Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Systems, Strategies, and Skills, 4th Edition Test Bank _Cop

Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Systems, Strategies, and Skills, 4th Edition By Linda Seligman , Lourie Reichenberg

CONTENTS Part One: Providing Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy Chapter 1: Contexts of Effective Treatment ....................................................................................1 Part Two: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Background Chapter 2: Overview of Background-Focused Treatment Systems .................................................7 Chapter 3: Sigmund Freud and Classic Psychoanalysis ..................................................................9 Chapter 4: Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology .....................................................................14 Chapter 5: Post- and Neo-Freudians: Analytical Psychology, Ego Psychology, Object Relations, and Self Psychology .....................................................................................................19 Chapter 6: Brief Psychodynamic Therapy .....................................................................................23 Part Three: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations Chapter 7: Overview of Emotion-Focused Treatment Systems ....................................................26 Chapter 8: Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Counseling .............................................................30 Chapter 9: Existential Therapy ......................................................................................................34 Chapter 10: Gestalt Therapy ..........................................................................................................37 Chapter 11: Emerging Approaches Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations .................................41 Part Four: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Thoughts Chapter 12: Overview of Thought-Focused Treatment Systems ...................................................44 Chapter 13: Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ...............................................46 Chapter 14: Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy ...........................................................................49 Part Five: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Actions Chapter 15: Overview of Action-Focused Treatment Systems .....................................................53 Chapter 16: Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy ..............................................57 Chapter 17: Reality Therapy ..........................................................................................................61 Part Six: Other Treatment Approaches Chapter 18: Family Systems Approaches ......................................................................................65 Chapter 19: Integrative Therapies ..................................................................................................70 Part Seven: Understanding Treatment Systems Chapter 20: Solidifying Understanding of Treatment Systems .....................................................75 ANSWER KEY…………………………………………………………………………79 Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………………....79 Chapter 2 and 3…………………………………………………………………..………80 Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………………81 Chapter 5…………………………………………………………………………………82 Chapter 6…………………………………………………………………………………83 Chapter 7 and 8………………………………………………………………………..…84 Chapter 9…………………………………………………………………………………85 Chapter 10………………………………………………………………………………..86 Chapter 11, 12, and 13…………………………………………………………………...87 Chapter 14………………………………………………………………………………..88 Chapter 15………………………………………………………………………………..89 Chapter 16 and 17………………………………………………………………………..90 Chapter 18………………………………………………………………………………..91 Chapter 19………………………………………………………………………………..92 Chapter 20………………………………………………………………………………..93 iii

Chapter 1 Contexts of Effective Treatment MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Research on counseling effectiveness (a) shows that counseling is usually effective. (b) is difficult to apply to unique situations. (c) tends to be biased in favor of counseling. (d) shows that short-term therapy is more effective than long-term therapy.

2.

The “B” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) behavior. (b) biology. (c) background. (d) biofeedback.

3.

The “E” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) empowerment. (b) emotions. (c) environment. (d) exploration.

4.

The “T” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) trust. (b) training. (c) transference. (d) thoughts.

5.

The “A” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) actions. (b) analysis. (c) adaptation. (d) actualization.

6.

A counselor who believes that a thorough understanding of a client’s childhood is necessary for successful treatment might exemplify_________________ theory. (a) existential (b) humanistic (c) cognitive (d) psychodynamic

7.

Replacing negative thoughts with positive ones would most likely be the goal of a/an ____________________ therapist. (a) behavioral 1

(b) cognitive (c) psychodynamic (d) existential 8.

Which of the following is NOT a common factor implicit in almost every form of successful therapy? (a) Provides a collaborative therapeutic alliance between client and clinician. (b) Instills hope and optimism. (c) Promotes clinician’s sense of mastery and expertise. (d) Improves coping, impulse control, stress reduction, and promotes behavioral change.

9.

Which of the following is a common ingredient of successful treatment strategies? (a) An average of 10-15 counseling sessions. (b) The use of affect-based techniques. (c) Matching counselor and client based on gender and culture. (d) Improved client ability to modify thoughts.

10.

The most powerful factor in change appears to be (a) clients’ experiences and inner resources. (b) client optimism. (c) clinician expertise. (d) the techniques and interventions utilized.

11. Which of the following is a problem you would NOT expect to be presented by the Diaz family? (a) Edie’s excessive use of alcohol (b) Edie’s overprotection of her daughter (c) Ava’s acting out (d) Roberto’s over involvement in his work 12.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) Some clients can benefit from treatment more than others regardless of theoretical approach. (b) The therapeutic alliance is an important determinant of treatment outcome. (c) Client motivation is an important determinant of treatment outcome. (d) Clients who do better in therapy attribute it to the techniques and interventions used.

13. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of establishing a positive therapeutic alliance? (a) It prevents ruptures from occurring in the future. (b) It lets the client know that the clinician is listening empathically. (c) It encourages clients’ self-esteem, congruence, and self-disclosure. (d) It encourages client’s positive expectations of change.

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14.

The acronym ADDRESSING is important because: (a) It can improve the clinician’s cultural competence. (b) It helps clinicians understand the effect of their client’s address on their personality. (c) ADDRESSING provides an all-inclusive treatment modality. (d) About 25% of therapists describe themselves as being culturally challenged.

15. Which of the following people is strongly associated with the third force in counseling and psychotherapy? (a) Sigmund Freud (b) Martin Seligman (c) Albert Ellis (d) Carl Rogers 16.

Which client characteristic seems unrelated to outcome? (a) intelligence (b) age (c) education (d) socioeconomic level

17.

The most powerful predictor of treatment outcome is the (a) nature of the relationship between clinician and client. (b) theoretical orientation of the clinician. (c) client’s sense of self-efficacy. (d) number of counseling sessions.

18.

A 30-year-old African American female says she would feel most comfortable with a clinician of similar age and background. To enhance the therapeutic alliance, it would be best to (a) pair her with an older African American counselor to minimize transference. (b) assign her to a clinician who specializes in her presenting problem, regardless of other factors. (c) assign her to a clinician who is very different than she to gently challenge her assumptions and stereotypes. (d) honor her request as closely as possible.

19.

A distinguishing characteristic of a sound therapeutic alliance is (a) shared goals created in collaboration with the client. (b) client’s access to an extensive support system. (c) an emphasis on personal growth and spirituality. (d) a clinician who uses caring confrontations.

20.

As predictors of positive treatment outcome, techniques and interventions (a) have little predictive value. (b) are not as important as the clinician-client relationship. (c) are not as accurate as the clinician’s level of education.

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(d) are not as accurate as client age.

21.

Which theoretical orientation is the most effective overall? (a) behavior modification in combination with cognitive therapy (b) solution-focused brief therapy (c) any treatment as long as it incorporates mindfulness (d) While some treatment methodologies work better for specific problems, no single treatment approach has been found to be the most effective overall.

22.

Which of the following is true of ethical guidelines for counselors? (a) Most professional associations have a code of ethics. (b) The guidelines address confidentiality issues. (c) Belonging to professional organizations and following established guidelines can help to protect counselors from lawsuits. (d) All of the above.

23.

Wayne, a mental health therapist, was convinced that his client intended to assault a co-worker. Wayne alerted the co-worker that he may be in danger. Ethically, Wayne (a) had the option of maintaining confidentiality. (b) was required to consult a supervisor before taking this action. (c) was required to take this action. (d) had no basis for his action.

24. Paul, a talented carpenter, agreed to build bookcases for his therapist’s office. Is this agreement ethical? (a) Yes, because the therapist will not be present when the bookcases are installed. (b) Yes, because the therapist is paying fair market value. (c) No, because it constitutes a dual relationship. (d) Possibly, depending on Paul’s therapeutic goals.

25.

During their first session, Malia explained the expectations and responsibilities of both the client and clinician to her client. This is an example of (a) role induction. (b) initiation. (c) boundary setting. (d) modeling.

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SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS

1.

Describe the emphasis of each of the four “forces of psychotherapy.” If possible, provide at least one example of a theorist associated with each approach.

2.

Define empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. How are they important in developing a positive therapeutic alliance?

3.

What are the salient psychological issues for each member of the Diaz family?

4.

Clients attribute a large portion of the change they experience in treatment to extratherapeutic factors. Explain the meaning of this statement and discuss its implications for clinicians.

5.

List and define five important aspects of people’s lives which can serve as areas for assessment.

6.

Name three ways that a clinician can maximize the positive influence of client background and personal qualities.

7.

Define the mnemonic ADDRESSING. Describe how the concepts can be applied in the counseling setting.

8.

Jose, 32, arrived in the United States from Ecuador about six months ago. He is seeking therapy at this time because he is having difficulty adjusting to American culture and finding suitable employment. He has been assigned to a 23-year-old therapist who emigrated with his parents from Iran at the age of 18. Although their backgrounds are quite different, consider the ADDRESSING acronym and which “locations” or components of identification are similar and which are different.

How can the clinician use the ADDRESSING model to build a cohesive therapeutic alliance with Jose?

9.

Identify five characteristics of effective therapeutic relationships and briefly define each.

10.

List the five interpersonal characteristics you believe are most essential in an effective clinician. Explain why you chose these five.

11.

Discuss important considerations of these ethical topics and provide an example of each: (1) do no harm, (2) confidentiality, (3) duty to warn, (4) dual relationships.

12.

Describe the purpose of role induction and list five topics you would address in this process. Provide a brief statement illustrating how you as a clinician would present each of the five topics.

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13.

Identify at least five procedures or interventions that a clinician might use to promote rapport.

14.

Describe three aspects of cultural competency.

15.

Describe five specific areas of clinician competency from those listed on pages 1415 that you would like to develop in yourself. Explain why you chose each of these five areas, drawing on information from the text, your career goals, and your knowledge of yourself.

16.

Identify at least six areas that might be covered in an intake interview.

17.

Name at least four considerations clinicians should address when formulating questions.

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Chapter 2 Overview of Background-Focused Treatment Systems MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.

Addressing clients’ past problems and issues (a) usually has little impact since no change can occur in the past. (b) is an emphasis of the psychodynamic approach. (c) is correlated positively with successful treatment. (d) usually alienates clients because it does not focus on immediate concerns.

2.

Which of the following is NOT true about classic psychoanalysis? (a) Its goal is to make the unconscious conscious. (b) Clients participated in analysis 3 to 4 times a week, for years. (c) Clients would lie on a couch and the therapist would sit outside their field of vision. (d) Classic psychoanalysis continues to be a leading form of treatment.

3.

Psychodynamic theories include all but which one of the following? (a) Alfred Adler’s individual psychotherapy. (b) Carl Jung’s analytical psychology. (c) Solution-focused brief therapy (d) Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

4.

Carl Jung is responsible for all but which one of the following concepts in psychology? (a)the collective unconscious. (b) integrating spirituality and psychology (c)personality preferences that form the basis of the Myers-BriggsType Indicator (d) the Oedipal complex 5. Alfred Adler developed an approach that focused on (a) Birth order, self interest, and lifestyle assessment. (b) Birth order, social interest, and lifestyle assessment. (c) Birth order, social interest, and myth. (d) None of the above.

For questions 6 - 10, mark “a” if the statement is true and mark “b” if the statement is false.

6.

Psychodynamic therapy has turned away from sexual drive theory and toward attachment theory. (a) true (b) false 7.

Relational theory focuses on the relationship between the client and clinician.

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(a) true (b) false 8.

Harry Stack Sullivan is considered to be the founder of attachment theory. (a) true (b) false

9.

Karen Horney focused on sexual drives as the cause of pathology. (a) true (b) false

10.

Anna Freud, a respected child therapist, was Sigmund Freud’s daughter. (a) true (b) false

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Name five basic assumptions shared by psychodynamic psychotherapy models.

Explain each assumption and whether you agree with the assumption or not.

2.

Define transference and countertransference. How do they impact therapy?

3.

Discuss Maroda’s six guidelines for therapist self-disclosure. Do you agree or disagree?

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Chapter 3 Sigmund Freud and Classic Psychoanalysis MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

According to Freud, people struggle to find a balance (a) between Oedipal and Electra complexes. (b) between sexual drives and socially acceptable behavior. (c) between neurotic and psychotic defense mechanisms. (d) between self-expression and the expectations of authority figures.

2.

Which statement accurately reflects Freud’s perspective on biology? (a) People are generally the victims of their biological characteristics. (b) Biology is an important determinant of human behavior. (c) Biology has more influence on the ego than on the id of superego. (d) None of the above.

3.

The pursuit of pleasure and gratification as embodied by the “pleasure principle” is the goal of the (a) ego. (b) id. (c) superego. (d) unconscious.

4.

Coughing and blinking are examples of (a) reflex actions. (b) defense mechanisms. (c) abreactions. (d) neurotic disorders.

5.

The term “libido” refers to (a) conscience. (b) rational thought. (c) energy and vitality. (d) the death instinct.

6.

Despite its self-defeating quality, Gabe had been unsuccessful in eliminating his use of alcohol because of the pleasure it brought him. In Freudian terms, which personality system was dominating his behavior? (a) ego (b) superego (c) libido (d) id

7.

Primary process allows people to 9

(a) form a wish fulfillment image. (b) utilize defense mechanisms. (c) subjugate the id to the ego. (d) relive experiences from early childhood.

8.

The _______________ can be thought of as the opposite of the id. (a) ego (b) unconscious (c) libido (d) superego

9.

