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EmpiricalChapterInferenceandtheextensionofknowledgeTheprocess,content,andstructureofinferenceInferenceandthegrowthofknowledgeSource searchersexaminethesourcesofordinaryscienceknowledge thatis,theinfluencesthatenablethepublictoagreeaboutsomuchofwhatscienceknows. UniversityofJyväskyläItcanbequantitativeorqualitativeandshouldbeobjectiveandreliableInvestigatingthesourcesofknowledge,then,meansinvestigating modesofgivenness–thewaysexperiencespresenttheobjectstheyaredirectedatAuthors:LauriMyllymaaAbasicsourceyieldsknowledgeorjustifiedbelief withoutpositivedependenceonanothersourceThispapercategorizestheresearchparadigmsusedineducationalresearchintothreetypes:empirical,logicbased,andlivedexpe-rience(dasErlebnis)-basedAsatseveralwaysofacquiringknowledge,beginningwithsourcesthatThesourcesofknowledgePerceptual experiences,introspectiveexperiences,eideticintuitions,andevaluativeexperiencesareamongthevarioustypesoforiginarypresentiveexperiencessearchers examinethesourcesofordinaryscienceknowledge thatis,theinfluencesthatenablethepublictoagreeaboutsomuchofwhatscienceknows.Empirical researchisbasedonpeople’sperceptionsandformallogic.Abstract1, TwoSourcesofKnowledge:OriginandGenerationofKnowledgeinMainedeBiran andHenriBergsonThemeaningsof“Knowledge”asgivenbytheRandomHouseDictionary(RHD),andwordssynonymouswith‘knowledge’are: Acquaintancewithfactsorprinciples,asfromstudyorinvestigation;generalerudition;FamiliarityorConversance,aswithaparticularsubjectorbranchofThis articleidentifiesthesourcesfromwhichoneacquiresknowledgeorjustifiedbeliefpp()CopyBIBTEXPartidentifieswhatjuxtaposingordinaryscience knowledgeandtheScienceCommunicationProblemimpliesabouttheproperfocusfortheemergingfieldof“scienceofsciencecommunica-ItaimstoreachThis papercategorizestheresearchparadigmsusedineducationalresearchintothreetypes:empirical,logic-based,andlivedexpe-rience(dasErlebnis)-basedThis articledistinguisheseachoftheaboveasaThesourcesofknowledge:Understandingandanalysingresearchliterature.AbstractKnowledge:Definition,Types, Nature,PropertiesandScopeRobertAudiInPaulKMoser(ed),TheOxfordHandbookofEpistemologyThiscomprehensivebookintroducestheconcepts andtheoriescentralforunderstandingknowledgeRationaleandfocusThiscoursereflectstheneedforstudentstounderstandfundamentalconceptsthatunderpin researchinordertobeabletocriticallyevaluatethestrengthoftheresearchdiscussedthroughouttheirprogrammeofstudyEpistemology,orthetheoryof knowledge,isconcernedwithhowweknowwhatwedo,whatjustifiesusinbelievingwhatwedo,andwhatstandardsofevidenceweshoulduseinseekingtruths abouttheworldandhumanexperienceItdistinguishesthe“fourstandardbasicsources”:perception,memory,consciousness,andreasonPartidentifieswhat,· "whatarethesourcesofourknowledge?""whatdoweknow?"and"whatdifferentiatesknowledgefromwisdomandopinion?"Thearticlealsodiscusseskey SourcesofKnowledgeTherearemanywaystogainknowledge,andsomearebetterthanothers.OxfordUniversityPress.