ ïïï³ï»ïœï§ ï¿œïï§ïºïïï»ï§ ï ï€ïŸ ï«ïï ïïïŽï·ï ï»ï¹ïï¶ïïï·ïïšïµïïºï³ïï§ïºï ïïž ïï ï»ï»ï§ ï¿œï ïï ï¿œï®ïŸïï
ï·ï¬ï¢ï ï°ïïŸ ïï§ïº ïï§ïºï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï ïŠïŸï§ ïïŸ ïŸï§ïºïï¯ ïŽïïºïž ïžï» ï¢ï§ï«ïï ï¹ïïŽ ï ï· ï°ï©ïï ïïï§ïºïï· ïïºï© ïï«ïï ïïŠ ï£ ïïï³ ï¢ ïŽïïŒ ïšïïïï ï«ïï¿œïï¬ ï¿œ ïï«ïïºï§ïºïï¬ ïïï¿œï¬ïï«ïïº ïµï§ ï ï£ ïï· ïï ïï ï£ ïï¯ï± ï»ïᅵᅵï¶ïŠ
ïï ï ïïž ï¯ï±ï ïᅵᅵ ï¶ïŠ ï ï©ï©ï¿œï¶ïïï ï ï¹ïï¬ ïïï¿œ ï¿œï ïï»ïºïï¶ïï±ïï§ïï¶ ï ï¿œ ï«ï ï¿œïï ï¶ïï ï»ï§ïŸï¿œ ï±ïï¹ïï ï ïº ï ï§ï ï± ï
ï»ï§ï ï± ï ï«ï ï¹ï§ ïï ï ï ï¶ ïï± ï® ï ïï¿œ ï± ïï ï¡ï ïŸ ï§ï ï± ï ïï ïïïï
ï ï¶ïï°ï ï©ï©ïïï±ïïžï ï¿œï¶ï ï¡ïï§ï ï± ïï ï ï¹ïïŽ ï ïïïï¿œï
ïï© ï ïï£ ïšïµïïï¿œïïï¶ï ï¥ïŽï§ ï£ ï»ï€ïïïï§ ïï ï ï§ïµïï±ïŸïï«ïïïŽï§ïºï ïï ïïŒï ïï ï°ïï¿œï ïïšïµïïï¢ ï· ï ï¬ ïï ï ïïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ïï ïïï ï£ ï£ï¿œï© ï§ïµïïï±ï ïï¬ ïïŽïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï ï»ï¹ ïïï°ï¬
ïïᅵᅵï¹ï ïïž ï¢ ïï§ïºïïµï»ï£ïïž ï¢ ïïïï«ïŽï«ï ï¢ï§ïï
ï¹ïïµ
ïï ï¿œïŸï¿œ ï±ï ï ïïŒï¹ïïï¬ ïï ïïž ï ï«ï ïï¬ ï»ïï¿œï ï§ï ï± ï
ïï ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ïžï© ïïï ïï®ïï ï§ïµ ï¡ïï¡ïïªï ï§ïµïï±ï§ïºïï ïï°ïŽïšïµ
ï ï ï¥ ïª ï ïï·ï¬ïžï© ï ï ïŽï§ï ï£ ï» ïïšïµ ï¢ï ï® ï ï¿œï¶ïï ï¹ ïï ï§ ï±ï ï«ïï¬
ï¿œïïï¬ ï¹ïï»ï¿œï¶ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï¹ ï ᅵᅵïï«ï·ï¹ï°ï ï»ïïšïµï ïï·ï§ï©ï±ï
ï ïï ï£ ï§ï ï± ïïïïï
ïï·ï§ï©ï±ï ï£ ï±ï ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ïžï© ïïï¡ï ï§ï ï± ïïï ï¿œï®ï ï€ï ï¯ï»ïï¶
ïï§ïºï¢ï ï» ï³ï¿œïºïï©ï¿œ ï±ïïŸïŒï·ï
ïžï³
ï ïž ïïï¿œï¶ï ïïª ïï¹ ïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºï ï±ï ï£ ïïï± ï»ï§ï ï± ïïïïïïï®ï²ï
ïžï»ïš ï¹ï¢ ï¹ï¿œ ïï«ï ï±ï ïï¬ ïž ï ï»ïï± ïïžïŸï¿œï ïŽ ï¯ï¢ ï§ïºï ï ï©ï©
ï»ï ï ï¢ ï» ïï¿œïŠ ïŸï¿œï ïŽ ï¯ï¢ ï¶ ïï ïº ï± ï¶ïïïï¬ ïž (implication) ï©ï©ï ïïï¬ï§ï ï¿œ ïï§ïŠ ï£ ïïž ï¬ ïï¶ ïï ï² ïŸïº ïï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï® ï¿œ ï»ïº ïï ï¿œï
ïŽ ï¯ï¢ ï¹ï ï¿œï ï±ïï ï¶ï ï§ ï ï ï ï³ï» ï«ïºï ï£ ï ïž ï¬ ïïïºï¹ï¹ ï ï® ï«ïï§ïºï ïï ïïŽïï³ ï¥ ïª ï ï¬ï ïŸïžïï ïºïŠ ïŸï¿œï ï§ïµï° ïï ïïª ïï¶ïïŸïï ï®ï«ïï°ï ïµï¯ï ï¿œï ïï±ï ïï·ïï ïŒ ï±ï§ ï¿œ ï»ï¹ïï€ ïï ïï§ ïŠï ïïº ïŸï§ ïž ïï¯ïïŸï¿œï ïïï ïï ï·ï§ï©ï±ïïï¬ ïï ï¿œïžï«ï¿œï ᅵᅵïžï§ïï«ïïïª ïïŽïïµï§ ïïï¬ ïŽ
ᅵᅵïïï¬ïïŽïï»ïœ ïºï ï«ïïï¹ï ïïï ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ï ï«ï€ ïïï¿œïŸïïï§ï ï± ï ï ï ïï¡ïïž ïïïïï± ï£ ï ï°ïï¿œï¬ïŽï¢ïµ ïïš ï ïï®ï°ï©ï€ ï°ïŽ ïïï ï£ ï£ï¿œï© ï§ï ï± ïïï ïïïïï° ïïïŸï ïï§ ï ïŸ ï·ï±ïï§ïï«ïï±ïïᅵᅵï ïïï§ï¿œï°ïŽïï ïŽïïï ïï ï¿œ ï» ï¹ ïï§ïºïï§ ïïï ïï±ïªï ïï ïºïï§ïï ïµï ïï ï¿œï¹ïï€ ïï ïï ïï ïï¡ ï» ï©ï
ï¯ ï¿œï±ï ïï© ï ïï·ïŠï¹ ï» ï¹ï ïï ï±ï ï ï·ïºï¶ ïïšïµ ï»ïµïŽ ï»ïµïŽ ïï§ï ï± ï
ï¿œï§ïºïï³ï®ï€ ïïïŸïï§ïï«ï ïŽï§ïºï ïïï ï¶ïïï¿ï€ïï±ï ï°ïï®ïïïœ ï©ïï°ï
ïï¿œï ïµ ï° ï¢ï ï ï§ïºïïï ïïïšïµ ïµï° ï¶ïï±ïïï ï ïï¢ï§ï«ï ï¹ïºïïï§ï ï± ï ï¹ ïïïï ïª ïº ï¿ï ïïŽï¢ïµïŸï«ïïŽ ï»ïïºï¢ï€ïï±ï ïï¶ï§ï ï± ïïïï¿œ ï¢ï§ï«ïïï ïï¶
ï¿œï¶ï¹ï ïïº ïŸ ïµï§ ïïŸï§ ïž ï·ïï ï°ï§ï§ ïï ï ï§ïŸïº ï±ïïïï¡ïïž ïïïïï¬
ï»ïïšïµ ï ïïº ï€ïï ï£ ïï·ï§ï©ï±ïïï§ ï±ï ï«ïïïïï«ï ïïºï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œï¬ ïï§ ï ïï«ï ïš ïïïïï¿ï§ïï®ïïï ï¡ïïïï©ï¢ï ï®ïï¿ïïï¬ ï¿œ ï°ïïï ïïºïïïï¿œïïµï° ï· ï§ïºïï¬ ïïïïµï§ ïïïº ï¿œ ï€ï ïï¬ mythï¿œïï±ï ïŽï§ï§ï ï ï ï§ïŸïº ï± ïïïïï ïïïº ïïï ïª ïï¶ ïïŸïï ï ï»ïï°ïŸï¿œïïï±ïïžï ïï±ï²ïïï¿œïïïº
ï¹ï ï¥ ïïï ï£
ï¿œ ï» ï ïºïï§ïºï ïïºï§ï¿œ ï ïïïïž ïžï«ïï ï±ï ï¹ïº ïïïŽ ï§ïºï
ï
ï¿œïŽï ï¿œ ïï°ï§ ïžïœï§ ïžï ï ï¿œï¿œïª ï ï£ ï¯ ïŒï myth ï ï®ï«ïï ï ïª ï
ïžïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï«ï ïï ï€ïïº ï»ïº ï ï ïï¢ïïï¶ïï±ïïžï ï©ï©ï ï¿œï¶ïï¡ïïªï ïï±ï² ïž ïïžïï ï¿œï ïï±ï²ï¿œïŽï ï¿œ ïï»ï¿œï¶ïïž ï ï£ïœïï ï¯ïïï¬ï±ïï ï ïïŒ ï¹ïï¶
ï§ïºïïïï ï¿œïïï ï¿œ ïïï±ïïï¬ ï ï€ïï§ïšïïï¿œïŽïï¬ïï
ïïï§ïºïï±ïïï»ï»ï ï£ ï©ïïïïï ï¿œïï·ïï§ïïºïºï ï€ïïŸ
ïœï ïïï·ï¹ï ï»ï§ï ï± ï ïï¶ ï§ï ï± ïï ïµï° ï£ïœï€ïï²ïïï¬ ïïï¹ïŸïœï§ï¿œ ïï€ïï«ïï³ïïï ï¥ï¿œï§ ï«ïïïŽï£ ïïº ï·ïï§ï·ïžïï¿œï°ïïŸï«ï ïï ïï ï£ ïïïïïºïºï ï®ïŸïï ï ï³ï©ï ïï«ï ïŸ ïïïŸ ï»ï ï± ï±ï ï¿œ ï¿œï§ïšïï§ ïŠïï ï°ï ï¿œïïï ï ïŸïï ï ï§ï ï± ïïïµ ï° ïï ï ïï ï€ïï ïï ïïŠ ïï ï¢ï ïï ï·ï¥ïïï± ï»ï¿œï¶ï ïŸï ïŸïï°ï±ïïïï§ ïïº ï®ïŸïï
ï ïïï¥ïïºï§ïïº ï± ïïï§ï ï± ïïïï¿œï»ïºïï±ïïïŸïžï§ïºïï¿œï§ï© ïïŒï ïï ïïïï±ï·ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï«ïïïïŒïŸïïïï ï· ï ï¬ïï ï ïïŸï§ï§ ï ï³ï©ï ïï«ï ïŸïïïïï°ïï ï¿œïž ï¿œïï¿œï ï« ï ï°ï»ïŒï»ï ï¶ïï ï¹ ïïïï ïï§ïºï ïïïºïïï§ïºïï³ ï¿œïï»ï ïïï¿œï¶ïï§ïïžïºï¯ï±ïïž ï£ï«ïŒï«ïï³ïï±ïž ï¢ï
ïï ï¢ï§ï ï«ïï§ïœïµïºï ï€ ï³ï¿œï ïŸ ïïï ïŸï§ïµï·ïïï ï£ï¬ïïïï° ï³ï¿œï ïï ïï ïïºïž ï¡ïïºï ï¥ï ïï ïï ï ï¥ ï£ ïï ïï¡ ïï ï®ï¿œïªïïï· ï±ï ïï»
ï»ï§ïµïïž ï ï ï€ïïï¡ïïªïï§ïµï®ïïž ï¶ïï»ïºïïŽï§ïºïï ïï¡ïïºï°ï§ ï«ï ïŸï§ ï§ïï ïï¯ï ï¶ï ï ï°ï·ïž ï¢ïïï¬ ïïï¹ï ï¥ ïªïïïšïºï ï» ï¹ ï ïª ï ï·ïï·ï§ïºï ïª ïïº ïï ïªïïïïž ï¢ïï§ïºïï¿œï«ïïŸï§ ï§ïï§ïºïïïžïïï§ ïïŸï ï ïºïïïï§ïµï®ïŸ
ïºïïïï² ïïºï ï¹ïïïïï³ ï¿œïï¶ïïï¹ ï ï ï ï»ï» ïŸï§ ï§ïž ï¢ ïï ïï¹ïïïž ïžïï»ïŸï¿œïï¹ ï ï ï ï»ïïïŠï ïï§ ïïï ï»ï±ïœï² ïïºï ïŸï§ ï§ïïï²ïŒ
ï¿œï ï¯ïïŽï§ïï§ïºï»ïï§ïï«ï ï»ïºïïº ï¢ïï»
ï¿ïï
ï±ïœï ïŸï§ ï§ïž ï¢ ï ï·ïï¥ï¥ï€ï§ïºïï¿œï€ï ï² ïïºïïïŠïïï« ï°ï§ïžï ï¿œ ïº ïïïïïŠ ï® ï ïï°ïï»ïºïŽïïïž ï¢ïïï€ ï ï¡ ïï¹ïïŸ ïï±ï±ïï¹ ïï ïï ïïï§ïï«ï ï¹ïï·
ï¿œïï»ï¥ï€ï ïŸï§ ï§ ïŸ ïž ï£ ïïï ï€ ï¢ïŠ ï ï©ï©ï ï¿œïº ïïïï ï ï»ï§
ïžïµ
ï£ï€ ï
ï¿œï ïï§ ïïïï ï¹ï ï·ï ï£ï¬ïœïµïºï ïï ï ï£ ï ïž ï ï·ïºï§ ï« ïïŸ ï€ï
ïï§ïŸ ïï¿œïï¡ïïº ï€ ïï ï¿œï§ ï»ï°ï©ïïŽ ï³ïïº ï¿œï ï€ ï ï ï»ïïïï¥ï ïŸï§ ï§ ïïº
ï«ï ï€ïï ïïïïïï ï ïïïï±ï·ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï« ïï±ïïï§ ï ï ïºï§ïµïïïï§ ïï§ïºïï¿œïïï±ï ïŸïµïºïïï·ïïïºï¯ïºïï»ïïï§ ïšïïïŸï§ ï§ ï€ï®ïïï§ïºïï¿œï²ïï ïïŒï ïï ï ï¿œïŽ ï¿œïï ï±ïï·ïï ï·ï (reference book)ï·ïï±ï«ï ï±ïï ï· ï ï¬ïïï ï°
ïïŒïŸïïï»ï±ïïïŽï§ïºïïï¬ ï°ïï³ï¿œïï« ïï°ï·ï¿œï»ïïï±ï ïŸï§ï§
ï ï¿œïï¥ ï ïï§ï± ï²ï€ï¶ ïž ï» ï«ïï ïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ï ï¿œï ï®ïï°ï§ ï»ï°ï©ï§ïºï ï°ïŽïï§ ï ï ï¿œ
ïï¿œï€ï«ï ï€ï£ ï ïïïïŸï§ ï§ ï«ïºïïïŽ ï£ ïï¬ ï ï ï£ ïïï§ïºï¿œïœï§ ïŠïïï±ïï°ï
ï
ïïŸïï«ïïïï§ïºïï¥ï±ïï·ïï¶ï§ï®ï¿œï¢ï§ïï
ïï¿œ ï ïï ï·ï¿œïïïïïïµï§ ïï ïï¬ ï· ï¬ï¿œïï±ïïŽïï¶ïï±ï·
ï£ï€ï ï«ïºïïŽ ï³ïïºï ï¶ï ï¯ ï£ï ï«ïºï»ïïï§ïºï ï€ï ï¶ïŒ ï ï©ï©ï ïµï§ ï
ïï® ïœï§ ïž ïïï£ ï© ï¿œ ï ï«ï ï§ïºï ïµïï§ï ï ï» ï·ï ïï· ï»ïï¶ ïï ï» ïµï§ ïï¶
ï€ï¿ï«ï ïïŸï·ï³ï ïï¿œïï¹ï§ ï¹ïï€ïï«ïºï³ïï€ïïºï¹ïï·ï ïžïïºï§ ï ïï ïï
ï ï ï»ï€ïïï£ ïïºï¶ïï«ïºï»ï ï¬ïïïŸï¹ ï¿œ ï§ïï® ï ïïªïŸ ïµ ïï§ïï·ïï£
ïïšï¢ïïŽï³ïïº ï€ïï¬ïïºï§ï ï¥ïï§ ïï(ejection) ï ï¿œïïœï§ïžï ïï ïšïµï¿ ï ïï ïµï¯ï¿œï»ï¶ïïïï(cynicism)ï²ïŠïï±ïïŸï¿œïï·ï ïïï®ï
ïªï ïï¡ ïï ï¢ïŸïïŸï¿œïï·ïï»ïïª ïï¿œï³ ï³ ïï ïŽïŠïŽ ïŸïïï»ï ï§ï»ïïï¬ïï ï»ïŒ ï¹ïŸ ïï ïïï ï°ï ïšï ïªï ï¹ïïž
ï¿œïï·ïï§ï ï¥
ïï¬ï§ ïïºïï¡ï ï²ïŠïº ï¯ ï¿œïïïïï±ïï
ïïï ᅵᅵïï ï ïºï«ïïï¬ï°ïŽï ï»ï·ï°ï§ ïžïïï§ïïïï£ ï© ï¿œï ï«ïº ï³ï³
ï ïï§ïµï ïïï§ï ïï¶ï€ïï§ïžïŸïœ ïïï ïïïï«ï ï»ï§ ï¿œïºïï ïµï§ ïï«
ïžï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïïï© ïïï ï¹ïï£ï¿œï©ïïïï ïïïï¹ïï°ï
ï¿œï ï§ïµï¢ïïŸ
balancedï§ïºïï¯ ï¿œïïïŸï¿œïïµï§ ïïïï§ï
ïïºï§ï ï·ïï»ï«ïïï±ï ï¬ïï ï·ï ïµï§ ïï ïµï§ ïïï ïï¬ ï§ ïïï»ï¢ïºï§ ï ï ï ï«ï ïï¡ïï§ ïšï ï¶ïŒïï«ïº ïïï¿œ ïïïºï¿œï®ï°ï©ï€ ï° ïµï§ ïï ï°ïï¬ ïïï«ïï
ïï¿œ ïï¶ï§ï®ïïµï§ ïï¡ï ïµï§ ïï ïï«ïŒïï ïïŠïïŸïï ïï£ïï¡ï
ïï ï·ïï§ ïïï ï±ïŒï ïïšïï¶ï» ïï§ ï ïï¥ïï³ ïï§ ïïïï ï¿œïï¬ ïïï§ïºï¢ ï¢ï±ïŸï»ïï§ï ï¢ïïºï¹ï§ïºï ï¯ïºï¿œï ï§ïµïï·ï¬ï«ïï¿œïïï¬ ïïï§ ï¯ïï£ ïŸï
ï ï ï¥ïªï
ï§ï ï ï»ïï¬ïï§ïºï¢ï ï¶ ïïï¹ïžïº ï¯ïï ï ï ï¹ï ï ï®ïïïï ïµï§ï
ï°ï ïµï§ ïï ï ï¬ï§ ïïï¬ ïï¯ ï¬ ï ïœï®ïœï§ ïž ïï¿œïïªï ïŒ ï¿œ ï¶ïŒï² ï¿œï ï«ï ïïïºï§ïºï ï±ïïïïž ï ïï¿œï¶ïïïšï·ïï»ï«ïïïŸ polimics
cult-making
ï ïªï ï¿œïï ï±ï ï±ïœïï§ ï ï ï ïžï³ ï ïïïï¿œï¡ ïïº ï€ïï ï ï§ ï»ï¶ ï«ïïï¯ï± ï ï¹ïï¹
ïïº ï·ï ï ïïïï§ï ïïº ï· ïïžï ï ïïœï ï»ïïšï§ ï ïŸ ïŸïï ïï£ï ï»ïï ïï¡ ïï ï¢ ï
ᅵᅵ ï ï¶ ï¥ï¹ïïï°ï¹ï¡ ï»ï€ïï·ïï§ï·ï ïžïï¶ïïºï¹ï¹ ïïï§ï ï± ïïï¬ ï ï¿œï©ï«ïº
ïï¬ ï ïïï¥ïŸïïºï§ ï ïïïïïïï¹ïºï¿œïïï±ï¢ïµ ï§ ïïžï«ï ïïºï§ïºïï¬
ï ïï± ïïï ïï ï¿œï»ïº ï»ïï°ï ïµï§ïïï¿œïµïŸ ï«ïïï¬ ï ï¯ ïª ïïïïïïœïï§ ï ï ï ï» ïµï§ ïïŸïžïïï¬ ï¹ï ï¢ï ïïï¿œ ïŽ ï°ï ïï ï£ ï¯ ï¿œï«ï ïŸ ï²ï€ïïïº ïï
ï€ïï¹ ï ï ï ï ïï ï¶ïï»ïºï ïïï¬ïï¿œï³ ïï§ ï»ï·ï»ïºïïï¿œï§ïºï§ï ï»ï¢ï·ï§ï¿œï
ïž ïŽïŸï ï£ ï ï¹ï ïï¬ ïï§ ï¥ï ïž ïªïï§ïµï«ïï€ï«ïï£ ï ï¬ï§ï§ ïïšïºïï ï ï»ïºï ï±ï ï§ï¡ï£ïï ïïª ï misleading ï§ïºïï ïï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï»ïºï ï¶
ï ï£ ï ïï·ï£ïï¡ïïï¬ïïºï§ï ïï€ïïïïï³ï§ïŸïµïºïïïï ï¬ïªï»ï¢ï·ï§ï¿œï
ï¶ï€ïï«ïžïŸï·ïïï¿œïï»ïï ïï¡ ï ïï ï»ïº ïï ï¥ïœïï§ ïï ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï· ïïºï©ïï»ï¿œï©ï«ïºï¶
ï ïï ïž ïï¿œï ïŒï ï»ï§ïº ï»ï§ ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽï ï¬ïŽ ï® ï ï¹ï ï ïïï§ï¶
ïžï·
ï£ï€ ï
ï¬ï°ïï¬ ï¿œïï
ï¿œïï·ïï§ïŸï ïïºïïïï ïï ïï¹ï ï ïºï ï ïª ï
ïïºï¡ï ï¶ïïïï°ï§ ï¯ï ïï ïµï§ ïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï ïïª ï ïï®ï«ïïï ï·ïïŽ ï¡ïïº
ïï ïïï§ ï ï» ïŸïï«ï£ï ï« ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ï ï¥ ïªïïŽïºï§ ïïŸ ï¿œï ïï ïï° ï±ï°
ïï¬ï¿œïïïï§ïºïïïï·ïºï¶ ïïºïï ïï¿œï ï¹ïï¡ïïº ï€ ïï§ïïœï§ ïŠïïï¬ïïºï§ ï€ ïïï
ïº ï ïž ïï ï®ï¿œï ï¿œïŽï€ ïïï ï ïïïï ïª ï ï¬ ïï ïïï§ ï© ïï ï£ ï ïï§ ïï» ï ï±ïï°ï±
ï ï¿ïï£ ï ï ï ï ïïºïº ï ï³ï¿œïï ïïï ï£ïšï ï» ï«ï ï¿œï ïïïïº ï³ ï¿œï ïŸ
ï«ï ï ïïïž ï ïžï ï€ï«ïï¬ ïµï±ï»ï€ïï§ ïšïïï±ï ïïïŸ ïïïï§ïºïïïº ï ïµï«ï€ ïïï ïµï§ ï ïï¡ïïªïï«ïº ï£ï¿œï©ï§ïºïï³ ï¿œïïïïº ï€ïï²ïï ïï¢ï ï ï©ïï
ï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïºïï¿œïïªï ï¿ïïºï¹ ïï ï¿œ ï ï¶ï ï¬ïïï§ ï±ïï¿œïºï ï«ïï±ï ï ï¯ïœ ï ï ï°ïïï¶ï€ïïïï¹ï
ïºï§ï ï»ï¿œï©ï«ïºïïïï°ï€ïᅵᅵï§ï°ïïï¥ïïºï§ ï«ï ïï· ï§ï¿œï ïï» ïµï§ ï
ï¶ï ï£ ï ïïïï ï§ ïïïïïïï¿œï€ïï·ïïïïºï ïµï§ ïï ï£ ïïïï¿œï§ïœï