Jared felt guilty about sleeping late on Sunday morning instead of going to church.

To which personality system would Freud attribute Jared’s feelings? (a) superego (b) ego (c) libido (d) id

10.

Which two of the following are most likely to be in conflict with each other? (a) the conscience and the superego (b) the life instinct and the libido (c) the superego and the id (d) the id and the libido

11.

Rasheed wanted to go fishing with his friends Saturday morning, but he knew that his daughter would be disappointed if he didn’t attend her soccer game. Rasheed decided to compromise by attending the soccer game and joining his friends later in the day. The personality system most likely to be responsible for Rasheed’s decision is the (a) id. (b) ego. (c) superego. (d) libido.

12. Issues of dependency and trust are particularly important during the ________ stage. (a) latency (b) oral (c) genital (d) anal 13.

According to psychoanalytic theory, parents who reward and praise children for appropriate bowel and bladder control are likely to (a) spoil their children. (b) predispose their children to sexual promiscuity. (c) predispose their children to academic difficulties.

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(d) foster creativity.

14.

Julianne was extremely vulnerable to practical jokes because she believed anything that anyone told her. How would Julianne’s vulnerability best be explained using Freudian theory? (a) She probably had developmental problems in the oral stage. (b) Her ego is not properly differentiated from her superego. (c) She is in the genital stage. (d) Her superego is excessively rigid.

15.

Anna had been married and divorced three times and stated that she never had a really satisfying relationship with a partner. According to psychoanalytic theory, she most likely did not resolve the ______________ stage. (a) genital (b) anal (c) phallic (d) latency

16.

Issues of shame and doubt arise during the ______________ stage. (a) oral (b) latency (c) phallic (d) anal

17. Successful resolution of the _________ stage typically results in feelings of empowerment. (a) latency (b) genital (c) oral (d) anal 18.

The phallic stage described by Freud is most strongly related to the development of __________ . (a) inappropriate feelings about the body (b) self-esteem, sexuality, need for love (c) gullibility, argumentativeness, and overeating (d) penis envy

19.

An Oedipus or Electra complex is typically resolved through (a) a child’s identification with the same sex parent. (b) treatment for oral stage conflicts. (c) abreaction. (d) increasing children’s comfort with their own sexuality.

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20.

Kiara complained of feeling inferior to almost everyone and felt that she could not be successful at anything. Freudians would suspect that she had difficulty in the ______ stage. (a) latency (b) anal (c) oral (d) phallic

21.

Which statement about ego defense mechanisms is NOT true? (a) Ego defense mechanisms are triggered by anxiety. (b) Everybody uses some form of unhealthy defense mechanisms. (c) Ego defense mechanism can be categorized by developmental stage. (d) Ego defense mechanisms help to channel inappropriate desires into acceptable actions.

22.

The Freudian position on repressed memories would most likely be that (a) they are contrary to Freudian thought. (b) they are plausible. (c) they reside in the preconscious. (d) they are more likely to occur in females.

23.

In psychoanalysis, therapist neutrality is important in order to foster (a) a strong therapeutic alliance. (b) countertransference. (c) interpretations. (d) transference.

24.

Freud’s approach is most effective with those clients who (a) have psychotic disorders. (b) are emotionally fragile. (c) have neurotic disorders. (d) have relationship problems.

25.

Which of the following is not true of psychoanalytic theory? (a) It is a lengthy form of treatment. (b) It has little influence on current clinicians. (c) It does not provide guidelines for healthy adult lifestyles. (d) Research substantiating its value is limited.

For questions 26-45, match the item on the left with the item on the right that most accurately defines or illustrates it. __26. conscious a. not part of current awareness, but can be readily accessed __27. preconscious b. reflect(s) the most important rule of psychoanalysis __28. unconscious c. help(s) people cope with strong emotional reactions to past events 12

__29. __30. __31. __32.

dreams Freudian slips, errors defense mechanisms splitting

d. e. f. g.

phobias reflect(s) latent or symbolic meaning include(s) depressive and anxiety disorders usually entail(s) preoccupation with cleanliness and ritualized behavior __33. hysteria h. suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, jealousy __34. transference i. protect(s) people from anxiety __35. countertransference j. reflect(s) a loss of contact with reality __36. free association k. material in awareness, always available __37. abreaction l. highly charged memories which have been repressed __38. analysis m. fulfill(s) wishes or impulses that could not be allowed into awareness __39. interpretation n. viewing people as all good or all bad __40. psychoses o. conversion disorder __41. neuroses p. projection onto the therapist of characteristics of another person __42. anxiety states q. clinician’s projection onto a client of characteristics of important people __43. obsessional disorders in the r. exploration and understanding of unconscious clinician’s past __44. paranoid attitudes s. elucidating the repressed meaning of symbols in clientrepresentations __45. reflex actions material t. coughing or blinking

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS

1.

Define and discuss eros (life instinct) and thanatos (death instinct). Do you agree with Freud’s dualistic model? How does it help explain the development of personality?

2.

List the four ways of categorizing defense mechanisms.

3.

Discuss the strengths, contributions, and limitations of psychoanalytic theory.

4.

Define and discuss the importance of each of the following in psychoanalytic treatment: transference, countertransference, free association, abreaction.

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Chapter 4 Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Which statement most accurately reflects Adler’s view of human nature? (a) Goal-directed behavior mitigates the influence of biological factors. (b) Sexual drive and libido provide the motivation for most human behavior. (c) Individuals are basically egocentric and must be taught to have social interest. (d) Early childhood experiences determine our destiny.

2.

“Family constellation” refers to (a) who is in the family. (b) the roles that each person plays in the family. (c) the nature of the interactions and transactions in the family. (d) all of the above.

3.

According to Adler, we are most influenced by siblings who (a) are older than we are. (b) are protective of us. (c) allow us to assume a parental role. (d) are most different from the way we are.

4.

Maryam is dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented. She has always been extremely well behaved. Maryam is typical of a/an ______________ child. (a) oldest (b) second (c) middle (d) youngest

5.

Zak is extremely talented in mathematics and represents his school at many math competitions. He has never been very good at or interested in art. His brother Thomas, however, enjoys art and has created cover designs for school programs. He has gone to great lengths to avoid math-related activities. Thomas is most likely (a) a second child. (b) a middle child. (c) the youngest child. (d) a pampered child.

6.

Dora was having difficulty deciding whether or not to change jobs. She said that she also had a hard time deciding where to live, what furniture to buy, and whether to buy a new car. Her Adlerian counselor was not surprised to learn that Dora was a/an ___________ child.

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(a) oldest child (b) middle (c) youngest (d) second 7.

Feeling that the other children get more love and attention, having difficulty finding a way to be special, and being discouraged easily all are typical pitfalls of being a/an ______________ child. (a) oldest (b) middle (c) youngest (d) second 8. According to Adler, the major influence on the development of lifestyle is (a) the composition and interaction of a person’s family. (b) biology. (c) birth order. (d) the degree to which unconscious material can be made conscious.

9.

Individual psychology focuses away from disease and pathology and instead i.views problems as resulting from negative thinking. ii.focuses on childhood behavior as the cause of problems. iii.provides a social focus that recognizes the client’s needs for power and belonging are not being met. iv.allows the person to find his or her own solutions.

10.

Which of the following does not play a major role in Adlerian psychology? (a) libido (b) feelings of inferiority (c) lifestyle (d) goal directedness

11.

“Private logic” refers to (a) internal self-talk that convinces us that we are being rational. (b) Adler’s rationale for departing from Freudian thought. (c) the route from feelings of inferiority to the development of a self-ideal lifestyle. (d) the cognitive development of children during the first five years of life which eventually determines their fictional goals.

12.

Freud identified two important life tasks; work and love. The third task which Adler added is (a) leisure. (b) parenting. (c) friendship. (d) generativity.

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13.

Adler’s theory is described as “phenomenological” meaning that (a) it is concerned with external phenomena. (b) it is concerned with a person’s inner reality. (c) it emphasizes reliving traumatic events. (d) it is goal-directed.

14.

According to Adler, feelings of pain and inadequacy are caused primarily by (a) faulty logic. (b) disappointing relationships. (c) neurological imbalances. (d) failure at life tasks.

15.

Adler’s model for the client-clinician relationship can be described as (a) similar to Freud’s. (b) paternalistic. (c) collaborative. (d) based on a medical model.

16.

A client states: “I am so excited because I finally passed the bar exam!” According to the Adlerian model, which would be the most encouraging response? (a) You sound very happy. (b) You must feel great satisfaction knowing that all of your studying paid off. (c) Where will this lead you? (d) Now you can start making some money.

17.

A client arrived at a counseling session irate because a parking attendant had made him move his car. The client stated, “Even though the sign said NO PARKING, there was no reason why the attendant couldn’t let me park there.” The clinician helped the client to see that, although he criticized others for ignoring rules and laws, he believed that he was special and did not have to abide by the rules and laws that pertained to others. The technique which the clinician employed is called (a) confrontation. (b) immediacy. (c) pushing the button. (d) spitting in the client’s soup.

18.

When using the technique of confrontation, the clinician points out (a) when a client is irresponsible. (b) when a client is irrational. (c) how clients are causing their own problems. (d) discrepancies in client statements.

19.

People with which of the following disorders are most likely to lack the ability to engage in the self-examination required by Adlerian therapy? (a) impulse control disorders 16

(b) psychotic disorders (c) personality disorders (d) anxiety disorders 20.

Avery, a clinician, asked his 14-year-old client to imagine how proud and happy he would be when he passed algebra and how frustrated and embarrassed he would be if he failed and had to repeat the subject in summer school. This technique (a) is not an effective therapeutic practice. (b) is known as “catching oneself.” (c) is not suitable for a client of this age. (d) is known as “pushing the button.”

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Discuss the Adlerian perspective on the significance and impact of feelings of inferiority.

2.

Describe how Adler would characterize the healthy, well-functioning adult.

3.

Describe the roles of an Adlerian therapist.

4.

List at least five ways in which an Adlerian therapist might provide encouragement to clients.

5.

Provide a more encouraging alternative for each of the following interventions: • Did you make any goals in the soccer game?

• You are a great actor!

• Sounds like you are hoping that you’re good enough to win the tennis tournament.

• You passed! Now your parents won’t ground you.

• Once again, you find yourself in a relationship with many problems.

6.

Identify the four stages of treatment in the Adlerian approach and the primary goals for each stage.

7.

Explain the purpose and procedure for each of the following interventions. Provide an example of each • Immediacy • catching oneself • pushing the button • spitting in the client’s soup Peter and Shiraz sought counseling because of constant arguing over financial matters. Peter believes that Shiraz is too stingy and won’t allow them to enjoy their

8.

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money. Shiraz believes that Peter has no sense of household expenses and doesn’t appreciate her efforts to maintain a budget.

Design three task assignments that you believe would be helpful to Peter and Shiraz. As an Adlerian therapist, how would you approach the process of suggesting a task assignment?

9.

Discuss the contributions, strengths, and limitations of Adler’s treatment approach.

10.

Describe the four-step process for eliciting, analyzing, and interpreting early memories.

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Chapter 5 Post- and Neo-Freudians: Analytical Psychology, Ego Psychology, Object Relations, and Self Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

According to Jung, two attitudes are present in the conscious mind. They are (a) positive and negative. (b) extraversion and introversion. (c) anima and animus. (d) thinking and feeling.

2.

The opposite of the thinking function is (a) sensation. (b) intuition. (c) introversion. (d) feeling.

3.

The opposite of the sensing function is (a) introversion. (b) intuition. (c) thinking. (d) feeling.

4.

People tend to interact with the world through their (a) inferior function. (b) favorite attitude. (c) shadow function. (d) primary function.

5.

People tend to have the greatest difficulty in managing which function? (a) dominant (b) inferior (c) intuition (d) feeling

6.

According to Jungian theory, psychic well-being is evidenced through (a) equal skill in using all functions. (b) balance between personality opposites. (c) equal skill in using all attitudes. (d) sufficient ability to extravert.

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7.

The side of ourselves that we show to the outside world is the (a) ego (b) persona. (c) dominant function. (d) dominant attitude.

8.

Jung attributed such reactions as fear of the dark to (a) the personal unconscious. (b) an early negative experience in the dark. (c) frightening dreams. (d) the collective unconscious.

9.

Which of the following is not true of the self? (a) It generally emerges during the first half of life. (b) It is the rarely reached goal of personality development. (c) It is the regulating center of the personality. (d) It can emerge through dreams, symbols, and perceptions.

10.

Lynn found dishonesty reprehensible and was suspicious of the honesty of many people with whom she interacted. In Jungian theory, Lynn’s reaction can be attributed to the (a) animus. (b) inferior function. (c) intuition. (d) shadow.

11.

A person’s unique memories of thoughts, feelings, and experiences are stored in the (a) personal unconscious. (b) shadow. (c) collective unconscious. (d) conscious mind.

12.

In Jungian theory, a person’s lifelong movement toward greater balance, harmony, and equilibrium is known as (a) integration. (b) individuation. (c) catharsis. (d) resolution.

13.

Jungian terms for the direction of energy movement are (a) sensing and intuition. (b) thinking and feeling. (c) introversion and extraversion. (d) positive and negative.

14.

