Raptors Conservation Ðèñ. 6. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ÷àñòîòû ãèáåëè ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ÂË 6-10 ê ñðåäè ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, n=13, %
Raptors Conservation 2005, 2 Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà Short-eared owl 15%
Ïóñòåëüãà Kestrel 46%
Fig. 6. Numbers of killed raptors by electrocutions on the PL 6-10 kV in the Bogorodsk region of the Nizhniy Novgorod District, n=13, %
Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü Ural owl 8% Êàíþê Buzzard 23%
Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Goshawk 8%
Ðèñ. 7. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ÷àñòîòû ãèáåëè ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ÂË 6-10 ê ñðåäè ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Êñòîâñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, n=4, %
Ïóñòåëüãà Kestrel 25%
Êàíþê Buzzard 50%
Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà Long-eared owl 25%
Ðèñ. 8. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ÷àñòîòû ãèáåëè ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ÂË 6-10 ê ñðåäè ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Àðçàìàññêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, n=20, %
Çèìíÿê Rough-Legged Buzzard 5% Òåòåðåâÿòíèê
Êàíþê Buzzard 50%
Goshawk 5% Ïóñòåëüãà Kestrel 25%
Fig. 8. Numbers of killed raptors by electrocutions on the PL 6-10 kV in the Arzamas region of the Nizhniy Novgorod District, n=20, %
Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà Short-Eared Owl Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü 5% Ural Owl 10%
Ðèñ. 9. Îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ïîãèáøèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ìàðøðóòàõ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ðàéîíàõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, % îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ìàðøðóòîâ 2004 ã. Fig. 9. Proportion of numbers of killed raptors by electrocutions in the different regions of the Nizhniy Novgorod District from the total numbers of routes in 2004, %
30
30
30
25 20 15
20 15
15 10
10 5
2
4
10
6 6
Êàíþê Buzzard Çèìíÿê Rough-Legged Buzzard Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Goshawk Ïóñòåëüãà Kestrel Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà Long-Eared Owl Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà Short-Eared Owl Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü Ural Owl 14 12 10 10 6 6
2
5 5
5
0 Ïî âñåì ðàéîíàì All regions
6 10 êÂ, îäíàêî îíè ïðîñòî ìîãëè íå ïîïàñòü â ó÷åòû, çàêîí÷èâøèåñÿ ðàíüøå. Ñðåäè ñîâ ãèáåëü íà ÂË 6 10 ê îòìå÷åíà äëÿ ÷åòûðåõ âèäîâ. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà, áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) è äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) ïðåäñòàâëåíû îäèíàêîâûì ÷èñëîì âñòðå÷. Ðåæå äðóãèõ ñòðàäàåò ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü. Èçìåíåíèå ÷àñòîòû âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö â ðàçíûå ãîäû ïîêàçàíî äëÿ äîìèíèðóþùèõ âèäîâ (ðèñ. 4). Ó÷èòûâàÿ èõ âûñîêóþ êîíñåðâàòèâíîñòü â âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöèé è ñòàáèëüíóþ ñòðóêòóðó ÂË 6 10 êÂ, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû â öåëîì õàðàêòåðèçóþò äèíàìèêó ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäîâ â ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ýòèõ ñåçîíîâ.
Áèîòîïè÷åñêîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö
Fig. 7. Numbers of killed raptors by electrocutions on the PL 6-10 kV in the Kstovo region of the Nizhniy Novgorod District, n=4, %
35
39
Áîãîðîäñêèé ðàéîí Bogorodsk region
Êñòîâñêèé ðàéîí Kstovo region
Àðçàìàññêèé ðàéîí Arzamas region
Ïðè àíàëèçå áèîòîïè÷åñêîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îíè áûëè íàéäåíû òîëüêî â 1,2 è 4 òèïå áèîòîïîâ (ðèñ. 4), è èõ âèäîâîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò õàðàêòåðíûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì. Ïðåîáëàäàþùåå ÷èñëî æåðòâ îáíàðóæåíî íà ÂË, ïðîõîäÿùèõ âáëèçè îïóøåê (çäåñü ïðåîáëàäàåò êàíþê, òåòåðåâÿòíèê) è ëåñîïîëîñ (ñîâû). Íà îòêðûòûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáû÷íà ïóñòåëüãà. Îäíàêî, ðàññìîòðåâ áèîòîïè÷åñêîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà ïðèìåðå òðåõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ðàéîíîâ, ìîæíî óâèäåòü, ÷òî îíî íåîäíîðîäíî (ðèñ. 5) è îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðÿäîì ôàêòîðîâ. Îñíîâíûå èç íèõ ñòàöèàëüíàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ÂË è êîíöåíòðàöèÿ êîíòàêòèðóþùèõ ñ íèìè ïòèö. Îáà ïàðàìåòðà èìåþò îòíîøåíèå ê ñòåïåíè àíòðîïîãåííîé îñâîåííîñòè òåððèòîðèè, íî ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûìè çíàêàìè. Ñ ðîñòîì ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ è àãðîïðîìûøëåííîé íàãðóçêè ðàñòåò è ïëîòíîñòü ÂË 6 10 êÂ, ïðè ýòîì ÷èñëåííîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö ñíèæàåòñÿ (áåñïîêîéñòâî, äåãðàäàöèÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ñòàöèé). Ýòî ìîæíî ïðîñëåäèòü ïî ÷èñëó âèäîâ è îñîáåé ïîãèáøèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ðèñ. 6 8), îáíàðóæåííûõ â 2004 ã. ïðè îñìîòðå ÂË íà òåððèòîðèè òðåõ ðàéîíîâ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Âîëãè. Îíè îòëè÷àþòñÿ ñòåïåíüþ ëåñîïîêðûòèÿ: ìèíèìàëüíàÿ â Àðçàìàññêîì ðàéîíå (17,8%), ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ â Áîãîðîäñêîì è Êñòîâñêîì (30,4% è 33,6% ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Ïðè ýòîì Êñòîâñêèé ðàéîí õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ÂË 6 10 ê íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè (0,58 êì ÂË/êì2), à òàêæå ðàçâèòîé ñåòüþ àâòîäîðîã è