ïïïïï¹ ïï ïï ï¿œïŽï°ïï¿œïïï·ï ï¹ ïïï± ïïŸïïïºïŽ ï¹ïŽïï§ï ï± ï
ï ï ï ïïïï ï§ ïïï°ï»ïºïŽïïï ïµï§ ïï ï€ ïœï®ïïŽ ï§ïºï ï¿œ ï ï ï¿œïºïšï§ ï ï« ï ïï ï ïïº ï€ïï¢ïžïï¿œ ï¹ïï ï¿œï§ ï¯ï ï ï» ï£ ïïœïï¬ ï£ ïïï ï ïº ï ï°ïï³ïï
ï ï ï ïï ï·ï ïï ï ïï§ïºï ï ïï§ ïï¡ ï³ï§ï ïïï°ï ïï°ïïïï»ïï
ï¬ ïïï¹ï¹ïŽïï¬ ï¿œïïïï€ ïï¿ï» ï³ ï³
ï ïï ï¿œï§ ïï ï ïïïïïžï ï¢ ï ï±ïï
ïïï ïœï®ï«ïŸï¿œïïï ïµï§ ïïïŽ ï£ ï¬ ïŸïïïï¿œ ïŸï¹ ï ï€ï¡ ïïºï¬ï
ï ïï¿œ ï ïï¿œïï±ï·ï ï¹ ï ï³ï·ïïŸ ï²ï€ï§ïºïïïïï»ïºïŽïï«ïºï ï¿œïï¿œï ïïšï§ ïï¬ ï¹ï¿œïï§ï»ï·ï®ï ïµ ïïºïžïï»ïºïïïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï§ïµ ï·ïïï¬ï§
ï ïïï¿œï¿œïŽ ï¿œï®ïï¹ïïïï¿œï§ï¬ïª ï»ï¢ï·ï§ï¿œïïïïµï§ ïï¶ïï
ï§ï«ï§ïºï¢ïïï§ ïŸï§ ïž ïµï§ ïïŸï¿œï ï«ïᅵᅵïï ï¬ï ï·ï ï«ï ïŸ ï²ï€ïï ï»ïº ï©ï€ï ï ï ï» ï®ï¿œïï ï·ï¿œï±ïïï¡ ïïªï ï«ïºï¿œï¿œï¬ï¹ï ï ï»ïº ïž ï»ï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžï ïï¬ ï¿œ
ïžïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï§ïµïïïï«ï ïïïžï© ïï®ïïš ïž ï»ïŽ ï ïµï§ ïï¿œïŒï¿œïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï§ ïï
ï¿œï€ïºïïï¶ï ï£ ï ïµ ïïºïžïïïïïŽïïï¿œï«ïï«ï ï ï¬ïï§ïšï¿œïµï©ïï¶ ïï ïµï© ïªïï¿œïï¿œïïµïïºïžïï¿œïºïº ï°ïï ïï¿œ ï ï ï ï¿œï¿œïº ï§ïïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ïï¿œïï
ï ï¹ï ïï ïïïï¿œï ï² ï¢ï ïº ï·ï ïœï¿œï¶ ïïï¿œ ï¹ï ï ï ï±ï ïŸïï ïïŸï¹ï ï ïï ïŸ ï¢ï¿œ ïºï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¶ïµï±ï¬ïïï€ïº ï£ ï¿œï ï ïœï¬ ïï ïïï ï· ïïïŠïï
ï ïŸï§ïºï¢ïï ïï ïïïï ï«ï ï»ï ï§ï§ïºï ï¹ï±ïïïï ï ï ï ï§ï»ïºïïï¬ ïªïï§ ïï
ïïïï§ï±ï ï»ïºïïï¬ ïïïïï§ ï¥ï ïï®ï ïïïï ïï³ï³ ïïµ ïœï ïïïºï€ ï ïŸïï©ï
ï£ circumstantial evidence ï³ï·ï¬ïï«ïº ïïŸ ïï§ïï¿œïïïº ï¿œïïºïº ïïïïï±ï
ïïŒ ïšï ï ïï ï«ïï§ïºïï ï¬ ï ï ï± ïï§ ï ï»ï¹ ï°ï§ïºïïï±ïïï§ ï®ïï¶ ïï ïï¡ ï¿œ ïï ïï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï ï±ï ï£ ïïï¬ ï¿œïïï®ïïï³ïï¢ï¿œ ïï±ï ïïŸïï©ïªïï§ï§ïºïïšïšï ïïï¬ ïï ï«ïšïï§ ï£ ï»ïï ïïï§ ï±ï ïïï¬ï§ ï» ïïïï ïïšï¿œï»ïï ï£ ï¬ ïï
ï¿œï ïŸ ï²ï¿œïïïï¿œï ï«ïïïïº ïïï¿ï²ïï¿œï»ïº ï»ïï°ï¹ï°ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ï ï»ï«ï ï£ ïïïï ï¿ ïŸïµïºï ï±ï ïŸï§ï·ïï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢ïï®ïï«ïï ïïœ ïï¿œï§ ï ï ï ïŸ ï²ï¿œï®ï»ï¿œïï¿œï£
ïºï¬ ï ï ï¡ ï§ ïïŸï¹ ï ï ï ï ï¿œïœïïï ïï¶
ïŽï ïïï¬ ïïï¶ïï£ ï ïï«ïºï·ïžïŒïïï·ï¿œï§ ïšï±ïŽï³ïºï»ï¿œïï© ï¿œ
ïïŸï¿ïŽ ï» ïïïœïï¶ïïïºïµïºïï ï·ï ï«ïïïï ïïïï¬ ïž ï» ï»ï£ ï ï ïŸï§ï·
ïï«ïºï§ïºïïïï¿œïïïïïï ïï ï¬ ï ï° ïž ïïï»ïºï€ïœïµïºïï ï»ïºï€ï±ï
ïï¿œïï ïï® ïŸïš ï¢ï ï ïï¿œ ï ïŸïï¬ ï§ ï£ïï ï¿œï»ïº ïž ï» ïï ï«ïº ï»ïïïï
ï°ïï ïµïº ï ï£ ïµïïºïžïïŸ ïï¬ ïïï¶ï ïŸïµïºï ï
ï±ï ïŸï§ï· ïï·ï¿œï§
ï ïï§ï¿œ ï¹ï¿œï¶ï¿œ
ïï±ïï ï»ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œïïï£ ï ïïï§ ï» ï ï§ï ï«ïï ïï ïïïï°ï» ïïïº ï£ ï ï
ïï ïï¡ ïž ï·ï ï°ï ïïº ïŸïœï§ ï¿œï«ïï¬ ïï ï¹ï» ïïï¡ïŒïŸï¢ ï¿œïï ï¿œï¶ï¿œï¬ ïï ï±ïïï¬ ï ï ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï ï€ïï°ïŽïŸ ïï±ïï ï·ï ïµï§ ïïï ïïº ï§ïºïï¬
ïžï¹
ï£ï€ ï
ï¿œï·ï¹ ï» ïš ïžï¿œï§ ï© rituals ï¹ïï¿œ ï³ïïï ïï¶ï ïŸïµïºï ï€ ï±ïï¿œ ï¿ï»ï°ï©
ïïï¯ï± ï»ï ï ï ï£ï±ïºï§ï¬ ïï ï±ïï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï¿œïïïï¿œï¶precisionïï ï ïïŽïïï ïï
ï ïªï ï¢ï§ï«ï ïï ï¬ ï ïµï§ ïïï§ ï ï«ï ï ᅵᅵïï ïœïµï¿œïï¶ ï
ïïž ïïïïï¬ ïªïïï¬ï ï»ï»ïïï ïºïï§ï§ïºïï°ï§ ï¿œï¹ïï ï¿ï»ï¬ïï ïŒïŸï ï¿œ ï±ïï°ï² ï ï¿œï ï¡ ï¿œï ï ï ïï¹ ïï ïŠ ïï ï ïµï§ ïïïïºï¿œ ï ï¿œïï ï°ï®ïªïï©ï ï€ ï§ïºï ï€ïªï°
extra
ï ï¡ïïªï ïŒïïµï§ ïïïº ï¬ ï¿œï§ïœ ïšïïžï§ ï¿œïï ï«ïº ïï§ ïï¡ïïŒïï
ï±ïï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ï€ ï§ïŠï ïïï§ïµï ï ïœï§ ïž ïï¬ ï®ï ïïïŸ ï²ï¿œ scriptural ïœï ï·ï¿œï§ ï·ï ïžïïï¬ ï± ï ï¹ïžï§ïï ï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ ïï ï¬ ï£ ï ïïï§ïŠï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¬ï ïï«ïºï ï¿œïïŒï€ïïïï ïï£ ï§ï ï ïïœï· ïïžïïŸï ï¿œïïµï§ïïïŒ ïšï ï
ï»ïºï ï±ïï ï¯ï± ï ïï ï«ï ïµï§ ïï ïï¬ ï£ ï ïï ïï¿œïšï ï®ïïïŸï ïïïï ï» ï¿œï ï¶ ï ï£ ï ï«ï ï ïï®ïïŠ ïï§ ï ï£ï¿œï§ ï«ïº ïïŒ ïš ï ï ïœï ï·ï¿œï§ ïž ï£ ï ï» ï¥ïï
ïŸïš ï£ï ï¿œï ï ï ï¹ïžï§ï ïœï§ ïž ï€ïï ï ïï¬ ïŸï¡ï ïªï ïï¡ ï§ïŠindependent
ï§ïºïï£ïºïï ïïï§ï¿œï ï¹ïï ï ï€ïï ï ï§ïºï ï ïïïŸïïïº ï£ ï¢ ïï ï ï ïïï¹ ïï¶ ï¢ï£ ï ï ï®ï¿œïªï ï ïµï§ ïïºïº ï ï«ï ïï¬ ï¥ï ï¿œïª ï ïïï ï£ ï ï ïï³ï ïºïï°ï ï¹ïïï¢ï£ï»ïŠïï ï«ïºï·ï ï«ïïï§ïŠïŽ ïŸïïïŒïï¬ïŽ ïï³ïï¬ ï· extra-scripturalïž
ïï ï±ï ï¡ïï¬ ï ï¿œïº ïŸï¿œ ïïŸ ïžï³ï ï¿œ ï ï·ï ï§ï ï± ï ïïïŽ ï£ ï¬ ï ïµï©
ï¢ï ï·ïïïï¿œïïªï ïŒï€ ïïºï¹ï¹ ïïï§ï ï± ïïï¬ïŽ ïï ï®ïºï§ïº ï ï¬ ï°ï
ïï ïï¶ ï§ï ï± ï ïº ïï£ ïïºï§ï ï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï ïï ï«ïº ïï¿œï ï ïïï¬ ï ïï¿œ ïïïïï®ï°ï©ï ï€ï ï°ï€ ïï ï£ï¢ ïï ï ïï ï ïï£ ï ïïï¶ï¿œïºïºï°ï ïï¿œïïºï¿œïï» ï¥ïï ï«ïºï«ï° ïïï
ï®ï¿œ ïïº ïŒïïï ï¿œï°ï» ï®ïï ï£ ïŸ ïïïï ï»ïºï§ïºï ïï ïŸ ï²ï¿œï»ïšï¿œ ï¿œï ï»ïµï© ïïš ï³ïžï±ï©ïŽï±ï¿œ ï°ï ïš ï²ï²ï¹ï© ï°ï» ïºïï§ ï ïïŸ ï¿ïïï§ïºïï§ ï±ïï¶
ï ï£ ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïŸ
ï ï ï¥ïª ïï¬ïïŸïïºï§ïïïï§ ï®ï ï ï©ï©ï¶ïš ïŽï°ï¶ï©ïï¿œ ïï¿œï§ïºï ïš ïŽï²ï¶ï© ïï®ï§ ï¿œï
ï ïï© ï ïïï ï€ï¿œï»ï©ï±ï¿œï® ï«ï ï³ïïœïï°ï© ï€ ï² ïïšïï¿œïï¬ ï ïï¹
ï¹ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïž ï£ ïï ï§ïŠïŽ ï» ïŒï ï¥ ï£ ï¿œ ï¢ï§ïŸï»ï©ï±ï¿œï€
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ï ï¥ï ï¿œïžï¥ïŽ ï¿œï
ï¥ ï¿œï§ ï§ ïï³ïï«ï ïï ï¿œïï¬ ï±ïï® ïŽï¶ï ï ïªï ï¢ï§ï±ï ï»ïºïŽïïŒï±ï§ ï¿œï ï·
ï¿œïïšïïïŸïºï£ ï°ïï ï«ï ï ï·ï¿œï§ïž ï£ ïïï¿œïïªïïŒï¶ïï ï ïï® ïµïï ïŸ ï²ï¿œ
ïïª ï¿œï»ï©ï±ï¿œïï ïïï§ïïïïï¢ïï¹ïï§ïºïïŸï»ïºïï ï¥ ï¢ï¹ïïŽ ï¿œïïï ï¿œ ïïŽïïïï¿œïŸïïï¿ï ïï¡ïï© ï«ïᅵᅵïïŽ ï® ïœï§ ïž ïï ï
ï£ ïï±ï ï¬ï¿œïŸ ï£ ï ïï ï© ï¶ïï· ï¢ï§ïŸï© ïŸï¿œ ï ïï ï€
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ï ï
ï¿œïš ï«ï§ïï¿œï£ ï¶ïï© ïï ï ï¿œï· ïï ï»ï§ï¿œïïïï¿œïïï¿œ ï ï£ ï¶ïïœ ïï ïœ ï ïïºï
ï±ïïžï³ïïŽï§ïºïï ï£ ïžï±ïïï»ïž ïªï¹ïï§ïºïï ï¥ ï ï¿œï§ï§ ïï ï ï§ïï ï£ ï¥ ï ï£ ïïï³ ïžï±
ïïï§ ïï ïŽï¶ ï ï ïïŽï£ ïžï¿œï§ ïŒï§ïŠï»ïïïïïï®ï ïš ï³ï§ïï¿œïºï ï£ ï¥ ï ïï¢ï³ï§
ï¿œïïŠ ï ï¹ï ïŸ ïï£ ï© ï¿œ ï ïŒïŽ ï¹ïž ïïŽ ï ï§ ï ï ïº ï·ï ïžïï ï ï¥ ï¢ ï¹ïïŽ ï¿œï ï ï¹ï ïïï ï¿œï°ï» ï® ïïïïŸïºï£ ï ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï±ïï ïŒï¶ïïï¿œïï ï¿œï
ïï ïïïï ï ïïº ï ï ïï ïïïï¹ ï ï ï ïŸ ï²ï¿œï· ïïºï©ï ï»ï·ï¿œï§ ïï¿œï ï®ï ï°ïï§ï ïï
ïï¬ïïï±
ïºï¬ïï¹ ï ï ï ï±ïïïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ïŸïï³ ï ïïïïïï
ï±ï
ïš ï³ï±ïºï¯ï°ïï© The embellishment of the law by the Pharisees and Sadducees
ï²ï
(rabbis of Jesus' day) were condemned by Jesus in Matthew 15:6, Luke 11:46,52 and in other similar verses.
ïŸï§ïºï¢ï©ï ïœï ï£ ï ï¯ï¥ïïï°ïïï±ïïïï§ ïïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï€ïœï ï¹ï¿œï§ïºï§ ïžï ï£ ï ïŸ ï«ïºï¥ï ï€ ï§ïïï ïŸï§ïºï¢ï©ï¶ ï¥ïïï ï ï¢ïï ïï° ïïïºïï ï§ïºï ïï ïï°
ïº ïŸï§ïïï° ï ï¥ïï ï«ï ï ïïï§ ïïï°ï¿œï§ïïï· ïï ï ïŸïï ïï¡ ï·ï± ïï§ïï ï¬ïïŠ ïºï± ï° ï
"You Shall not add to the word which I am Commanding you, nor take away from it, that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God which I command you". [Deuteronomy 4:2]
ï¿œï§ïºïïŠïïïï· ï¿ï ïï³ïïŸï·ïºïïŸïš ï ïïï ïïïŒ ï¿œïï·ï±ïï§ïï«ï ïï® ïï ï·ïªï¯ï£ ï ï³ïïï¢ïºï§ï¿œï¢ïºï§
ïï§ï ï·ï¿œï ï±ïŽï°ïï ïµï ï¢ïï°ïïï¿œ
ïï³
ï¹ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ï ïï ï¯ïï ïïïŸïïï¿œï ïïï°ï ï ï€ï·
ï·ïïï±ï ïï° ï©ïšï ïïï ïŸïï ï ï±ï·ïµïïï¿œïï¹ïï¬ïï¿ ï·ïï±ï ï° ï©ïšï ïïï ïŸïï ïºïï± ï®ïï¿œ
ïïŽ ïµï ï¶ï
ï²ï ï±ïžï
ï·ïïï±ï ïï° ï©ïšï ïïï ïŸïï ïïïŠ
ï§ïïšï¿œïïªïïïï€ï
ïïï§ïºïï£ï¿œïï«ï ïïï ïï ïïïŽ ï¹ïïïï¬ïïºï§ï ïž ïïï¯ïŽï
ïº ïï¿œïŽ ï¬ ï¿œïïïïï¿œïï¡ ïŸ ïïŸïŠïœï§ïž ïïï°ï ï» ïï¿œïï ï®ïº ïï ï¡ ï§ï ï£ïïºï
ïï· ïžï ï¹ï
ï¿œï ï·ï¿œï§ï§ïºï ïŠï° ï ïï¬ïï¹ ï ï ï ïŸ ï¥ïï§ï ï± ï ïŠï ïïï
ï·ï¹ï°ïï»ï§ï ïïºïï£ ïïºï§ï¯ïŽïï¬ïï ï»ï§ï ïï¶ï¿œï ïï¿œï«ïïï
ï ïŸ ïïï§ïºï ï€ï ï¶ï§ï ïµï§ï ïïï ïïžï±ïïïï
ï¯ï¯ïµï» ï¶ï ïï
ïïŠïï ï± ï±ï ïïŒï® ïïïšï ï¡ ï§ïºïï¬ ïïïžï¥ï¥ï ïŸï¡ï±ï ï·ï¬ ï» ï€ïï°ïŽ ïµï§ï
ï§ï» ïïï±ï ï»ï§ï ï± ïï¿œïµï° ï°ïïŸï¿œïï ïïïï¡ï·ï¬ ï»ï€ïï°ïŽïï§ï ï ïŸ ïŸ ï§ï¿œïï·ï¿œïŒïï¡ïïªïï· ï¥ ï¿œï§ïï ïŠ ï ïµï§ïï ï ïïï ï·ï¬ï«ïï°ï ïï ï«ïïï§ïºï ï»ï§ïŽï ïž ïïï¯ïŽï»ï¿œ ï± ïïŒïï¬ï§ ï© ï¿œ ï ï¿œ ïµï«ïï ï± ï±ï ïïŒï¡ïïº
ï«ï ïªïïïïï£ ïïºï§ï·ï¹ïïŒ ïšï ï ïï ï«ïï ïªïï§ ï¿œïïï±ïªïïïºïŸï¥
ïŽï· ïïŸïž ïïï¯ïŽï¶ ï€ïïº ï°ïŽïï¶ ï§ï®ïï¿œïº ï§ ïïï§ï ï± ïïï¬ ïïï ï ïªïïï¿œ
ïïïï€ ïž ïïï¯ïŽïïï¬ ï ïï¹ï«ï ï»ïï¿œ ï«ïïŸïï§ïï¿œïï ï¥ ï¿œï ï±ïï§ ï©ï€ï ï«ï ï«ï ïŸ ï¹ ï ï ï ï²ïï ïï ï±ï ïïïŽ ï¹ïï ï±ï ïïï© ïï°ï ï ï®ï¿œïï
ïºïïïï±ïŠï° ï ïï¬ï³ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œ
ïš ïµï·ïºï·ïï© ï ïŸï§ï§ ï¹
ï±ïï°
ï¿œïïïïï ï® ïïï±ï
ï±ïï±
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï€
ï¹ï³ ï²ï·ïïï²ï ïïŒ ï±ï³ï²ï¹ï¿œïïŸï§ ï§ïï§ïïŸï§ïï§ïïžï¿ïï
ï§ïºï ï£ ïïïžïï©ï®ïï€ï ïïïïï ï§ïµï¢ïï ï€ï¿œ ï± ïïŒïï¬ ïï ï¹ ï ï ïŽïµï¢ï€ï ïï¶ïµï±ï«ï ïï£ ïïïŸ ïï§ ï²ïïïºïïºïï§ï ï± ï ï±ïï¿œïïïï ïï ïï¿œïŽ ï©ïïŒïï ïµï«ïï¿œï ïï¢ï§ï ïï ïï ïï¿ï ï¿œïïïïœ ïï·ïï§ ï·ï ïžï ï ï± ïïŒïï ï ï¥ ïª ï¯ ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï
ï±ïï² ï±ïï³
ïï»ï°ïï¿œ ï ï«ï ïï¿œ ïïï¹ï ï§ïµïï¿ïï ï»ïºïïž ï«ïï£ïïŸ ï¹ï
ï°ïïï«ï° ïïï ï°ïï ï¿œïï ïï¿œï«ïïïïïïŸï¿œïï ï€ï ïï§ï¿œï±ïï ïŠ
ïºïº ïïïï ï«ïï¡ ïï¥ ïï§ïŒï ï°ïïï€ï ïºïïºï ïïï ïï ï°ï ïšï§ïµ ï ï ï»ï§ïžï±ï€ ïï ï£ ï ïšï§ïïïï ï¿œïï§ïºï ï ïŸïºï£ ï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï ïŠïï ï€ ïï²ïï ï ï»ï®ï
ïºï ï¯ï¢ïï¿œïïï¿œï ï¹ ï¿œï©ï ï ï ï«ïšïµï ïï ï ïï·ï ïŸï§ïœï¿œï±ïï€
ï¿ï£ï ï§ïµï¢ïïïŠï°ï¿œïï ï³ ï³ï¿ï ï ï¥ ïª ï¯ ïï¿œï ï¿ï ï ïï¥ïïï ï¿ïï
ï§ï²ïï ï€ ï ï ïï ï£ ïï·ï¹ï±ï ïï¶ ïï¿œïµï«ï° ïï¹ï ïïïžïï»ï£ïïŸ ïï§ïºï¢ï¿œï»ïºïï«ïï ï®ï«ï ïï«ï° ïïïïïïªïïŽïïº ï»ï¿œïïŸï ï¹ï§ïºï ï£ ïïïŸï
ï«ï ï€ïï²ïï ïïµïšïïºïºïïïï ï«ï ï¥ïï»ï¹ïï ïï¡ïï»ïºïŸïïïœï