Jung believed that the easiest access to the unconscious was through 20

(a) dreams. (b) the ego. (c) the self. (d) the anima or animus.

15.

According to Horney, the most powerful human drive is (a) security. (b) sex. (c) aggression. (d) love.

16.

Sullivan believed that pathology resulted from (a) poor attachment to caregivers. (b) the inability to resolve differences in the selves. (c) faulty interpersonal processes. (d) a weak ego.

17.

Which of the following most conflicts with the beliefs of Ann Freud? (a) A hospital which allows parents to stay overnight with child patients. (b) A law which requires that all wards of the state be placed in an institution for homeless children. (c) A parent who believes that her teenager just needs to “outgrow” the turmoil of those years. (d) A psychiatrist who diagnoses regressive behavior in a child as a maturation problem.

18.

Object relations theorists believe that development and individuation depend on (a) the nature of early relationships. (b) biological predispositions. (c) compatibility between the self and the ideal self. (d) the ability to develop positive self-esteem.

19.

Which of the following statements is not consistent with object relations theory? (a) A positive therapeutic alliance is more important to object relations. (b) The therapist becomes the “good enough” mother. (c) Resistance is a reflection of rigid transference. (d) Countertransference is avoidable.

20.

Kohut’s “selfobject” refers to (a) an internalized image of a mother figure. (b) our intrapsychic experiences of others. (c) our self-images. (d) an internalized image of our ideal selves.

21.

In self-psychology, the clinician’s role is to (a) remain neutral.

21

(b) understand and empathize. (c) teach clients how to contain drives. (d) identify the “guilty man” in the client.

22.

All of the theorists in Chapter 5 based their work on (a) the British Psychoanalytic Group. (b) Freudian psychoanalysis. (c) ideas presented in Confrontations With Myself: An Epilogue. (d) Jungian psychoanalysis.

23.

Which of the following is true of the theorists in this chapter? (a) They all began their careers as psychoanalysts. (b) They all de-emphasized the role of drives in human development. (c) They all placed considerable emphasis on very early parent-child relationships. (d) All of the above.

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Describe Karen Horney’s view of emotional health and the three ways in which she believed that people deal with conflicts and relate to others.

2.

Explain the following components of Horney’s theory and their relationship to one another: (a) the selves, (b) self-actualization, (c) tyranny of the should, and (d) patterns of should.

3.

Describe how Sullivan’s interpersonal theory differed from Freud’s drive theory.

4.

Discuss the role of the therapist and the goal of treatment in Sullivan’s view of psychotherapy.

5.

Discuss Anna Freud’s approach to child psychotherapy. Include (a) its difference from adult psychotherapy, (b) role of environment, (c) assessment, (d) ego defenses, and (e) strategies of intervention.

6.

Briefly discuss the importance and contributions of Melanie Klein to the field of object relations theory.

7.

Define the following terms that are related to John Bowlby and attachment theory: (a) secure base, (b) attachment style, (c) strange situation.

Describe four types of attachment style and discuss why attachment is important throughout adult relationships.

8.

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9.

Define the following terms that are related to the self psychology of Heinz Kohut: (a) grandiose self, (b) idealizing self, (c) healthy narcissism, (d) tragic man, (e) experience near, and (f) experience far.

10.

Define the therapeutic skill of interpretation and discuss guidelines for clinicians using this technique. Create a dialogue with at least five clinician statements and five client statements that illustrates the effective use of interpretation.

Chapter 6 Brief Psychodynamic Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

In brief psychodynamic theory (BPT), emotional difficulties are thought to result from (a) the inability to deal with unacceptable feelings and impulses. (b) impeded psychosocial development. (c) feelings of inferiority. (d) a dysfunctional life script.

2.

The clinician’s role in BPT is to (a) be an impartial observer. (b) be active and collaborative. (c) implement the broad range of distinctive techniques characteristic of BPT. (d) encourage regression.

3.

Which of the following is not true of BPT? (a) Internalization of the client’s relationship with the clinician is important. (b) Emphasis is placed on the here-and-now interaction of client and clinician. (c) Identification of an appropriate focal conflict is essential. (d) Analysis of transference is generally not part of treatment.

4.

Which statement best describes the role of transference in brief psychodynamic therapy? (a) BPT considers transference to be the client’s perception of the therapist’s behavior and intent. (b) Transference in BPT is a direct result of early childhood attachments. (c) Transference in BPT is considered a distortion of the client-clinician relationship. (d) BPT views transference as a form of interpersonal empathy.

5.

Which of the following is not a demonstrated advantage of BPT? (a) It is compatible with the current emphasis on brief treatment. (b) It effects improvement in both symptoms and underlying patterns. (c) It enhances parenting skills.

23

(d) It is suitable for people with mood and anxiety disorders.

6.

The focal issue for treatment in BPT is usually (a) dysfunctional interpersonal interactions and patterns. (b) resolution of developmental stages. (c) achieving balance among ego states. (d) derived from the content of dream analysis.

7.

Madeleine requested counseling because she was having difficulty getting along with her teenage son. She described herself as somewhat depressed and anxious, but eager to understand and improve her relationship with her son. Would Madeleine probably be a good candidate for BPT? (a) No, because BPT is not an effective treatment for depression and anxiety. (b) Yes, because she meets many of the criteria for a suitable BPT client. (c) Yes, but only if her son is also willing to participate in therapy. (d) Not enough information is given to answer the question.

8. According to Klerman’s model of BPT, the likelihood of developing depression (a) is biologically predetermined. (b) is not dependent on early childhood experiences. (c) can be reduced through short-term dynamic psychotherapy. (d) can be reduced by the development of a loving parent-child relationship.

9.

BPT is rarely if ever recommended for treatment of: (a) depression. (b) personality disorders. (c) psychotic disorders. (d) trauma-related disorders.

10.

Gianni was having difficulty in his relationship with his wife Anna. To identify Gianni’s focal concern, a brief psychodynamic therapist would be most likely to ask (a) What do you want from Anna? (b) What does Anna want from you? (c) What goals do you and Anna have for your lives together? (d) When do you and Anna get along best?

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

How does brief psychodynamic therapy differ from traditional psychoanalysis?

2.

Describe the client characteristics and diagnostic groups for which BPT is most effective. How does BPT seem to compare to traditional Freudian analysis is its appeal to culturally diverse groups?

24

3.

Define the following and explain their importance in BPT: • • •

triad of insights triangle of conflict core conflictual relationship theme

4.

Describe the goals and activities associated with each of the following five phases of BPT treatment: (1) client-therapist encounter, (2) early treatment, (3) height of treatment, (4) evidence of change, and (5) termination.

5.

What are the differences and similarities among focal concerns, presenting problems, and goals?

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Chapter 7 Overview of Emotion-Focused Treatment Systems MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an emotion-focused treatment system? (a) Person-centered therapy (b) Gestalt therapy (c) Reality therapy (d) Solution-focused brief therapy 2.

Recognizing and working with feelings in therapy sessions is important for all of the following reasons except: (a) It can normalize feelings and help clients to feel heard. (b) It establishes a caring environment and builds rapport. (c) It provides symptom relief and helps determine treatment goals. (d) After venting their feelings clients are willing to examine their dysfunctional thoughts.

3.

Humanistic treatment modalities incorporate which of the following elements? (a) Humanistic theories believe the self-actualization tendency is innate. (b) Humanistic theories are holistic. (c) Humanistic theories believe in free will and that people are responsible for the choices they make. (d) All of the above.

4.

Carl Rogers moved away from medical model of doctor-patient relationship and established a client-centered treatment approach. Which of the following is NOT true of the relationship in client-centered therapy? (a) The client-clinician relationship is egalitarian and collaborative. (b) The client is empowered to solve his or her own problems. (c) The clinician uses Socratic questioning to guide the client’s awareness of faulty thinking. (d) The facilitative conditions form the basis of the therapist’s interventions.

5.

Helping the client become the best that they can be is (a) a key ingredient in psychodynamic psychotherapy. (b) an example of the self-actualizing tendency. (c) the goal of all theories of psychotherapy. (d) the definition of Gestalt.

26

6.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why it is important to study issues of an existential nature? (a) Everyone will experience issues of an existential nature at some point in their lives. (b) It helps people find meaning in the midst of difficult situations. (c) Discussing the meaning of life with clients helps the time pass quickly. (d) Spirituality is an important source of strength and support for many people.

7.

In which situation is intensity of emotions most likely to be a source of difficulty? (a) A person initiates a physical confrontation when someone cuts in front of him in line. (b) A student is embarrassed over a statement made by a teacher but says nothing. (c) A child is elated because he hit a home run in a baseball game. (d) A man is covertly jealous of another employee’s promotion.

8.

Leah felt jealous of her sister’s financial success, but had difficulty admitting this to herself. Instead, she criticized her sister’s lifestyle to others, was openly hostile toward her, and often disagreed with her sister. When her mother suggested that Leah might be jealous, she said that was “Ridiculous!” In treating Leah, your greatest challenge may be that (a) Leah is not aware of her feelings. (b) Leah’s feelings are inappropriate. (c) You support Leah’s feelings. (d) Leah’s sister will not participate in counseling.

9.

Which of the following is NOT true about gender and emotions? (a) Men are less likely than women to express positive emotions. (b) Women tend to express emotions more strongly and openly. (c) Therapists should monitor their own reactions to emotions for signs of gender bias. (d) When expressing emotions, women tend to follow an ethic of justice, while men tend to follow an ethic of caring.

10.

If people express emotions congruently, (a) they exhibit appropriate self-control. (b) they are being honest with themselves. (c) their verbal and nonverbal cues are consistent. (d) their emotions are appropriate and overt.

Questions 11-18 refer to the following client statement: Maxine: My daughter and I had another terrible argument yesterday. For several days, I have been asking her to clean up her room. She’ll do a little and then do something else or spend time with friends. I told her that I was getting really upset 27

about the mess. Finally, I got so tense and mad that I started throwing things in a box and used some swear words. She started yelling at me, and I yelled back. Now her room is as much a mess as it was before plus we’re not speaking. I feel worse than ever.

11.

Is Maxine’s anger physical, emotional or both? (a) emotional, because she felt angry (b) physical, because anger always has physical components (c) cannot be determined (d) physical and emotional

12.

Is Maxine’s anger probably overt, covert or both? (a) overt (b) covert (c) a combination (d) not possible to categorize from the information provided

13.

Is Maxine’s anger positive, negative or neutral? (a) negative (b) positive (c) neutral, because no physical harm resulted from it (d) neutral, because it has both positive and negative aspects

14.

Maxine also seems to be experiencing sadness. The intensity of her sadness is (a) intense. (b) moderate. (c) inappropriate for the circumstances. (d) b and c

15.

Is Maxine aware or unaware of her anger and sadness? (a) aware of anger, unaware of sadness because she does not use the word “sad” (b) aware of anger, unaware of sadness because it has no physical manifestations (c) aware of both, although she has not labeled the sadness (d) unaware of both because neither has been labeled

16.

Are Maxine’s feelings appropriate to the context of the stimulus? (a) appropriate, because neatness is a reasonable expectation (b) inappropriate, because they seem to be an overreaction to the situation (c) inappropriate, because anger is a negative emotion (d) appropriate, because the intensity seems reasonable for the situation

17.

Is Maxine’s anger helpful or harmful? (a) harmful, because it had physical manifestations (b) helpful, because it needed to be expressed (c) it is not possible to determine from this statement (d) harmful, because it damaged Maxine’s relationship with her daughter 28

18.

Based on the above analysis, which of the following would probably not be an initial and primary treatment goal for Maxine? (a) Increase Maxine’s awareness of her sadness. (b) Help Maxine understand the parenting she received. (c) Increase Maxine’s awareness of warning signs of her increasing anger. (d) Teach Maxine how to manage and express her anger more constructively.

19.

Choose the best example of an empathic response to the following client statement: “My life is so hectic right now. I work, I have two small children, and my husband travels frequently. On top of all that, my parents have reached the age where they need a lot of help, and I am an only child.” (a) I feel so sorry for you. You must be exhausted. (b) It sounds like you’re feeling pretty overwhelmed. (c) I understand. I have elderly parents, too. (d) A lot of people in our country have this same situation.

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Emotion-focused therapies are phenomenological. Define the term and react to the following statement by Carl Rogers: “The perceptual field is, for the individual, reality.” Do you agree or disagree? What is the relevance of phenomenology to psychotherapy?

2.

Define the term holistic. What does it mean to say that a theoretical orientation is holistic?

3.

Describe at least five goals of recognizing and dealing with feelings in therapy.

4.

List 8 dimensions of emotions. Think of an example of an emotional experience (real, imagined, or a scene in a movie) and describe it in relation to each of the 8 dimensions of emotion you have studied.

5.

Describe emotional congruence and explain why it is important in communication.

What can the therapist do if a client’s emotions are not consistent with their nonverbal cues?

6.

When working across cultures, why is it important for the therapist to have knowledge of the standard expression of emotions for the client’s culture? What can be gained? What can be lost if they do not know cultural norms? Discuss and give one cross-cultural example.

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Chapter 8 Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Counseling MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.

A primary goal of person-centered counseling is to (a) help people understand their biological predispositions. (b) assist people in bringing unconscious material to awareness. (c) develop peoples’ trust in and ability to use their own resources. (d) help people gain control over their drives and parental messages.

