The bible and the image the history of photography in the holy land 1839 1899 yeshayahu nir all chap by ralphadkins350

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Design: ADRIANN E ONDERDON K DUDDE N

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Nir, Yeshayahu, J930The Bible and the image.

Bibliography: p. Includes index.

I. Photography—Palestine—History. I. Title.

TRU3.I75N57 1985 770'.9569 4 84-21997

ISBN 0-8122-7981-6

Printed in the United States of America

To my mother, who perished in Bergen Belsen, and to my father, lost in Buchenwald, to my wife, Chava, and my daughter, Yael, and to those who believe with us that one day we all, Israelis and Palestinians, will live in this country in peace and mutual respect

Illustrations ix

Mai n Event s in Holy Land Photography, 1839-189 9 xiii

Preface and Acknowledgment s xvii

Introductio n 3

E LAND , HOL Y AN D PROFAN E 1. Art , Propaganda, and "Remarkabl e Views": Daguerreotypes, 1839-184 4 2 9 2 Jerusale m in Beautiful Prints: Calotypes , 1849-186 4 4 5 3 Early Traveling Landscape Photographers : Wet-Plat e Photography, 1857-186 2 6 1 4 Explorator y Report s and Travelers' Pictures, 1864-1878 : Protestan t an d Catholi c Nuance s in Holy Land Photography 8 5

Early Loca l Photographer s and th e Secon d Commandment , 1859-187 6 111

Early Portrayal o f Local Inhabitants : Th e View from Outside , 1867 - 13 5

Nativ e Attitude s 163

PAR T THREE : PHOTOGRAPH Y IN PRIN T

8. Travel and Pilgrimage Albums and Books, 1886-1899 189

9 Missionary Photography and Photojournalism, 1885-1899 213

10 Arab, Jewish, and "American Colony" Photography, 1890-1899 235

Notes 265

Bibliography 281

Addendum 291

Index 293

Photographer unknown, Armenia n Convent, Religious Dignitary frontis

Girault de Prangey, Jerusalem, the Way to Bethlehem 7

Auguste Salzmann, "Th e Way to Bethlehem" 8

James McDonald, "Valley of Hinnom Looking South from the Jaffa Gate" 9

Felix Bonfils, "Jewish Hospice" 10

Charles A Hornstein, Mishkenot Shaanani m and Yemin Moshe Quarter 11

"Types of Palestine," "Israelites from Beyrouth," and "A Jew of Algiers" 14-15

F and M Thevoz, "A Jew of Jerusalem" 17

Bonfils Company, "Jewish Cotton Carders in Jerusalem" 18

Charles A Hornstein, Cotto n Carder 19

Frederic Goupil-Fesquet, "Syrie St Jean d'Acre" 32

George Sken e Keith, "Hebron" 36

Anonymous drawing, "Zion Will Be Plowed as a Field" 38

Jules Ruffier des Aimes, Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives 38

George Sken e Keith, "Zion Will Be Plowed as a Field" 39

Girault de Prangey, Absalom's Tomb 40

Girault de Prangey, Robinson's Arc h 42

Girault de Prangey, Th e Dome of the Rock and the Wailing Wall 43

C G Wheelhouse , "Protestant Church , Jerusalem" 50

Auguste Salzmann, "Tomb of the Judean Kings, Entrance" 55

Auguste Salzmann, "Fragment of the Stone Entrance" 55

Auguste Salzmann, "Detail of the Dome of the Churc h of the Holy Sepulchre" Louis de Clercq, "Jewish Synagogue and Environs" 59

James Robertson and Felice Beato, Th e Wailing Wall 65

Francis Frith, Ramle h 6 9

Francis Frith, "Church of the Holy Sepulchre" 70

Francis Frith, "Street View with the Churc h of the Holy Sepulchre (rear view)"

Yessayi Garabedian, "Churc h of the Holy Sepulchre" 72

Felix Bonfils, "Jerusalem Domes of the Holy Sepulchre (Palestine)" 73

Francis Bedford, "The Mosk of the Dome of the Rock, from the Governor's House" 74