ï°ï¿œïïïŸ ïï±ï ï ïµï§ ïï ï£ ï ïšï§ïïï ï ï¿œïï§ïºï ï¿œï§ï·ï§ïïï°ïŸ ïïºï¹ïï® ïï¹ïï»ï¢ïºï§ïïïïï³ ïïï§ïµï¢ïïïï¡ ïïªïï¿œï°ï¿œïïï§ïºï ï«ï
ïï¿œïŸïïïïžïº ï¢ïïï§ïµï¢ïï¹ï¿œïï¡ï²ï±ï ïïïï¯ ï± ïŽïïï¬ ïï®ï ïïïï ï ï«ï ïïž ï³ ïïï€ ïïï§ïµï¢ïïïïï§ï·ï¿œ ïž ïï ï»ïŽïïïïïŽïºï€ï ï¶ï ï ïï¢ ï¿œï ï·ïï§ï§ï ïïºïž ï£ ïï§ïºï ï¿œïïï ï ï©ï©ï ï·ïï§ïï¿œïïï¶ïžïºïº ïº ï³ ï³ïŸ ï©ï ïµï«ïï¿œï ïïœïŸïï¢ïï¡ ïïºï€ ï ïµï§ïï ï ï ïï ïï ï¥ï¶ï°ïïŽïïºïºï ïïïºïï¿œï
ï ï±ïï° ïŸï§ï§ ï±ïïŽ
ï ïïºï§ ï»ïž ïµïºïï ïï¿œïµï³ï§ï±ïï€ ï ï®ïïž ï¥ïµïºï§ ï ï§ïŠï³ï€ ï«ïïïµï§ï ïï¿œ ïïïµï§ïºïªï ï ïŠï¹ïïžï³ï ï»ï¹ïï®ïï±ï¿œï ïï¿œïµï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ïïïïï¡
ïï¿œï¶ ïï®ïï¹ï ï ï§ïµï±ï¿œïŸ ïŠïï©ïºïïï§ïšïïï°ï ï€ ïï ï±ïï ï£ ï° ï§ï ï ï ï§ï£ ï§ïºïï€ïïž ï¬ïï§ïŠïï®ï¿œ ïïºïŒïïïŸïï¢ïïïïï¬ï
ï±ïïµ
ï¹ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï¬ ïï ï¿œïŸïïºï§ïïïïï¬ïïºï§ï
ï ï ïžï³ï ï·ï¿œï ïž ï ï©ïœïï¢ ï¬ ï»ïºïï¬ ïïŽ ï¶ ï§ï®ïž ï¬ ï€ ï°ï§ ᅵᅵï ïŸï§ïï ï±
ïïï© ïï ï¢ïï¿œïïïï§ ïïïï¹ïï¬ï§ ï¿œï¢ ïï© ï ï ï ï°ïï²ï§ïï§ï ï¿œ ï± ïïŒï
ï±ïï¶
ï»ï¹ï ï€ ï ï ï ï¹ï ï±ïïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï¬ï ï¹ï ï¿œïï¬ïï¿œ ï© ï¹ïïï¿œï ï ïï€ ïŸï§ïï ï€ïïï€ïï¬ï ï§ïïº ï«ï ï ïï ïžï ïœ ïšï ï ï¹ï ïïŸïïïïïŸ ï€ï
ïï¬ ï ïï¡ïïªïï ïï°ïï§ïºï ï£ïï¿œïž ï¢ ïïŸï±ï¶ïºïïï§ïïï·ï¬ï³ ï³ïï¬ï§ï± ï¥ ïï¬ ï»ï§ ï ï¡ï
ï±ïï·
ï±ï°ïïïµïï¥ïï·ï¬ïï§ïµïï ïŸï§ïïïï ïᅵᅵ
ï±ïïž
ï³ï
ï±ïï¹
ïš ïµï±ïºïŸï§ïï ï©
ïºï¬ ïï ïï¥ï»ï§ïµï«ï
ï²ïï°
ïŸ ïŸ
ïŸïŸ
ïŸ
ïŸïŸ
ïŸïŸ
ï±ï°ïïï§ïïšï¿œïïªïï§ïµïᅵᅵïï¿œïï¹ïï¬ïï¿
ï²ïï±
ï ï²ïï² ïŽ ï ïïº ï¶ï ïï§ïŽ ï ï³ï¥ ï³ ï¿œ ï ïï§ïºï ï§ïµ ï ïïº ï¶ïïžï ï¹ ï ï ï ï§ïºï ï±ï ï»ïºïŽï ï¹ ï ï ï§ï·ïžï ï§ïµï«ï ï¢ïïï¬ ïïªï¿œïï¬ ï¯ï± ï ïï ï°ïïïï§ ï±ï ïŸ ï¥ïïºï§
ï¹ï ïï ï«ïïžïïïŽ ï ï§ïµ ïï§ïºï ïŸï§ï§ ïïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ï ï€ï¿œï ïï ïº ïï¿œï¶
ïï«ï ï¶ïªïï« ïï ï ï«ï ï ïŸ ï±ïïï£ ï ïï¿œï§ïµï¿œïï±ïï ïï ï»ï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§
ï€ï ïï¡ ïï¿œïŸ ï¥ïï§ïµï«ïïï°ïï¿œ ïŽ ïïïïïïºïª ï¿œï¶ï§ï·ï€ ïï ïïïº
ïï¬ï°ï»ï®ï
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï€
ï¹ïµ
ï ï§ïµïšï ï ï«ïïïï±ïªïïžï± ïïï¯ïŽïï€ ïï¿œï¹ ï£ ïºïï§ïïï§ïµï«ïï¬ï§ ïºïïïï¿œ ï ï° ï ï¹ï ï ï¬ ï¿œï§ï ïª ï ï¿ïï±ï ïï¬ ï¢ ï¶ ï·ïï§ ï±ïŠ ïï·ï± ï» ïŸ ï¿œï± ï ïïï ïï ï€ ïšïŒïŽï¶ï³ï°ï¡ï©ïŸï ïï ï¹ï ï ï ïŠïŽï§ïŠïï§ïµï«ïïŸ ï³ ï³ï ï®ï
ïž ïª ï» ïš ïŒïžï· ï°ï¡ï© ï² ïï ïŸï¿œï ïï ïŸï®ï° ïž ïï¬ïïŒï ï¿œï ïŸïºïï§ ïŸ ïïºï¢ ï°ï ïïŸïšï ïï ï® ïïï±ïïïï ï³ï¿œï ï ïï§ïµ ïž ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ïï¬ ïï£ ï ï ïï ï¢ ï¹ï ïï±ï ï ï ï¥ ï€ ïï¶ ïŽï§ï ïï¬ïïºï§ïž ïï¹ïïï¬ ï°ï ïïŸï£ïïµï§ïºï ï¶ ï§ ïï
ïŽï§ ïï° ï®ï¿œï²ïïŒïï¿œï ï·ïï§ ïï±ï«ïï§ï±ï ïïŒï»ïºïŽï ïïïŸï®ï°ïž ïï¬ïŸ ï°ï¿œïïïïŒï§ïºï ïŸï§ ïïï ï¿œï ïï§ïŸï ï¿œïïï°ï§ï ïïŒ ïšïïïŽïï© ï ï ï©
ïïïïºïï§ïµï«ï ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ïïïïªïš ï§ ï ï¶ïï¿œï«ïï ïï¯ï ï¡ ïž ïªïï«ï ï³ ï§ïžï¢ï¿œï¿œï¶ï¿œïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï§ïºïïïž ï¢ ïïïŸï§ ï§ïž ï¢ ï ï§ï· ïïºïï§ï ï±ï¿œï¢ï§ïïï¬
ï§ïµ ï ïïº ï€ïï« ïï ï ï«ï ï ïŸ ï« ï ï¢ïïºï§ïºï ï¥ï¿œï ï»ïïïºïï§ïµï«ï ïïï¯ïŽ ï¹ï ï ïï ïïïšïµïŽ ïï¯ïŽïŸïïïïïŽïï ïï ï ïïïï¯ïŽïŸïï
ï¡ ï€ ïï¿œï ï¶ïï»ïºï¿œ ïŸ ï ï³ï ï£ ï«ïï ï¶ï ïï§ïšï ïïªïŸïï ï£ ïž ï ï¢ïŠ ï°ï ïï ï§ïµ ï«ï ï¬ ï ï ï ï ï ï¶ï³ïºï£ï© ïï ï§ïµïŽ ïŸ ï·ïï°ï ï®ïï ïï¬ï¶ïïïŸï®ï°ïž ïï¬ïž ï€ï ï»ï¥ïïºï§ï ïï ïï ï¥ ï¿œïœï§ïï¶
ï°ï£ïï°ïï°ï¿œïï·ï±ï ïŸïïžï ïï¬ ïïŸïŽï±ïïïïï€ïŸï ïïï¿ïï±ï ïª ïºïï
ï¹ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ïŽï ïµï ïï§ïŽ ï¹ï ï€ ïŸ ïŠïŸïšï ïïŽïºï°ï£ï ï°ï·ïï±ï ï ï¹ï ï§ïµï ï¹ïïŸ ï»ï¹ ï€ ïŸï§ï· ï©ïšïï
ïšï«ïª ï°ï¬ï© ï¹ïºïï±ïï§ïºï ï¬ïï°ïï ï¹ïï ï€ ï£ïïïï¿œïïï°ï¹ï¿œï ï¹ïï
ï ï«ï ï¹ï€ ïï²ïï ï€ ï¹ï¿œï°ïï·ï ï¹ï ï§ïµï ï«ï ï¹ï€ ïï¢ïºï ï¹ïï ï€ ïïïïŸï®ï°ïž ïï¬ïïŒï€ïï²ïïï€ïïïï³ïºï¿œ ïï°ï¹ïï°ïïï ï¹ïï§ïµ
ïï€ ï¬ ïïŸï ïïï¿œï ï§ï ï£ ï ï£ ï¢ ï
ïï ïï ïï
ï¿œï ï·ïï§ ï€ïï²ï
ï ï§ï ï£ ï ï¢ ïï«ïï§ïºïï¬ ï ï£ ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¿œïï ï§ï ï£ ïïï±ï§ïºïï±ïïï«ïïïïïï§ïºï ï¿ïïï¹ ï ï ï ïïïï±ïžï© ïï ïïŸ ïïïŽï¶ïªïïïïïïïœï¹ï»ïï¿ï±ïï€ï«ï
ï ï«ïïŒï ïœï§ ï¶ï ï§ï ï£ ïïµïž ïï·ïï«ï ï® ï° ïž ïï·ïŒïï§ïºïïµï·ï§ïï«ï ï® ï° ï·ï§ïŸ ï¹ ï ï
ï·ï¢ ïïï ï·ïºï§ïºïï ïï ï»ïœï°ï§ïï¡ïïº ï ïïï¿œï¢ïïºï§ïºïï¿œï·ï§ïï ï»ïïï§ïï® ï ï»ï¬ï ï ïïïïïïºï¶ï¢ïï·ï¢ ï«ï ïïï»ïºïïŽ ïïïï»ïï§ï» ï¿œïïï»ï
ïï±ï ï¬ï ïï¬ ï¶ ïï£ ï§ï ï ï«ïº ïŸ ï²ï€ï°ïï ï±ïï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ï ï§ïºï© ïï§ ï ï»ïï§ïµïŽ ï¶ïïïï¬ïïï ï» ïšï³ïŽïŠïµï²ï© ï§
ï£ïï ï ïï©ï§ ïïïµïŸïš
ï ï§ïï ï«ïï¯ï» ï»ï«ïº ïŸï¿œ ïï ïïï§ïºïï ïïïºï ï¿œï©ï¢ï§ïºïïµïïº ïï®ï ï¹ ï ï ïšïžï¹ïºï¬ïï©
ïïïïï ï ï¡ ï§ïïï§ïºïïï¿œ
ïïœïï§ïµï«ï ï®ïï¹ïï ïï®ï§ï¹ïïï¶ïïšï³ïžïºïž ïï ï ï©
ï ï§ïµ ï±ïŠï¿œï ïï¬ ï°ï» ï ï«ï ï ï£ ï ï ï ï¢ï ï®ïï¶ïï§ï ï ï ï»ïŠï ïï§ïºïï ï£ ï¢
ïïï¯ï¿œï»ï»ï¹ï ïïš ï§ ï ïï¢ ï¥ïïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï¹ï£ ïºïï§ï®ïï»ï¹ ï ï ïï
ï±ï ï¶ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ïïº ï€ï ïïï³ï§ï ïï ïŸï®ï° ïž ïï¬ï¬ ï ï ï ï
ï² ïïïïïï³ïºï¿œ ïï°ïï°ïïï§ïºïï§ïï°ïï§ïµïŽï ïïïŸï®ï°ïž ïï¬ï ïï ï¥ ï ïŒ ï®ï ï¿ï³ïºï£ï©ï±ï ïŽïï·ïï§ïïï§ï ï°ïïï¯ï ï·ïºïïŸ ïï ï ïïï¹ï ï¶ ï
ïŸïºïï§ïœïµïºïï¬ï§ï ïï¿œïŸïï£ ïïºï§ïïïŠ ï§ïµï§ïºï ï°ïï»ïºïŽïï§ïµï«ïï ïï ïï ï©ï ïï¿œï° ïŒ ïŸ ïœï§ï¿œ ï ï¹ï ï ï¶ïŒï®ï ï³ïºï¿œï ï° ïï°ïï ïï·ïï ï·ï¿œï€ ï¹ ï©ïï ï®ïï·ï»ïï¬ ï£ ï ïïž ïª ï»ï¹ï¿œï°ïï·ïŸ ï¥ïïŸ ïïºï§ïï¬ ï±ï ïŽï ï¿œï¶ïªï ïï§ï»ï§ï ïï¹ïïï§ïºïïžï«ï° ïï ï¢ï© ïª ï³ ïïïïïŒïž ï ï¡ ï°ï»ïºïï¬ ïïï¹ïï¬ ï³ïºï£
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï€
ï¹ï· ï§ïµï§ïï°ïï°ï¯ï ïï€ïŸïœï§ï¿œïï ï± ïïŒ ïš ï§ ïïïï ï ï¿œïï ï§ïµïŽïï¹ ï§ï€ïï²ï ï ï°ïïï
ï¿œï°ïºï¿œï±ïï ï¹ï¿œï°ïï·ïï ï±ïïï¹ïïŒïï»ï ï® ïïï±ï ï²ï¿œï§ïœïµïºï ïïïï
ï±ï¿œ ï ï°ïºï¿œï±ïï ï ïïï¥ïïºï§ï ï® ïïï±ïï ï¹ïï§ïºï ï»ïŠï°ïï»ï ïïï ï¹ïï§ïºïï§ï¢ïï° ï€ïïŒ ïŸïœï§ï¿œ ï«ï ïï ï® ïï ï¿œ ï ï±ï§ ï ï¡ ïï¿œï£ ï¥ïïïïº ï°ï ï»ï¹ïï ï ï¿œï·ï¿œ ï¹ ï® ï«ïª ï° ï¬ï¹ïºïï±ïï ï¶ïŒ ïï ï¹ï¿œï° ïï·ï¿œ ï§ ïïµïºï ï±ï ï»ïºïŽïï«ïï ïïïï ïï ïŽïï¬ ïï¥ïïºï§ï€ ï¶ïŒï®ï ï£ïïïï¿œïïï°ï¹ï¿œïïï¢ïºï ï¹ïï§ïºïï¬ ï»ï¬ïï°ïï§ïºï
ïï ï ï¬ ï·ï¬ï» ï° ïž ï¢ ïïŸïœï§ï¿œïïïï£ïïŸ ïïº ï
ï¹ïï ï«ïï§ï±ïïïŒïï¬ ïï»ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ïïº ï€ ïï ïïïï«ïï§ï±ïïïŒï·ï±ïžïŒ ï ï ï°ï¿œïïïï¬ ï ï£ ïïªïï¥ïïºï§ï»ï§ïžï€ï±ïïïï ï¹ïï§ïºï ï«ïï§ï¿œ ïï°ï¿œïïïœï ï ïï
ï ïº ïï ï°ïïŸïŒï·ï³ï ï ï ïºïïï©ï°ï¿œïïï¿œï±ï ïŽï ï¿œï¶ïïïº ï ï«ïï§ ï¿œ ï ï ï ïï ïŽï§ïž ïïŸ ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï«ïï§ï±ï ïïŒ ï¡ï§ïºï ï ï¶ï·ï ïŽï³ïï¿œï ï§ïžï€ï±ï ïï ï ï ï·ï±ïžïŒïï¬ ïïïï ï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ïž ïï¹ï ï® ï«ïï¬ ïïï¡ïïªïï§ïžï±ï€ ï ïŸ ïïºï§ïïï®ï¿œï²ïï¬ ïï»ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïïºï«ïï°ïï§ïºï ï¿œïï ï ï°ï§ïïïŽï§ïï°ï®ï¿œï² ïŒïï³ï®ï ïïïïïïŸ ï ïŸ ï¿œï²ïï¶ï€ïï§ïïï¿œïïïïïï± ï¶ ï ï£ï ïï¥ïï¿œï° ï¯
ïï€ïŒ ï³ï·ïŽï°ïµ ï ïï¿œï ïŸïï© ïï ï ï»ïšï§ ï° ï¿œïï±ï ïï ï°ï·ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ïï¬ ï¿œ ï¿œïïï°ï§ïï»ï§ïï¬ ïïŸï° ï©ïšï ïïïïŸïï ï€ïïŠ ï»ïï ï»ïïï¬ ï£ ïï§ïïᅵᅵï ïïï°ïïš ïï§ïºïï¿œï°ï ïï ï¹ïï§ïºïï§ ï¥ï»ïµï ï®ï ïïï°ï·ïï§ïïïŒïŸï«ï ïïŸ ïïºï§ïï» ïïïïï€ïïŸïœï§ï¿œ ïïïï°ïï ï ïïï¥ïïºï§ ï¹ïïïžï«ï¿œïžï¢ ïïï¬ ïŸï€ ï¥ï ïŒï ï ïï§ïïïï¿œïï¿œï°ï£ïïž ï¢ ïïïïᅵᅵïªï ïªï©ïŸïï€ïï¥ïïºï§ï§ïµï
ï°ï ïï¬ï§ïï¬ ïï²ï©ï§ïºï ï§ïï ïµïºï¡ï¿œï ïï€ ïï±ï§ïºï ï° ï»ïºïŽïï«ïï ï ï³ï ïï¿œ ï°ï ïï»ïºïŽïï«ïïï¬ ïï ï°ï° ï±ïï§ïž ï¬ï¶ ï¿œ ï ïïïï§ïºï ï± ïïºïï¹ï ïïŸ ï§ïžï ï¡ ïï¿œ ïºï ïïï ï¿œï ïïïŸ ï€ïºïº ïïïïïï±ïŸ ï¥ï«ïï ï¯ï ïï³ï»ïïŽï°ï ïïï€ ï
ï¹ïž
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¿œï ï ï¬ ï£ ï ï¿œï ï»ï¥ï¿œïïïŸ ï§ïµ ï ïïº ï«ïï°ï ï ï ï ï ï±ï ï ï ïžï
ï¬ï ïïï¿ïï±ï ïïïï°ïï¬ ïïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï§ï±ïï¿œïï¿œïºïšï»ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï ï³ ïŽïœ ïï ïœï§ï¿œ ïïïïï¶ï ï ï»ïï¿œ ïï°ï»ïïŸ ïï±ïª ï¿œïïï¬ï ï»ïï±ïª ï³ïºï£ï¿œ ïïïïï€ïï¶ï°ïïŸ ïŒï ïï ïïï ïïïïï¶ï§ï®ïž ï¬ïšïµï ï¹ïïïï«ïŸ ï€ ï¥ï ïï¬ ïïï¬ïž ïï²ïïï»ï€ï»ïšïµï¶ï¹ïï€ï¿œï¶
ï»ï¬ïï ï¥ïï ïŸ ï²ï¿œï ï ï¿œïï¹ ï ï ï ï¶ ï ï£ ï ïï·ï± ï»ïïïºïï§ïï¥ï¿œï§ïµï«ïï¬ïŽ ï§ï±ï ï¿œï¹ ï ï ï ïïïºï¹ïï§ï ï± ï ï»ïïïï¥ïïï¢ ï ï€ ïï§ïºïï¬ ï»ï§ ïï ïïž ï»
ï³ ï¿œï ï ï ï¿œïº ï ïï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œï§ïœï ï¿œï ïï®ïŸïšï±ï ï ïï¢ ïï¿œïŸïï°ïïï³ï¥ ï³ï®ï ïï ïï»ï§ ï¿œï»ï§ïï°ïï¬ ïï§ ïïïï€ïµïŸ ïï ï ïïº ï ïï£ ïïºï§ïº ïµï§ ïïŸ ï¬ïï
ïïï ïïº ïŸ ï€ïï©ï± ï ï»ïï§ ïïïºïµïᅵᅵï«ïºï ïïº ï³ï¥ ï³ ï¿œ ï ïïïïºï¿œïïï§ï£ïï®
ï·ï¹ï®ï§ïºï ï®ï§ïºï ï¥ïïï»ï¿œï¿œï«ïºïï§ïµ ï®ï¿œïï¹ïïïºï§ïºïï¬ ïïïïžï»ï£ ï ï
ï ï¶ ï ï®ïï£ï¿œïš ï§ ï ï¶ï·ïï§ïŸï¥ïï§ïµï«ïï©ïï¬ ï¥ïï¥ïª ï ï£ ïï§ï ï ï ïšï²ï³ï±ï ï²ï¶ï¶ïïïï ï ï³ ï¿œïïºï¹ ï ï ïï© ïï ïºïŸï ï±ï
ï£ïï ïï§ïµ ï ï ïïï§ïµ ï¿œïï§ïºï ï§ïµ ïï§ïºï¢ï¿œï¿œïï£ï ïº ïŽïª ï ï²ï© ï± ï²ïï³ ï²ï³ïïï±ï¹ïµï²ïºï§ïµ ï¶ï¶ïï³ï ï²ïïŽ ï¶ïžï ï³ïᅵᅵïï¿œï°ï ï²ïïµ ïµï©
ïš ï²ï§ ïï
ï²ïï¶
ïŽï°ï¶ïï¿œï±ï§ï±ï³ïŠ ïïºïï§ ïï³ï§ïï ïŸïïïᅵᅵï²ïžïïï·ïï¿œïï°ï ï²ïï·
ïºï¬ ï ï¢ï§ï«ï ï ïïŽïœï ï¿œïºïïï ï·ï ï¡ ï€ïïž ï¢ ï
ï
ï²ïïž
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï¹ï¹
ïïï¬ ï»ï§ ï± ï ïŽï¯ï¿œï¹ïžï§ïïï ï
ïïïŽï»ï§ïµï«ï
ï°ï° ï€ ïï²ïïï¬ ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï«ïï°ï ïŸ ïŸï§ï§ ï ï ï¢ïï ï ï ïïï§ ïï¶ï
ï²ïï¹
ïºï¥ ïï§ïºïï¬ïï§ ï¯ïïï£ ï ï·ï ïïïï±ï¢
ï€ï¹ ï ï ï ïï¬ ïï·ïï¿œ ïïŽïï¡ ïïªï ïšï±ïŽïµïºïž ïï©ï
ï© ïï ï°ï ï» ï€ïïž ïï·ï ï±ï§ïºï ïï»ïºïŽïï«ï ï ïž ïï·ïïº ï§ï¬ ïïž ïï·ïïïºï± ï ïï¿œ
ï§ïµ ïµï·ï°ï ï¹ ï ïï ï±ï¹ïžïž ï»ï ï ïïïŸï§ ï¿œï ï¹ï¢ï ïŸï§ ïï ï¬ ïïïïï¿œï ïžï£ïï¿œ ï¶ ï ïµïµï²ï¹ï ï¥ ï ï£ï³ïŠ
ï¶ï ï³ ïï°
ï» ïï§ïºïï ï¿œï ïï¬ïïŸ ïï ïï§ ï ïïº ï·ïïžïï¿œï ïžïŒï» ï¿œï«ï ï±ï ï ï¿œ ïïïïï ï¹ ï ï ï¹ïïïïºï¿œ ïï¢ïï ï¬ï ï ïïïïï·ï ï¡ ïï ï ï£ ï ïïïº independent ï» ï¥ïï ï