2.

Carl Rogers’s term for a person’s tendency to move toward self-realization, growth, and health is (a) individuation. (b) actualization. (c) life-positioning. (d) self-development.

3.

Which of the following is NOT an example of Carl Rogers’s facilitative conditions? (a) empathy (b) self-actualization (c) congruence (d) unconditional positive regard

4.

Which is the best example of unconditional positive regard? (a) A therapist reinforces client statements which are goal-directed and ignores those that are not. (b) A therapist seeks to understand a client’s experiences without indicating approval or disapproval. (c) A therapist uses positive reinforcement to help a client change behavior. (d) A therapist reframes all negative client statements.

5.

Rogers believed that the highest authority in guiding treatment should be the (a) clinician’s judgment. (b) treatment plan developed by the clinician. (c) client’s life script. (d) client’s direct experience.

6.

The focus of person-centered counseling is most likely to be (a) a specific presenting problem. (b) dysfunctional thought patterns. (c) personal growth. (d) past client successes.

7.

An important goal of the person-centered clinician is to 30

(a) maintain the role of impartial observer. (b) demonstrate the core conditions. (c) stimulate transfer reactions in the client. (d) gather sufficient data to make an accurate diagnosis.

8.

Which of the following is not a fundamental goal of person-centered counseling? (a) Promoting openness to experience. (b) Helping people develop a sense of meaning and purpose. (c) Encouraging people to examine their irrational thoughts. (d) Helping people trust themselves and others.

9.

Lily was concerned that her client had not collected all the data necessary to make an important decision and shared her concern with her client. Lily’s behavior is an example of (a) self-disclosure (b) empathy. (c) immediacy. (d) acceptance.

10.

Dana stressed to her client the importance of staying within the time scheduled for their session, but Dana was consistently late for appointments herself. This is an example of a lack of (a) positive regard. (b) acceptance. (c) immediacy. (d) congruence.

11.

Francisco’s client sounded irritated when Francisco asked her how her week had been. A clinician response that shows immediacy might be: (a) Let’s talk about your week now. What happened this week? (b) You sounded a little irritated when I asked you about your week. (c) I’m sure you had a great week. (d) Some weeks are good, some are bad. That’s to be expected.

12.

Empathy is most like (a) sympathy. (b) putting yourself in the client’s shoes. (c) restating the client’s words. (d) being nonjudgmental.

13.

Which of the following is true of sympathy? (a) It encourages people to view themselves as victims. (b) It usually leads to a productive conversation. (c) It brings people together in a shared experience. (d) It decreases the distance between two people.

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14.

Which of the following is most likely to be used by person-centered therapists? (a) modification of cognitive distortions (b) reflections (c) assessment tools (d) word association

15.

All of the following treatment modalities evolved directly from person-centered counseling except one. Which one did not? (a) Emotion-focused therapy (b) Existential therapy (c) Experiential focusing (d) Motivational interviewing

16.

Which of the following is NOT true about person-centered counseling (PCC)? (a) Rogers’s core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence enhance the creation of a sound therapeutic alliance regardless of which theoretical approach is used. (b) Some people are uncomfortable expressing emotions and may prefer a thoughtoriented treatment approach over PCC. (c) PCC pays close attention to the childhood origins of people’s difficulties. (d) The primary vehicle for change in PCC is the relationship between the client and the counselor.

17.

Experiential focusing is a powerful intervention because (a) it is holistic. (b) it is immediate, focused in the here-and-now. (c) the “felt sense” provides an experiential way of knowing. (d) all of the above.

18.

Which of the following is NOT true? (a) Focusing, developed by Eugene Gendlin, helps clients to locate a “felt sense” in their body. (b) Specific strategies of interventions are an important part of person-centered therapy. (c) Parents seeking to follow Rogerian theory would avoid giving conditional messages to their children. (d) All emotion-focused therapies are experiential in nature.

19.

Today, Carl Rogers’s beliefs about empathy, UPR, and congruence are likely to be found in (a) all psychological treatment approaches as part of establishing a sound therapeutic alliance. (b) elementary school programs that teach children empathy. (c) a global effort to bring peace and understanding to areas of conflict. (d) All of the above. .

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SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Define characteristics of the fully functioning person.

2.

The crux of person-centered counseling is the creation of necessary and sufficient conditions as the basis of the therapeutic process. Discuss and explain why Carl Rogers thought this was sufficient. Do you agree or disagree?

3.

Describe the organismic valuing process (OVP). How does it work? How does this process lead people to happiness? How can incongruence, or not honoring the OVP, lead to anxiety and adjustment problems?

4.

Compare the characteristics and impact of empathy and sympathy. Write one empathic clinician response and one sympathetic clinician response for each of the following client statements. (a) I cannot believe that my son totaled my new car. (b) I’d like to stay in school, but I don’t think I have enough money for next year’s tuition. (c) My dad said he would come to see me this weekend but he never showed up.

5.

Discuss the strengths, contributions, and limitations of person-centered counseling, including its use with people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

6.

Discuss the pros and cons of clinician self-disclosure, its appropriate and inappropriate purposes, and three guidelines for the use of self-disclosure.

7.

Create a dialogue of at least five clinician statements and five client statements which demonstrate person-centered counseling. Include in the dialogue and label at least four of the following key elements of person-centered counseling: • • • • • • • •

8.

empathy empowering the client genuineness immediacy reflection of feeling reflection of meaning self-disclosure valuing

Discuss how PCC and other experiential therapies, including emotion-focused therapy, experiential focusing, and motivational interviewing, use empathy and emotions to help clients.

33

Chapter 9 Existential Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.

“Logotherapy” refers to therapy focused on (a) symbols. (b) meaning. (c) work. (d) literature.

2.

Existential guilt results when we (a) fail to take responsibility for making our lives meaningful. (b) realize that we have physically or emotionally hurt another person. (c) realize that we have not helped those who are less fortunate. (d) admit that we cannot accomplish all of our goals in life.

3.

_____________ is often the result of efforts to defend against existential guilt. (a) Anxiety (b) Psychosis (c) Regression (d) Depression

4.

Existential therapists believe that emotional difficulties stem from failure to (a) develop meaningful bonds with early parental figures. (b) develop congruence among thoughts, feelings, and actions. (c) deal with and transcend characteristics of the human condition. (d) integrate the various ego states.

5.

The existential concept of “dasein” includes (a) being problem-free. (b) being present. (c) denying the inevitability of death. (d) the static nature of existence.

6.

The practice of not telling children that they were adopted has largely been replaced by telling children of this fact at an early age. The current practice is an example of support for the existential concept of (a) disclosure. (b) awareness. (c) fairness. (d) responsibility.

7.

Adam, a legislator, was asked by a special interest group to vote for legislation which he did not truly support. Despite his feelings, Adam voted for the law 34

because he had offended the group in the past and wanted to garner their support for future legislative efforts. In existential terms, Adam is (a) experiencing existential guilt. (b) demonstrating dasein. (c) subordinating his wishes to the common good. (d) wearing a mask of inauthenticity.

8.

9.

10.

A concept shared by both existential and person-centered therapy is that of (a) nondirectiveness. (b) actualization. (c) dasein. (d) logotherapy.

The fundamental goal of existential therapy is to (a) help people accept the futility of life. (b) accurately diagnose and treat client dysfunction. (c) avoid the pitfalls of cognitive-behavioral therapy. (d) help people find value, meaning, and purpose in their lives.

“Being in the world” refers to (a) Clients’ ability to continue toward self-actualization after treatment termination. (b) Clinician’s ability to develop a therapeutic alliance. (c) Clients’ understanding how they relate to the world at large. (d) Clinicians’ understanding of clients’ objective and subjective worlds.

For questions 11 through 20 mark “a” if the statement is true and mark “b” if the statement is false.

11.

Existential therapy is more a philosophy than a structured treatment system. (a) true (b) false

12.

Yalom and other existential therapists believe that confronting the fear of death can help people to live a more meaningful life. (a) true (b) false

13. The unconscious sexual and aggressive drives are important areas for exploration in existential therapy. (a) true (b) false 14. Existential therapists emphasize the importance of experiencing the unity of self and world. (a) true (b) false 35

15.

Existential clinicians attempt to create a value-free therapeutic environment. (a) true (b) false

16.

Existential clinicians do not hold back their views. (a) true (b) false

17.

Existential therapists seek “I to thou” relationships with their clients. (a) true (b) false

18.

Existential therapy is an appropriate choice for crisis resolution. (a) true (b) false

19.

Inventories are rarely used in existential therapy. (a) true (b) false

20. The growing emphasis on spirituality in counseling is consistent with the existential perspective. (a) true (b) false

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Explain the four steps in the exploration of a Symbolic Growth Experience.

2.

Define paradoxical intention and dereflection. Provide one example of a paradoxical intention.

3.

Describe the kinds of people and diagnostic groups for whom existential therapy seems most appropriate. Include a discussion of its applicability to culturally diverse groups.

4.

Discuss the strengths, limitations, and contributions of existential therapy.

5.

Describe the differences among expressed, manifest, and inventoried values.

Provide three questions that you would use to explore expressed values and three questions that you would use to explore manifest values. How would you explore inventoried values?

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Chapter 10 Gestalt Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

In Gestalt theory, actualization is (a) seen as an important human goal. (b) defined much differently than it is in person-centered theory. (c) not emphasized. (d) a and b above.

2.

The term “Gestalt” refers to (a) treatment. (b) wholeness. (c) pathology. (d) awareness.

3.

People’s need of homeostasis leads them to view themselves and their world in terms of _______________. (a) homogeneity. (b) congruence. (c) relativity. (d) polarities.

4.

Tamar is intently reading a book and is oblivious to the radio playing. Identify the figure and ground in this example. (a) Tamar is the figure and the book is the ground. (b) Tamar is the figure and the radio is the ground. (c) The book is the figure and the radio is the ground. (d) The radio is the figure and the book is the ground.

5.

In Gestalt therapy, identification and alienation are related to shifting (a) ego states. (b) ego boundaries. (c) figures. (d) ground.

6.

One of the main causes of people’s lack of full awareness is (a) homeostasis. (b) preoccupation. (c) an inability to retrieve unconscious material. (d) living in the moment.

7.

According to Perls, living in the here-and-now leads to (a) fuller awareness. (b) imbalance.

37

(c) flux. (d) a lack of foresight.

8.

According to Perls, people with “growth disorders” are overwhelmed by (a) difficulties in physical development. (b) unfinished business. (c) guilt. (d) Gestalt anxiety.

The Gestalt therapists’ views of the therapeutic alliance are most like those of the (a) Freudian psychoanalysts. (b) Adlerian therapists. (c) both a and b. (d) existential therapists.

9.

10.

Which of the following is the least likely question that a Gestalt therapist might ask of a client who is making a fist with his hand? (a) “What are you experiencing when you are making a fist?” (b) “How does it feel when you make a fist?” (c) “Why are you making a fist?” (d) “What is your fist saying?”

11. Gestalt therapists typically prefer statements to questions primarily because statements (a) keep the focus on the client. (b) are likely to elicit more important client information. (c) are more conducive to the development of a collaborative client-clinician relationship. (d) preserve the teacher-student relationship.

12.

In Gestalt therapy, work with dreams is (a) conducted in a similar fashion to Freudian dream interpretation. (b) designed to promote integration. (c) unnecessary because of the here-and-now emphasis. (d) used primarily to help people get past the “impasse” layer.

13.

Which of the following disorders seems least likely to benefit from Gestalt therapy? (a) anorexia nervosa (b) schizophrenia (c) dysthymic disorder (d) generalized anxiety

14.

Gestalt therapy focuses on (a) emotions and sensations. (b) emotions and thoughts.

38

(c) thoughts and sensations. (d) sensations and actions.

15.

Which of the following is not true of transactional analysis ego states? (a) They include similar structures to Freud’s ego, id, and superego. (b) Berne viewed ego states as observable in behavior and interactions. (c) The ego states evolve throughout life. (d) Frustrated drives are more important than parental messages in forming the ego states.

16. According to Berne, difficulties in communication and relationships are most likely due to (a) dominance of the child ego state. (b) dysfunctional parental modeling. (c) failure to analyze transactions. (d) an imbalance among the ego states.

17.

18.

Categorize the following transaction: Person A: I really have a lot of work to do today.

Person B: You shouldn’t have let it all go until the last minute. (a) complementary (b) crossed (c) ulterior (d) none of the above Categorize the following transaction: Person A: I won’t have time to cook tonight. Would you like to eat out?

Person B: That would be fine. Where should I meet you? (a) complementary (b) crossed (c) ulterior (d) none of the above

19.

Categorize the following transaction: Person A: (Overt message): You are going to work late this evening? I guess I’ll just cancel my plans since I won’t be able to get a sitter at this hour.

Person A (Covert message): I want you to know that you are ruining my evening.

You owe me now! (a) complementary (b) crossed (c) ulterior (d) none of the above 20.

Gestalt therapy incorporates Buddhist thought in all but one of the following (a) Transactional analysis. (b) The polarity of life. (c) Present moment awareness.

39

(d) The paradoxical role of change.

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Explain Perls’ concept of ego boundary. What difficulties are sometimes encountered by people with weak ego boundaries and what difficulties often are encountered by those with inflexible ego boundaries?

2.

Describe five of the treatment objectives of Gestalt therapy.

