Operations management 12th edition stevenson solutions manual 1

Chapter 04S - Reliability

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 12TH EDITION STEVENSON SOLUTIONS MANUAL Full download at link: Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manualfor-operations-management-12th-edition-william-j-stevenson0078024102-9780078024108/ Test Bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-foroperations-management-12th-edition-william-j-stevenson0078024102-9780078024108/ CHAPTER 04S RELIABILITY Teaching Notes The main topics of this chapter are: 1.

Quantifying Reliability

2.

Availability

3.

Improving Reliability

Reliability is a measure of the ability of a product, part, or system to perform its intended function under a prescribed set of conditions. There are three important aspects of reliability: (1) reliability as a probability, (2) definition of failure, and (3) prescribed set of operating conditions.

Quantitative methods include the use of probabilities (addition, products, & complements) in determining point-in-time reliability and the use of exponential and normal distributions in determining the mean time between failures.

Students seem to have some difficulty with the exponential distribution, especially if they have not had it in their statistics courses. The coverage of the exponential distribution can be omitted without loss of 4S-1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 04S - Reliability

continuity. The normal distribution should be included because it paves the way for later use in inventory management and quality control sampling theory.

Answers to Discussion and Review Questions 1.

Reliability is a measure of the ability of a product or service to perform its intended function under a prescribed set of conditions.

2.

If a product is composed of a large number of parts, it conceivably can have a low reliability because its reliability is a function of the products of the individual reliabilities. For example, if a product has 20 parts, each with a reliability of .99, and all must operate, the overall product reliability will only be about .9920 = .8179.

3.

Redundancy refers to backup parts or systems built into a product (or service). Their purpose is to increase reliability by taking over in the event that a primary part or system fails.

4S-2 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 04S - Reliability

Solutions 1.

a. Probability that both components will function, i.e., the system will function (Use Rule 1). = .9 x .9 = .81 .9

.9

.9

.9

b. Probability that Backup for Component 1 & Switch both will function (Use Rule 1): = .90 x 1.00 = .90 Probability that Backup for Component 2 & Switch both will function (Use Rule 1): = .90 x 1.00 = .90 Probability that Component 1 or (Backup for Component 1 & Switch) will function (Use Rule 2): = .90 + [(1 – .90) x .90] = .90 + .09 = .99 Probability that Component 2 or (Backup for Component 2 & Switch) will function (Use Rule 2): = .90 + [(1 – .90) x .90] =.90 + .09 = .99 Probability that both components will function, i.e., the system will work (Use Rule 1): = .99 x .99 = .9801 c. Probability that Backup for Component 1 & Switch both will function (Use Rule 1): = .90 x .99 = .891 Probability that Backup for Component 2 & Switch both will function (Use Rule 1): = .90 x .99 = .891 Probability that Component 1 or (Backup for Component 1 & Switch) will function (Use Rule 2): = .90 + [(1 – .90) x .891] = .90 + .0891 = .9891 Probability that Component 2 or (Backup for Component 2 & Switch) will function (Use Rule 2): = .90 + [(1 – .90) x .891] =.90 + .0891 = .9891 Probability that both components will function, i.e., the system will function (Use Rule 1): = .9891 x .9891 = .9783

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Chapter 04S - Reliability

2.

Probability that all four parts will function, i.e., the product will function (Use Rule 1): = .96 x .96 x .99 x .99 = .9033

3.

Given: Probability of all three components must be equal.

Probability that all three components will function, i.e., the system will function =.92 Let X = the probability that each component will function.

We know the following from Rule 1: X x X x X = .92 X3 = .92 X = .9726

4.

Given: C = (10P) 2 = cost per component Cost for 2 Components = 2 x (10P) 2 = 173 2 x 100P2 = 173 100P2 = 173/2 100P2 = 86.5 P2 = 86.5/100 P2 = .865 P = .93 (rounded to two decimals)

5.

a. Reliability of system = Probability that all three components will function, i.e., the New Computer will function (Use Rule 1): = .97 x .97 x .99 = .9315 b. Given: Probability that Backup Computer will function (same as probability of New Computer) = .9315 Reliability of system = Probability that New Computer will function or Backup Computer will function (Use Rule 2): = .9315 + [(1 – .9315) x .9315] =.9315 + .0638 = .9953 c. Probability that Backup Computer & Switch both will function (Use Rule 1): = .9315 x .98 = .9129 Reliability of system = Probability that New Computer will function or (Backup Computer & Switch) will function (Use Rule 2): = .9315 + [(1- .9315) x .9129] = .9315 + .0625 = .9940

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Chapter 04S - Reliability

6.

a. Reliability of robot = Probability that all four major components will function (Use Rule 1): = .98 x .95 x .94 x .90 = .7876 b. One backup component will be added. Each backup will have the same reliability as its main component.