Francis Bedford, "Mount Zion, from the Governor's House . . . " 75

Francis Bedford, "Minbar, or Pulpit, in the Enclosure of the Mosk of the Dome of the Rock" 77

Francis Bedford, "The Late King, Edward VII " 77

Francis Bedford, "General View from the Mount of Olives" 78

Francis Frith, "Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives" 79

Francis Frith, "Tiberias from the South" 80

Photographer unknown, albumen print from ca 1870 81

Lars Larsson, halftone reproduction taken before 1916 81

Francis Bedford, "Bethlehem. The Shepherds' Field" 83

L Vignes, "Semoah" 88

James McDonald, "Private Houses Standing on the West Edge of the Tyropean Valley " 90

James McDonald, "General View of the City from the North" 91-94

H. Phillips, "The Church of St. George" 95

H Phillips, "The View from the Jaffa Road " 96

Felix Bonfils, "General View of Djenin" 100

Felix Bonfils, Jerusalem David's Tower 103

Felix Bonfils, "Capharnaum" 104

Frank Mason Good, "Site of Capernaum" 105

Peter Bergheim, "Detail of Masonry at Wailing Place" 115

Peter Bergheim, "Ruins of Samaria" 116

Photographer unknown, Burial Ceremony of Patriarch Haroutioun Vehabedian 119

Attributed to Garabed Krikorian, "Yessayi Garabedian as Patriarch" 120

Photographer unknown, Armenian Convent, Religious Dignitary 123

Photographer unknown, Young Garabed Krikorian 124

Garabed Krikorian, Cabinet Portrait 125

Photographer unknown, Unknown Female Tourist in Male Bedouin Dress with Accessories 125

H Phillips, "A Group of Samaritans" 136

H. Phillips, "Polish Jews, Group of (Jerusalem)" 139

American Colony Jerusalem, "Russian Kawass" 142 Bonfils Company, "Dragoman" 143

Adrien(?) Bonfils, "Ruth and Boa:" 145

Lars Larsson, "Shepherds Sling" 146

Felix Bonfils, "Jewish Women in Street Costume" 148 Bonfils Company, "Young Woman from Nablus" 150 Bonfils Company, "Young Jewess of Tiberias" 151

Attributed to Felix Bonfils, "Turkish Woman" 151 Bonfils Company, "Group of Bedouins" 152

F and M Thevoz, "Sheikh Fellah" 153 Bonfils Company, "Bethlehem Woman" 154 Bonfils Company, "Bethlehem Beads Sellers" 155

Felix Bonfils, "Street Merchants of Jerusalem" 157

Bonfils Company, "Bazar at Jaffa" 158

Bonfils Company, "Jews Discussing the Talmud" 161

Madame Lucien Gautier, The Bairam Holiday, after the Fast of Ramadan, Haifa 170

Photographer unknown, Lag Ba'omer Festivities at the Tomb of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai, Meron 173

Abbe Raboisson, El Hawara 174

Frank Mason Good, "Group of Native Women" 180

R Ε M Bain, "Travelling in Galilee" 181

Frank Hurley, Colonel Fan and Moslem Women 185

F. and M. Thevoz, "Hebron" 193

F and M Thevoz, "Tel al Foul" 198

R Ε M Bain, "Tiberias" 199

Bruno Hentschel, "Panorama from the Tower of the Redeemer's Church" 206-11

Charles A Hornstein, "The Colony Beit Yaacov" 218

Charles A Hornstein, "Bird's Eye View of Several Jewish Colonies " 219

Charles A Hornstein, Making Butter 220

Charles A Hornstein, A Jew in Jerusalem 221

Charles A Hornstein, Jewish Scissor Sharpener 222

Photographer unknown, "The Funeral of the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem" 228

Jules Ruffier des Aimes, Selouan 231

Jules Ruffier des Aimes, Anatoth 232

Chalil Raad, The Arrival of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany in Jerusalem 236