3.

Explain the significance and use of each of the following in Gestalt therapy: • role plays • empty chair • “ah-ha” experience • topdog/underdog game • hot seat • making the rounds

4.

Describe three strategies that a Gestalt therapist might use to focus attention on bodily sensations.

5.

Discuss the limitations, strengths, and contributions of Gestalt therapy. Identify several considerations when deciding whether to use this approach with people from nonwestern cultures.

6.

Describe the three types of transactions identified by transactional analysis.

Diagram and provide an example of each.

7.

Discuss the contributions of transactional analysis to counseling and psychotherapy.

40

Chapter 11 Emerging Approaches Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Which of the following statements is not true according to narrative therapy? (a) A person has one true self. (b) Narrative therapy promotes people’s liberation from constraining definitions. (c) Narrative therapy is phenomenological. (d) Personal realities are absolute.

2.

Narrative therapists believe that stories supporting the dominant theme (a) must be changed. (b) are responsible for dysfunction. (c) are the ones most easily accessed. (d) are irrelevant because they provide no new information.

3.

“Landscapes of consciousness” refers to (a) actions of the subject of a story. (b) values, feelings, and beliefs. (c) all material from a person’s conscious mind. (d) the setting in which a story takes place.

4.

“Landscapes of action” refers to (a) behaviors that keep appearing in a person’s stories. (b) an action plan for accomplishing a client’s goals. (c) a treatment plan created by a clinician. (d) behaviors that lead to a client’s presenting problem.

5.

The purpose of mapping, according to narrative therapy, is to (a) promote understanding of people’s family history. (b) help people understand how their problems are linked to their stories. (c) trace the evolution of people’s stories. (d) show connection between the clinician’s stories and those of the client.

6.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of solution-focused brief therapy? (a) SFBT therapists use the miracle question to determine treatment goals. (b) SFBT therapists would agree that “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” (c) SFBT therapists would view actualization as a viable treatment goal. (d) SFBT therapists sometimes involve a client’s relative or friend in treatment.

7.

Which of the following concepts best reflects solution-focused brief therapy? (a) Small changes are often all that are necessary for a client to progress. (b) Understanding the function of the presenting problems in the client’s life is important. (c) There usually is one right, logical solution to the problem.

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(d) The way a problem developed provides the key to its solution.

8.

The basic message of feminist therapy (a) is that women are superior to men. (b) devalues the traditional roles of women. (c) is applicable to both genders. (d) is not constructivist.

9. Clinicians practicing feminist therapy typically are (a) objective and structured. (b) collaborative and encouraging. (c) interpretive and analytical. (d) focused on developmental issues and patterns.

10.

Which of the following concepts is not typically addressed by feminist therapy? (a) relational power (b) gender role strain in men (c) power imbalances (d) identification with fairy tale heroines

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Choose one theory addressed in Chapter 11 and describe the following for that theory: • basic principles • strategies, techniques, and /or treatment approaches • assumptions about problem causation and resolution • unique terminology, if any • application to various diagnostic and/or cultural groups • role of the therapist and the nature of the therapeutic alliance • strengths, limitations, and contributions

2.

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of externalization of problems. Choose one treatment approach you have studied and explain how it does or does not encourage externalization.

3.

Explain the primary goal and strategies of the stages of solution-focused brief therapy: (a) identifying a solvable complaint, (b) establishing goals, (c) designing an intervention, (d) developing strategies, (e) identifying and emphasizing positive new behaviors and changes, (f) stabilization, (g) termination.

4.

Dan, age 53, is a successful corporate executive who generally has been very satisfied with his life. He and his wife are happily married and have two children 42

who are in their twenties. Dan states that lately he has been feeling “like something is missing” and he finds his work less fulfilling than it used to be. Dan said that now that his children are older they don’t seem to need him as much, and he wonders if that has something to do with his feelings.

Choose the treatment approach in Chapter 11 that you believe would be most useful in helping Dan. Provide a rationale for your choice and explain how you would proceed in treating Dan via your chosen approach.

5.

Define five of the following terms from Chapter 11. Identify a theory with which each is associated.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

6.

externalizing gender role strain landscapes of action landscapes of consciousness identifying exceptions collectivist culture phenomenological relational power therapy-demystifying strategies morality of care revisioning therapeutic documents solution talk

Nargess sought treatment because she feels like she is on a treadmill and has no time for herself. When she gets home from work, her children are waiting to talk with her and she must prepare dinner. After cleaning up the kitchen, she helps her children with homework and completes several household chores. She goes to bed exhausted and begins the entire cycle again the next day. Choose one therapy style from Chapter 11 and design a plan for helping Nargess.

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Chapter 12 Overview of Thought-Focused Treatment Systems MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Cognitive therapists believe that effective therapy consists primarily of (a) helping people modify their thoughts. (b) being intellectual during the session. (c) identifying emotions that lead to thoughts. (d) determining how emotions and actions have affected thoughts.

2.

Cognitive theories are applicable (a) only to people who are insight-oriented. (b) to almost any kind of problem. (c) to problems which are not behavioral in nature. (d) only to clients who do not require a supportive environment.

3.

Which of the following is an advantage of cognitive therapy? (a) Thoughts are readily accessible. (b) Talking about thoughts is usually less threatening than talking about feelings. (c) Thoughts seem to be more amenable to change than feelings. (d) All of the above.

4.

Commonalities between Beck’s cognitive therapy and Ellis’s REBT include all of the following, except one. (a) Both identify distorted feelings that lead to problem behavior. (b) Both rely on experiments or homework assignments. (c) Both can be integrated with mindfulness and acceptance approaches. (d) Both replace dysfunctional thoughts with more accurate, helpful, and healthy thoughts.

5.

The therapeutic alliance in cognitive therapy is: (a) Directive and authoritarian (b) Directive and also collaborative and supportive (c) Nondirective and authoritarian (d) Nondirective and also collaborative and supportive

6.

The effectiveness of cognitive therapy (a) is less than that of psychodynamic approaches. (b) has been well documented. (c) has rarely been the subject of research. (d) has not been supported.

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SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Explain how the work of clinicians emphasizing thoughts differs from (a) treatment emphasizing background, and (b) treatment emphasizing emotions, in terms of problem identification and solution.

2. During a first session, a clinician made the following statement to a client who had sought help because of difficulties with his teenage son.

“Before we end today, I am going to give you a homework assignment. I would like you to spend more time exercising. Unless you have any questions, I’ll see you next week.”

Critique this clinician’s approach to client homework, addressing at least five guidelines for suggesting homework to clients.

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Chapter 13 Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.

According to REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy), emotional difficulties are often found in people with (a) poor communication skills. (b) poor individuation. (c) conditional self-acceptance. (d) ineffectual defense mechanisms.

2.

REBT contends that it is important to separate performance from (a) pride. (b) personhood. (c) pragmatism. (d) personality.

3.

The primary focus of REBT is (a) reducing symptoms and changing beliefs. (b) developing insight and self-awareness. (c) early childhood experiences. (d) assisting movement through developmental stages.

4.

According to Ellis, which of the following is not required for people to make positive change? (a) The insight to see that we choose to upset ourselves. (b) The insight to see that we acquired our irrational beliefs and to see how we maintain them. (c) The insight to see the origins of our problems. (d) The insight to see that we need to work hard to change.

5.

According to REBT, negative reactions can become either self-destructive or appropriate emotions depending on our (a) behavior. (b) situation. (c) thoughts. (d) intentions.

6.

In REBT, the treatment of behavior is (a) a primary focus. (b) not of importance. (c) usually addressed through hypnotherapy. (d) a secondary focus.

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7.

In REBT, which of the following is not true of irrational beliefs? (a) Irrational beliefs can be extreme statements that promote negative emotions. (b) Emotional problems stem from negative thoughts. (c) In-depth discussions of the past can relieve irrational beliefs. (d) Irrational beliefs often include words such as should, ought, and must.

8.

When disputing irrational beliefs, clinicians often begin with those irrational beliefs that are (a) more general. (b) comparable to Beck’s core cognitions. (c) absolute and judgmental. (d) related to immediate situations.

9.

Which of the following disorders is most likely to benefit from REBT? (a) generalized anxiety disorder (b) brief psychotic disorder (c) post-traumatic stress disorder (d) alcohol abuse 10.

Which of the following statements is not true of REBT? (a) People have inborn drives toward self-actualization and irrational thinking. (b) REBT clinicians are more likely to rely on persuasion and teaching than are cognitive therapists. (c) REBT is not appropriate for group and family counseling. (d) Establishment of mutual liking and rapport is less important in REBT than in many other treatment approaches.

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

How do REBT therapists define psychological health?

2.

Describe the common themes and characteristics of irrational beliefs. Provide (1) three examples of irrational beliefs, and (2) rational versions for each of your examples.

3.

Explain the five steps of the “ABCDE” model.

4.

Explain the ten steps usually included in an REBT session. What additional steps at the beginning and end of the treatment process are recommended to ensure the success of REBT?

5.

Henry said, “I just know that my son’s English teacher has a problem with him.

She’s trying to keep him from playing in Friday night’s football game by giving

47

him a failing grade. I have thought about talking with her, but I’m so angry that I’m afraid I’ll blow up.”

As the school counselor, you are aware that the teacher has invited the student to stay after school for additional assistance (which the student refused) and that she has come to you to discuss how best to help the student. You also know that the teacher attends every football game and is known to be a sports fan.

Identify one irrational belief that Henry may hold and prepare an example of how you might dispute his belief using each of these strategies: logical, empirical, functional, and rational interventions. If necessary, you may create additional information consistent with the above scenario to complete your examples.

6.

Using the example in question 5 above, provide examples of how you might dispute Henry’s irrational belief using each of these styles: didactic, Socratic, metaphorical, and humorous. If necessary, you may create additional information consistent with the above scenario to complete your examples.

7.

Identify five strategies in each of three areas (cognitive, behavioral, and affective) that REBT clinicians might use.

8.

Identify at least three groups of people for whom REBT is recommended and three groups for whom it is not recommended. Provide a rationale for your answers.

9.

Describe the strengths, limitations, and contributions of REBT.

10.

Describe the seven steps of rational emotive imagery.

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Chapter 14 Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

In cognitive therapy, thoughts are believed to be (a) the determinant of emotions and behavior. (b) independent of emotions and behavior. (c) the result of emotions and behavior. (d) more important than emotions and behavior.

2.

According to Kelly, (a) people are disturbed by events, not emotions. (b) personal constructs allow people to make sense of reality. (c) Beck’s view of problem causation cannot be supported. (d) personal constructs are generally permanent.

3.

In the treatment of depression, Beck found that (a) medication was necessary. (b) cognitive therapy and medication were equally effective. (c) cognitive therapy was more effective than medication. (d) medication was effective only if cognitive therapy accompanied it.

4.

In cognitive therapy, background factors (a) are unimportant because the approach is present-oriented. (b) are unimportant because current thoughts are the focus. (c) are important to the development of rapport. (d) are important because of their contribution to dysfunctional thinking.

5. as

Cognitive theorists view the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (a) unnecessary. (b) an essential treatment tool. (c) harmful because of its stigmatizing labels. (d) marginally helpful.

6.

Target(s) of intervention in cognitive therapy is/are (a) thoughts only. (b) feelings and thoughts. (c) actions and thoughts. (d) thoughts, feelings, and actions.

7.

In cognitive therapy, clients are encouraged to view core beliefs as (a) ideas. (b) truths. (c) self-definitions.

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(d) values.

8.

A man finds out that he was not given a promotion. Which is the best example of a core cognition he might have in response to this situation? (a) Not getting a promotion is a terrible thing. (b) They realize I don’t have leadership qualities and therefore chose someone else. (c) Life is unfair. You never get what you deserve. (d) The desire to achieve is a curse.

9. Which of the following is not true of schemas? (a) They readily incorporate confirming information. (b) They tend to neglect contradictory information. (c) They can be activated by a particular stimulus. (d) Negative schemas must be altered before negative automatic thoughts will change.

10.

Which of the following is not true of cognitive therapy? (a) It usually is short-term and time-limited. (b) The therapist acts as an authority figure. (c) This is a psychoeducational model. (d) Schema work is the heart of the therapeutic process.

11.

Ariel, a cognitive therapist, asked her client, “What was going through your mind just then?” Her most likely objective was to (a) ask an open question. (b) identify automatic thoughts. (c) encourage the client to be more specific. (d) determine her client’s affective reaction.

12.

Cognitive therapists view empathy as (a) essential to development of a positive therapeutic alliance. (b) irrelevant. (c) likely to increase self-pity. (d) desirable but not essential.

13.

In cognitive therapy, mood inventories are (a) considered invasive. (b) used frequently. (c) considered too impersonal. (d) used only during the first and last sessions to assess client progress.

14. When treating young people who represent diverse ethnic and cultural groups, cognitive therapy (a) is recommended. (b) is not recommended because it requires extensive verbal skills.

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(c) is recommended only when treating depression and anxiety. (d) is not recommended because of recent research.

15.

Which of the following does not typically characterize cognitive therapy? (a) long-term follow-up (b) use of case formulation (c) use of treatment planning (d) long-term treatment

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Describe at least five of the important principles of cognitive therapy.

2.Define the following and explain their role in cognitive therapy: automatic thought, intermediate belief, core belief, and schema.