Given: If Component 1, Backup has a reliability = .98 Probability that Component 1 or Backup will function (Use Rule 2): = .98 + [(1 - .98) x .98] = .98 + .0196 = .9996 Reliability of robot = Probability that all four major components will function (Use Rule 1): = .9996 x .95 x .94 x .90 = .8034 Given: If Component 2, Backup has a reliability = .95 Probability that Component 2 or Backup will function (Use Rule 2): = .95 + [(1 - .95) x .95] = .95 + .0475 = .9975 Reliability of robot = Probability that all four major components will function (Use Rule 1): = .98 x .9975 x .94 x .90 = .8270 Given: If Component 3, Backup has a reliability = .94 Probability that Component 3 or Backup will function (Use Rule 2): = .94 + [(1 - .94) x .94] = .94 + .0564 = .9964 Reliability of robot = Probability that all four major components will function (Use Rule 1): = .98 x .95 x .9964 x .90 = .8349 Given: If Component 4, Backup has a reliability = .90 Probability that Component 4 or Backup will function (Use Rule 2): = .90 + [(1 - .90) x .90] = .90 + .09 = .99 Reliability of robot = Probability that all four major components will function (Use Rule 1): = .98 x .95 x .94 x .99 = .8664 Conclusion: Add the Backup to Component 4—this leads to the highest reliability: .8664

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Alæsa, a city on a mountain in Sicily.

Alæus, the father of Auge, who married Hercules.

Alagōnia, a city of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

Alāla, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. Plutarch, de gloria Atheniensium.

Alalcomĕnæ, a city of Bœotia, where some suppose that Minerva was born. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 330.

Alalia, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phocæans, destroyed by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 165.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Alamānes, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias.

Alamanni, or Alemanni, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome.

Alāni, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus Mœotis, who were said to have 26 different languages. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo.

Alăres, a people of Pannonia. Tacitus, bk. 15, Annals, ch. 10.

Alarīcus, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour, and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms. He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410.

Alarōdii, a nation near Pontus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 94.

Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 677.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 257.――One of Pluto’s horses when he carried away Proserpine. Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 1, li. 286.

Alaudæ, soldiers of one of Cæsar’s legions in Gaul. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 24.

Alazon, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from Iberia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 101.

Alba Sylvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 612.――Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C. 1152, on the spot where Æneas found, according to the prophecy of Helenus (Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god of the river (Æneid, bk. 8, li. 43), a white sow with 30 young ones. It was called longa because it extended along the hill Albinus. The descendants of Æneas reigned there in the following order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, with little intermission, eight years.

2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. Æneas Sylvius, 31 years.

4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome.

Livy.—Florus.—Justin, &c.――A city of the Marsi in Italy.――Pompeia, a city of Liguria. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Albāni and Albenses, names applied to the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Albānia, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the conquest of Geryon. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.――The Caspian sea is called Albanum, as being near Albania. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Albānus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on this mountain that the Latinæ feriæ were celebrated with great solemnity. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27. The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town of Alba.

Albia Terennia, the mother of Otho. Suetonius.

Albīci, a people of Gallia Aquitania. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Albiētæ, a people of Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Albīni, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in Brutus. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. Sallust, Jugurthine War. Albinovānus Celsus. See: Celsus.――Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 5.

Albintemēlium, a town of Liguria. Tacitus, bk. 2, Histories, ch. 13.

Albīnus, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198.

Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.――A pretorian sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla’s soldiers. Plutarch, Sulla.――An usurer.

Horace.――A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 40.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Aulus Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek.

Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules.

Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.――The greatest island of Europe, now called

Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have reigned there; or from its chalky white (albus) rocks, which appear at a great distance. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 16.—Tacitus, Agricola. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet.

Albis, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now called the Elbe. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 52.

Albius, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.――A name of the poet Tibullus. Horace, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.

Albucilla, an immodest woman. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 47.

Albŭla, the ancient name of the river Tiber. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 332.

—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Albŭnea, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. Horace, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 12.— Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 83.

Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its rise.

Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 147.

Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra.

Albūtius, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife.