ïïïïžï¯ïïï¶ï·ï«ï ï ï¿œï ï¥ï ïï¿œïŽï¶ï§ï®ïᅵᅵï±ïïŸïï ï¡ ï®ïïïïïž ï¬ïï§ïï§ï¿œï·ï ï¡ ï ï¿œïŸïï¢ïïïï¿œï ï ï»ï§ï§ï ï ï ï§ï³ ï¿œï ï»ï·ï
ï ï ï€ï ï©ï¿œï ï²ï·ï ï¡ ïž ï¢ ïï ï¡ïïªïï§ïµï®ïï¿œïº ï±ï ï ï«ï ï ï ïï ï·ïï®
ï¿œïï ï·ï ï¿œïïŠ ï® ï ïï¬ ï ïï£ ï ïïº ï·ïïï ï¬ ïª ïï ï³ï» ï·
ï ï»ï»ïžï¯ï ïïŸïï¢ïïïï¿œïºïŸïµïºïï§ïºïï¬ïï± ïïïï¬ ïª ïïïïŸïï§ïï¹ ï ï ï§ï±ï ï» ï£ ï ïïï¿œïº ï ïïïï±ïº ïïº ïïï»ïïï ïŸï¥ïï¹ ï ï ï ï¡ ïïžï¯
ï»ïº ï¥ ï£ ï ï ïïºï§ïï»ïïï«ïºïï¡ïïªïï¿œï€ ï§ïµ ï±ïŠï® ï«ï ï¥ïïº ïï± ïŒï«ï ï®ïï€ïïïï· ExtraQuranic ï ï¿œïž ï¯ï¿œï ïïïï ï ï ïï§ïºï ï¥ï ï£ ïï ï©ï©ï§ï ïï°ï·ï²ï¢ï§ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïï¿œïŸïï¿œï° ï ïïºï§ïïšïµï
ï ïï ïï»ï§ï ï¡ ïï«ï³ï§ ï¹ï ï ï£ ïï§ï ï ï ï¹ ï ï ïï¿œï ï³ ï³ï¿œ ï ïï§ïºï ïµ ïï ï¹ ï ï ï ï ï³ ï³ï¿œ ï ïï€ ïïïïïïï·ï ï¡
ïº ïï ïïï ïïï ï€ ï·ï ï¡ ï¿œ ï¥ï¬ïïï ï» ï§ïµ ïšï ï ïï ïïï§ï ï¶ ïïŸïŠï
ïµ ïïºïï ï¿œïº ï¹ ï ï ï ï€ ïï²ïïïž ï ï°ï¿œï§ïºï©ï¶ ïï«ï ï»ïºï ï¥ ï¿œïï·ïï³ï ï«ïºïïï¯ï ï·ïºï ï®ïï€ïï¡ïïœïµïºïïï±ïï§ïºï ï£ ïï§ ïï ï ï¿œï§ïºïïïïž ï¯ ïŸ ï¢ ïµ ï
ïï± ï³
ï±ï°ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïŸïï¿œï§ïºï ïï¹ ï ï©ï¿œ ï¿œïï°ï€ ï ï ïïž ïžï°ï ï ï£ ï ï§ï ï ï ᅵᅵï«ïº ïïï¯ï ï£ïï§ïºï ï¿œ
ïï ï£ ï·ï ï¡ ï ïïï§ïïïµï§ ïïŸï¿œï ï¿œï§ïºïï¿œïï»ïº ïïï§ïï®ïï¢ïºï§
ï·ï ï ï¿œïï·ïïïï»ïï ïï»ï®ïïºï§ ïï ïï€ ïï²ï ï± ïïïïï ïï¶ ï»ïï ï¢ ï ïï± ï®ï ï ᅵᅵï«ïºï ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ïï¥ ï± ï®ï ï ï¿œï«ïºï ï« ï¢ï§ï ïïœ ï ïïž ïžï°ï
ï°ïï·ï±ïïï± ï©ïï¬ ïžïŒïž ï» ï³ ï³ï·ïï°ïï ïïºï¿œïïïï ïï±ï ïŽïï¹ïïï ï¥ ï£ï
ïïï ïž ïž
ï ïš ï¹ï¶ïºïïï±ï ïïŒ ï±ï³ï²ï²ïï»ï ï ïïï ï ï¡ ï£ïïï¥ï
ï ï§ïšïï·ï ï¢ïºï§ïïšï§ïºïï€ï¿œï±ïïï§ïï§ï¹ï¿œï§ïŽï»ï¬ïï ï¿œï ï ï¿œï ï¹ ï ï ïŸ ï²ï¿œïºïï ï ï«ïïï§ïºï¢ï€ ïïïï ïï ï¿œï ï·ï¬ï«ïïŸ ïï¢ïï¡ïïº ï€ ï ï ïï
ï ï ï§ï·ïïïï°ï¢ ï»ïïï¿œïœï§ïžïï¿œïŽïŸïïï ï ï§ï ïïïž ï¬ï ïï§ïŠï»ï«ïº
ï ïº ïïºïï ïïŸ ïï ï«ïº ï«ïï±ï ïï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œï¹ ï ï ï ïï§ïºï«ïº ï¿œï ïïœ ï ï
ï ï¿œïï ïï ï ï§ïï¡ ï ï·ï ï¡ ïï¬ ï³ ïž ïª ï» ï«ïº ïŸïµïºï ïï ï¿œïïŽ ï§ïºï ïï® ï
ïŸï¹ ï ï ï ïï°ï ïïŸïïï© ïï°ï ï¶ ï§ï®ï¬ïï¿œ ïŽ ïï»ïº ï¥ïž ï¬ï§ïŠï»ï¿œï¿œï«ïºï ï¡ïïª ïï ï€ ï¹ïï ï ï¿œ ï¬ ïïïï§ïïº ï ï·ï ï¶ï ï«ï ï±ï ï¹ï ï» ï¿œïïïïïï¿œï ïï£ ï ïš ï³ïŽïºïï ïž ïïï ï© ïï¬ ï ï ïï¿œ
ïŒ ï«ïºï§ïŠïï¹ ï ï ï ïïŽ ï³ïïº ï»ïºï¬ ï ï£ ï ï§ï ï»ï¿œï·ïºïŽïŸ ïï±ï ï ï§ï ï± ï ï³ ïï²
ïïïï§ïºï¿œï¿ï¿œïï±ïïï«ïºï·ïºïŽ ï§ïŽïï¬ ïï§ï¿œïï» ï¿œ
ïºïïï¿ï§ï¶ï®ï£ ïï ï£ï ïï¬
ïšï£ïï¿œïºï£ïïµï©ï
ï ïïï¬ ï ï¢ï§ï«ïï§ïµïŽïïï ï§ïïïŒï€ï²ï§ ïï ï³ ïï³
ïï±ï ï°ïï§ïµ ï°ïïŸï·ïïï§ïºïï ïï ïŽ ï± ïïï¶ ïŸï€ï¿œï ï²ï ï ï°ïïï¬ ï¿œï
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ïïï
ï±ï°ï±
ï° ï·ï§ï ï«ïŸ ï«ïïï¬ ïï ï ï¿œï ï¹ïžï§ïïœï§ ï¿œï§ïºïïœï§ ïžïïï¬
ïï± ïïï¬ïŽ ïŒ ïï±ïï ïïž ïï·ï ïï
ï° ïž ïï·ïï§ïºïï ïï·ï§
ï°ïï¿œïž ïï·ï€ ïï¬ï¿œïï ï± ï»ïº ï¢ï§ïï¬ ïž ïï·ï¢ï§ïï ïï»ïº ï¬ïïïž ïï·ï·ïï§ïï¿œï ïµï«ï®ï ïï²ï§ ïïï ï© ïš ïŽïžïï¿œï©ï¬ï¥ï ïï
ïŸï§ï§ ïœïï¬ ïžï ïï ïï§ï ïï¢ ï¥ ï§ ïï³ïºï£ï ï¿œï¶ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï«ïïŸ ï¢ ïŽ ï³ ïïŽ ïï§ï ï± ï ïŸïµïºï ï ïŒï«ï ï£ ï ï»ï§ïº ï¹ï¿œ ï¿œïŽïŸï§ï€ ï°ïïï ï¹ï¿œï¿œïï§ïµïŽ ïŸ
ï ï»ï¿œïºï»ï¿œïºïžïŒ ï·ï¹ïï ïºïï¿œïïï¿œïï·ïï§ ïŽ ï§ïïšï¿œïïªïïžï·ïïï§ïµïï ï®ï¿œïªï ïïµ ïï³ï ᅵᅵ ï³
ï ïºïï¿œïŸïŸ ï¿œï©ï¬ïŸ ïï²ï¿œ ïïï ïº ï³ ï ï¶
ï¢ï§ï«ï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï»ïºï²ïŸ ïï±ïµï§ïŽï ïïï ïŸ ï° ïï ïïšïµï ï¹ï¿œï«ï ï³ ïï· ïºï¬
ïºï¬ ï ï ïï ïï¡ïïªïïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï¹ï¿œïž ïš ïïºïï± ï© ïïž ï³
ï ï ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ïïï«ï ï¿œ ïŸ ï¹ï ï ïï ï©ï¿œ ï ïïïŒï ïŽïïºï§ ï«ï ï³ ïï¹
ï ï®ï±ïïŸ ï§ï ï± ïï¹ïï ïï ïºï§ïŸ ïï ï± ïïŽï¿œï¿œïïï¢ ïïïï¹ï¿œïï ï ï©ïï»
ïŒï§ïŠï«ïïïžï³ï ïïï¬ïï£ ïŽï¶
ïï ïᅵᅵ
ïª
ï¿œï®ï°ïï»ï§ï±ï»ïï¬ ï°ïï§ï«ïïï ï¹ïï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï°ï»ï§ï± ï» ï°ïï§ï ï ïï ï
ï ï° ï¥ï¿œï§ïïž ï¬ïŸï¥ïïïï¿œï§ï§ïºïïïï§ï©ïï ï€ïï·ï ïïï¬ ï·ï¬ïïº ï£ïœï¿œ
ï ï¶ïï°ïï ïï ïŒïï¢ïž ïªïïïïž ï ïïï¡ï»ïï·ï ïŠïº ï ï¿œï ï®ïïï ï¹ï¿œï ï¬ïï ïŸïïœï ïï ïŽï¶ ïï»ïï ï€ ïï ïïïï²ïïïïïïï ïïºï¬ïŸïºï¥ï ïï°ï£ïïž ï¢ ï
ïŒï¥ïï«ï©ïŸ
ï±ï°ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ïºïï¿œïïï¿œïï·ïï§ïª
ï·ïïžïï ï¿œïï¿œïŽïï ï¹ïïïŸ ï·ïïï«ïïï§ïº ïïžï»ï ï¹ï ï«ïïïŒï€ ï¿œïŽïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïïïŒïïï ï·ïï§
ï·ïžï§ïïŽïŸïœï§ï¿œïï«ïï·ïï£
ï§ïºïïž ïªïïï¢ïïžïïŸïï¬ïïºï§ïï ïï¬ï§ ïïºïï¡ ï ï·ï¿œï ïïšïïïïµï§ïï«ïŒ ï»ïºïïï±ïï±ï³ïµïï ïª
ïï¬ïïï±ï°ïï¿œï ï¿œïïïï¿œï ïž ï£ ï
ï±ï ïŸïšïïïïïï§ïµï§ïºï ïŸïµï ï¢ ïïŸï ïïï§ïºï ï»ï£ ï ïï ï ïïºï ïŸï§ï¿œï§ïºï ïŸï§ï¿œ political legitimacyï ï«ïïµ ï±ï¿œï ï ïï¿œïšïµ ï«ïïŸï¿œï¢ ï°ïï§ïºïï ï® ïï
ï ïïïïžï¥ï»ïïï€ïºï®ï
ï·ïï§ï ïï¿œï»ï ï ï¢ï» ï«ïŸ ï¿œïïµ ïï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïï€ïŽïºï§ï¹ïžï±ï³ï§ïŸïµïºï
ïïïïŠïïŽïºï§ï£
ïï¬ ï ïï ï¥ïïºï§ï¹ï¿œï©ï»ïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ï ï£ ï
ïºï·ïžïŽïïï
ï¿œï
ïªï¢ ï ï ïŽï»ïïï±ï
ïŸ ï£ï ï¹ïªï³ïïšï§ïºï ï¿œïº ï» ï ïïï ïïï§ ï ï ï¿œï ï³ï§ï ïï¹ïžï±
ï¿œïïï¢ ïï»ïïï¬ ïï ï€ï ï¿œïž ï» ï» ï¿œïï ï ï ï© ïï ïïšï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïï
ïïï¬ ïŸï§ïïŸ ïŸï±ïïïï® ïï«ï¶ï§ï®ïï¿œï°ïïœïïïïºïïï ï ïºïž ïŸï ïï ïŽï ï·ï¥ï§ïºïïŽïï¶ï§ï®ïï¿ïï§ï€ïŽï¶ïµï€ïï ï§ï status quoï ï ï£ ï ïïïïžï ï ïï®ïï°ï
ïïž ï¬ïï·ï¬ï«ïïï¡ïïªïï·ïï§ï·ïžï€ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïïºï°ï§ï§ï ï ï
ïï»ï¹ï¿œïï¬ï§ ï£ïïº ï ï ï€ ï®ïªïïžï ï¿œïïïï ï«ïï¿œïžïï¥ïºï²ïï§ïïŸï°ïïïïï·ïï§ïïŸïï³ïï»ï ï¡ ïï¿œï£
ïºïï± ï·ïïïï§ïºïï±ïï ï·ï¿œïïïšïïï¬ïïºï§
ïïŽïºï§ïŸïïïïœïïï¹ïºï³ï®ï±ïïŽïºï§ïïï¬ïï ïŽïºï§ïœïŸïŒïª ïïïï§ ïï·ïïï§ïïïï§ ïïï ï¬ï ïïïïŽïºï§ ï¿ïï¬ï§ïï ïï¹ ïïïŒ
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï°ï³
ïï ïïïï±ï®ï«ïïïžï£ïŽï
ï¢ï ï
ï§ïžïïï ï«ïïŸï§ïºï ï¥ï»ï§ïïï¢ïïµ
ïšïŒ ï±ï³ï·ï³ï§ïïïïïžïï¯ïï¡ïï·ïï§ïŒïïŠï²ï·ïœï©
ï ïï ïïŸï§ï¶ïŸ
ïºï¬ ïï ï²ï§ïµï®ïïï¿œï¶ï¿œ ïŽïï°
ïïï¢ïºï ï¹ïïï ï·ïïïï ï¹ïï°ï»ï§ïºïïïï ï¿œïïïï»ï§ïïïšï§ï¬ï±ïºïïŸï¿ïŸ ïºïï ïïï®ïïº ï»ïï¥ïŠï ï ïïïœï·ïï ï§ï³ï¥ïï¯ï¿œ ï¿œï ïŸ ïŠïï¿œïï ï¿œ ïïï±ïïï± ïï²ï²ï ïï±ï ï²ï³ï¶ï
ïï²ïµï·ï
ïïžï²ï ï ïïïïï¿œïïï¿œï² ïŒïžï°ïžïï±ï¶ï ï¶ï
ïŽïï±
ï¶ ï ïŽïï²
ïŸ
ïï³ï ïï¶ïïï²ï
ï±ï·ï³ïïï§ïï¢ïïï§ï¢ïï±
ïŽïï³
ï¶ï¹ï ï ï±ï¹ï¶ï±ï£ ïïïïžï³ïïïœïï¿œï£ïï ïŽïïŽ
ïŸïïºïï±ï€ïï±ï ï¿œ ïŽïïµ
ï«ï ïŸ ïïï ï»ïº ï ï¢ïï ï·ï¿œï»ï¥ï»ïºïŽï ï·ïŸ ï ï¿œï ï·ïï§ ï¶ïï ïŽïï¶
ïï¿œï ï·ïï§ïïïïï¥ï ï¿œï ï ïïï ï€ ï»ï«ï§ïŸ ïï ïïï¿œïï§ïïº
ï»ï§ïŽï¿œï¬ïŽ ï» ïïï¿œï ï·ïï§ ï£ ïï· ï€ ï»ï«ï§ïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï³ï§ï§ï ï ï ï§ ïïïºï¿œ ï ïïºï§ïŽ
ïï ï€ï»ï«ï§ï¬ ï±ïï§ ïïïŠ ï ï¹ï ï»ïºïï¶ï¬ïŽ ïï¬ ï±ïï§ ïï ïŠ ï ïïï£ ï¬ ï·ïï§ïš
ïžïŒï ï ï¡ ïºïïº ï±ïï§ ïïï ï ï ï¬ï°ï€ ï· ï¥ ïï§ïï¬ ïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ï ïï§ ïïïï¶ ï ïï¬ ïï ï£ ïï»ï€ïïº ï ïïïïºï§ïŽïï·ïï§ïŸïŸï§ ï»ï¯ï®ï§ ïï·ïžï
ïºï¶ ï ïŽïï· ïŒ ï¶ïžïŽïï¹ï±ï ï¶ï¶ïï²ï
ï³ï
ï¬ ïŸïºï¥ï ï¹ïï¿œï ï»ï¬ ïºï ïïï¿œïïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ï ïŸ ï¡ï ïï±ïïïï ï¡ ïŽïïž ïï
ï±ï°ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïºï¬ ïï ï¥ïïºï§ ïŸïµïºïï±ïïŸïœï§ï¿œï«ï ï
ï
ïšïŒ ï³ï²ï±ï°ï¡ï© ïŸïºïï¿œï±ïïž ï¢ ï ïºï¶ ï ï®ïïŽïï¿œï¶ï ïµïžïºïïï±ï
ïºïïïï¿œïï§ïµï«ïïŸ ïï ïï±ïïï³ ïŠï ïŽïï¹
ï±ïï¶ ï§ï®ïž ï¬ ï ï¡ïïªï ï³ï®ïº ï¢ ï ï ï·ïï§ï§ïºïï¿œï ï§ïµ ï€ ï¿œï¶ï±ï ïµïï° ï ï¿œ ïï ï¢ïïïŽ ï³ïï» ïïŸïïïïŠ ï©ïï¬ ïïï§ ïïºïž ïï²ï ï»ïï¶ ïïš ï¶ïœïµïºï ï»ï³ ïŠïïï¬ ïïï ï ïªïï® ï¿œï¿œ ï ï«ïïï§ïºï ï³ ïŠïï¬ ï¿œï¹ïï¹ ï» ïŸïºïïž ï¢ ï ï§ïµ
ï»ï ï ï¢ ï» ïŸ ïïŸ ï¥ï ï¿œïïïïºï¿œ ïï¿œïªï° ïïž ïïï ïïï¬ ï·ï¬
ïï»ï¹ï¿œï§ ï»ï¥ïï ï·ï ï¡ ïïŸïïïï ï¹ï ï ï§ïµï¿œïºïïïŽï§ïºïïïï
ï ïï£ ïïºï§ïšï±ï ï³ ïŠïïŸï²ïºï²ï€ïïï¬ ïž ïï²ï ï ïïŽï»ï³ ïŠï ï±ïŠïï¬ ïï£ ï¿œ ï» ï ï ï ï ï¿œ ïï¬ ïï§ïï ï» ï¶ïïïš ïïŸ ï·ïï ïï£ ïïºï§ïš ï±ï ï«ïïï§ïºï ïœïï³ïï»ï¿œ ïï ï³ï ï§ï ï° ï¶ ïï ï ïïïïï ï ïšïŒï·ïµï°ï°ï¡ï©ï£ïŸï®ïï°ï¿œï³ïºï¿œï ï¹ï¿œï°ïï¿œïïïïŽïïï± ïïïï ïŽï ï¿œ ïï¬ï ïï° ï ïŸï§ïïï ï¶ïïïš ï ïï€ïï²ïïŸï ï¶ï§ ïïïïïï°ï
ïºï¬ï ï¥ïïºï§ïŽï ï»ï«ï ï ï±ïïïïïïïï€ïŸïºïïž ï¢ ï ïµïï±
ïµï°ïïï§ï ïï ï ï£ï§ï¢ïïïŸïºïï¿œïž ï¢ ï
ïºï¬ïïïï§ïµï«ïï¿ï£ï ï§ïµï« ïµïï²
ï
ï¢ïïŸïºïï¿œïž ï¢ ï ïºïï± ïï¬ ï ï ï»ï«ï ï ï±ï ï§ïµïŽïïïïïï ï€ïŸïºïïž ï¢ ï ïµïï³ ï ï²ï¶ïï ï±ï ï§ ï ïïïï£ï§
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï°ïµ ïŸïºïᅵᅵï³ï ïµïïŽ
ï©ïï ï«ïï¬ ï ïïï ï ï²ïŸ ï§ï ï± ï ï®ï§ï¿œïºï ï¿œï ï§ïº ï€ ïŸïºïïž ï¢ ï ïµïïµ
ïï§ïµï±ï ïŸïºï¥ï ï»ï«ï ï ï±ïïï¿œïïïŠ ï«ï ï¶ïï¬ ïïïïš ï§ ï ï±ïïï€ï ï ïï£ ï¢ ï ïï€
ï ï ï®ï
ï ï¿œïï¿œïï§ïºï¿œïï¿œïï°ï¢ï§ïï ïïï¿œï© ïï§ïºï¿œï¢ï§ïïªïï³ï³ ï ï¢ï¿œï ï§ï ï¥ïïºï§ ïŸïµïºïï¿œ ïï¬ ïïïš ï ïï ï·ï¬ï«ïï¬ ï°ïï¹ïïï¡ïïªï ï¥ïšï ï³ï
ï ïïïŸï¶ïï ïï ï»ïžï³ï€ï ï¥ ïïïžï¬ï§ïï§ïºï ï ïº ï«ïï¿œïï·ïï§ï·ïïï¥ïïºï§
ï ï§ïºï ïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï®ï§ï¿œïºï ï¹ï ï€ ïŸïºïï ïïï¿œï ïïïŠïï¿œïïï§ïºï¿œïŸï ï£ ï¢ ï
ï»ïºï¬ ï¹ï¢ ï ï ï»ï¿œïï·ïï§ ï¢ï§ïïïï« ï»ïºïï¬ ïï¿œïïï¿œïµïš ï§ ï ïºï ï®ïï²
ï»ïºï ïïŽï»
ï ï ï£ ï ïœï ïïï¿œïºï ï£ ï¿œï±ï ï£ ï§ïïºï ï£ ï§ïï±ïïïï¿œïšï¿
ï¢ï§ïïïï¬ï§ ï»ïïïºï·ï»ï«ïï§ïºï ï±ï³ïïœï¹ïïï°ïï¬ï¿œï¹ïï¿ ïï³ïï€ï»ï³ïïï¬ï¿œï§ ï¯ïï¯ï» ï»ï§ïºïŸ ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ïïï¹ïï»ï§ïº ï¯ï
ïŽïïï¿œï ï±ïïïï§ïºï¿œïï¿œï ï° ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ï¿œï¬ï°ï°ï ï°ï±ï£ ïš
ï ï ï ïï± ïï¹ï¿œï§ïºï¯ï»ï§ïºï ïïïï§ïºï ï®ï§ ï¬ï¿œï¿œï»ï§ï ï± ïïºïï¹ïïï²ï¿œ ï§ï«ï ïï
ï§ïµïï¬ ï£ ï ï»ïïšï§ ï ïïï€ïï¿œïœï ï®ï«ï ïïïï ïŒï±ï§ ï¿œïï§ïŠï€ ïï¿œï¬
ï ï¿œïï¿œïï§ïºï¿œïï¿œï ï° ï¢ï§ïï ïïï¿œï© ï¿œïï§ïº ï¢ï§ïïï¬ ïïïŽ
ï©ï£ ï±ï¡ï©ïï§ïºï¿œï¿œïï§ïº ïï±ï ï±ï¹ï¢ ïªïïº ï¯ï»ï¡ï»ï§ïºï¿œïï¿œïï°ï€ ïïï ï¿œïµïïº ï³ï¿œï ï°ïïŸïœï§ï¿œï«ïïŸ ï£ ï ïïï ïï¬ ïïïï« ïï ï ïï© ïï ï»ï© ï¯ï»
ï ï¿œïŽï·ï²ï© ïïŸï§ïº ï ï¿œïï°ï²ï ï¿œï ïï¿œïï§ïŠï»ï© ï¿œïï§ïºïï¬