3.Describe the steps or procedures in an initial session of cognitive therapy. How do these differ from the procedures typically used in a second session.

4. List the six elements of a case formulation.

5. Identify three automatic thoughts that the following client might have. Explain three different approaches that you might use to help him evaluate the reality of his cognitions: “I feel so out of place at this school. Everyone else seems to know what they are doing and are so confident. I am the first person in my family to go to college. I’m sure that most people had family members who could help them get ready and give them good advice. But I was totally on my own. I’m really worried that my preparation wasn’t good enough. I went to a small high school in a small town. I just didn’t have exposure to a lot of the experiences other students seem to have had.”

6. Choose five techniques from the following list of strategies commonly used in cognitive therapy. Describe each technique and provide an example of each.

• activity scheduling • affirmations • bibliotherapy • cognitive and covert modeling • diaries • distancing 51

• diversions and distractions • graded task assignment • letter writing • mental and emotional imagery • rational-emotive role play • relabeling or reframing • role-play dialogue between old and new thoughts • self-talk • systematic assessment of alternatives • thought stopping 7. Describe the purpose of Judith Beck’s Dysfunctional Thought Record and list its six elements.

8. Describe the advantages and limitations of cognitive therapy. Describe the client characteristics that would or would not make a person a good candidate for this approach.

9. Identify three strategies that might be used to raise questions about the validity of each of the following cognitive distortions. (a) Whenever I call Max to discuss a problem, he always seems in such a hurry to get off the phone. I don’t think he thinks my ideas are very good. He probably thinks I’m not able to make much of a contribution, so he tries to end our conversations as quickly as possible. (b) My husband travels so much and works long hours. I’ve come to the conclusion that he just doesn’t value our relationship anymore. If he did, he would spend more time with me. (c) I didn’t get the part in the school play that I wanted. I guess I’m just not talented enough. There’s no point in my trying to have a career in theatre. I’d never be able to make a living that way.

10. Discuss the role of the therapist in cognitive therapy.

11. How would a cognitive therapist approach termination of treatment? Consider topics to be addressed and scheduling of follow-up sessions.

12. Write a dialogue that reflects cognitive therapy. Include at least 10 client statements and 10 clinician statements.

13. Discuss Young’s schema therapy. How does this complement or differ from cognitive therapy? What types of clients would benefit most from schema therapy?

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Chapter 15 Overview of Action-Focused Treatment Systems

1.

Differences in application among cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy are (a) great. (b) varied, depending on the age of the client. (c) a matter of emphasis. (d) meaningless.

2.

Behavior therapy focuses on actions. Which of the following statements is not true? (a) Actions are easy to measure and quantify. (b) Research tends to affirm the effectiveness of behavior therapy. (c) People are more comfortable discussing emotions and thoughts than talking about their behaviors. (d) Clients frequently seek treatment to address a problem behavior.

3.

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with the first wave of behavior therapy? (a) organismic valuing process (b) stimulus-response concept (c) classical conditioning (d) systematic desensitization 4.

Which statement is most consistent with operant reinforcement theory? (a) Subjects must be reinforced at consistent intervals for the reward to be effective. (b) Subjects must be offered a reward that is tangible. (c) The rate at which a subject learns new behaviors depends on whether the reinforcement is positive or negative. (d) The frequency of a behavior is largely determined by the events that follow the behavior when it is presented.

5.

The stimulus response (S-R) concept explains the formation of (a) learning styles. (b) habits. (c) drives. (d) cues.

6.

A child who was stung by a bee is now afraid of all flying insects. The child’s behavior illustrates the concept of (a) reciprocal inhibition. (b) stimulus discrimination. (c) stimulus generalization. (d) operant conditioning.

53

7.

If the child in the above example learns that she needs to be wary of bees but not of ladybugs, she has learned (a) stimulus discrimination. (b) stimulus generalization. (c) reciprocal inhibition. (d) extinction.

8.

Clients working with behavior therapists can expect their clinicians to (a) not be concerned about the nature of the therapeutic alliance. (b) use a medical model to apply a prescribed list of strategies. (c) focus on treatment plans, goals, and homework assignments. (d) place much more emphasis on in-session rather than between-session work.

TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS For each of the following questions, mark “a” if the statement is true, and “b” if the statement is false.

9.

Behavior therapy has received more support through research than any other approach. (a) true (b) false

10. According to behavior therapy theory, the process of symptom substitution occurs frequently. (a) true (b) false 11.

Questions about behaviors often seem less intrusive than questions about thoughts. (a) true (b) false

12.

Behaviors are usually more accessible than either thoughts or emotions. (a) true (b) false

13. “Procrastinates in completing homework” is a behavior description of acceptable specificity. (a) true (b) false 14.

A baseline reflects the minimum acceptable goal of therapy. (a) true (b) false 54

15.

Intermittent reinforcement is generally less effective than regular reinforcement. (a) true (b) false

16.

Variable ratio reinforcement is controlled by the provider. (a) true (b) false

17.

A weekly paycheck is an example of a fixed-interval reinforcement. (a) true (b) false

18.

Punishment is generally just as effective as rewards in changing behavior. (a) true (b) false

19.

Punishments have no appropriate role in a behavior change plan. (a) true (b) false

20.

A lack of clean clothing is a natural consequence for a child who will not bring dirty clothing to the laundry room. (a) true (b) false

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Describe the advantages and limitations of focusing on actions and behavior in treatment.

2.

How can clinicians who focus on behavior minimize the likelihood that they will miss important underlying concerns?

3.

List a minimum of five basic assumptions that are shared by all action-oriented therapies.

4.

Describe the therapeutic relationship in behavior therapy. How does it differ from other treatment modalities?

5.

Discuss the major contributions to the development of behavior therapy of two of the following theorists: •

B.F. Skinner 55

• • • • 6.

Ivan Pavlov John W. Watson John Dillard and Neal Miller Joseph Wolpe

Define the following terms: • Learned behavior • Stimulus-response model • Counterconditioning • Classical conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned stimulus • Operant conditioning

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Chapter 16 Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. According to behaviorists, the primary determinant(s) of the development of a behavior is/are (a)internal cognitive processes. (b) internal and external reinforcements. (c)external reinforcements. (d) internal drives.

2. Bandura’s research suggests that the increasing violence in video games and on television will: (a)teach people about the negative impact of violence. (b) have no impact; people know that is not real life. (c)promote violent behaviors. (d) contribute to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder.

3. Social learning theory seeks to understand (a) the mechanisms for passing cultural assumptions from one generation to the next. (b) how people learn in group situations. (c) the interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors in shaping behavior. (d) how people learn and apply social skills.

4. Meichenbaum’s work integrates (a) psychodynamic and cognitive therapies. (b) cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic therapies. (c) psychodynamic and behavioral therapies. (d) cognitive, behavioral, and expressive therapies.

5. Stress inoculation training (SIT) assumes that (a) if people can learn to cope with mild stressors, they will eventually be able to cope with more severe ones. (b) clients need to re-experience stressors in order to successfully cope with them. (c) most client goals can be accomplished in 6-8 weekly sessions. (d) external reinforcements are more important than internal reinforcements..

6. Which of the following is NOT incorporated in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)? (a) Examination of feelings. (b) Examination of cognitions.

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(c) (d)

An action-oriented focus.

Analysis of the relationship between client and therapist.

7. EMDR, which helps people reduce negative images resulting from traumatic experiences, involves the use of: (a) bilateral stimulation, desensitization, and cognitive restructuring. (b) tapping energy points. (c) applied behavioral therapy. (d) reciprocal inhibition.

8. Which of the following questions about the third generation of behavior therapy is NOT true? (a) DBT has been shown to reduce suicidal ideation, self-defeating behaviors, and rehospitalization rates. (b) Acceptance and commitment therapy combines behavioral and cognitive therapies with an experiential approach. (c) Mindfulness-based stress reduction is a new therapy originally created to help people with painful illnesses. (d) There is no research to document the effectiveness of meditation in reducing stress.

9. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was initially created by Marcia Linehan to treat people with (a) Depression. (b) Anxiety. (c) Borderline personality disorder (d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

10. The primary goal of DBT is to help clients (a) regulate emotions. (b) regulate thoughts. (c) control self-defeating behaviors. (d) learn how to meditate.

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Discuss the goals of behavior therapy treatment.

2.

Describe five of the following behavior change strategies and provide an example of each:

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

acting as if activity scheduling aversion therapy behavioral rehearsal biofeedback contracting diaphragmatic breathing expressive therapy extinction flooding modeling reasonable consequences reinforcement relaxation shaping skill training systematic desensitization token economies

3.

Although Dylan is comfortable driving his car, he experiences extreme anxiety when using any form of public transportation. This has greatly limited his access to employment and social and cultural events. Describe how you would use three of the strategies listed in the previous question to help Dylan overcome his anxiety when using public transportation.

4.

Eric is a student who was referred to you because of his disruptive classroom behavior. His teacher states that hi frequently speaks at inappropriate times and bothers other children when they are doing their work. Devise a plan for changing Eric’s classroom behavior. Your plan should include the following elements: • • • • • •

describing the behavior establishing a baseline determining goals developing behavior change strategies assessment reinforcement

5.

Explain the following three assumptions of cognitive behavior modification: constructive narrative, information processing, and conditioning.

6.

Explain the primary goals and activities of the three phases of SIT: conceptualization, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and followthrough.

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7.

Describe at least two cognitive strategies that are likely to be effective in accomplishing each of the following treatment goals: improve thinking, curtail ruminating and repetitive self-destructive thoughts, improve coping skills, and reinforce positive change.

8.

Choose any one of the theories you have studied thus far in this course and explain how you might integrate into it one of the approaches described in Chapter 16.

Provide a rationale for your choice.

9.

Provide definitions for five of the following terms that relate to Fourth Wave treatments: • • • • • • • • •

present-moment awareness decentering acceptance externalization doing and being mode of mind dialectic grounding body scan meditation

Questions 10 through 13 refer to the following client statement: “My boyfriend is away at college and last night he didn’t return my phone calls. I called him 15 times between 10 o’clock and 3 a.m. That’s when I finally cried myself to sleep. I know he was out with another girl. I’m so angry. He’s going to do to me what my father did to my mother. I was just 7 when my Dad moved away and started another family. Every weekend I would wait at the window for him to come and visit me. Sometimes he would forget and I would cry all night. I felt so bad.

When I was 15 I started cutting myself; it was the only thing that made me feel better.”

10.

Identify at least three statements that indicate this client might be appropriate for Dialectical Behavior Therapy.

11.

Identify the four stages of DBT and describe how each stage would impact this particular client.

12.

Describe the seven assumptions of DBT. Identify specific steps the clinician could take to help this particular client.

13.

Develop a plan using DBT that would help this client learn to regulate her emotions.

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Chapter 17 Reality Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.

Compared to other cognitive-behavioral approaches, reality therapy places greater emphasis on (a) heredity. (b) self-determination. (c) social interaction. (d) past behavior.

2.

Glasser believed that people have two basic needs: (a) love and work. (b) security and survival. (c) relatedness and respect. (d) personal growth and generativity.

3.

Which of the following is not true of reality therapy? (a) It incorporates the principles of control theory. (b) It incorporates the principles of choice theory. (c) It maintains that current problems originated in childhood. (d) It encourages clinicians to spend a significant amount of time reviewing clients’ past behaviors.

4.

Which of the following is not one of the five basic needs, according to reality therapy? (a) belonging (b) spirituality (c) achievement (d) freedom 5.

Reality theorists believe that mental illness is the result of (a) inefficiencies in neural functioning. (b) overemphasizing some needs while neglecting others. (c) frustrated drives. (d) an unrealistic view of one’s own strengths and limitations.

6.

The acronym WDEP represents (a) wants, defenses, emotions/expression, physiology. (b) wants, defenses, environment, planning. (c) wants, diagnosis, evaluation, presenting problems. (d) wants, direction/doing, evaluation, planning.

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7.

Caleb was suspended from school several times because of his involvement in physical fights. Which of the following questions would a reality therapist be most likely to ask Caleb? (a) Why do you think that you get into so many fights? (b) Where in your body do you feel anger? (c) How do you feel about coming here to talk with me? (d) How do you perceive fighting as meeting your needs?

8.

The acronym SAMI2C3 represents (a) the structure of a reality therapy session. (b) the steps in effecting change through reality therapy. (c) qualities of viable plans. (d) an affirmation useful for clients with low self-esteem.

9.

Which of the following is not true of reality therapy? (a) It contends that feelings do not need to be addressed directly. (b) It focuses on process rather than outcome. (c) It pays limited attention to helping people understand their environments. (d) It places considerable emphasis on the importance of diagnosis.

10.

The purpose of using active verbs and “ing” words in reality therapy is to (a) gain clients’ attention by using novel language. (b) convey that emotions are actions that can be changed. (c) create mental pictures of clients achieving their goals. (d) externalize the problem.

For questions 11 through 20, mark “a” if the statement is true and mark “b” if the statement is false.

11.

Renegotiation is used to help people consider doing something different. (a) true (b) false

12. Losing the use of the family car is a natural consequence of not doing one’s homework. (a) true (b) false 13.

Playing a competitive team sport every week is an example of a positive addiction. (a) true (b) false

14.

Reality therapists ask “why” rather than “what” questions. (a) true (b) false

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15.