Arrian.――A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants before they were guilty of any offence, “lest,” said he, “I should have no time to punish them when they offend.” Horace, bk. 2, satire 2.――A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.――An ancient satirist.

Cicero, Brutus.――Titus, an epicurean philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that he died at Athens.

Alcæus, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments remain, found in Athenæus. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 95.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 9.—Cicero, bk. 4, Tusculanæ Disputationes, ch. 33.――A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy.――A writer of epigrams.――A comic poet.――A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace, and was made king of part of the country. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.――A son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called Alcides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Alcamĕnes, one of the Agidæ, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4 & 5.――A general of the Achæans. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 15.――A statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.――The commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians.

Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

Alcander, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 257.――A Lacedæmonian youth, who accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously forgiven by the sage. Plutarch, Lycurgus.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 767.

Alcandre, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 672.

Alcānor, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias followed Æneas into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 672.――A son of Phorus, killed by Æneas. Æneid, bk. 10, li. 338.

Alcăthoe, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelops. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 8.

Alcăthous, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had destroyed the king’s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――A Trojan, who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises.

He was killed in the Trojan war by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, li. 93.――A son of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 747.

Alce, one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid.――A town of Spain which surrendered to Gracchus, now Alcazar, a little above Toledo. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 47.

Alcēnor, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

Alceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married Admetus.

She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however, refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to Admetus, who married Alceste.

They were soon pursued by an army headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner, was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection, laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors, Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while she lived with her father. See: Admetus. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 651.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Hyginus, fable 251.—Euripides, Alcestis.

Alcĕtas, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.――A general of Alexander’s army, brother to Perdiccas.――The eighth king of Macedonia, who reigned 29 years.――An historian, who wrote an account of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi.

Athenæus.――A son of Arybas king of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Alchĭdas, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.

Alchimăchus, a celebrated painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Alcibiădes, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedæmonians to sue for peace; made several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens.

His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people, and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon Lacedæmon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his escape.

He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece. His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings of Thucydides, Timæus, and Theopompus; and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee, added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades.—Thucydides, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Xenophon, Hellenica, bk. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.

Alcidămas, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove.

Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 12.――A celebrated wrestler.

Statius, Thebiad, bk. 10, li. 500.――A philosopher and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, and flourished B.C. 424. Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Alcidamēa, was mother of Bunus by Mercury.

Alcidamĭdas, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. Strabo, bk. 6.

Alcidămus, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death, &c.

Cicero, bk. 1, Tusculanæ Disputationes, ch. 48.—Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.

Alcīdas, a Lacedæmonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c.

Alcīdes, a name of Hercules, from his strength, ἀλκος, or from his grandfather Alcæus.――A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 51.

Alcidĭce, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Alcimăchus, an eminent painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Alcimĕde, the mother of Jason by Æson. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 296.

Alcimĕdon, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.――An excellent carver. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.――A sailor, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 10.

Alcimĕnes, a tragic poet of Megara.――A comic writer of Athens.――An attendant of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.――A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Alcĭmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.――An orator. Diogenes Laërtius.

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Alcĭnor. See: Alcenor.

Alcinous, son of Nausithous and Peribœa, was king of Phæacia, and is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.

—Orpheus, Argonautica.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 87.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 3, li. 81.—Juvenal, satire 5, li. 151.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.—Plato, Republic, bk. 10.— Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A man of Elis. Pausanias.――A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a book de Doctriná Platonis, the best edition of which is the 12mo, printed Oxford, 1667.

Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 4.

Alciphron, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri.

Alcippe, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――The wife of Metion and mother to Eupalamus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 16.――The daughter of Œnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa.――A woman who brought forth an elephant. Pliny, bk. 7.――A country-woman. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7.

Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He married Democrite, of whom Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.

Alcis, a daughter of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Alcithoe, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 1.

Alcmæon, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. See: Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father’s death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesibœa in marriage. Alcmæon gave her the fatal collar which his mother had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her, and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised the necklace which he had given to Alphesibœa. When he attempted to recover it, Alphesibœa’s brothers murdered him on account of the treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmæon’s children by Callirhoe revenged their father’s death by killing his murderers. See: Alphesibœa, Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24.— Plutarch, de Exilio.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Hyginus, fables 73 & 245.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 2 & 4.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 44; Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 10.――A son of Ægyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. Apollodorus.――A philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into the structure of the human frame. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 6, ch. 27.――A son of the poet Æschylus, the 13th archon of Athens.――A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of Nestor’s family, by the Heraclidæ. He came to Athens, and from him the Alcmæonidæ were descended. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Alcmæŏnĭdæ, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmæon.

They undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity, and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. Herodotus, bks. 5 & 6.—Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 59.— Plutarch, Solon.

Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at Lacedæmon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670, and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by Athenæus and others. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 33.— Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.—Aristotle, History of Animals, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Alcmēna, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plutarch, ♦Theseus calls Lysidice, and Diodorus, bk. 2, Eurymede.

Her father promised his crown and his daughter to Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of Ætolia. While Amphitryon was gone against the Ætolians, Jupiter, who was enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed. The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over Alcmena’s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of Phœbus, or the sun, so that the night he passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation, and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, made him swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena, and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called Eurystheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in

the form of an old woman, sat before the door of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis, supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercules conceived

by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon. Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to his power. After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea, in Bœotia. This marriage, according to some authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara said that she died ♠on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.—Plutarch, ♦ Theseus & Romulus.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11; Iliad, bk. 19.—Pindar, Pythian, ♣poem 4.—Lucian, Dialogi Deorum.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fable 29.— Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Plautus, Amphitruo.— Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45.――See: Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus. ♦ ‘de Reb. Græc.’ replaced with ‘Theseus’ ♠ ‘in’ replaced with ‘on’ ♣ ‘9’ replaced with ‘4’

Alcon, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast without hurting his son.――A silversmith. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 5.――A son of Hippocoon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his profession, in curing hernias and fractures.――A son of Mars.――A son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian boar.

Hyginus, fable 173. ♦Alcyŏna, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted in vain to find. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 37. ♦ Resorted into proper alphabetical order

Alcyŏne, or Halcyŏne, daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband’s fate; and when she found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, 11, or 14 days. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 399.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 10.—Hyginus, fable 65.――One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, was changed into a constellation. See: Pleiades. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fable 157.――The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of Ceyx. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 558.――The wife of Meleager. Hyginus, fable 174.――A town of Thessaly, where Philip, Alexander’s father, lost one of his eyes.

Alcyŏneus, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.――A giant, brother to Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons

by Amphitrite. Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinæ.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Aldescus, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riphæan mountains, and falling into the northern sea. Dionysius Periegetes.

Alduăbis. See: Dubis.

Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of Aphidas, at Tegæa in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 46.――A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Alēbas, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his cruelties.

Ovid, Ibis, li. 323.

Alēbion and Dercynus, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for stealing his oxen in Africa. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Alecto, one of the Furies (a, ληγω, non desino), is represented with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing vengeance, war, and pestilence. See: Eumenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41.

Alector, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.— Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Alectryon, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. Lucian, Alectryon [Gallus].

Alectus, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian’s reign, &c. He died 296 A.D. Alēius Campus, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his death.

Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 201.—Dionysius Periegetes, li. 872.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 257.

Alemanni, or Alamanni, a people of Germany. They are first mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the surname of Alemannicus for a victory over them.

Alēmon, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Græcia.

Myscellus is often called Alemonides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26.

Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple of Ceres and of Proserpine. Pausanias, Attica.

Alens, a place in the island of Cos. Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28.

Alēse, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the founder.

The Romans made it an independent city.

Alēsia, or Alexia, now Alise, a famous city of the Mandubii in Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. Julius Cæsar conquered it. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 68.

Alēsium, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Aletes, a son of Ægisthus, murdered by Orestes. Hyginus, fable 122.

Alēthes, the first of the Heraclidæ, who was king of Corinth. He was son of Hippotas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.――A companion of Æneas, described as a prudent and venerable old man. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246.

Alethia, one of Apollo’s nurses.

Aletĭdas (from ἀλαομαι, to wander), certain sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father Icarius.

Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates.

Livy, bk. 9, ch. 42.

Alētum, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. Polybius, bk. 10.

Aleuādæ, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes. The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction.

Diodorus, bk. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.—Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Alēus, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in building temples. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53.

Alex, a river in the country of the Brutii. Dionysius Periegetes.

Alexamēnus, an Ætolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Lacedæmon, and was soon after murdered by the people. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 34.

Alexander I., son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to the women of his father’s court, and was the first who raised the reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Herodotus, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9.

Alexander II., son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, was the cause of his murder.

Alexander III., surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias. He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king’s courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness. Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor’s instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected his abilities.