ï¬ ï¿œï ï ï»ïï®ï§ ï¬ï« ï¿œ ï» ïï¿œïµï ï²ïŸï§ïºï¢ï©ï§ïºï ïï ï irrelevant ï ïï ï ï¿œï¥ïª ïïï§ïºï ï®ï§ ï¬ïï¢ïïŒï§ïºïïµï§ ïï¿œï
ï³ï±ï³ïïïŒ ï±ïŽï±ïŽï£ïïïïïï ï ï³ ï¿œïïºï¹ ï ï ïï© ïïï ïŸï ï±ïᅵᅵ ïµïï¶
ï§ïïšï¿œïïªï ï²ï°ïžïïï²ï ï ïŸï§ï§ ïï§ï¿œï¿œ ïïµï· ï ï ï³ï©ï ïï«ï ï«ïï§ïºïï ï ïïïï»ïº ï»ïï°ï®ïï ï°ï°ïï ïµï§ï ïµïïž ï ï ïïž ïï ïï¿œ ï» ï»ï ï ïï¿œï²ïºï ï» ï€ï comprehensive ï ïï©ï± ï ï» ï©ïºï§ ïº ï ïŸ ï¿œï ï²ï³ïᅵᅵ ïï¿œ
ï±ï°ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïŸï«ïï¬ ïï ïï¥ïœïï¶ï ï£ï ï§ ï ïïºï·ï ïžïïï¬ïºïºïžï ï¿œïïï¿œï ï§ïïµï§ï
ï£ ï¥ïïºï§ ï£ ï§ïµï§ïºï ï°ïï€ ï ï ïï ï»ï§ ï¹ï¿œ ï·ï¬ïŽ ï¿œ ï ï¥ïï¿œïï¡ ïžï§ ï» ï¿œ
ïï ïï§ïï»ïïï±ïïï§ïïšï ïï§ï ï ïïï¿œï¶ï¯ïŽï§ï ï ï£ situation report
ïï ïïïŒï±ïï°ï ïïïï¿œï¶ï ï³ ï ï¥ ï ï© ïï°ïï¿œïŸï¶ ï«ïï¿œï¶ï§ïºï ïïï¿œ
ï ï ïž ïï»ïºïïŽ ï§ïºï ï¶ï¿œï®ïïž ïï ï§ï ï± ïïºï§ ï ïïŸ ï«ï¿œï ï ï¹ïïï¬ ï¥ï¿œïŽ
ï ï¿œï¶ï±ïïï¿œ ïžïŒ ï ïŠï ï±ïï§ ï ï ïï§ ïïï¹ ïï ïšï ï¡ ïïï ïïïº
ï ᅵᅵï ï§ïïïœï ï§ï¿œï ïïïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ï ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ïœïïŸ ïœï§ ï¿œ ï¡ ïž ï¢ ï ïï§ïºï ï¬ ïï± ï· ïïïº ïïžï» ï§ïºï ï§ïºï©ï¶ ï ï ï» ïï±ï ï·ï
ïïï¬ ïïïŽ ï ï§ï ï»ï¯ ï¿œïï ïïᅵᅵïïï¿œïµï¿œïï» ïï¹ïïï°ïï£ï¥ ïï³ïï±ïž ï¢ ïïïï ï¿œï ï¹ï¿œïïŸï¿œïï ï§ïïïœïïïºï¿œïï¿œïªï° ïïž ïïï
ï¬ïï£ ïï»ï¹ï¿œï§ ï»ï¢ï©ï¯ ï¿œïï ïïïŠï¹ïïï¬ïïºï§ïïž ïï¶ï±ï§ï±ïŽïï ï¡ ïï¬ ïïï¿œïïïïŽï ï ïïï ï¿œï·ï»ïï¬ïïºï§ïŽïïž ïïŸï¯ ï¿œï ï¿œï§ï«ïïš ï
ï€ïïïï±ïª ï¢ ïï§ï ï± ïï¿œïï¢ï§ïïï¬ ïï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ïïïïŽï¿œïïïï ï±ï
ï±ï ï°ïïŸ ïï¿œïµï¹ïï€ ï ïïº ïïŸïïïŠ ïŸ ï€ïï¿œïï±ïï§ ïï»ï±ïï¶ ï§ïïšïïïž ï¢ ï
ïïïï«ï ïïï ïïïïï¥ïïºï§ ï°ïï ï°ïï ïŒï«ï ï£ ïïïº ï¿œïïïï§ïµ
ï¿œ ï·ïï±ï ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï« ï® ï ï³ ïïº ï ï·ï¬ ï«ï ï ïïï§ïºïïŒ ï£ï§ ï» ï¯ ï¿œïï
ïïïï» ï±ï ïšïµ ï¿œï€ ïŸï§ ï§ ïŸ ï¥ï ï€ï ïŸï¿œïïïï§ïºï ï ïï ï¿œï¶ïï ïª
ï ïï ï
ïï¿œ ï«ï ï¿ï¿œï£ ï¬ ï ïïº ïŒï»ï¿œ ï¶ ï¹ï ï»ï©ïº ï¡ ïï§ï§ïºïïï ïïïºï¢ï±ïŸ ïïïïïºï§ïºïï€ïïŸï¿œïïï ïï ï¿œïïª
ïï¬ïï ï ï§ïï§ïµïŽïŸï¿œ ïï
ïï¬ ïï ï¢ï§ï«ïï§ïµï±ïïï¡ïïªïï¿œïïŒï¬ïï«ïïŸïï¿œ
ïïï¬ïïºï§ïïï¹ï ï£ ï ï¥ïïºï§ïïï«ïï ïŸï§ï§
ï ï€ïïŸï¿œïŸ ïïï§ïïïï§ïºï©ïºïï ïï£ï¶ ï ï«ïï¿œï¶ï±ïï ïïïŠï¹
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï°ï·
ï»ïïï§ïºï® ï«ïï¬ ïïï¿œïïŸï¹ï ï¡ï¿œï¿œïï¬ ï© ïï ï»ï±ïºï§ïï¹ïï¿œï ï¿œï ï»ïºï§ï¿œ ï ï ï ï©ïïµï ïï ï¿œïï°ïïï«ï ïïï§ïºïïºïºï ï ïïŠïï§ï ïïïŠï¹ïï§ï ï± ïï¿œï¹ïï ï² ï¿œïŽ ï ïïï¿œïïïº ïï¿œ ïŒï¶
ï¿œï§ïµï±ï ï°ïï€ ïïïŸï¹ïï ï
ïï¿œïŒï£ ï¿œïŸ ïŠï®ïïïï§ïºïïïï»ï§ïï®ïïŸï§ï§
ï ï ïïïµï§ ïïï¬ ïïïïïï§ïµ ïŸïµïºï ï§ïµï±ï ï¡ï ïïï¿œ ïïž ï©ï
ï¶ï§ï®ï¬ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïµï§ïï§ïºïï¬ ï®ïï·ï€ï¹ï»ïï¢ ï¥ïŸïµïºï ïï¢ ï¥ï±ï ï ïïºï€ï ï©ïïŠï ïï ï£ ï·ï ïžïïºï§ï ïïž ïïïž ïïï¬ ïïïŽ ï«ïï ï ï ïïŸ ï«ï¿œï ïŸï§ ïž ï·ïï§ïšïž ï ï¡ ï§ïºïï ïï±ïï ï«ïï ï» ï¿œï¿œïœï ïïº ï€ï ï ïï¥ï¶ ï ï£ ï ï·ï ïžïïºï§ï ïï¡ï®
ï§ïºïï§ ï£ï¿œïïïïï ïïï¿œï²ïºï ï» ï°ïï§ïïï¬ïïºï§ ïïž ïïïï¿œï¶ï±ï ïœï¿œ ï® ï«ï ï ïŠï ï»ï§ïï ïï ï¿œ ïïïï·ïïžï ïºï§ ï ïï¿œï ïºïº ï ï¯ ïŽï ïº ïž ïž
ïïïŽ ïŸ ï¥ïïž ï©ï ï¹ïï§ïºï ïï¬ï§ ï¹ï¿œ ï«ïï ï» ï€ï
inconclusiveï ï§ï ï±ïï
ï¿œï±ïïïïïïºï©ïœï§ïž ïïïï¿œ ïžï ïï ï§ïµïï£ ïª ïï¹ïï€ïïºï ïï¬ï§ ï¿œï ï¢ ïŽï€ ïïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ïœïï¿œïŽ ïŸïœï§ ï¿œïïï±ïïž ï¢ ï ï¢ï§ïï ïœïï ïïï
ï¢ï§ïïïïŠï ï±ïï§ï ï ïï§ ïïï¹ïï ï»ïºïš ï ï¡ ïïïïŸï«ï¿œï ï ï¹ïïŽ ï¹ïï³
ïïïïŽ ï¹ïïïïïŸ ï«ï¿œï ï ï¿œï¶ï±ïï€ ïïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ïœïïï¿œïŽ
ï¹ï ïïï§ïïŸ ï«ï¿œï ïŸï§ ïžï ïïïïï£ ïª ïïž ïï»ïïïï¥ï ï¿œï¶ï¿œïïï°ï€ ïï§ïºï
ï ïï§ï ï£ ï±ï ïŸï ïïï¶ ï ï£ ï ï§ ï ïï»ïï°ïœï ï§ïïïïïïïºïï© ï¿œïœï§ïž ïïïï±ï
ï«ï ï ï» ï€ïinconclusiveïï«ïïŸ ïïï§ïïï¢ïºïï ï±ï ï£ ïï§ï ï ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï»ï«ïïï·ïï°ï
ï ïï¬ï§ ï¹ï¿œï·ï±ïŸ ï
ï§ïïšï¿œïïªïï±ï·ï³ïï ï²ï ïïŸï§ï§ ïï§ ïµïï¹ ïºï¬ ï ï§ïïŸïï
ï²ï³ïŽïïïµï ïï¹ï¿œï ï¬ïïï±
ï¥ ïïï
ï¶ïï°
ï±ï°ïž ïïªï
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï¬ ïïïºïªïïžï¬ï»ïï§ïµïïïµïïºï®ï§ï¬ï ï ïïŸï§ïµïºï¹ ï ï ïï
ï¿œïŸïºï¢ ï°ïï§ïºï ï° ï ïŸïšïïï ï® ïïï±ïïŸïï±ïï§ ï¥ï ï¢ ïŽï¿œïïºï§ï
ïºï§ï»ï°ïºï¯ï§ïºï ï»ïïï©ï¢ ïï±ïïïŽ ï¢ ï°ï·ï ïŸïºïï§ïï ïïŸïï ïïŸïºï¥ï ïŽï§ï
ïïï§ï ïï¬ ïïïï§ ïïº ïï¿œïŸ ï¿œï ï¡ï ï«ïï·ïï©ï»ï¢ï¿œ ï» ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ïï ï ïŸï§ï§ïŸï¿œïï ï ï©ï©ï§ïºïï€ïï°ï§ï¿œï±ïïï¥ïïºï§ï
ïŸï° ïïï
ï¹ïïï»ïï¿œï€ïï²ïïŸïï¬ïŽïïïï¿œïïï«ïï
ï ïï»ï§ ï ï»ïï¿œïŽ ï¿œ ï«ï ïï¯ïº ï§ïµï¿œï°ïï¿œïïïïï¿œï«ïï¿œïï¬ ï£ ïïï¬ï ïŸï«ïï¿œï¬ ï ï·ïžï±ï ï»ï«ïï°ïï€ïïïŸï³ïŠ ï«ïï¿œï ïïï®ï ï¡ ïï ï»ï ïµï¯ïïï®ï«ïïŸïïïŸï§ï§ïï¬ ï«ïªï«ï ï ï ïï ï°ï° ï¿œïï¿œï°ï
ï
ï¿œïºïºï°ïïºï§ïºï¥ïï¯ïž ï¬ï·ïïŸïï«ïïï·ï¬ï«ïïï¬ ï»ïï¿œï«ï ïï¹ï«ï ï¿œïï ïï
ïŸï¬ïï ï§ïµï ï¿œï«ïï§ïºïï¬ïï¬ïï¹ïïïŸïïïïïïï¹ïïï«ï ïŸï§ï§ï
ï£ ï¶ïï¬ïïºï§ïºïºï¥ïïŸï§ ï§ïï¬ïïïªïïï¶ïï¿œï«ï ïª ïï»ï§ï ï»ï»ïï¿œï«ïï¿œïï ïïï±ï ï¢ ïŽï¿œïïºï§ïï ï
ï®ï«ïï ï¥ïïºïï±ï§ïï¢ïï¶ïŽï§ïï¹ï
ï»ï«ïï°ïïïŒïŸ ïŸï§ ï§ ïï¬ ï ï»ï ï¹ï ïŸï§ï§ ï¹ï ï ïï ïŸ ïïºï¹ïï
ï¥ïï«ïï§ïºï ïïï¿œïžï¯ï ïï§ ï»ïï§ï¶
ïïŽï³ïïº ï»ïºï¬ï ï ï·ïžï
ï«ïïºïº ï ïï ïï§ï¿œ ï¿œïïŒ ïŸ ï·ïžï«ïï ïï¿œïï¿œ ï°ïïŸ ï¿œï ï
ïï¬ ï¢ï§ï«ï ï¥ïïºï§ ïï ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï ï¿œ ïœ ï ï¿œï§ï ï ï ï»ï»ï ïï§ï¶ ï€ïº ï¥ïï ï
ïï€ï¬ï·ï¢ ïª
ïï¥ïïŸï ïïºïï ï£ ïï ï£ïïïï¿œ ïï¯ï¿œï€ï¿œï ïï®ïï«ïïïºï€ïºï§ïºï ï¥ï®
ïïïïï®ïïŸï§ï§ïºïïº ï ï®ïï±ïï ï ï ïŸ ï¹ï¿œ ï§ïºï ï¿œï§ïº ï»ïï§ïºïºï ï®ï ïï€ïºï£ïï ï ï¥ïï¿œï§ïšïï§ïŠï ï°ï¥ï¡ï§ïºïïï®ïï ï ïï§ïºï ï°ï¥ï¡ï§ïºï
ï¶ïï±
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï°ï¹
ï§ïºïï¥ï®ïï€ï¬ï·ï¢ ï¿œïïï¥ïïºï§ï«ïï ï«ïï°ï ï ï ï¬ ïï
ï³ï§ï ï€ïºï¥ïï»ï§ï ï¡ ïïŸï·ïžï«ï ï»ï«ïï°ïïïžï¥ï¿œï¿œï ï®ïï«ïïïºï€ïº ïïï³ï§ï ïï² ïµï§ ïï¿œïï ï¹ï ï«ï ïïŠ ï»ï ï¿œïï ï³ï§ï ï¿œï ïž ï£ ï ï£ ï¬
ï ï¥ï¿œï ïïºï§ï»ï¶ïïŒïŸïïïï¥ïïïï¬
ï¢ï§ï«ï ï¥ïïºï§ ï ïºï§ï»ï°ïºï¯ï·ï®ïŸïºï¢ ï°ïïŸ ï¹ï ïï¿œïïºï§ ïŸïµïºï ï ï¢ ïŽïï§ïï ïºï¬
ïºï¬ ï¢ï§ï«ïï¥ïïºï§ïžïŸïŸïšï ïŸï° ï§ïºï ïºï¬ï¢ï§ï«ï
ïºï¬ï¢ï§ï«ïï¥ïïºï§ï ï ï® ïïï±ïï§ïºï
ï
ïºï¬ï¢ï§ï«ïï¥ïïºï§ï¿œï±ïï ïïïï©ï¢ ïï±ï ï»ïºïŽïï«ï
ïï¿œï£ïïº ïï¿œ ïŽ ï©ïºïïŸ ï«ïï¬ ïï ï¬ïïï ïï±ïª ï¢ ïï ï® ï ï»ï¢ï¿œ ïïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ï
ïï¿œï
ï€ï ï¥ ïïŸï¿œï
ï±ï±ï°
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï ïï°ï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï¿œïœïµïºï ïï·ïïï ï£ ï¬ï§ïïºï»ïž ï¬ ï®ï¿œï ï ï°ïïžïï± ïïï ï ï ï£ ïï»ïºï°ï¢ ï
ï¬ ï£ ïïœï ïšï»ï«ïïï§ ïï¬ï ï ï€ï¿œïï ïª ïïµïºï§ïïïŽï¶ ï€ïºï®ïïï§ïïºï¿œïïï¬
ï§ï»ïïŽï§ïïïïï§ï ïï¿œïï§ïºï¢ï initiative ï£ ï ïïŸïœï§ï¿œ ï«ïïï® ï«ï
ïïï¬ïŽï§ï ïï ïï ïŸ ï¹ï ï ï¯ï ï¡ ï¶ïï ïŸ ïï ïºïï§ïï§ïµ ï«ïï¬ ï·ï¬ ï ï§ï¿œ ïŽïï¹ïïŽ ï ï¡ ïïªïïŽ ï¢ ï°ï·ïï§ïºïïºï§ ï»ï°ïºï¯ ï©ïïµï ïï ï ï³ïºï£ï®ï
ïï¹ï ïï°ï» ï¯ïºïï§ïºïïžïœ ï¹ï®ïï¯ïºï ï»ïº ï
ïïŸïªï± ï«ï ï€ï¿œï ï·ïï§
ï»ï¿œï§ïºï ï¯ ïŽïïºï§ïïµïŸ ï¹ïï ï¥ïïºï§ ï€ ïŸïºïï§ïï¬ ïªï ïïïŽ ïï ï ï ïï¥ ï»ï§ï€ï¶ïºï
ï»ï¯ïºïïï¬ ïïïïïªïïªïŽ ï ï¿œï· ïïï±ïïïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ïï¿œïïï¬ ï¿œï§ ï·ï¬
ïï¿œïï ïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ ïï ïï ïï¢ïºïïïï¶ ïŽ ï¢ ï° ï·ï ï£ ï¥ ï»ï§ï€ï¶ ïºï§ ï»ï° ïºï¯ïï° ïŸ ï¹ï ïŠï¹ïïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ïï ï¬ ïŽï ïï±ïª ï¢ ï»ïº ïïŽ ï ïï¬ï§ïï¹ï ï»ï·ï±ïï§ï
ï ïŸ ï¥ïïºï§ ï ïºï§ ï»ï°ïºï¯ ï©ïºïïŸ ï¹ï ïïï¹ï£ ïºïï§ïï¥ïïºï§ïï«ïï¬ï§ïï¬ ïï ï£ ï°
ïºïïï ï»ï ï¹ïïïïï±ïïï£ïŸïž ïï²ïïïŸï§ï¡ïï²ï©ï°ïïï² ïïïïªï°
ï°ï¿œïŸïŽï§ïœïµïºï ï¢ï§ïïï ï³ïºï£ïï®ïïŽï§ïï§ ï°ï ïïï§ïºïïï§ïï®ï
ï°ï¿œïïïï ïï°ïïï¿œï ï¿œï§ï±ïï® ï ïï±ï ïŽïï¿œï¶ï±ï¿œï¬ïï°ï³ï ïï§ïºïï¿œ
ï ï·ï ïïŒï ï ï®ï§ ï±ïï§ ïïï¿œ ï°ïï ïŸ ï¿œï ï¬ïï° ï³ïï ï»ï©ïº ïµï§ï
ï¿ï ï ï¿œï ï¥ïïºï§ ï«ïïï°ïïïï±ï ï§ï±ï° ïž ï· ï»ïºïŽïï¿œï°ï¿œïŸ ï¥ïïºï§
ïï£ï¥ ïšïŒ ï· ï»ï§ï¿œïºïïïï ïï· ï© ïºïïž ï· ï€ï¿ïïïž ï«ï¿œïž ï¢ ïïï¬
ï ïµï§ïï¿œïŒïïŒï ï¬ ï ï¿œï¶ï±ï¿œïŽï ï ïï§ ïïŽ ïŸ ïœï§ï¿œ ï ïï ïºïï§ ï»ï§ïïš ï¹ï ï¶ ï¿œï ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ï ï§ï£ ï§ï ï¿œï ï» ï¹ï ïï°ï ï ï ï¢ïï ï¿œï· ï ï¿œ
ï¿œïï§ïºï ï±ï ïï¹ï¡ ï» ïï ïï¶ ïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ïï¶ ï ï£ ï ïï ï¡ïï¿œïºïº ï°ï ïïïïïªïï
ï ï±ïïï« ïï ï ïµï±ï»ï€ïï ï§ ï±ïŸï»ïï£ïï ï ï«ïº ï¿œï ï§ïïšï¥ïïŸï¿œï ï ï§ïºïïŸï¿œïï±
ï¶ïï²
ï£ïï¿œï·ïï ïï§ ï¿œïïï¿œï ï·ïï§ï§ ï¿œ ï¢ï ï€ ï¯ïïŒï¶ï¿œïï¿œï¯ïï¬ ïï ï¹ ï¶ïï³ ïï¬ ï¿œ ï ï ï°ï» ï® ïœïŸï¥ ï ïŸï¿œ ï ï ï ï»ï§ï ï¿œ ï¯ïœ ï ï©ï ï£ ï¢ ï ï ï§ïºï ïï ï³ ï³ïŽïï ïï ï
ïïŒïŸï¿œïïïï§ïºï ïï ïïïïïºï¿œïï³ïïï«ïï ï¿œïï·ïï§ï¿œïïïï¬ïïºï§ï¿œ
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï ï±ï°ïï°ï€ ïï¿œï ïŸïœï§ï¿œ ï«ï ï¿œïŸï§ï§ ï¢ï§ ï ï¡ ï© ï£ ïï€ïï©ï¢ï·ï ïï¬ï§ï§ ï ï» ïž ï·ï ïï¿œ ï ï±ï¯
ï±ï±ï±
ïš ï¹ ï¿œï§ïºï ïï® ïµ ï°ï¿œïï ïš ïº ï¶ ï±ïï§ ï¬ïïïžï ïï¥ï§ïºï ïï¬ïï ïï§ ï ï ï¿œ ïµ ï°ï¿œïï ï¹ïï ïï·ïïïïïºïï§ ï¹ï ïï¿œï§ ï«ïï€ï ï ïï·ïï§ï§ïºï ï±ïï°ï ï² ïï¿œïï±ïïï
ïï ïï ïï¿œï¯ ïºï©ïïïï¯ï«ïï°ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï§ï±ï ï¿œïï¿œï ï·ïï§ïŸ ï¬ï»ïïïïï
ï¶ ïªïï§ï§ï»ï ï· ï¥ ïï§ï ïï·ï ïïï¬ïïºï§ï£ïºï¿œï¹ï ï ï³ ï³ïž ï¬ï ïï ï¿œï§ï§ïºï ïïï·ï
ïï§ ï® ïïïŽ ï ï ïïï°ï¯ ï± ïïŒïï ïï ï€ïº ï® ï ï€ï ï¹ ïïï
ï ï±ï ïï³ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï¥ï¢ ïº ïïïïï¿œïŽïï ïïïŒï ïïºï±ï¿œïïï¿œïï·ïï§ï€ ï ï ï¿œï§ï§ïºïï¿œï¯ïïïïºïï
ï¿œï²ï±ïŽï ï²ï±ïµïïïŒ ï±ï³ï³ï±ïŒ ï¥ïïïïŽïºï§ïïïï£ïï¿œï¿œï± ï©
ïŸï§ï§ ïïï¿œïïïï¶ ï ï ïï ïï¹ïºïï³ ïïï ï³ïï¿œïºïï± ï ï ï©ïšï ïïï ï ï®ïïï© ïïï¿œï ï ïºï» ï ï¡ ï¶ï ïï³ï ï ïŽïµïžïï ïºïïïïïïï¹ ïºï¬ïŽïï»ï§ïµïŸï°
ï¶ïïŽ ï¶ïïµ ï¶ïï¶ ï¶ïï· ï¶ïïž
ï³ïºïï»ïºïï¬ ï¿œï¡ï«ï ï ï§ïï«ï ï€ ï¿œï¶ïœï§ ïžïïï¬ïïºï§ ï ï¯ïŽï³ï¿œïï¶ ï³ï¿œ ï¶ïï¹ ï¯ïïŒï¶ ï§ï®ïï·ïïï¬ ïïï³ï·ï¶ï·ïï§ïï ïŠï ïïïïïŸïï ï ïïºï¿œï ï
ï ï«ïïï§ ï±ï§ïºï ï¿œï ï·ïï§ïïï ï¿œï¶ ïï«ïï¿œï ï ïº ï»ï ï¡ ïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïï³ï¿œï ïšï