Reality therapists are not interested in hearing excuses. (a) true (b) false

16.

Reality therapists focus primarily on the present. (a) true (b) false

17.

Conventional diagnostic terminology is central to reality therapy. (a) true (b) false

18.

Reality therapy is different than psychodynamic theory in the amount of time it spends exploring people’s early difficulties. (a) true (b) false

19.

Reality therapy is phenomenological. (a) true (b) false

20.

The effectiveness of reality therapy in school settings is well documented. (a) true (b) false

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Describe the five basic needs which reality therapy contends that all people possess.

2.

Define five of the following terms and explain their relationship to reality therapy.

• • • • • • • • •

choice theory control theory negative perception neutral perception positive perception quality world total behavior total knowledge filter valuing filter

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3.

Jasmin, age 40, sought treatment because she has a great deal of difficulty making decisions independently. She states that she does not trust her judgment in even the simplest matters and constantly asks the advice of her husband, mother, or friends.

Use the SAMI2C3 format to develop a plan to help Jasmin.

4.

Explain the primary goals and considerations of each element of the WDEP process. Identify several interventions you might use to accomplish each goal.

5.

Explain the goals of reality therapy, including the criteria for “wise” choices.

6.

Explain the nature of the therapeutic alliance in reality therapy. List six ways for reality therapists to achieve a positive therapeutic alliance with their clients.

7.

Explain eight of the following treatment strategies as they relate to reality therapy: • • • • • • • • • • •

caring confrontation metaphors paradoxical interventions positive addictions questions relationship building renegotiation reasonable consequences SAMI2C3 skill development using verbs and “ing” words

8.

Describe each of the following approaches to implementing reality theory in schools: learning teams, Quality School Model, classroom consulting.

9.

Discuss the application of reality therapy to (a) multicultural and diverse populations, and (b) diagnostic groups.

10.

Discuss the strengths, limitations, and contributions of reality therapy.

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Chapter 18 Family and Couples Therapy MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.

Which of the following statements is true of most types of family therapy? (a) It is short term. (b) Family therapy focuses on solutions. (c) It focuses on family relationships in the here and now. (d) All of the above.

2.

When working with a family, the clinician must establish a therapeutic alliance with (a) the identified patient. (b) the person who initially sought counseling for the family. (c) each person in the family equally. (d) the adults in the family only.

3.

Ludwig von Bertalanffy developed systems theory (a) as an organizational system through which all living organisms and social groups could be understood. (b) as a type of family therapy. (c) to understand interactions between units and subunits of a system. (d) to study the pathology of the mind.

4.

Which of the following is not a key concept of Bowenian family systems theory? (a) multigenerational transmission process (b) emotional cut off (c) societal regression (d) centering

5.

Of the five communication stances outlined by Virginia Satir, only the ___________stance is healthy and leads to communications and connections between people. (a) placating (b) irrelevant (c) congruent (d) super-reasonable

6.

In structural family therapy, which of the following is not a common problem, based on the theory developed by Salvator Minuchin? (a) Alliances across generations can result in parentification of a child. (b) Families can become either enmeshed and chaotic or disengaged and isolated. (c) Parents forget their role in the family (e.g., mother, father) and cross boundaries into another subsystem (e.g., aunt/uncle, or sister/brother). (d) The therapist joins with the family to make a positive therapeutic alliance.

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7.

Which of the following is not an intervention typically used in structural family therapy as developed by Salvator Minuchin? (a) experiments (b) reframing (c) mapping (d) reenactment

8.

Which of the following developed a theory of family therapy that does not focus on emotions? (a) Jay Haley (b) Virginia Satir (c) Susan Johnson (d) Carl Whitaker

9.

Which of the following interventions is completed in Phase I of Emotion-Focused Couples Therapy? (a) identifying the negative interactional cycle (b) de-escalation (c) asking the couple to go deeper (d) encouraging positive interactions 10.

Patterson operationalized many of the theoretical concepts of Bandura’s social learning theory. Which of the following is not an intervention in behavioral therapy? (a) token economies (b) use of narrative (c) contingency contracting (d) time out

11.

Which of the following is not congruent with post-modern family systems theory? (a) the therapist’s role is viewed as a director (b) reality is considered to be subjective (c) belief in cultural relativism (d) ideas are generated through language

12.

Strategic family therapy developed by Jay Haley and others teaches therapists to: (a) look behind symptoms for possible secondary gains (b) develop paradoxical directives (c) propose experiments that may seem punishing or absurd (d) all of the above

13.

Which of the following is not true of solution-focused brief family therapy? (a) Therapy is generally completed in 5 to 12 sessions. (b) SFBFT is a complex model, including a complicated series of interventions. (c) Rather than changing problem behavior, SFBFT focuses on changing the dysfunctional interaction pattern that has developed.

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(d) It is a positive therapy that focuses on resilience, coping skills, and looking for exceptions to problems.

14.

Family therapists differ from individual therapists because: (a) they should be culturally competent and sensitive to issues of race, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation. (b) family therapists take a systemic perspective. (c) harm can result if the family therapist is not competent. (d) improvement is more likely in family therapy than individual therapy.

15. Some drawbacks associated with family therapy include all except which one of the following? (a) Family therapy requires the presence of a co-therapist. (b) Scheduling appointments can be difficult when multiple people are involved. (c) Additional recordkeeping and paperwork is necessary. (d) Increased noise results from mulltiple people talking.

For questions 16 through 25, mark “a” if the statement is true and mark “b” if the statement is false.

16.

Adler has been credited with being the first psychoanalyst to stress the importance of family relationships in the treatment of the individual. (a) true (b) false

17.

Family mapping was created by Murray Bowen as a way to document multigenerational relationships within the family. (a) true (b) false

18. Emotion-focused couples therapy combines attachment theory with an experiential and systemic approach. (a) true (b) false 19.

Behavioral therapy has no place in family systems theory. (a) true (b) false

20.

Behavioral therapists generally work with one family member individually (usually a parent) to teach the parent skills to manage the child’s problem. (a) true (b) false

21. When working with a family, Jay Haley would sometimes declare the situation was hopeless.

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(a) true (b) false 22. Circular questioning is a fundamental strategy developed by the Milan School in Italy. (a) true (b) false 23. Most family therapists today use eclectic or integrated approaches to treating family systems. (a) true (b) false 24. Any family systems theory must focus on the pathology within the family to be truly effective. (a) true (b) false 25.

Regardless of which model of family systems theory used, it is important for the clinician to remain the observer and allow the family to work out its own problems. (a) true (b) false

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

React to and explain the following statement. “Good therapy is fundamentally disciplined improvisation.” Do you agree or disagree? Defend your answer.

2.

Families come from a variety of backgrounds, religions, cultures, socioeconomic conditions, marital status, gender and sexual identities, and educational backgrounds. Some families have a history of substance abuse, trauma, domestic violence, depression, anxiety, and other stressors. Consider some of the families that you are likely to work with. Choose the model of family therapy discussed in this chapter that seems to fit best with the population you have chosen. Explain why you chose this model and how you would work with the family.

3.

Describe Murray Bowen’s theory of multigenerational family therapy, including a discussion of genograms, multigenerational transmission process, differentiation of self, sibling position, and societal regression. Explain how you think this theory holds up today with smaller families, greater distances between family members, and multiple marriages.

4.

Choose five of the following terms and describe them.

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• • • • • • • • • 5.

boundaries emotional cut-off enmeshed feedback loops first order change joining ordeal therapy symbiotic tracking

Describe each word in the following pairs, then give an example to show how they are different, similar, or the same.

• • • • •

coalition vs. triangulation differentiation of self vs. disengagement genogram vs. family mapping scapegoat vs. identified patient paradoxical intervention vs. relabeling

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Chapter 19 Integrative Therapies MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of theoretical integration? (a) Change cannot occur in the past. (b) Mental health is affected more by attitude than interventions. (c ) Creativity is the mother of invention. (d) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

2.

A scattered approach to treatment which is haphazard and inconsistent, having neither direction nor coherence, is called (a) syncretism. (b) nondirective eclecticism. (c) synergism. (d) critical eclecticism.

3.

Which of the following is true of atheoretical eclecticism? (a) It is likely to be confusing to clients. (b) It can contain incompatible elements. (c) It combines interventions without regard to an overriding theory of change or development. (d) All of the above.

4.

An approach which emphasizes the therapeutic alliance and other essential ingredients that have been found to characterize effective treatment is called (a) a common factors approach. (b) a technically eclectic approach. (c) atheoretical eclecticism. (d) integrative eclecticism.

5.

Which of the following is NOT true of Wachtel’s integrated psychodynamicbehavior therapy? (a) It is relational—the therapeutic relationship becomes the vehicle of change. (b) It combines psychodynamic therapy with applied behavioral interventions. (c) It is an example of atheoretical eclecticism. (d) It assumes early childhood experiences trigger patterns of behavior in adults.

6.

Multimodal therapy is an example of (a) a common factors approach. (b) technical eclecticism. (c) atheoretical eclecticism (d) integrative eclecticism

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7. _______________ offer(s) conceptual guidelines for integrating two or more treatment systems. (a) Technical eclecticism (b) Common factors approaches (c) Multimodal therapy (d) Theoretical integration 8.

The acronym BASIC I.D. represents (a) a guideline for structuring multimodal therapy sessions. (b) categories of techniques from which multimodal therapists choose interventions. (c) a format for client assessment. (d) none of the above.

9.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of technical eclecticism? (a) Interventions used can be associated with any compatible treatment approaches. (b) A self-contained theoretical basis guides the selection of interventions. (c) The emphasis is on interventions that have been validated by research. (d) Interventions are matched to the client, the situation, and the problem.

10.

A client stated, “This relationship is nothing like I had pictured it to be. I had visualized us as ‘two peas in a pod’—getting along so well that we could read each other’s minds.”

It is likely that the client’s preferred modality is (a) verbal. (b) affective. (c) sensory. (d) imagery.

11.

In multimodal therapy, the term “structural profile” refers to (a) the underlying theory which will guide a client’s treatment. (b) the relative strengths of a person’s seven modalities. (c) a bar graph representing relative emphases placed on affective, cognitive, and behavioral treatment components. (d) the overall treatment plan for a client.

12.

A multimodal therapist asked her client what changes he would like to make in the seven areas of the BASIC I.D. The therapist’s primary goal was most likely to (a) build a therapeutic alliance. (b) conduct a second order analysis of the BASIC I.D. (c) establish her role as a consultant, not an authority. (d) determine the client’s preferred modality.

13.

Madison was referred to an employee assistance counselor because of anger she had expressed in the workplace. Madison reported that before she stormed out of a recent staff meeting, she first thought about how her colleague’s reasoning was incorrect, and 71

then felt angry at the influence the person wielded. Madison’s modality firing order is most likely (a) cognitive, affective, behavioral. (b) interpersonal, sensory. (c) evaluative, emotional, behavioral. (d) self-talk, action.

14.

To effectively use bridging with Madison (in the above question), a multimodal therapist would (a) first attempt to empathize with Madison’s feelings. (b) teach Madison relaxation strategies. (c) refer Madison to an anger management support group. (d) first intervene with a cognitive approach.

15.

To effectively use tracking with Madison a multimodal therapist would (a) ask Madison to keep a journal of her progress in therapy. (b) plan interventions according to Madison’s firing order. (c) determine if Madison’s feelings and behaviors were congruent. (d) begin with a behavioral intervention.

16.

In the transtheoretical model of change, precontemplation is an example of a (a) stage of change. (b) level of change. (c) strategy to promote change. (d) change of perspective.

17.

The adaptive counseling and therapy/readiness model matches (a) treatment approach to clinician’s personal style. (b) client to clinician. (c) clinical approach to client needs. (d) intervention style to client’s level of change.

18.

Which of the following is not a stage in Clara Hill’s three stage integrated model? (a) joining (b) action (c) exploration (d) insight and understanding

19. Which of the following is not a strong influence on the development of Hill’s model? (a) person-centered therapy (b) Bowlby’s attachment theory (c) cognitive therapy (d) existential therapy

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20. How many sessions should clinicians usually allow for the process of terminating treatment? (a) one or two sessions (b) five to seven sessions (c) at least three sessions (d) varies; longer treatment relationships require less time for termination

SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Discuss at least five factors that have resulted in the creation of integrated or eclectic approaches to psychotherapy.

2. Choose two or more treatment approaches that you would combine to create an effective integrated or eclectic approach to treatment. Explain why you chose these approaches. Describe any disadvantages or pitfalls that you are likely to encounter in combining the approaches.

3. Create an integrated or eclectic approach using the treatment approaches you identified in question 2 (above). Include the following elements: • how your new treatment system builds on the strengths of existing approaches • an underlying theory of human behavior and development • a philosophy or theory of change • logic, guidelines, and procedures for adapting the treatment system to a particular problem (you may choose any problem to illustrate this element) • strategies and interventions which are important in implementation • the nature of the therapeutic alliance 4. Drawing on any of the treatment approaches that you have studied, describe an integrated or eclectic treatment system that you believe would be especially effective in addressing the needs of multicultural clients. Identify the basic goals, assumptions, and strategies of your new treatment system and explain the reasons for your choices.

5. Identify your most preferred treatment approach and your least preferred treatment approach. Discuss whether they could productively be integrated. Explain why or why not.