When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus, the new queen’s brother. After this he retired from court to his mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated, he

punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation, gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile, near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country; and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean, he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory, and the

terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than his arms.

He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip, and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and, giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and threw it into the river, saying, “What need is there of such flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?” He in like manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him, and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to succeed him on the throne; and he answered, “The worthiest among you; but I am afraid,” added he, “my best friends will perform my funeral obsequies with bloody hands.” Alexander, with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do; and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, “Give me kings for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.” All his family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals, was to appoint his brother Philip Aridæus successor, until Roxane, who

was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate heir.

Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Aridæus wanted capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a battle

by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander’s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty.

To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared to assume the title of king.

Curtius, Arrian, & Plutarch have written an account of Alexander’s life. Diodorus, bks. 17 & 18.—Pausanias, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.—Justin, bks. 11 & 12.—Valerius Maximus.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.――A son of Alexander the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 2.――A man who, after the expulsion of Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put him to death.――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius,

the son of Antigonus, put him to death. Justin, bk. 16, ch. 1.— Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 7.――A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus. Justin, bk. 17, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Livy, bk. 8, chs.

17 & 27.—Strabo, bk. 16.――A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus.

He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians.

Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――A king of Syria, driven from his kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his fatherin-law Ptolemy Philometer. Justin, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.—Josephus, bk. 13, Antiquities of the Jews.—Strabo, bk. 17.――A king of Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 13, ch. 18.――Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one of his subjects. Josephus, bk. 13, Antiquities of the Jews, ch. 20, &c.—Justin, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom. He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration.

Appian, bk. 1, Civil Wars.――Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. See: Ægyptus and Ptolemæus.

Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum.――A youth, ordered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths.

He was killed in the attempt. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.――An historian mentioned by Plutarch, Marius.――An Epicurean philosopher.

Plutarch.――A governor of Æolia, who assembled a multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of money.

Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 10.――A name given to Paris son of Priam.

See: Paris.――Jannæus, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.――A Paphlagonian, who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions, and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years old.――A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still extant.――Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.――A poet of Ætolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――A peripatetic philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.――An historian, called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic, in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.――A poet of Ephesus, who wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.――A writer of Myndus, quoted by Athenæus and Ælian.――A sophist of Seleucia, in the age of Antoninus.――A physician in the age of Justinian.――A Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their numbers useless. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 27.――A son of Lysimachus.

Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 12.――A governor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 10.――A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymæans.

Diodorus, bks. 18 & 19.――A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia by Helen. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22.――A Spartan, killed with 200 of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their passing through the country of Tegea. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A cruel tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that might be concealed to take away his life. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 49; de Officiis, bk. 2, ch. 9.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 13.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Pelopidas.—Pausanias, bk. 6,

ch. 5.—Diodorus, bks. 15 & 16.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 321.――Severus, a Roman emperor. See: Severus.

Alexandra, the name of some queens of Judæa mentioned by Josephus.――A nurse of Nero. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 50.――A name of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies.

Lycophron.

Alexandri Aræ, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander’s victories, near the Tanais. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16.

Alexandrīa, the name of several cities which were founded by Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:—A grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth. This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries. The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens. The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 10.――Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Caucasus.――Another in Arachosia, in India.――The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.――Another of Carmania.――Another in Cilicia, on the confines of

Syria.――Another the capital of Margiana.――Another of Troas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7.—Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25.

Alexandrĭdes, a Lacedæmonian, who married his sister’s daughter, by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.――A native of Delphi, of which he wrote a history.

Alexandrīna aqua, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander Severus.

Alexandropŏlis, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 25.

Alexānor, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather Æsculapius, and received divine honours after death.

Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 11.

Alexarchus, a Greek historian.

Alexas, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra. Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony. Plutarch, Antonius.

Alexia, or Alesia. See: Alesia.

Alexicăcus, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war.

Alexīnus, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. Diogenes Laërtius, Euclides.

Alexion, a physician intimate with Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

Alexippus, a physician of Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.

Alexiraes, son of Hercules by Hebe. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A place of Bœotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this name.

Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 25.

Alexirhoe, a daughter of the river Granicus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 763.

Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his country.――A comic poet, 336 B.C., of Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain.――A servant of Asinius Pollio.――An ungrateful youth of whom a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil’s Eclogues, poem 2.――A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――A schoolfellow of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. Diogenes Laërtius.

Alfaterna, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius.

Publius Alfēnus Varus, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of his genius and his application, raised himself from his original profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last became consul. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130.