ï ï§ï±ï§ïºïï¯ï ï¬ïïŽ ï€ ï ïºïï¿œï ï¿œ ï ïï¬ïï ï ï§ïºï ï»ïï¢ ïªïŸïï¬ïïºï ï ï¹ïï
ï° ïïïï²ïï» ï ï¡ ï ï£ ï ïšï§ï¶ïïïïïï¢ïºïï¹ïï€ïï ïïïïïïŸï³ïºï ï ï¿œ ïžï¹ïïï²ï ï ï©ïšï ïïï ï ï®ïïï© ï ï© ïŸ
ïŽï ï¿œ ïïïï¬ ïïïŠ ï»ï¢ï¿œ ï°ï¿œïï ï¹ïï®ï«ïïŸ ï²ï ïïž ï©ï ï€ ïž ïžï°ï ï· ï ï°
ï§ïïŸïŸ ï ïžïŒï»ïï ïŠ ï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ï ï§ïºï ï»ï ïï¡ïŒï ïïŠ ïïïï¬ ïï ï» ï© ïï°ï ï ï¥ï ï ï£ ï° ï³ ï¿œ ï
ï±ï±ï²
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï¬ï¥ïïºï§ïïšï©ï°ï©ï ïïºï¬ïï ï¥ïïºï§ïï ï· ï ï±
ï¿œïžï°ïï²ï ï¿œïï¹ïï¬ï ï© ï³ï ï· ï ï²
ïïï¹ïï ïïž ï© ïï¶ ï ïï·ï³ ï²ï°ïŽïïï±ï ïï ï©ïœï ïµïïï ïï¿œï ïïï ïï ï€ï¿œï ï ïº ï»ï ï ï¿œïï·ïïŸïï³ ï¿œïïï«ï¿œïŸ ï³ ï³ï¥ï ï¡ ï· ïï¬ ï£ ïï§ ïï ï ïŽ
ï±ï«ïž ïªïïœï¿œïïŸ ïï ï·ï¬ï«ï ïïï§ïºïïï¶ïšï ï ïºï ï«ï¿œïïž ï ïµïïï ïï¿œï± ïž ï¯ï±ïï·ï¬ïïïï¹ï ï·ï ï ï ï ï¡ ïŸ ï¥ï ïï¬ ïïïŽ ï»ï²ïï» ï ïï ïŸï¿œï³ ï£ ïïï ïŸ ï»ï²ï ï¡ ï ï»ïº ï» ïï°ï
ïïŸ ïœï¥ï© ïï ïïï§ï¿œ ï ïµ ïï ï§ïïšï¿œïïªïï±ï°ï¶ï ï±ï°ïžïïï¥ï ïᅵᅵï±
ï ï ï£ ïï¶ ïœïï³ïï»ï¿œ ï ï«ï ï«ïŸ ïï¢ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ïï¬ ï ï ïï¬ ï»ïïï» ï§ïµ ï«ï ï· ï ïµ ïï¬ïïï ï ï§ïïïïï ï§ïïºïïï¥ïïºï§ïïïïï ï
ï¹ ï¿œ ï±ï©
ï¿œ ïºï¢ ï°ïïºï²ï§ ïïïïºï ï¿œ ïïï±ï ï»ïïºï§ ï¿œ ï²ï© ï¿œ ï ï¿œ ïïï±ï ï»ïïºï§
ï ï±ï³ï¶ïïï²ï ï ï©ïšï ïïï ï®ïïïï© ï ï· ï ï¶
ïŸï¿œïµï§ ïï§ïŠï»ïï¢ïïï canonizationïï¹ïï§ïºï ï€ ï ïŸïïïºïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽ ï· ïï·
ï£ ï¿œï ï
ïŸïïï ï ï¶ïº ïï± ï¿œï»ïº ïïï£ ïïºï§ïºï§ ï ï ï ï¿œïŒïïº ï¥
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï€
ï±ï±ï³
ï·ïï§ï ï¥ï¥ïŽï®ïïœï®ï± ïŠï ïï ïï¡ ïïºïº ï ï¿œïšï«ïïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽ
ïï«ïº ï±ïïïïï ïï ïïïºïï§ï¡ïï·ïžï£ ï¥ïïºï§ ïïïï ï ïºïï¶ï ïï¶ï
ï¶ ï§ï® ïŸï ï£ ï ï ï ïº ïï¶ï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïïï¬ ïºïº ïžï ïïï ïï ïŸï¿œï¡ ïŸï ï£ ïŽïšï¢ïžï ï§ïµ ï±ïŠ ï ï¹ïï ï¬ ï¯ï ïïï§ïï«ï ïïŒï ï§ïºï ï ï¯ï ï¡ ïŸ ïšï ï ï¹ï ï»ïºïï¬ïŽ ï·ï± ï»ï¹ïïï°ïï¬ ïï° ï§ï ï ï ïµïïïŠ ï¿ï ïï³ïïŒïŸ ï ï§ïï±ï ïŽ
ïŸï ï£ïï¹ ï ï ï ï±ï ïŽïï¹ïï ïïï¿œï«ï¿œïï°ïïŸ ï€ïïï§ïïï£ ïïºï§ïºï§ï ï±
ï»ï°ïï€ ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï¿œïïïï±ïïï§ïï¢ ï¿œïïŸïï¢ïœï ïïïïï ïµï§ïºï¿œï ï
ïï¬ ï ï ï¥ ïïºï§ï¶ ï¥ï ï«ïï ï¬ïŸ ï³ ï³ïïµïïŸï ï ïï€ ï¿œï ï¡ ï ï£ ï° ïžï ïï ï ï·ï«ï§ ï ïïžï¯ïïï§ï¯ïï ï€ïï·ïïïï¬ïïºï§ï¶ï ï£ï«ïï³ïï ï©ïïïïï°ï¿œï§ïºïï«ïï°ïï ï¬ ï ï£ ïï ï ï ïïïïï ïï§ï§ïŠ ï£ ï ï ï ï»ïº ï·ï ï¡ ï¢ ïïºï§ïŽ ï»ïï ï§ï ï ïº ïµï§ ïïŸ ïµï§ïº ï¿œï
ïï¹ïïŽïïºï»ï€ïï°ïïï ïï£ ïïºï§ïºï§ï ï ï»ï ï² ï±ïï ï»ï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ïï€ ïï¶ïž ï¬ï©ï ïïï§ ï»ïºïŸï«ï£ïïï¬ïïºï§ ï¿œïïïž ïœïŸïïï§ïºïï ï¿œ ï¥ ïïïŠ ï©ïºï ï»ïºïï¬ ïï
ï ï¥ ïï ïïïŸ ï±ïï°ï ïïŽïï§ï ï» ï¹ï ï® ï«ïï§ïºïïž ï¯ï ïï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïï«ïº ïïµ ï ï¿œ ïŠ ï§ïºï ï§ïµ ï ïï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï¥ï ï ïïïï±ï ïï¬ïïºï§ ïŸ ï¿œï ïï¬ï ï¿œï ï®ïï ï°ï
ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ïïŸïï«ïïï¶ïºïŒï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽïï«ïïºïº ï ï€ïï§ïšïïŽïºï§ïšïïïïºï¿œ ï ïï¬ïïºï§ïœïï¢ ïïïï¿œ ï ïï ï¿œïïïï¹ï ïŒï«ïï ï¥ïïï¿œïï±ï»ï¥ï»
ïïï¬ ïï§ ïïºïŸ ï§ïµï¶ ï§ï®ïï·ïïï¬ ïïï§ïï ï»ïï±ïïïïºï¿œ ïïïïï±
ï£ ï³ï§ ï¿œï» ï ïïïï« ïŽ ï¢ ï ï ï¥ï¢ï°ïï»ï¥ïïï ïïœ ïï·ï ï¥ïïïŸïï§
ï¿œïï§ïµïŽ ïï§ïï ï ï¿œïŸï¿œïºïº ï°ïï ï¶ïï§ ïï ï ï»ïº ïïï°ïï«ïï ïï¬ ïï
ï«ïïï±ïï¥ïŸïªï±ï«ïï¿ïïï§ïµïŽï¢ï§ïïïï¬ ïïŒï ï«ïïïžï¥ï¿œ ï«ï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ï ïïï§ïœ ï©ïºï§ï ï³ï§ï ï«ïïï ï¥ïï€ï ï«ï ïïï ï®ï ï ïœ ï©ïºï§ï¶ ïï§ïïºïï§ï³ ï³
ï ïï¥ ï ï ï¹ ï ï ï ïŸï¿ï¿œï ï§ïµ
ï ïï¿œ ï ïïïïŸïïïï±ï ï¿œï ï¡ ïïïï¹ï ï®ï«ï ï©ï ïïïï¿œï³ ï³ ïšï±ï°ïïï³ï
ïï±
ïŽ ï·ïïï¹ïïï¬ ï£ ïïï»ï°ï ï ï°ï©ïï§ïµï«ï ï€ ï£ïï© ï«ï©ïŽïŸ ïŽïïº ï±ï ï· ï ïž
ï±ï±ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï³ïï
ï¥ïï ï¹ïï ï ï§ïµ
ï¿œï»ïï ï€ïº ï ï§ïµï¹ï¿œï ï£ ïŠï ïºïïïïï¿œï± ï¿œï ï°ïïŸ ï§ïµï«ï ïï±ïï¬
ïŽ ïïï¶ ï¶ ïï£ï ï¹ïï ï ï¬ ï ï€ïï·ïïï«ïï§ïºï ïªïï¿œï¶ ï¹ïï ï ïï§ïµ ïï ï±ï ï¶ï·ïŸï ï£ï§ïºïï®ï ïï¹ïï ï ïï¿œï£ ï¬ï
ï·ï ï«ï ï£ ï ï¢ïï
ï ï¿œïï ïïï¿œïŸï¿œïºïº ï°ïï ï ï ïï¬ ï·ïï ïï§ïµ ï£ ï¹ïï ï ï ïµï§ïïï ï§ ï£ïï
ï®ïï¹ïïïïï¿œïŸ ï¢ ï·ïïºï©ïï»ïµï©ï«ïºï ïµï§ïï¶ïïï¥ïï ï±ï ï£ ïï§ ï ï ï ï³ï
ïï¬ ï·ï¬ï ï±ïïï£ïï ï ï ï«ïï§ïºïïŽïïºï¹ïïï ïµï§ ïï¿œ
ï¹ïï°ïïïï¬ ïï§ïž ï¬ï¬ïºï§ï ï¶ïï§ï ï ï ïŒïºï¹ïï ï ï³ï¿œïï§ïµï»ï§ïïšï¹ïžï§ïïïïï
ï§ïºïïï¬ ï»ïï ï€ïº ï ïï ïªï©ï§ïºï ï ï§ ïï°ï§ïµïŽïï ï¬ï§ ïï ï¿œï ï·ï¬ï«ï ïïŸïµ ï¹ïï°ïïï¶ ïïïï ï¿œ ïï±ï¬ ïï ï£ ï° ïï ï ï²ïï» ï§ïµ ï±ïŠï¶ ï·ï¬ ï«ïïï¹ï
ï ï ï ï¿œïŽï±ïï§ïŽï ïŸïµ ï¯ï±ïïïª ï¿œï§ï ïï§ïºïïïºïïï ïª ï©ï§ïºï ï ï§ïï°ïïºïï ï¿œ
ï ï®ï§ ïï ïŸ ïµï§ ïï®ïïï±ïï³ïï§ïºïïï¶ ïšïï¡ïï¢ ïïïï¯ï ï·ïºï ï ï³ï¿œïºï ï¹ï ï ï ï ï ï€ï ï ïºïº ï ïïï¿œ ïï¿œï§ïºï ïï¯ï€ ïï ïï¯ï ï£ïï ï
ïï¿œïºïï ï¬ ïïªïïï¬ ïž ïï²ï ï» ï€ï ï€ïºï ï§ïµ ï¿œï ï±ïï¶ ïïïºï€ï ïïª ï¿œï§
ï¢ïï ï§ïï°ï§ïµïŽïï¬ ïïï¹ïž ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ï»ï ï£ ï©ïïïœïï«ïï·ïïï£ï ï ï ïïïŠ ïï§ïï» ïœïï³ïï»ï€ï ï§ïµï«ïï ïï¿œïᅵᅵï ï°ïïŽï¿œï¬ ï¯ï±ï ï¢ïºï§ ï¡ï ïž ï¢ ï ï·ï ïï ï¢ïïïïª ï«ïïï ï¹ïï ï ï ïïï ïï ï¶ï ï»ïº ï ï§ ïï°ïïï
ïï°ïïž ï¢ ï ï³ ï³ï ï ï§ ïï°ï¡ïïº ï€ïï¹ïï§ïµ ï¹ï»ï ï£ ï©ï ïïŸ ïïžï ï ï» ïï¥ ï ïï ï® ïïï±ï
ï ïïïïï ï³ï± ï¿œïï ïï°ï¶ïïŽïï ï ïï« ï ïï§ïï®ï ï ï¿œ ï¢ï§ïºïï
ïšï³ï± ïïï³ï ï ï¿œï ï ïµï© ï ï§ïï ïŽïï ï¶ïïŽïï¬ ï±ïï§ ï²ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ïï¹ï
ï·ïºï§ ïŸï£ïŸ ï€ïï³ï§ïµ ï¹ï ï§ï ïïºïï£ ïïºï§ ï¿œ ïï ïŸïœï§ï¿œïï§ïµï¿œïï±ï
ï€ïïºï ïï ï£ ïï¿œï§ ï ï ï ïžï ïïï¿œïºï¿œï ï«ïï§ïºïï«ïºï¶ï§ï®ï ïïï¿œï§ïºïïïï§ï ïï ï
ï»ïïï ï ï ï ï§ïï°ï§ïºïïï ïª ï© ï¥ïïºï§ïŽï ï±ïï®ï ï ï¹ïŽ ï€ ï§ïµ ï±ïŠïŸïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï
ï¢ ï§ïºïï ï¥ïïºï§ïŽï ï±ïïŠïï§ï³ïŽ ï€ ïïŸï ï¹ïºï²ïï¶ ïïºï ï£ ï¿œï€ïïºï§ïºïï¬ ï«ï ï¿œïïªïï¥ï° ï¶ï ï ï€ ïï ï£ ïï©ïïºïºïŸï€ïïºï§ïºï ïš ï³ï³ï¹ï¿œïŽïïŸï ï¹ïºï©ïï¬ ï ï£
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï€
ï±ï±ïµ
ïïï§ï ï§ïµïŽï ï£ ïïï§ï ïï¿œïŽïï¡ïïªïï¿œ ïŠïŸï³ïïŸï ïŸïï ï€ ïï§ïºïï ïï¬ï ïï ïï ïª ï©
ïšï§ ï ï¶ ï¹ïïïïï¬ ïïïž ï¬ ï«ïïïŽ ï ï°ï ï©ï©ïïïï§ ï©ïïŸï¿œï ï¶ï ï ïº ï»ï ï¡ ï§ïºïï¿œï°ï ïï ï°ï ïï¢ ï€ïïœï ï ï°ï ïï¬ ïï»ï§ ï¿œï¹ï¿œ ï¶ï¿œï ïž ïµ ï£ ï¿œ
ï ï¹ ï·
ï ïï«ïïïï²ïºï¹ï¿œï©ïï²ïï» ï ï¡ ï ïï¯ï±ïïï±ïï ï»ï©ïº
ïïï§ïºïï¬ïšï€ï»ïºïïïŸï¥ï»ï«ïºïï ïï¿œïºïï¹ïï ïª
ïïš ï§ ï ïï ïï« ï¿œïï¹ ï¿œï©ïŽ ï ï² ïº ïšï±ï³ïŽïïï± ï ïïŸïïï¶ï ï ï©ï ï ï§ ï»ï ïžï³ï ïŸ ïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï ï ïºï¬ ïŸïŽïŠï§ ï²ïºï«ï ï¶ï¬ ï§ïï§ ïšï ï·ï ï¿œ ïï³ï·ï§ïºï
ï§ïºï ï ïï¿œïï¬ ï± ïŠïïï ï§ïºïï¯ïŽï¡ ïïº ï€ï ïŠï ï¹ïï§ïºï ï ï·ïï§ ï§ï ï± ï
ï¿œï«ïºïï§ïºïï¬ ï¿œ ïï§ ïïï±ï ï¹ï ï¿ï ï ïï» ïïï¬ï¶ï ï·ï¿œïžï³ï ïï ï¿œïŽ ï· ï¿œ ïï¬ï»ïï¬ïšï¹ï²ï ï ï»ï ïï¥ïºï¿œïï¿ï»ïºï¬ïªïïï±ïïï¶ïï·ïï§ï»ïºï£ ïï¬
ïšï±ï³ïïï²ï ïïŽïŠï§ï²ïºï«ï© ï§ïºï
ï§ïºï
ïï§ïºïïï¶ïï®ïï¬ ïžïï° ï¿œï ïžï³ïï ï
ï±ï±ïïï±ï ïï¢ ï²ïï©ïºïïï°ï¢ïïïï¹ ïžïï±
ïï ïºïï§ïïï·ï¬ïŽ ï»ï¿œï¶ïºïº ïŸïµïºïï§ïºïï¬ ïªïïï ïï ïŸ ïïºï§ ï ï¿œïžïºïºï±ï ï ï«ï ïžïï² ïï€ ï¿œïï² ïï³ï§ï±ï ïŸïŠïŸïšï ï¿œï°ïï§ïº ïœï ï¿œ ï ïï¿œï§ï±ï ï® ï ïï ïï¥ïïºï§ ï ï ï®ï ï¢ ïïºï¢ï§ïïï ᅵᅵï²ï§ïºïïªïï¿œï ïŸï§ ï§ ïŸ ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï§ï¬ïï ïï°ï§ïµï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ï¿œï§ï±ï ï® ï ïï¿œï ïŸï§ ï§ ïŸ ï¥ïïºï§ ï ï»ï ï¹ïïïºï¿œ ï ïž ï¬ ïŽ ï· ïï¶ ïŸ ï ï°ï ï¶ïïï° ï ïïï ïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ïï ïŽïïºï§ ï»ïº ï ïï¬ ï» ï¢ï ïï°ï¶ïºï®ï§ïžïŒ ï ï¿œ
ïï·ïïï¶ ï ïïïï ïŸï§ï§ ï³ï§ï±ïï€ ï ï¿œï¿œïŽ ï ï ï¿œï ï²ïï® ï ïï±ï ïŽïïŸï§ï§ ïï ïïŒ ï ï¹ïï ïï ïºïï§ï·ï ïïŸ ï«ïºïï ï· ï ï¬ïï ï€ ïŸï§ ï§ïï ïï ï¥ïŸïï·ï¬ï«ïï§ïºï
ï·ïïïŽ ï³ï§ïŸïµïºï ïï® ï¯ï«ïï¿œï§ïºï ï«ïï¿œï ïŸ ïïºï§ ïïï¬ ï£ ï ïïï ïŸ ïïºï§ï
ï±ï±ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï ï£ ïï ᅵᅵï²ï®ïï¥ïïºï§ï ïï»ï¿ïïŸïºïï§ïïï¬ï§ï ï ï ï§ï¿œïï ï
ï ï·ï¿œï¿œï§ïºï ïïï¢ ïºïªï¿œïŸ ï ï°ï ï«ïïï°ï¿œ ï ïïŸïï¿œïïï¶ïŸ ïïºï§ïïœïµïºï ï»ïï± ï³ï»ï¿œïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽ ïžïï³ ïŽïšï ï ï ïïïºïº ï ï¿œï§ï£ï§ïºï ïï§ï°ïïïïïï§ïºï ïŸï§ ï§ ïŸ ï ïšï ï
ïïï§ ïïŸ ï² ïŸïïŽïï§ïºïï ïŠï§ï¿œïï¿œïïïïïï¿œïµïŸ ï«ïï¬ ïï±ïï
ïŸïšï±ï ï€ ïï²ïïï¡ ïïªïï§ïµ ïŠï ï¥ï«ï ï ïï»ïï¿œï«ïï¿œïïµï ï§ïºïïž ï·ï¡ïŸïïïïºï¿œïïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ï«ïïï«ï ï»ïºï¿œïï¬ ï±ïµïïïïŸï§ ïïï©ïŠ ïµï© ïªï§ïºïï« ï
ïïª ïºï ïï ïŠ ïï®ïº ïïï§ïïïï± ïïš ïï¢ï©ïïïïï¿œï ïïžïº ïïï ïŽïï¿ï»ïïï§ïºï¿œ ï£ ïïŸïœï ï§ïï²ïŸïï ïï¢ï§ïïž ïïïïï¢ï§ïï
ïžï«ïïïï¿œ ïïžï»ïºïï¿œï¶ïï« ï ï°ïï«ïºïï ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï¶ïïï¥ïïï¬ ïï ï¿œïïï ï€ï ï ï» ïï±ï» ï ïïº ï€ï ïï¡ ï ï¹ï¿œï§ ï£ ï ïŸ ï³ïªï§ ï» ï¿œï¹ïï
ïïµ ïï±ï¡ï ïœïïŠ ïï«ïï ï¬ïŽïºï§ ïŸïï§ïºï ïŸïï© ï»ïº ïžï§ïºï ï ïï
ïïºïŸ ï²ï³ïïïïïºï¹ïïï§ïµ ï£ ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïŸïïïï§ïºïï¬ ïïºï§ï ï» ï ïï¬ ï³ï§ïœïïï ï°ï®ïïŠï€ïï·ïïïï¬ ï£ ïïœïïž ï£ ï ï«ï ï³ï¿œïï ï¹ïžï§ïïïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ïï§ïºï ïï¯ï ï¶ï ï ï°ï·ïž ï¢ ïïŸ ï¹ïï ï ïŸï ïï·ïïï¬ ïï ï¹
ï ï ïº ï«ï ïïï ï£ïŸ ïïºï€ ï£ïïºïºï ïïï°ïº ïž ïïºï ï£ ïïïžï€ ïï»ïï·ïª ï¢ ïï§ï· ï¿œï€ ï·ïï¥ïŸïœ ï·ïïŸï§ï§ïž ï¢ ïï¥ïïï ï¥ïï±ïïï£ï¬ïï¿œïºïï¹ïï¿œï€ïïž ï¢ ï
ï»ïºïïï¿œïµï¶ ï§ï®ïï¿ïï§ïïïï³ï¿œïï£ïïïïŠ ïž ï¢ ï ïïœïµïºï ïïï§ïºï ïŸï
ï ï£ ï ïïïïïŠ ïïºïïºï¿œïï ïïºïï¶ï ïºïïžï¿œïïïïïŠ ïï€ïï²ïï ïïïïž ï ïŸ ï ï¹ïï ï¬ï§ïï¿œï§ïïï¿œï ïï ïŸïï€ ï ï¡ ï ï¹ï ï»ïºï ï¥ï¹ïŽï ï»ïï¿œ ï«ï ï¿œï
ï¡ ïºïºï ï«ïï ïïïï§ ï±ïïïïïïšïµïž ïïŽ ï ïïºï€ïïï±ï ïïï ïïïŽïš ï