6. Identify the seven categories of functioning represented by the acronym BASIC I.D. What purpose does this acronym serve in multimodal therapy?

7. Discuss the strengths and limitations of multimodal therapy.

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8. Describe the basic ideas underlying two of the following treatment approaches: • Integrative Psychodynamic-Behavior Therapy • Thinking-Feeling-Acting Model • Adaptive Counseling and Therapy/Readiness Model • Three-Dimensional Model of Multicultural Counseling • Three-Stage Integrated Model • REPLAN 9. Describe the three ways in which treatment usually is terminated.

10. Developing a list of future goals with people who are ending treatment can be beneficial. However, it also can lead people to believe that treatment has not been successful. What steps would you take in developing such a list with a client to make sure that the list is motivating rather than discouraging?

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Chapter 20 Solidifying Understanding of Treatment Systems MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.

Which of the following is not one of the common factors that Lambert and Bergin believe accounts for client improvement? (a) support (b) personality factors (c) learning factors (d) action factors

2.

Which of the following treatment approaches does not emphasize early childhood experiences? (a) psychoanalysis (b) individual psychology (c) brief solution-focused therapy (d) analytical psychology 3.

Which of the following treatment approaches pays the least attention to emotions? (a) psychoanalysis (b) existential therapy (c) person-centered counseling (d) Gestalt therapy

4.

Which of the following treatment approaches places the least emphasis on techniques? (a) cognitive therapy (b) person-centered therapy (c) rational emotive behavior therapy (d) reality therapy 5.

Among the treatment approaches reviewed in Chapter 20, the most frequently recommended type of therapeutic alliance is (a) one in which the clinician and the client are collaborators. (b) one in which the client takes the lead. (c) one in which the clinician is fairly directive. (d) variable depending on presenting problem.

6.

Which of the following treatment approaches focuses most on people’s actions? (a) rational emotive behavior therapy (b) brief psychodynamic therapy (c) Gestalt therapy (d) reality therapy

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7.

Which of the following treatment approaches rarely makes use of between-session tasks? (a) rational emotive behavior therapy (b) person-centered therapy (c) reality therapy (d) brief solution-focused therapy 8.

Which of the following treatment systems has received the most empirical validation of its effectiveness? (a) Gestalt therapy (b) developmental/psychodynamic psychotherapy (c) individual psychology (d) cognitive therapy 9.

Which of the following treatment systems is based on the idea that small changes can lead to larger changes that have a “ripple” effect? (a) reality therapy (b) rational emotive behavior therapy (c) Gestalt therapy (d) brief solution-focused therapy

10.

One of the most consensual commonalities of effective treatment is (a) positive expectations for treatment. (b) therapist empathy. (c) similarity of client and clinician in terms of age, ethnicity, and education. (d) an effective treatment plan.

11.

Which of the following is not a criterion of sound treatment theories? (a) coherence and clarity (b) a concept of positive development and emotional help (c) applicability to individuals, families, and groups (d) a body of interventions that are compatible with the theory

12.

Which of the following determinants of a clinician’s theoretical orientation is true? (a) Most clinician’s choose a theoretical orientation based on their childhood experiences. (b) Clinicians who score high on the MBTI preference for intuition are more likely to choose humanistic theories. (c) Clinicians who score high on the MBTI preference for thinking are more likely to choose psychodynamic theories. (d) All clinicians view their work as a reflection of their life philosophy.

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For questions 13-18, mark “a” if the statement is true and mark “b” if the statement is false.

13.

In the future, managed care is expected to require proof of outcome effectiveness. (a) true (b) false

14.

A decrease in the prescriptive matching of treatment to diagnosis is anticipated. (a) true (b) false

15. Technology, such as virtual reality, Skype, and email is likely to be banned in counseling. (a) true (b) false 16.

An increase in the use of brief psychodynamic treatment approaches is unlikely. (a) true (b) false

17.

The number of clinicians who opt out of insurance plans is likely to increase. (a) true (b) false

18.

Eastern traditions such as mindfulness, meditation, and acceptance will increasingly be incorporated into treatment. (a) true (b) false SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS

1.

Choose two treatment approaches reviewed in Chapter 20 that represent different areas of focus in the BETA model. Compare the two theories on the following dimensions: • • • • • • • •

2.

area of focus in the BETA model underlying theory/view of change important concepts treatment of background, emotions, thoughts, and actions important strategies the therapeutic alliance applicability to various diagnostic and demographic groups extent of research validation

Choose two other treatment approaches: (1) one of your preferred approaches, and (2) one of your least preferred of those studied. Compare them on the following 77

dimensions and then explain why each of the two theories does or does not appeal to you: • • • • • • • • 3.

area of focus in the BETA model underlying theory/view of change important concepts treatment of background, emotions, thoughts, and actions important strategies the therapeutic alliance applicability to various diagnostic and demographic groups extent of research validation

Identify the category in the BETA model (background, emotions, thoughts, actions) that is the focus of each of the following treatment approaches: • • • • • • • • • • • •

cognitive therapy solution-focused brief therapy individual psychology rational emotive behavior therapy analytical psychology reality therapy brief psychodynamic therapy person-centered counseling existential therapy Gestalt therapy behavior therapy cognitive-behavioral therapy

4. C.J., a 46-year old man, sought your assistance because he feels “down.” He recently lost his job because of a company downsizing, and he feels that his new job does not make good use of his skills and knowledge. He is concerned that his persistently negative mood may be affecting his job performance. He is wondering whether he should look for another job or continue in his current one. He has never sought counseling before and seems ambivalent about seeing you.

Choose a theoretical approach that you might use to treat C.J. What particular strategies or interventions would you use? What sort of therapeutic alliance would you seek to establish? What might you do to enhance the likelihood of success with C.J.? Provide a rationale for all of your choices.

5.Describe at least four factors that usually play a part in a clinician’s choice of preferred treatment orientations. Which of these do you think will have the greatest influence on you? Explain why.

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ANSWER KEY CHAPTER 1 Multiple Choice 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. a 11. a 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. d 16. b 17. a 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. c 25. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

See page 2 in the text.

2.

See page 11 in the text.

3.

See pages 18-20 in the text.

4.

See page 5 in the text.

5.

See page 5 in the text.

6.

See page 7 in the text.

7.

See page 8 in the text.

8.

See pages 8-9 in the text.

9.

See pages 10-13 in the text.

10. See pages 14-15 in the text.

11. See page 17 in the text.

12. See pages 17-18 in the text.

13. See pages 12-13 in the text.

14. See page 9 in the text.

15. See pages 14-15 in the text.

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CHAPTER 2

Multiple Choice/True-False 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

See page 35 in the text.

See page 35 in the text.

See page 36 in the text.

CHAPTER 3 Multiple Choice 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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b b b a c d a d a c b b d a c d a b a a b b 80

23.

24.

25.

d c b

Matching 26. k 27. a 28. l 29. m 30. e 31. i 32. n 33. o 34. p 35. q 36. b 37. c 38. r 39. s 40. j 41. f 42. d 43. g 44. h 45. t Short Answer/Essay 1.

See pages 45-46 in the text.

2.

See page 49 in the text.

3.

See pages 54-56 in the text.

4.

See pages 51-52 in the text.

CHAPTER 4 Multiple Choice 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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a d d a a c b a c a 81

11. c 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. a 18. d 19. b 20. d Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

See page 65 in the text.

See pages 69-70 in the text.

See pages 70-71 in the text.

See page 71 in the text.

See page 71 in the text.

See pages 71-75 in the text.

See pages 75-76 in the text.

See pages 71-76 in the text.

See pages 79-80 in the text.

See pages 80-82 in the text.

CHAPTER 5 Multiple Choice 1.

2.

3.

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5.

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b d b d b b b d a d a b c a a c b a 82

19. d 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. d Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

See pages 98-100 in the text.

See pages 98-100 in the text.

See pages 101-102 in the text.

See pages 101-102 in the text.

See pages 103-105 in the text.

See pages 108-109 in the text.

See pages 109-110 in the text.

See page 110 in the text.

See pages 113-115 in the text.

See pages 115-116 in the text.

CHAPTER 6 Multiple Choice 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. c 10. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

See page 123 in the text.

See pages 124, 128, and 129 in the text.

See pages 124 in the text.

See pages 124-125 in the text.

See pages 130-137 in the text.

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CHAPTER 7 Multiple Choice 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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c d d c b c a a d c d a b b c b d b b

Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

See page 138 in the text.

See page 138 in the text.

See page 141 in the text.

See pages 141-143 in the text.

See pages 142-143 in the text.

See pages 1443-144 in the text.

CHAPTER 8 Multiple Choice/True-False 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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c b b b d c b c a 84

10. d 11. b 12. b 13. a 14. b 15. b 16. c 17. d 18. b 19. d Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

See page 151 in the text.

See pages 152-153 in the text.

See pages 150-151 in the text.

See pages 157-158 in the text.

See pages165-166 in the text.

See page 157 in the text.

See pages 152-158 in the text.

See pages 159-162 in the text.

CHAPTER 9 Multiple Choice/True-False 1.

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b a d c b b d b d d a a b a b a a b b a 85

Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

See pages 187-188 in the text.

See pages 188-189 in the text.

See pages 189-191 in the text.

See pages 192-194 in the text.

See pages 194-196 in the text.

CHAPTER 10 Multiple Choice 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. a 15. d 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

See pages 205-206 in the text.

See pages 208-209 in the text.

See pages 212-215 in the text.

See page 214 in the text.

See pages 220-224 in the text.

See pages 215-218 in the text.

See pages 215-220 in the text.

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CHAPTER 11 Multiple Choice 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. d Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

See Chapter 11 in the text.

See entire text, particularly Chapter 11.

See pages 241-249 in the text.

See Chapter 11 in the text.

See Chapter 11 in the text.

See Chapter 11 in the text.

CHAPTER 12 Multiple Choice 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. b Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

See pages 268-270 in the text.

See Chapter 12 in the text.

CHAPTER 13 Multiple Choice 1.

2.

3.

c b a 87

4. c 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. c Short Answer/Essay 1. See page 274 in the text.

2. See pages 276-77 in the text.

3. See pages 280-281 in the text.

4. See page 278 in the text.

5. See pages 281-282 in the text.

6. See pages 281-282 in the text.

7. See pages 282-283 in the text.

8. See pages 284-285 in the text.

9. See page 286 in the text.

10. See pages 287-288 in the text.

CHAPTER 14 Multiple Choice 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. b 9. d 10. b 11. b 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. d Short Answer/Essay 1. See page 296 in the text.

2. See page 297 in the text.

3. See page 298 in the text.

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4. See page 299 in the text.

5. See page 302 in the text.

6. See pages 303-305 in the text.

7. See page 300 in the text.

8. See pages 310-311 in the text.

9. See pages 303-305 in the text.

10. See page 299 in the text.

11. See page 305 in the text.

12. See Chapter 14 in the text.

13. See pages 308-310 in the text.

CHAPTER 15 True-False 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. a 10. b 11. a 12. a 13. b 14. b 15. b 16. a 17. a 18. b 19. b 20. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

See pages 322-324 in the text.

See pages 323-324 in the text.

See pages 324-325 in the text.

See page 325 in the text.

See pages 325-328 in the text.

See pages 324-329 in the text.

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CHAPTER 16 Multiple Choice 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. d 8. d 9. c 10. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

See page 333 in the text.

See pages 334-338 in the text.

See pages 334-338 in the text.

See pages 339-344 in the text.

See pages 345-346 in the text.

See pages 346-347 in the text.

See Chapter 16 in the text.

See Chapter 16 in the text.

See pages 350-356 in the text.

See pages 350-353 in the text.

See pages 350-353 in the text.

See pages 350-353 in the text.

See pages 350-353 in the text.

CHAPTER 17 Multiple Choice/True-False 1.

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b c d b b d d c d b a b 90

13. b 14. b 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

See page 371 in the text.

See pages 371-374 in the text.

See pages 375-376 in the text.

See pages 374-376 in the text.

See pages 376-377 in the text.

See pages 377-379 in the text.

See pages 378-379 in the text.

See pages 381-382 in the text.

See pages 380-381 in the text.

See pages 383-384 in the text.

CHAPTER 18 Multiple Choice/True-False 1.

2.

3.

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7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

d c a d c c a a b b a d b d a a b a b a 91

21. a 22. a 23. a 24. b 25. b Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

See Chapter 18 in the text.

See Chapter 18 in the text.

See pages 395-399 in the text.

See Chapter 18 in the text.

See pages 396-397 in the text.

CHAPTER 19 Multiple Choice 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. d 11. b 12. b 13. a 14. d 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. a 19. d 20. c Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

See page 431 in the text.

See pages 432-435 in the text.

See pages 432-435 in the text.

See Chapter 19 in the text.

See Chapter 19 in the text.

See pages 438-440 in the text.

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7.

8.

9.

10.

See pages 438-440 in the text.

See pages 435, and 444-446 in the text.

See pages 447-451 in the text.

See pages 447-451 in the text.

CHAPTER 20 Multiple Choice 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. d 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. a 14. b 15. b 16. b 17. a 18. a Short Answer/Essay 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

See pages 456-470 in the text.

See pages 456-470 in the text.

See pages 456-470 in the text.

See Chapter 20 in the text.

See pages 471-472 in the text.

93