Algĭdum, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome.

There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

Aliacmon and Haliacmon, a river of Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows into the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Aliartus (or um) and Haliartus, a town of Bœotia, near the river Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 63.――Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia.

Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 274.

Alĭcis, a town of Laconia.――A tribe of Athens.

Aliēnus Cæcīna, a questor in Bœotia, appointed, for his services, commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the empire. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 52.

Alīfæ, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of cups. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Alilæi, a people of Arabia Felix.

Alimentus Cincius, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs.

Livy, bks. 21 & 30.

Alindæ, a town of Caria. Arrian.

Aliphēria, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. Polybius, bk. 4, ch. 77.

Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been defeated

by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that he instantly expired.

Tiberius Alledius Severus, a Roman knight, who married his brother’s daughter to please Agrippina.――A noted glutton in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 118.

Allia, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. Plutarch, Camillus.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 37.

—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 717.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 413.

Alliēnos, a pretor of Sicily, under Cæsar. Hirtius, African War, ch. 2.

Allŏbrŏges, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part of the country now called Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. The Romans destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline’s conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. Dio Cassius.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 66.—Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Allobry̆ges, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the Allobroges. Polybius, bk. 30, ch. 56.

Allotrĭges, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. Strabo, bk. 2.

Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle.

Almo, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 387.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 600.

Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of Turnus.

Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 532.

Alŏa, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours. The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called from this, Aloas and Alois.

Aloēus, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called Aloides.

They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.— Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 582.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5; Odyssey, bk. 11.

Aloīdes and Aloidæ, the sons of Aloeus. See: Aloeus.

Alŏpe, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune, whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown.

The child was preserved, and carried to Alope’s father, who, upon knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune, who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather’s throne. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.—Hyginus, fable 187.――One of the Harpies. Hyginus,

fable 14.――A town of Thessaly. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 682.

Alopĕce, an island in the Palus Mæotis. Strabo.――Another in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Another in the Ægean sea opposite Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――A small village of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ.

Socrates and Aristides were born there. Aeschines, Against Timarchus.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 64.

Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Alos, a town of Achaia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Alotia, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained over Lacedæmon by the Arcadians.

Alpēnus, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylæ. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.

Alpes, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries, discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished, according to their situation, by the different names of Cottiæ, Carnicæ, Graiæ, Noricæ, Juliæ, Maritimæ, Pannoniæ, Penninæ, Pœnæ, Rhætiæ, Tridentinæ, Venetæ. A traveller is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations, who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their territory.

Strabo, bks. 4 & 5.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 151.

—Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 183.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 53.

Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.――A surname

of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 487.

Alphēnor, one of Niobe’s sons. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

Alphēnus. See: Alfenus.

Alphesibœa, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcmæon son of Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father’s court after the murder of his mother. See: Alcmæon. She received, as a bridal present, the famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmæon being persecuted by the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in the hands of Alphesibœa. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibœa’s brothers, who thus revenged their sister who had been so innocently abandoned.

Hyginus, fable 244.—Propertius, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Alphesibœus, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil’s eclogues.

Alphēus, now Alpheo, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the waters of Arethusa, near Sicily.

Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas.

Strabo, bk. 6.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 694.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 176.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 1 & 4.

—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.— Marcellinus, bk. 25.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in Horace, Epodes, poem 2.

Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war.

Alpīnus, belonging to the Alps. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 442.

Alpīnus (Cornelius), a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine, in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.――Julius, one of the chiefs of the Helvetii.

Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 68.

Alpis, a small river falling into the Danube.

Alsium, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now Statua. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus.

Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.――A shepherd during the Rutulian wars.

Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 304.

Althæa, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Œneus king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager. When Althæa brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa’s brothers, Althæa, to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to survive her son. See: Meleager. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45; bk. 10, ch. 31.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Althæmĕnes, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father’s murderers, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide. After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son Althæmenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son.

When Althæmenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Altīnum, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its wool.

Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 25.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter’s temple at Olympia, where the statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 20, &c.

Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenophon, Hellenica.

Aluntium, a town of Sicily. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 8.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Arcadia, called also the temple of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Alyattes I., a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclidæ. He reigned 57 years.

Alyattes II., king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnadæ, was father to Crœsus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution. An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares.

Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.—Strabo, bk. 13.

Aly̆ba, a country near Mysia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Alycæa, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Alycæus, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara received its name from him. Plutarch, Theseus.

Aly̆mon, the husband of Circe.

Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 19.