ïïï ïï» ï» ïŸï§ïïï¿œï ï¥ïïœïµïºï ïïïºï ï±ï ïïŸ ï® ï ï«ïï§ïºïï ï²ïïï ï§ï ï± ï ïïïŠïïºïº ï ï³ï¿œïïŸ ï¿œï¢ï©ï¡ïºï§ïº ï¿œïºïºï§ïºï ï°ïï ï€ïï§ïïï§ïï®ï ï¿œ ï³ï»ï ïŽïšï ï ï¬ ïžï ï·ï±ïŸ ïïïï ïïµïïº ï¹ïï ïïï¿œïŸ ïªï° ïïž ïïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïšï ï
ï ï±ï¢ïµ ï§ïï§ïºï ï¿œïïïºï«ïï¹ïïï¿œïºïº ï°ïï ï¹ ï ï·ï±ïŸïž ïïïºï¿œ ï ï¿œ ïšïŸï§ïïï¬ï©ï¬ï©
ï ï± ïïï·ïïï¿œï¶ïï°ï·ï²ï±ï
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï€
ï±ï±ï·
ïïï§ï ï» ïï±ï ïµï° ï³ïïŸ ï ïŸï ï£ ï ï¢ ïŽïï ïïŸïï¬ï¶ï° ïï¬ï§ ï£ïïº ïžïïŽ ï ï€ï°ï·ï¯ïï±ïïï±ï¥ïï ï¥ ï³ ï³ï¿œï ï ï®ïªïï§ïïï¯ïºïï ïïï ïïï§ï¿œ ï«ï€ ïšïµï°ï·ïž ï© ïï¬ï ï±ï ïï¬ï ï§ï ï ï ïïï¢ ïï ï ï¢ ïŽïï ïšïïïï ïï±ï ïŸï ï£ ïïïºï¢ ï°ï ïŸ
ïšïŒ ïµïµï°ïž ï© ïï¢ ïŽïºï§ï° ï¬ï§ï© ïï¶ïï§ïœïµïºï ï±ïïïïï¬ï ï ï€ï°ï£ï¯ï ï ïï ï€ïï²ïï¥ï ïï¿œï¯ï ï¡ ïŸï¢ ïŽïïºï¢ ï°ïïïïŸï³ ï³ïïïºï¢ ï©ïïŒïïšï ï§ï¿ï ïï ïï¿œïïï€
ïŽ ï¢ï§ï«ï ï ïŸïï§ï ï ï ï¢ ï ïï®ï ï¢ ïŽïïïšïïïŽ ï¢ ïž ï¢ ï ï€ïžïïïïï ï ï¢ ïï ï ï®ï ï°ïïï ïŽï¥ïïï£ï¥ ïª ï ïï§ïïªïïºïïï±ïï¿œïŸ ï¢ ïŽï ï»ï§ï§ ï ï ï ï§ ï³ ï¿œï ï ï ï ïŸ ï²ï€ï¿œïïŒïï¢ ïï ï«ïï®ï°ï©ï€ ï° ï³ï ï§ïïï·ï¹ï ï°ïï³ïºï£ï¢ï ï²ï«ïï ï¢ ï¿œ ïï± ïï¶ï³ïºï£ï±ï ï ïŸï³ ïŸï ï¬ïïï ïï ïï± ï·
ï»ï ï£ ï© ïªïï§ïïï²ï§ïï ï²ï¿œï ïºï¢ ï°ï ïŸ ï¿œïï ïï§ ïï ï» ï·ï¬ ï«ï ï€ ïšïŒï·ï¶ï±ïž ï©
ï§ï±ï ï¯ïïŽ ï§ïºï ïï ïïŽïïºï§ ïŠ ï ï¡ ï§ïºïïïï¿œïï¯ ï ïºï¢ ï°ïïŸ ï«ïïï¬ ï ï¯
ï¿œïï± ï±ï¿œï»ï ï£ ï© ï¹ ïï·ï¬ ï«ïï¿œï¬ ï¿œïœïïºï¢ ï°ï ï²ï²ï§ ïïï·ï¹ï
ï§ï ï ï ï§ï»ïºï¥ïï° ïž ïïï°ï» ïïœï®canonizationïïŸï¿œïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï§ïºï ï°ï ï ï»ï§
ï·ï¹ï°ï ï»ï§ ïïïº ï·ïïžï ï€ ïž ïïï¯ïŽï ïï ï¿œïœïï ï·ï¬ï«ïï ïï¿œïºï ï«ïºï§ïºï ïµï§ï ïžïïµ ï±ïïï§ï»ïŸ ï£ï¿œïïï ï³ï§ï°ïŽïïï¶ï¹ïïïï¹ïï ï ï€ï£ ï ïïï ï¥ ï£ ï ïï
ï¯ïŽïï¿œïºïº ï°ïï ï¿œïï¢ïïï¢ï ïï ïï»ïï¹ïï ï ï«ï¶ ï ï£ ï ïï§ïºïïž ï ïï®ïïºïï«ïïŸïªï±ï³ïª ï°ïïïïºï¹ïïïï¹ï£ïïïž ïï
ï¥ïï«ïï ï¹ïï ï ïï
ï¬ïŽïï«ïïï¶ïï·ïï§ï§ïºï ïšïµï·ïºï·ïï©
ï ïïïï©ïºïï ïï£ ïïï¹ï ï€ïïï ᅵᅵïï¡ïïŸï¿œïï¿œ ïŽïï«
ïï ïï«ïïï¬ïïºï§ ï ï¹ïï§ïïžïï¬ ïïŸ ïŸïºï ï© ï³ ï³ï ï ïïïï§ïï ïœï·ïï ïžïï¶
ï«ï ï¥ï±ïïŽï· ïï¶ ï¿œ ï¢ ïï¹ï ï¡ ï€ï ïŠïï£ïï§ïºïï·ïºïï§ïï¥ïïïï ïŸïï§ï ï ï ïï±ï
ïºïï¿œïï²ïïŸïœï§ ï¿œïï«ï ïï ï»ïï»ï§ïï¬ï ï§ïï·ï ï¹ïïï ï®
ï±ï±ïž
ïž ï£ ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïï§ïïïï ï¬ï±ïïŸï¿œï¿œ ïï³ïºï¿œ ïï ï©ïžïï§ïºïïžïºïï¹ï ïïª ïŠïïï ï ïïï¹ïºï ï¿ïï ï ïïï¹ïï¿œï ï¿œ ï ï±ï ï ïï§ï±ï ï»ïï ï ï¹ïï© ï¿œïï
ï¿œï³ï¶ï¹ïï²ï ï ï© ï ïïïºï§ ï±ï
ï¡ ïžïï· ïºï¬ ï¢ï§ï«ïïï§ ïïïï ï²ïï»ï
ï¿œï±ï±ï³ïïï±ï ï ï ï®ïï ï ïïï¶ï ï ï©
ï ï ï± ï¿œïï§ïºïïï ï³ ïïŸï§ïºï¢ï¬ï§ï¢ ïºïïŸ ï³ïï¬ïŽïïŒïš ï»ï ïŠïïï¬ ï¢ïïï£ ï ï² ïï¬ ïŸïºï¥ïžï§ïºïïï ï°ïï³ïŽïŒï ï®ïïï°ï» ïï¢ïºï ïï¢ïŸïµïºïï§ïºï ï®ïï¬ïï¢ï±ï ï¿œïïï ï»ï©ïºïï±ïï§ïºï ïŽ ï¢ ïº ïŸï§ïï¹ ï¿œïïïïïŸï¹ ïïï¯ï°ï¶ïïïïšï€ï¿œ ïï°
ïï¢ïºï ï§ïºïï¬ï ïï¢ïïï¬ ï°ï» ïï¢ï±ï ïŸ ï³ïï¬ïŽ ï·ïžï» ï®ï¿œ ï±ï ï ï ïŠ
ï»ï§ïµïï ïïï§ïºïï§ï³ï°ïïŽ ïïïï£ïïïŠïï©ïºïïï·ïªï ï·ïžïŽï ïï±ï ï ï¿œï¶ïï¿œ
ï ï©ï¿œïï¬ ï·ï®ï ï«ï§ï°ïï§ïºïï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢ïïï ï¿œï» ïï°ï» ïï¬ ï·ï®ï ïŸï ï¡ï ïï°ï» ïŸïï§ïºï ï® ïï¿œïŸïµïºï ï® ïï¬ï±ï ïï¬ ï²ï©ï ïï¢ï¿œïï¬
ï¯ïï¬ ï¥ïïºï§ï±ïï¿œïïï¬ ïŽ ï· ïï¶ï³ï®ïïï¢ïºï ï¢ï»ïªïº ïïïµï§ïºïï»ïïïµ ïïŽ ïŸïœï§ï¿œïï¿œïïï¬ ï¿œïï§ï ï®ïï¢ï» ï³ï±ï ïŽïïï¿œï°ï¶ïïï§ïºï
ï ï¥ï±ïï±ïï§ïï·ïžï«ïï€ïïïï¹ïïï¬ï·ï®
ïï§ï ïï¬ ï¥ ïªï ï³ï¡ï€ ï ï«ï ï»ïºï§ïºïïï ï¶ ïïï€ ï ï»ïºïŽïï§ïº ï
ï ï¿œï
ï«ïï ï¹ï€ï§ ïï±ïï§ïºï ïŠïï©ïºïï§ïºï ïŸï§ïï§ïºï ïï¬ ïï ïªï ï¿œï ï±ï ïŽïï£ïïž ï¢ ïïïï ï¿œ
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï±ï¹
ï§ïºïï·ï ï¡ ï ï¿œïŸï§ïºï¢ïª ïï ïï ï£ï° ï ïï·ï© ï ï³ïï§ïºïïï¡ï ï¿œï ïšï¶ïž ï£
ï ïªï ï® ïïï§ïºïï§ï³ï°ïïï£ï ïï¬ ïŸï§ïºï¢ïï§ïœï¶ï ïªïï»ïšïµ ï° ï®ïï³ï±ï ïŽïïŸï
ï¿œïïºï§ ïœï°ï€ ïï¬ ïï§ï ï³ï¶ï«ïï¬ï ï®ï ïœï©ï±ï ï±ï ïŽïïŽ ï¢ ï§ïºïïï±ï
ï¶ï³ï§ï¢ï§ï«ïï§ïºïïï¬ ï³ï§ïïï ïï¶ ïŸïï€ ïïïïï¢ ï»ï©ïºïªï¡ïï ï£ ï°ï ïïï¿œï³ ï ï¿œïï¢ ï²ïï©ïºïïïºïï§ ïïµïµïŽïïï±ï ïïï¿œï©ï
ïºïŸï§ï§ ï ï¥ïïïï ï»ïºï ïï¶ïïïï¬ ï·ï®ï¢ï¿œï ï¶ïï·ïï§ïï ï¬ïïŒïŸïŸï§ ï§ ï¿œ ïžïïž
ïïï¿œï ïï±ï¬ ï±ïïž ï»ïŽï€ ïïï ïï ïï§ïŠïŽ ï€ïïïï¬ ïŸ ï¥ïïºï§ï±ï ï ï ï ïïºïï¿œïï§ïºïï¬ ï ï¢ï ïï¶ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï¹ï ïŸ ï¹ïï ï ïž ï© ï ï€ ï ï©ïœïžï ïï±ïï ï¿œ ïŽïï¬ ïïïï ï£ï
ïï§ï§ïŠï£ïï ï ïï€ïï·ïïï·ï¬ï«ïïï¬ ï£ ïï»ïïï€ïº ï§ïºï
ï¶ïµ ïïºïžï ï£ ï ï ï¿œïïï¬ ï±ïï§ï²ïï ï ïŠïŸïœï§ ï¿œï«ïï§ïºïï¬ ïï§ïïï ï¿œïï
ïŸ ïï±ï ï ïï·ï¬ïŽïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïïïºï¿œ ïï«ïïœï§ï ï¹ï ï°ï ï¿œ ï ï ï¿ï§ ï¿œ ïï¬ï§ïï§ïºï ï¿œï ï¡ ï ïï
ï ï§ï ïŸ ïïïªï ïï¿œ ïœïï€ ï« ï£ ï¶ ïï¬ïïºï§ïŽï§ïºï ï¬ïš ï§ ï ïŸ ïœï§ ï¿œ ï«ï ïžïï¹ ï ïïŸïï
ï¹ïï ï ïï¬ ïï ï£ ï¿œï»ïžï³ï ï¹ï¿œïïžïïªïï¿œï¿œï· ï¶ï¿œïŠ ï¶ïï·ïï§ïï§ïŠïŽ ï»ï² ï ï¹ïï° ïï² ïïŽïï ï¿œï»ï¿œïºïïŸ ïžï³ï ïº ïµï¯ï ï ï± ï® ï ï¬ïï¬ ïïïšï ïï ï±ï ï·ï¬ ï«ïï
ï ïµï³ïïï±ïïž ï£ ïï¬ ïï ï¹ï ï¿œïï¿œïŽï¹ïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽï©ï± ï ï»ïï¬ ï§ï©ï¢ï€ ï¿œïï±ïïµï© ï¶ï¿œï¹ïº ïµïžïï£ïïµï ïïïŸïï ïŠïšïµïïž ïï£ïœïŸïï¬ï·ï¹ï¿œïï±ïï£ïïµ
ï ï¿œï ï±ïïïï¥ï³ï§ïï ï»ïïïï±ï ï»ï§ï ï± ïï ï®ï ï ï ï¥ï¯ïµïž ï¿œïž ï¿œï ï ï¥ ï¢ïï§ï ï ï ïï¥ï§ïºïï§ï£ïïï ï«ï ï»ïºïï¬ ïïïï£ï ïž ï¢ ïïï°ï¿œï ïµï«ï
ᅵᅵï§ïµï¿œï
ï ï°ï° ïºï§ï°ïïï£ïïµïšïµïïïï« ïïŽï ïŠïïïž
ïï¹ïïï¬ï§ ïïïï ï¹ ï ïï¿œï«ïï¿œï¶ïœï§ïžïïᅵᅵï·ï¬ïŽ ï°ï ï¥ ï ï«ïïŸï¿œ ï¥ïï« ï ï¹ï¿œ ï€ïï¿œïïï»ï ï¡ ï ïï ï ï¿œ ïï£ïïµïïïµïï ï ï°ï ïŽïïºï§
ï¹ïï±
ï±ï²ï°
ïž ï£ ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï§ï±ïïïïïï§ï ï± ï ï ï ï ï¿œïï«ïï§ïºïï ï¶ïï§ï ï ï ïï¥ïï£ïïµïï¬ ïï»ï§ï ï¡ ïï³ï§ï ï¥ï
ï²ï ïï ï¡ï£ ïï ï»ïºïï¿œïŸïŽï¹ï«ïï§ï ï±ïïïï¶ï ïï¥ïŽï ï£ïïž ï¢ ï ï¿œïžïï¿œ ï ïïïï± ï»ï§ïïï§ï ï± ï ïï¹ïï¬ïŽï§ïïºïï¿œïïï» ï ï¡ ï·ïïºï§ïºïï¢ï¿œï ï ï ï¿œ ï» ïŽïšï³ ïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïï¬ï§ ï»ïïï¿œïŽ ï ïï¿œï ï§ïïŸïµï«ï ï¹ïïïïºï¿œï«ï ïšï ï
ï±ïï¿œï¶ïŸïï±ïï¢ ï¹ïïž ïïïž ïï€ ïïŽ ï¹ïïµï±ïï¬ïï¹ïï§ïºïïï
ïïœïïï© ï¢ï ïŸ ï²ï€ïïï¿œïœïµïºïïï§ïµï ï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïï¿œïºïºï°ï ïï ïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽïï»ïŸ ïïï§ï ï¡ ï ïŸïï§ïºï ïŽïï€ïï¢ï¢ïµïšïœï§ ïžïï¬ ïºïº ïž
ïïï± ïï¹ïžï°ïï¹ ïï ï ïïœïï ïïïºï¹ï³ïºï£ï© ïïœïµïºïï ï§ïµï»ïºïŽ ï³ïï¶ ïïºï ï£ ï¿œï«ï ï¢ ïŽï ï»ï©ïºïïºï§ï ï°ï ï ïšï ïœïï°ï ïïº ïïºï°ïï ïï°ï ïïï¬ ï ï¬ïºïºï ïïï§ ï±ïï® ï ïï±ï ïŽïœï§ ïžï€ ïï²ï ï° ï§ïºïï ï® ïïï±ï ï¢ï§ïï ï¿ïï¿œï
ïï«ï ï°ïïµïï© ï ï©ïµïïï±ï¿œï±ïïµï§ïµï°ïïµïïŽ ïï©ï°ïïïµïïïïµï«ï ï ï ïïï¢ ï£ïïµï€ ïïïŽ ï§ïºï ï¿ï¿œïº ï ï²ï ï® ï ïïï»ï©ïº ïº ï«ïºïïïïµïïï²ï ï¶ ï§ ïï ï² ïï£ï ï°ï ïïï ï£ ï© ï«ï ï¿œïºïº ï°ï ïï¬ ïï ïŸ ï²ï€ ï¬ï ï±ï ï» ï§ï ï± ï ï±ï ïŽïœï§ïž
ïïïºïï§ïºïï¿œïᅵᅵïï£ïï¿œïïŽïºïï¥ï°ï ïµï§ïïï«ï ï°ï ï€ïïï ï¿œ ïï°ïï¿œ ï ï¿œ ï ï ïŽïï ï ï ï§ï³ï ï¢ ïºï ï°ïï·ï ï¶ïïï§ïï ï ïïŸ ï®ï ïµï§ ïïï ï©ïšï ïï ï ïµï§ïïïŸïšïïï·ïïïï§ï ïï¢ï ï¶ ïïï¹ïïï ïïïšï¿œ ï ï ï ïµï©ïï ï©ïšï ïï»ï ï ïïïïï§ ï°ï ïï»ï©ïºï ïï°ï ïµï§ïï§ïºï ïŸï ïï ï¿ ïµï§ïïïŸï°ï°ïï¯ï»ï ï¶ïï ï ï¿œïºï ïïï® ï ï
ï»ï·ïï§ï§ ï°ï ï£ ï·ïï§ ï·ï ïžï ï±ïïï¿œï€ï±ïïïŸï§ï§ ï©ï§ïŠïï¹ïïïï±ïï°ï ï¹ïï²
ï£ ïï«ïïžï«ïïï¬ïïŽï»ïïª ïïï§ïºïï¬ ïï ïïï ï€ïïï§ïºï¿œï·ï¹ï«ïï ï¹ï ï±ïï ïï± ï·ï ï·ïï§ ï¿œïïïž ï¿œï ï¶ï ï« ï ï°ï» ï§ïµ ïŠïï¬ïºï»
ïï±ïï°ï¹ï ïïïïïœ ïšïœ ïšï ïœ ï·ï¶ ï² ï¢ ïïºï·ï ï² ïïºïïŽ ï³ïïº ïï ïïïïï±ïï°
ïïï¶ï¿œïïï¿œïŽï ïïïï¹ï ïï±ïï® ï»ï§ïºï¿œï±ï ïïï ï·ïª ï¢ ïïï ï ï°ï€ï ïï ïŸ ïŸï·ï«ï ïïºï§ïºïï¬ ï§ï€ï°ï ïªïï¬ïï©ï§ ïŠïïï±ïï° ïïŸ
ïïšïï¿œï¶ï ï ïºï»ï ï¡ ïï¬ ïïïïªï°ïï»ïž ïï·ï£ ï·ï§ïï²ï©ï£ ï²ï¶ï ï£ï ïï±ïï° ï§ ïï±ï ïïï§ï» ïŸ ï ï° ï ïŸï§ï§ ï»ïº ï¬ ïï± ï· ï ï©ïï±ï ïŸ ï
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï²ï± ïºïï° ïïïï¹ïïï¿œï°ï» ï¢ïï§ï ï»ïï±ïï°ï»ï ï£ ï©ïœïïïïï
ᅵᅵïŸïïï¶ï ï ï©
ïŸï· ï¿ïï ï¬ï§ ï¢ ï ï ïïï ï¬ï ïŸ ïïï°ï
ï¶ï ï·ïï§ ï€ ï ï¬ ï±ïïï¬ ï¢ïž
ïï®ï²ï€ ïŸ ïïïï§ ï¯ï ïï ï«ï§ï ï» ïï ï ï·ï ï¡ ï¶ï§ï ï ï°ï·ïïšï§ïï
ï ï€ ïïïï¬ ïï¹ïïï ï ïï ï±ïœï§ïºïïï ï§ïï«ïï®ï ï¯ïŸï·ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï¿œïº ï£ ï¢ ï
ï ï ïï± ï ïïï¿œï°ï»ïïï©ï ï«ï
ï§ïïšï¿œïïªïï²ïµïï ï²ï ïïŸï§ï§ ïï§ ï¹ïï³
ï£ï±ïºï§ ïŸ ï€ï ï³ï· infallible ï ïŸï§ ï§ ï»ïºïŽï ï¥ïï§ï ïº ï¥ïïºï§ ï¿œ ï§ï€ ï¹ïïŽ
ïïŸï§ï§ ïž ï¢ ïïï¬ ïïïïïïïïï»ïï ï»ïï¬ïŽï ïï»ïïï¯ ïŽïïºïž ïžï¿œ ï§ ïï ïïŒ ï ï ï¿œ ïï ï ïº ï«ï ï§ïµ ï°ïïŸ ï· ï ï¬ïï ï€ ïï²ïïï¬ ïï ïœïï¿œ ïŽ ïï ï»ïï ï«ïï ï ï£ ïïïŽïŸïï¬ïïºï§ïï ï ïïº ïï ïï© ï«ï§ïºïïïïŒïïï ï ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ï ïï ï°ï ïŸ ïž ïï·ï¿œ ïïïž ïï ï»ï§ ï¿œïïïŒ ï· ï«ï§ ïºï ïºï ï¶ ï§ïµï
ï ïïŽï§ïºïïï¿œïïï¹ïžï§ïïïï§ïºï ïŸ ïï¶ïïï±ïï ï ïïïŸï§ï§ ï®ïïïï¬ïïºï§ ï ï€ïï§ïºïïï ï§ï¢ï¿œïïï¬ïïºï§ï¹ïï ïïï³ïïïŒ ï·ï© ï«ï§ïºïïºïïïïïïï±ïï ï ï
ï ï¢ïïï®ï ï«ïï¿œïïï¬ ï£ ïïïïï©ïï¥ïïï»ïïŸïŒïïœï·ï€ï¿œï«ï ïï€ïïïï©ï ïŒï§ï¿œï§ï¿œï®ïï¿œï·ï© ï«ï§ïºï ï£ ï»ï§ ï¿œïïïï¿œïºïï ïï³ï§
ï£ ïïžï© ï ïŒï® ï ï»ï§ ï¿œï ï© ï±ï ïŽï ïï ïºïï§ïš ï ï¡ ï ï¥ ïï ï°ï» ï ïªïï§ïº ï±ï
ï±ïïï»ïïïŸïï ïïï£ï ïïŸï¿œïï§ïïï»ï§ ï ï¡ ïïŸ ï© ï ïïº ïŒïšï ï¡
ïïï ï€ï ï ïïŸ ï»ï¶ï§ïºïïŸ ïïžï·ï¿œ ïïïŽïïï»ï§ï¿œïï§ïºï ï© ïïŒïŸ ï ïï§ï°ïï±ï ïïºï§ïšïï ï©ï¿œïïï¬ ïï ï»ï§ï¶ï¿œï ïžï¯ïï®ïï¹ïïïïïŸï¡ï ï«ïïï
ï¿œïï¬ ïï ï¹ïï¬ ï°ï» ï® ï ï€ï ï·ï¯ï ï·ïª ï¢ ïïï§ïºï ï«ïŒïï¿œï€ï±ï
ïïï±ïŸ ïŸï§ï§ ï€ ï ïï ï ï ï· ïªïï³ïïï²ï» ï·ïï¿œïïï³ïï±ïž ï¢ ï ïŸ ï»ïï ïŸï§ï§
ï»ï§ï ï± ïï§ïï ï ïï ï£ïœïïïïïïïï§ ïï±ï ï ï ï¥ ï±ïï¶ï ïï§ï°ïïï§ï ï± ï
ï±ï²ï²
ïž ï£ ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï«ï ïï ïï ïïŒ ï ï§ïï ï ï¢ ï£ïœï ï¿œï§ïïïï¢ïïï·ïï¿œïïïïï¬ ï¿œ ï ïï§ï°ï
ï» ï§ï ï± ï ï§ïï ï ïïïŸ ïï¢ï ï§ ïï ï ïµï° ï ï± ï ïïºï ï» ï§ïµïºï ï£ ï±ï ï¹ïï ï ï£ïœï¢ï§
ïï ï¿œïï±ïïœï§ ïŠïï¹ïïï»ï§ï¿œï ïŸ ïï§ïºï ïŒï§ ï¿œï§ ï¿œ ïŸ ïï¿œï¿ï¿œï ï°ï ï ïï§ï°ï
ï¿ïï§ïµ ï§ïºï ï»ï§ ï¿œï ïŸï¿œïïž ï¢ ïïï§ïºïïŒï§ï¿œïïŸï¹ï ï€ïïºï ïï±ïïï°ï¿œ ï«ï¹ïïïïœï®ïïïï²ïŸïºïïïïŸï€ïï²ï³ïïïïï¡ïï ï»ï€ï§ï ïŠï
ï·ï©ïïŽï³ïïºï¬ïï€ï ï±ïºïï ï ï¡ ï§ïïï¿œï ï°ï»ïºïï¬ ï¹ï¿œï¥ïïºï§ïŽïïïï
ï§ïïïïïïŽïªï ïï ï ï«ï§ïºïï¬ïï© ïžïïïï±ï»ïï¹ïï ïï ïïïïŒï» ï°ïïïï¬ ïï¿œï ï·ï©ï±ï ïµïï«ïï ï²ïŸïºïï²ïï¿œ ïŸï§ ï§ ïž ï¢ ïï ïïï