Dawid Sabounji, "Nursery Plants in Pots" 239

Tsadok Bassan, "The Poor of the General Kitchen Pray " 243 Gedera 244

B Warshawski, "Gedera" 244

B. Warshawski, "Rechovoth" 245

Yeshayahu Raffalovich, Jewish Colonists 250

American Colony Jerusalem, The Way to Jaffa Gate 255

Attributed to Elijah Meyers, American Colony Jerusalem, Jews in Abraham's Vineyard 257

Main Events in Holy Land Photography 1839-1899

Dr. Alexander Keith makes an unsuccessful attempt to produce photographs on paper (June). Frederic Goupil-Fesquet takes the first daguerreotypes (December)

Joseph Philibert Girault de Prangey takes about one hundred daguerreotypes, the only collection to survive

George Skene Keith takes daguerreotypes (published in 1847) to support an idea, the first such use of photography in the world

First calotypes taken by C M Wheelhouse (private album) and George Bridges (published 1858; precursor of photographic reporting)

Maxime Du Camp, accompanied by novelist Gustave Flaubert, takes six calotypes of Jerusalem, the first original photographs to be published (in 1851)

James Graham settles in Jerusalem for three years; becomes the first "local-resident" photographer

American missionary James Turner Barclay and French calotypist Auguste Salzmann take photographs for exploratory use

James Robertson and/or Felice Beato open the era of traveling landscape photographers

Francis Friths single stay in the country

Earliest written reference to a local photographer, Deniss Photographs unknown

Earliest written reference to stereoscopic pictures

Louis de Clercq produces first album on delimited subject: the Via Dolorosa

1859 Beginnings of photography in the Armenian Convent

1862 Francis Bedford is photographer of Prince of Wales's tour

1864 L Vignes and James McDonald are photographers of exploration parties

1865 First publication of photographs taken by a local photographer, Peter Bergheim (in Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem).

1866-6 7 H Phillips engages in "ethnographic" photography

1867 Felix Bonfils settles in Beirut and takes his first photographs in Jerusalem (perhaps early 1868)

1870 Birth of Charles A. Hornstein, the only local photographer (amateur) born in the country.

1874 Posthumous publication of Due de Luynes's volume of photomechanically reproduced steel engravings made after L Vignes's photographs by Charles Negre

Frank Mason Good and Lieutenant Η. H. Kitchener produce last series of wet-plate photographs

1876 First local book includes photograph; printed at the Greek Press in Jerusalem, photograph reproduced in Vienna

1878 Last album of tipped-in, original wet-plate photographs is published

1882 Abbe Raboisson takes first (documented) dry-gelatin negatives

1884 Garabed Krikorian establishes independent studio in Jerusalem

French amateur photographer Jules Ruffier, White Father, settles in Jerusalem

1887 F and M Thevoz of Switzerland produce largest photographic work of the 1880s; some formal innovations

1890 Chalil Raad, first local Arab photographer, settles in Jerusalem

1891 B Warshawski of Poltava, Russia, takes photographs of new Jewish villages, which appear in the Hebrew yearbook Achiassaf, published in Warsaw; beginnings of Jewish photography

First photograph of new Jewish village published in halftone reproduction in the December issue of Jewish Missionary Intelligence.

1892 First Arab photographer in Jaffa, Dawid Sabounji, photographs nearby agricultural school, Mikve Israel.

1893 G R Lees publishes first album of photographs produced in the Holy Land; albumen prints pasted in.

1895 Visit of Willy Bambus, first Jewish writer-photographer Yeshayahu Raffalovich, first local Jewish photographer, advertises in the local Hebrew press

First publication of photographs by Charles A Hornstein

First written reference to a (amateur) Moslem photographer of Damascus.

1896 Album de la Terre Sainte, most voluminous nineteenth-century publication, compiled and published in Paris

1897 Chalil Raad advertises own studio in local Hebrew press

1898 Elijah Meyers starts photography at the American Colony in Jerusalem

1899 Yeshayahu Raffalovich publishes Views of Palestine and Its Jewish Colonies, the first locally produced album of halftone reproductions; plates prepared and album printed in Frankfurt, Germany.

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