ï ï±ïïï·ï¿œïï®ïï¿œïºïšï«ïŒïï©ïºï§ïºïïï¹ïïï¹ïï«ïïï¿œïºïº
ïžï³ïï ï±ï¹ïžï±ï§ïïïï§ïïï¿œï ï³ï ïï·ï¿œï¿œ ïï¹ïµ ï³ï»ï¿œïïïïïï¿œ ï¢ ïŽ ï¹ïï¶ ïŽïšï ï ïºï ï»ï±ïï»ï ïï ï£ï«ï§ïºïï£ï¢ ï©ï ïšï ï
ï ïïžï·ï°ïïŒ ï²ïµï¶ïºïïïºïïžï±ï°ïïŒ ï±ï¹ïŽï¶ïï¡ï ïï§ï§ ï¿œïï³ï ïï·ï¿œï
ï ïïžï·ïµïïŒ ï²ï¶ï±ïïïºïïžï±ï¹ïïŒ ï²ï°ïŽï¶ïï¡ ïï§ï·ï¿œï¿œïï€ï±ïï¿œï
ïï¹ ï¿œï¿œïï¹ï¿œï ï ïïï±ïï¿œ
ï¿œ ï±ï© ï¿œ ï²ï© ï¿œï³ï©
ï ïïžïžïžïïŒ ï²ï·ïµïïïºïïžï±ï·ïïŒ ï²ï°ï²ï¶ïï¡
ï ïïžï¹ï²ïïŒ ï²ï·ï¹ïïïºïïžï²ïŽïïŒ ï²ï°ï¹ï¶ïï¡ ïï¿œ ïï©ïšïï¿œ ïï·ïœï±ïï¿œ ï ïïžïžï¶ïïŒ ï²ï·ï³ïïïºïïžï²ïŽïïŒ ï²ï°ï¹ï¶ïï¡ ïï«ïºï ï ï¿œïï¶ïïï±ïï¿œ
ï¿œ ï¹ï ïï¹ ï© ï¿œïï£ïï¹ïï°ïïï±ïï¿œ
ï¿œ ïŽï© ï¿œïµï© ï¿œ ï¶ï©
ï ï ï¹ï±ïµïïŒ ï³ï°ï³ïïïºïïžï²ï¶ïïŒ ï²ï±ïŽï¶ïï¡ ïŸï§ïï ï¬ï©ï¬ ï¶ ï ï¹ïï·
ï±ïïï¢ï§ï«ïïŸ ï¶ïŠï§ïºï ï³ïï±ïïï ï¿œïºïï§ïºï ï¥ïï ïïªïºï§ïºï¿œïŸï ïïïïžï³ï ï ï ï¹ïïž
ï§ïï ï»ïœ ïºï§ ïŸï§ïï¡ïŽïïºï§ï ï¢ï§ï«ïï³ ïï³ ï¬ ïïïïïïŸï® ï ïïï¬ïï¿œï
ïï·ï®ï§ïºï ïŸï¹ ïï ïï«ï ïïžï ï ï¿œï¶ ï®ï£ïïŸ ï¿œï ï«ïï ï¿œ
ïï¬ ïïï¹ ïï§ïºïïŸïœï§ï¿œï«ïï ïïï°ï¯ï®ïï€ï ï¢ïºïª ïŸ
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï²ï³
ïºïï§ïïïï°ï³ïï£ ï ïï ï£ ïïïï°ïï¿œï ï¿œï»ïïžï³ïï ïšïµïž ïï ïŒï«ï ï·ïïï ïï¢ ïºïªï°ïï ïïï§ ï±ïïïïïïï®ïïï°ïï¿œïŸ ïïï¿
ï ïï ïï£ïŸïïïªïïï¿œï¬ï«ï¶ï§ïµï ïïºï¿œï»ïïïïŸ
ïï¿œïº ï€ïïŠï¶ï«ïï¬ ï ïïïŒïïŸïïïïïºï ï¶ï§ïµïµï§ïïïïœï§ïž ï¹ïï¹ ï©ï¿œï ï» ï®ï¿œïï ïï³ï£ï ïïï¿œï¶ï¿œï°ïï ïï¿œï«ïïŸ ïïºï«ïï«ïïï¬ ïŸïºï± ï¢ï§ïŸï§ ï ï±ï ï ïï° ï ïï¿œïï§ïºï ï±ï ïïŽï¹ïïïï¿œï¹ï ï«ïï ï±ï ï±ï»ïï ïšïºï£ ïï»ï«ïï§ïºïï¬ ïïï ïïï ïï§ïºï (polemics)ïº ïï¿œï¯ ï¡ï·ï ïïºï«ïï«ï
ï ï§ ï» ïï®ï±ï ï£ ï¿œ ïïï ï ï»ï«ïï ï¬ï§ïï§ïï¶ ïïŸï§ ïžï ï ï§ï»ïï¬ ïïïŽ ïï§ ï» ï« ï¢ï§ï«ïï§ïºïï ïï ᅵᅵᅵ ï¿œ ï ï·ï ï¯ï¿œïïï ïïº ï€ ï ï
ï€ïºï ïï¿œïµïŸï«ïï ïïŠïïï¢ï§ïŸï§ï·ï³ ïï§ï»ï·ïïïïºï§ïïœï»ïº ï ïµï«ï¿œ ïï¿œ ïïïºï ï ïŒ ï¹ ï» ïïºï«ïï¹ï ï¿œï ïï¬ ïïïï§ï ï» ïï¿œï ïïïºï ïï§ïºï ï©ïï
ï°ïŸïïïœï»ïºïï¹ïïï ï¥ ïªïï¿œï§ ï ï»ïï³ï°ï ï¹ï ï ï ï ïº ïïï·ï
ï±ïïï€ïï§ïºï¿œïïï¿œïï ïµï£ï¶ï«ïïŽï§ïºïï¬ ïïï¡ ï»ï§ï°ïïï²ï³ïïïµïï ï
ï ï»ïŠïïŠ ï ïžï³ï ïºï§ïºï ï¥ï»ï§ïïº ï ïïï ïï ï£ ïïᅵᅵ ïïïï¬ ïïïï¬ï¹ï ï ï¿œïžï³ïïïïŸïïï ï¿œï ï»ï¿œïïï¡ï ï ïŠïï»ïºï¬ ï¿œïï»ï§ïï±ïïï»ïï¬ ï ï
ï ïŸ ï¿œï ï ï§ïµ ï€ ïºï ï Juynvoll ï§ïºï Goldziher, Schacht ï ïï¿œ ï ï ï¿œï¶ ïï¿œ ï® ïœï§ïž ï ï¡ïïªï ï§ïµ ï¥ïïšïï¿œ ï»ïº ï ï ï¬ïïïïï¿œ ï§ïºïï± ïï°ïïïïï¶ïï€ïïï£
ï°ï ïµï§ïï§ïŠïŸïï¢ ïïïïï ïï°ïïï
ïŽ ïŸ ïï ï ï°ïïïïïï ï¶ï¿œï¿œï ï ï«ï¿œï¶ïï¡ ï ïœï§ ïï¿œ ïŸïïºï¿œï ï§ïï ïï
ïï ï€ ï·ï ï¡ ïž ï¢ ï ïïž ïï overlap ï¶ ïœïµïºï¿œ ï±ï ïïïºï ï ïœï§ïï¿œ ïŸïïï¢ïºï¿œ
ï»ïï¿œï«ïï ïïï¬ ï¿œï¿œï ï¿œïïïïï§ïµï¿œïï£ ï±ïï°ïïïïŸïž ï¢ ïï Sch a ch t ,
ï sk ep t ici s m ï ï®ïïŸ ï¿œï ïï£ ïïºï§ïº ï§ ï ïïï¬ ïž ï
ᅵᅵïïŸ ïµï§ ïïŸïïŸï§ïžï ï·ï ï·ïᅵᅵïï© ï ïï»ïº ï£ ï¿œ ïï€ï»ï©ïºGoldziher
ï¡ïïï¬ïŽï¿œïï ï±ïïïšïï»ï§ïªïïºï°ïïï²ï³ïïï ïïŠ ïï§ï¿œï· ï¥ïï ï¹ïïï
ï¿œï»ï© ïš ï ïŠïœï ï» ï£ ï ï ï ïž ï± ï ïŽ ïïŸïï¬ï ï±ïï ï« ï ï ïºï
ï±ï²ïŽ
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ï¹ï ï® ï«ï ï¶ï§ ï ï» ïïï¿œï ïïïºïº ï ï¬ï§ï ïï§ ï»ï§ïºïï¿œï§ ïœïï¿œïïï§ïºï ï¥ ïï ï ïª ïï¿œï€ï¹ïïï ï¢ï€ï«ï ï¿œï ï«ïï§ïºïï ïïºï¶ïžï³ïïïïïïï
ï¿œï§ïŠïïï±ï ï§ïïºïï¡ ï ïïï ïšïµïï·ï¬ïŽ ï»ï¿œï©ï®ïïï¿œïµïŸ ï«ï
ï¶ ï§ï£ ï§ ï ï»ï¿œï ï³ïï ï ï«ï ï¿œï°ï¬ ïï ïŸ ïï ï ïž ï» ï» ï€ï ï± ï¯ï¥ ï©ï¿œïŽï ï» Schacht ï¢ï§ïïï§ïºïï¬ ïï° ï§ ï ï ï ï«ï ï£ ïŽïïºï§ï ï®ï¿œïï ï sweeping statement ï»ï·ï±ï¹ï ï£ ï¬ï§ ïïºïï¡ï ï ïïï ï ïŸïïŸïµïºï¿œï§ïºïï¿œïïºïïïŸïï¬ï¿œï¿œï»ï ïïºïï¶ï¿œ ï£
ï¬ï ïï¬ ï¿œ ï¿œ ï ï°ïï¡ ïºïšï§ ï ïŸï ï¿œï§ ïµï§ïï ïï§ïµ ï»ï¿œ ï£ ï©ï ï»ï¿œ ï£ ï©ï ï¿œïŽ
ïïï€ïºï ï¹ïï¶ïïºï¿œ ï£ ï ïïï¬ï¿œ ï¿œ ï ï ïš ï¿œ ïï ïŸ ï¢ ïï¹ï ï ïïïïï¬ ïï¯ïŽïï³ïï¹ï ï» ï«ïï§ïºï ïï¿œïï±ï ïï£ ïïºï§ïºï§ï ï ï ï¬ ïï§ï» ïª ï¿œ ïª ï ï»ïïï¬ ïï
ï¥ ï¿œï§ïï ï¿œ ï¶ïŒï ïµï§ï ï¡ ï¹ïï ï«ï¿œïïï¬ ï¿œï ïï¬ïïïŸ ï· ïï«ïº ï°ïïïŸ ïï¡ï ï¿œïï¡ïïªïïµï§ïï¹ïï§ïºïïžï±ïï¿œï¿œïŸ ï¿œïï
ïœ ïïï¿œïï«ïï ïµï§ ïïŸïïï ï€ ïï¿œï ï® ï«ï ï¥ïïï» ï€ ï ïŸï¿œïïºïïŸ ï¢
ï ï¥ïïïº ï ïïºï§ ï»ï·ï¿œï ï«ïŒïï¹ïï¿œïïžï¿œïï±ï¿œïïï£ ïïºï§ïºï§ï ï ï£ ïï ï¿œï§ï§ïžïŸ ï³ï»ï¿œï ïŽïšï ï ï¢ ï§ïï«ï ï³ïïŸ ï«ïï¬ ïïŒï ïŸ ïïïïïï ïºï ï€ ïšï ï
ï€ï Justifyï¬ï§ïïºïï¡ ï ïï¿œïïï¿ï«ïŒïï«ïï¿œï°ï±ïïï€ïï©ïï¥ïºïï¶ ï»ï¿œ ïŽïšï ï³ï ïïï¬ ïï ïïï ï»ï¿œï©ï·ïïºï©ïœï§ïžïïï¯ï±ï ï·ï¬ï«ïïïï§ï¿œ ï¬ï«ïïŽï ïšï ï
ï ïµï§ ïï¶ïï ïŸïï¬ïºï¶ïŸ ï¢ ïŸï¿œ ï£ ï« ïï±ïï ïŸï²ï³ï ïŸ ï¢ ï£ ïïï ïµï§ ïï§ïŠ
ᅵᅵï«ï ïŽï§ï±ïï ïµï§ïï§ïŠïï ï¿œï®ïï¹ïïïï¯ ï¿œï§ ï ï ï ïŸ ï¢ ïŸï¿œ ï£ ï»ïŒ ï ïïï°ï« ï» ïºïï±
I.Goldziher, Muslim Studies, ed. S.M. Stern, trans. C.R. Barber & S.M. Stern, 2vol. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967-71), II, 17-251, Joseph Schacht, The Origins of Mohammedan Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1950), G.H.A. Juynboll, Muslim Tradition: Studies in Chronology, Provenance & Authorshinp of Early Hadith
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï²ïµ
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), M.M. Azmi, On Schacht's Origins of Mohammadan Jurisprudence New York, Jhon Wiley, 1985), Fazlur Rahman, Islam, chapter 3
ïŸï·ï¿œïïï³ ï¿œï ï ï®ïï¿œïœ ï¿œï ï»ïºïï¬ ïï ï¹ïŸïœï§ï¿œïïŸï§ïï¹ ï§ ï±ïï°ï° ïºï¬ ïïï¡ïïªïï¹ïï€ï£ïïï ïïï
ïšï²ï±ï·ïï ï±ï¹ï·ï¶ï§ïïïïœï¿œïºïï©ï¬ïï£ï¿œïïï¿œï¯ï©
ïïïïº ï³ï¿œïïž ïïï¯ïŽï€ ïïïž ïï ï¹ï»ïºïï¬ ï ïïïïŽ ï ïï¿œïïï°ï¿œ ï±ïï°ï± ï ï«ïï°ï ï ïï ïï¡ ïï§ ï® ïœï§ ïž ï ï³ ï¿œïï ï¹ïï ïŽïº ïïï¥ïïŽ ïœ ïï¬ ïï§ï®ïœï§ ï¶ï³ï¿œï ï»ï¯ïŽïœï·ïï¬ ïïï ï¹ïïï¥ïïºï§ï±ïïï¡ïïª
ïšï²ï²ï¹ïïï²ï ïŒï ï¹ïï§ïºï
ï¿œïï¿œ ïïšïïŸï¿œï°ï»ïï°ïïï©
ïï£ ïïï ï ï»ïº ï£ ï¿œ ï·ï ï»ï© ïïºï§ï¿œ ï¿œïºï ï»ïïï¿œï ï¿œï€ ïïï ᅵᅵï»ï¶ï¿œ ï£ ï ïµï§ï ï±ïï°ï² ïïïº ï®ïï¿œï¶ ï§ï®ï ï·ïïï¬ ïï±ï» ï³ ï¿œï ï®ïï£ ï ïï ïï€ï§ ïŠ ï·ïï°ïï ïï§ ï ï±ïïï³ ïµ ï³ ï©ï«ïºï ïï ï¿œ ïïï¿œï¥ïïºï§ïœ ï¿œïïï ï«ïïïïïŒ
ïï¬ïïï§ï¶ï¶ïšï»ï¿œïŸï°ïï¿œï ï ïï ï ï§ïµï«ï ï ï ïšïµï ï®ï¿œ ïïºï¿œ ï®ïïŒïïïºïŸ ïºïï³ ïïïï€ï ïïï ïïïï¿œïŽïï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ïï®ïïï«ïïï¬ïŸïºï¥ï ïŸï§ïœïï±ï
ïŸïµïºï¿œï±ïï¿œïï ïïï¿œïïïºïŒïïï¡ï¿œïï·ï ïŽïïª
ï ï ïïïï·ïžïŽïï¿œïï·ï¿œï§ïï¬ ïŸïºï¥ï ï»ï«ï ï ï±ïïïŸï¥ïïºï§
ï¿œ ïï¹ïïš ï¬ï°ï»ïï³ïï®ïïïïºïïŒï®ïïï·ïžï«ïïªï© ï ï®ïŸï ïï° ïïï±ï ï€ ïï®ïï€ï ïï¡ ï¿œ ï ï«ïŸ ïï¬ïïºï§ ï ï·ï¬ ï«ïïï¡ïïªï ï§ï
ï ï¹ ï ï ï ï¢ï§ïï¬ ï®ï¿œï ï£ïï¢ï§ïïïï§ïµ ïŸïµïºï¿œï§ïµï±ïïï¬ ï ï³ ïïº
ïïï±ï ïï£ï ï¿œïïºïï§ïµïŸïŸï ïï§ ï ï¿œ ïïºï¿œ ï¹ï ïïïïï¥ ï ïŸïµïºï¿œ ï¥ ï ï±ï ïï ïï¿œï¢ï§ï ï¡ ïŽïï§ï¿œ ï± ïï¹ïïï ï€ ïŸïºï¢ïï¬ïµïïµï§ïï§ï®ï ïïž ï ï»ï«ï
ï±ï²ï¶
ïž ï£ ï¹ï»ï§ïµïŸïžï³ ï
ïïŽ ï§ïºïï¬ ïï ï± ï¿œ ï ï»ï£ ï ï ïïï¶ ïŒïïïºï ïï¡ïï¬ ïï§ïï ï»ï·ï¬ï«ï
ï«ï ïŸïºï¢ ïï³ï§ï±ïï ï ï¥ïª ïïï£ïïïïï§ïµï
ïïŽï»ïºï³ï§ïŸïµïºï¿œï§ïºïïï ïï£ïïïŸïµïºï¿œïï§ïµï±ïï§ïºïïïïï²ïºï¿œ ï» ï± ï¿œï
ïªïï¬ ïžï³ï ïªï±ï¿œ ïï¥ï ï«ïï ï¿œï£ïï§ïµïŽ ï±ï¿œ ïŽï ï«ïï°ïï ï ï ï ïï ï¿œïïŽï ï·ïïŽ ïïïïŸï§ ïïï ïï§ïºïïïµïïºïŸïïï°ï¯ ï ï ï±ï ïï«ïï±ï ï ïïº
ïï¿œïŽïï§ïºïïï¢ïïï¶ï¿œï·ï ï±ïïŸ ï³ï€ïïïºï¹ïŸïï§ï¿œ ï± ïïºï§ ï ï ï¶ïï ï¿œ ïïï®ï«ï ï®ïï¹ïï¬ ïï ï»ï§ ïï§ï°ï¿œ ïïž ï» ï» ï°ïï§ ïŽï¿œï¿œïï¹ïºï¬ïïµï§ïï
ïï ï»ï§ïŠïïï»ï§ïïšïïŽ ï³ïïº ïï¬ ï¹ï¢ ï ïï» ï»ïïºï§ïšïŸ ï·ï ïžï ï·ï¿œï°ï ï ï ïï ï®ïïïïïž ï¬ï ï¶ï¿œï§ï ï ï ïï§ïºïïž ïïï¿œïï·ïïžïï¿œ ïï¹ïïï¬ïŽ ïï ï®ïï¬
ï»ï§ ï¿œï»ï§ ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽïï«ï ï®ïïïïïž ï¬ïïïï¬ ïïïïï°ïï§ïïš
ïïï ï» ïï§ ï»ï¿œïïïïïŸï«ï«ïïï·ï ïžïïï§ï¿œï§ïºïï¿œ ïï¶ ïž ïªïï°ïï§ïŽï¿œ ï»ïºï ïï
ï ïºïïï®ï ï«ïïœï£ ïïž ï¬ï ïï³ïï³ï±ïï±ïïï«ïïïï±ï°ïï¿œ ï»ï ïï¹ï ïï¿œ ï¥ïïïŠï§ïºï ïž ï±ïï¬ï§ïï¬ ïïï ï®ï¶ ï¿œï¬ïïŸ ï·ï± ïï§ï ïï±ï ïï¶ ïš ï€ïïïïï ïŸ ï ïï§ ï ï ïŒï¿œïï¿œï»ï§ ï¥ ï°ïï§ïºï ï»ïºïŽï ï«ï ïï® ï ï§ïºï ï¢ï©ï¿œï ïïï§ ïšï ïžïºïºï ï«ïïï ï° ï±ïï§ïï§ ï¿œï§ïºïï¿œï ï«ïŸïï¬ïºï
ï¿œ ïï¶ ïï ï±ï ïï ïï¬ ï¿œï§ï ï¿œï ï» ïµï§ ï ï¢ï§ïŸï§ï· ïï¥ïï ï£ï ï ï€ ï«ïï¬ ïï¬ïïï¿œï ïž ïªïï±ïïï ïï§ ï
ï¿œï§ïŠïï± ï¿œïï ï¯ ïï§ï¿œï§ïºïï¿œ ïï ï¿ïï¬ïï ïŒïŸïï±ïï ï§ï ï ïºïµï§ï
ïï± ï¿œï¶ ï·ï¿œï§ ï·ï ïžïïï·ïï°ï ï ïï§ ïïïŽ ï³ïïº ï ï«ï ïï ïïï ï ï€ïï©
ï ï¡ïïªï ï± ï¿œ ï ï¿œï¶ïº ï ïïœï§ïžï ï°ï ïï¡ ï·ï± ïïïŽ ïïïºï ï ï ïïï
ï¿œïŽï ï² ï¢ ï¿œ ïº ï·ï¿œ ïï ïŸï¿œï ï¢ï©ïï¹ïï§ïºïïï ïŸ ïïï¿œ ïïº ï¹ï ï ïïï¬
ïŸïïï¿œ ïïº ï¹ïï¶ïï ïïª ï«ïïºïïï¬ïïœïï§ïï ïï¿ïï ïï¬ï¿œïï³ïï¿œïž
ï± ï¿œïïŸï¿œïïŒïïïºï¶ï·ï ïŽïï¹ïºï€ïï€ïŸïºï¢ï ï¥ï ï ïïï¿œï§ïžï ï€ ïïï¬ ï¹ï€ïïŽïïœï§ ïžï ïïŸïºï¢ï·ïïï¬ ïïïïï±ï ïïï»ïï ï»ïïŽï
ï ïïïªïºï ï©ï ïšïï³ïïï¿œ
ï±ï²ï·
ïïïºïŒïïïŸï ï ï ï ï§ï¢ ïïï£ ï± ïïï ïžïŸï§ï¿œ ï ï¿œï¥ï£ ïŸï§ï¿œ ï ïï§ïºï¹
ï ï¿œïï¶ ï§ï®ïŸï§ïšï ï£ ïŽï¿œï§ï©ïïï°ï£ ï ïïïïï£ ï ï»ï¿œï¥ï§ï¢ ï ï£ ï¿œï¥ ï£ ïï§ïºï»ïºï°ï€ ï ïïï ï ïï ïŒïš ï±ï¹ïžï±ï§ïï ïïŽïŽï¶ïºï ïºïï³ ï ïïïïï¢ ï²ïï©ïºïïïºï¿œï§ï ï ï±ï ïï¹ï¿œï¿œï© ï³ ïï³ ï ï ï¡ ï§ïºï ï ïïœï§ ïž ïŸ ï¬ïï ïï§ ïï§ïºï ïïïï ïŸ ïï ï¿œ ïïº ï¹ï ï ïïª ï«ï ï±ï§ ï
ï«ï ï ïïï« ï ï® ï ï¿ï¬ï ï±ï ïŸ ï ïªï¿œ ï¿œïï© ïï ïžï³ï ïï ï§ïŠ
ïï ïï ï
ï§ï²ï³ï ï£ ïŠïïïï§ïïï¬ ï¿œï ï¿œïŸ ï«ïï§ïºï perversion
ï ï€ï¿œï¿œï³ ïï§ ï»ïï§ïï¿œï§ ïŠïï§ï ï¢ ïŒïïœïªï¡ïïº ï€ï ïïïª ï«ï ï¹ïï ïï
ï¿ ï¿œï¹ï ï ï ïªïœ ïï ï¥ ï¹ï€ ïïïŒïŸïœï§ï¿œ ï ïï¬ ïŸï© ïïï«ï ï ïïº ïï¿œ ïïï ïïžï®ïºïï§ïºï
ïï
ᅵᅵᅵï§ïºïï¿œï ïµïï§ï ï ï¿œ ï¿œïž ï¬ï§ïŠï¿œï»ï¿œïï§ïºïï¿œ ï ï·ï ï· Rs. 80/-
ïºï¿œ
ï¿ï±ï¿œï·ïºï¿œï¿œïï ï¿œïïï¿œ
Rs. 110/-
ïºï¿œ
ïž ï£ï¿œï»ï¿œïºï¿œïŸïžï¿œï
Rs. 110/-
ïºï¿œ
ïž ï£ï¿œï»ï§ïµïŸïžï¿œï
Rs. 140/-
ïºï¿œ
ïž ï£ï¿œï»ï¿œïŸïžï¿œï
Rs. 120/-
ïºï¿œ
ïž ï£ï¿œï»ï³ïŠïŸïžï¿œï
Rs. 200/-
ïºï¿œ
ïï£ ï© ï¿œï ïžï¿œï ï ᅵᅵᅵᅵ ᅵᅵ ᅵᅵ ï¿œ ᅵᅵ ï¿œ
Rs. 100/-
ïºï¿œ
ï³ï§ ï¬ï¿œï¿œï±ï ï»ïïºï ï¹ïïï ïžï¿œï
Rs. 80/-
ïºï¿œ
ï·ï¿œïï ï¿œïï¿œ
---------------------------------------Rs. 700/-
ïºï¿œ
ï¿œïŸïïºï¢ïºïï¯ï» ï©ï¿œ ï ïïïïºï©ïµïï§ï ï
Rs. 500/-
ïºï¿œ
ᅵᅵï§ïï§ï¿œï© ï ïºï²ïïï¿œ
ïºï¿œï± ï¡ïï¥ïï¹ï¿œ ïï¥ïª
www.RashidShaz.com
ᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵ ᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵ ᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵᅵ